Power Generation - Science topic

Power factor mainly depending on load ….

The answer to your question is in my paper

Here are some specific machine and deep learning algorithms that are commonly used for forecasting hourly solar power generation:

In addition to these algorithms, there are a number of other machine and deep learning algorithms that can be used for forecasting hourly solar power generation. The best algorithm to use will depend on the specific characteristics of the data and the desired forecasting horizon.

Using a variety of techniques, including:

4-Contingency planning: by anticipating unexpected events that could disrupt the grid

on its own? No. Some reason are due to high initial setup costs, the requirement for large amounts of land, and intermittent energy production due to weather conditions.

But Solar power tower can be one of the technologies used to achieve net zero and sustainable energy. Improvement in power cycle system such as the usage supercritical cycle, better and more efficient receiver, good control system that can mitigate the impact of fluctuating solar radiation and advancement in thermal storage is needed in order to make solar power tower competitive economically and technically.

Solar thermal power plants can be integrated with fossil fuel-based power generation in a process called hybridization. There are several ways to integrate these two types of power generation, including:

By integrating solar thermal power plants with fossil fuel-based power generation, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and create more sustainable and resilient energy systems.

Tank irrigation is found more popularly in rocky plateau areas of the country especially in the plateau region of Southern India. The states in which they are practiced mainly are Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The courses of south Indian rivers are long enough to allow swift flow of rivers which can be tapped for harvesting hydroelectricity and hence many hydel stations has been set up there in comparison to North India.

Xilin Cao you can find hourly renewable energy power generation data for various provinces in China from a few different sources. One possible source is the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), which provides data on renewable energy generation, consumption, and capacity for different provinces in China. The CNREC publishes annual reports on renewable energy, which include data on hourly renewable energy generation for each province.

Main problems are demand is more than the supply hence for economy, efficiency and reliability could be achieved by proper power management and priority based load shedding. Could refer my paper “ Automatic microprocessor based load shedding controller “ though same could be implemented manually for better efficiency, reliability and system economy…..

I think most utility scale energy management systems have been able to do this for many years. Load can be estimated on a combination of historical data and current weather forecasts such as temperature and cloud cover.

The total load demand can then be used in an economic dispatch application to allocate the most economic generation (including virtual power plants).

As Samir mentioned, the big challenge is to how to prepare the data models.

These have to link the loads, typically defined according to the electrical network, with the weather forecasts, typically available in squares of several 10s of km.

Historical data can be used to make the correlations or train AI but this is now more complicated as the number of solar panel installations grows every year.

Thanks for your answer

The wind turbine's production is heavily influenced by wind speed. Until the wind exceeds the rated speed, generated power grows as the cube of wind speed. As long as the wind speed is below the cut-off speed after the rated speed, the wind turbine will continue to produce a fixed quantity of power. On the other hand, no wind energy would be produced if the wind speed was higher than the cut-off speed or lower than the cut-in speed.

There are 159 wind datasets available on data.world.

One of them is: wind data on data.world | 159 datasets available

Another is: Wind energy database (thewindpower.net).

Thank you Hassan Nasser, those articles and links wil be really helpful! Thank you for your response!

There is some work being done on carbon nano-structured surfaces which can collect a wide range of wavelengths. Aside from potentially improving on silicon based solar panels, there is also the possibility of collecting low grade waste heat in the form of IR radiation. Still early days though.

CO2 emissions are rising globally in a nearly monotonic way. The only significant changes in emission rates have been associated with global economic downturns, with no evidence that they will peak any time soon. While everyone should support the development of rational renewables, they have not and probably cannot substantially replace fossil fuels in many industries. Carbon capture is essential to the success of any realistic climate mitigation technology. Also, the term carbon capture is nearly universal, but what it really means is carbon dioxide capture (separation of CO2 from other gases, most commonly in fossil energy exhaust streams). Storage is isolating this carbon in some location where it does not reenter the atmosphere either by converting it to useful, non-volatile products or by sequestering it in geologic storage locations such as sealed, underground aquifers. The current emission rates of CO2 exceed the sum of non-fuel use of carbon by very large margins, so while CO2 conversion to products in rational ways has many advantages, it is hard to see how such activities could contribute at the same level as sequestration.

Full disclosure here that we have developed a much cheaper and energy efficient process (Cryogenic Carbon Capture(TM)), though this response is not specific to that or any other technology.

Thank you Hassan Nasser

I also agree with you Bhupendra Desai .

Dear Omar,

As it is rightly answered by the eminent experts of the field. I just want to add some frequency security parameters followed by interconnections.

The conventional frequency response requirement range prescribed by the ENTSO-E for dead band, droop and response delivery time is 0-500 mHz, 2-12% and 2 s-30 s, respectively. The standard technical requirements for new fast frequency reserve services by the ENTSO-E comply with the reserve activation instant at zero seconds immediately after an imbalance. The maximum time required for a complete response activation is 0.70 s for a 0.5 Hz frequency deviation from the nominal value, 1 s for a 0.4 Hz frequency deviation, and 1.30 s for 0.3 Hz frequency deviation. The minimum response for the short duration of support is 5 s and 30 s for the long duration of support.

North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission NERC BAL-003-1, FERC Order 842 specifies the criterion for dead band 36 mHz, for droop 5%, and the delivery should be without any delay and sustain for at least 30 s.

Newly admitted fast-responding frequency response services in the global power grids such as Synchronous Inertial Response (SIR), Fast Frequency Response (FFR), Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) and Dynamic Regulation Signal (RegD). The SIR service is provided instantly as compared to the FFR, EFR and RegD services, which are provided within 0-2 s. The deadband for the SIR, FFR, and EFR services is 17-36$ mHz, 15- 200 mHz, 15- 50 mHz, respectively. The droop for SIR service is 3-5 % and EFR service is provided through two envelopes.

Here is the generator data for the IEEE 118 bus test system.

You can right click on your generator and select define select RMS/EMT studies. After that select ampere current, voltage, or parameter. click enable. After that create curve VI instrument, then add the parameter on the last EMT/RMS selection.

In addition to various bronzes (not Brasses!), stainless steels can be used for this. There are advantages and disadvantages of these two material groups for the turbine impeller application.

Qazi Mansoor Ul Haq

In comparison to other renewable energy sources, tidal power is yet to be operational in Pakistan. In Sindh, two locations are accessible to use tidal energy: a 170 km creek system in the Indus delta and two to five-meter tidal heights at the Korangi Creek.

According to research undertaken by the National Institute of Oceanography, the creek network in the Indus deltaic region, which stretches over 70 kilometers along the Arabian Sea, can create 900MW of tidal power on its own.

Two main problems in the perspective of SG:

*Integration of Microgrid, while considering uncertain factors and limitations of the present grid.

*Integration of charging stations for EVs taking into view users' profiles and traditional grid capacity.

First try to find the work done in required time and then proceed with "N"

Please note that you need a control system.

The output have a reference voltage that tries to keep no matter what the load is.

This is done using feedback control system.

The feedback control system can be

modeled using recurrent neural network.

For the feedback control system

please read my paper

This document will be very useful to you...

The total MVA rating of the transformers is 126 MVA. Theoretically, you cannot even operate the 132 MW at full load, as it is higher than the total MVA capacity of the transformers. In case, you want to connect the second generator due to economics or operational constraint, you have to make sure that the total generation does not exceed 126 MVA.

Dear Amashisha:

At the first, I think the following link contains all the articles on the topic of your research:

https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Intermittency.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

And you could benefit from this article about your topic:

"Renewable Energy Intermittency Explained: Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities".

@https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/renewable-energy-intermittency-explained-challenges-solutions-and-opportunities/.

++++++++++++++expert's opinion++++++

Finally, I thought to add the following:

This illustrated one of the big challenges to renewable energy: they are intermittent energy sources. A coal power station can run as long as you have coal to shovel into its furnaces. Wind power only operates when the wind blows, and solar photovoltaics need cloudless skies to reach their full capacity. Surely, say the critics, too much renewable energy puts us at the mercy of the elements? The greater the percentage of wind or solar in our energy mix, the more likely we are to end up with rolling blackouts. It’s a logical question, but there are the following solutions:

1- The grid itself:

The first and biggest answer to this problem is the grid. Power stations feed into a national grid that balances inputs and outputs across the whole country. When demand rises, new capacity is brought online. At night, demand drops off and supply drops accordingly. It’s a highly versatile system, able to handle massive spikes in demand. The famous example is half-time during big football matches. The whistle blows, and everyone goes into the kitchen to switch on their kettles for a cup of tea, or opens their fridge for another beer. The National Grid refers to these as ‘tv-pickups’ and plans ahead for them so that the lights don’t go out.

It’s easy to take functioning power infrastructure for granted. If you’ve lived off-grid or in a developing country, you’ll know the luxury of not having to think about it. When I lived in Madagascar, the power levels dropped so low at night that we couldn’t switch on the TV. If you wanted to watch something that night, you had to remember to turn it on at about five o’clock and leave it on standby. By the time it had got dark and everyone had turned on their lights, there would be enough power to run it but not to turn it on. By day, you had to holler if you were going to boil the kettle. If you forgot, there would be wails from the office as someone lost their homework as the computer blinked off.

Those sorts of eccentricities don’t happen in Britain. At least not any more. The idea of balancing power supplies across the country goes back to 1926, and today the grid incorporates 181 major power stations and thousands of smaller installations. This infrastructure allows us to plug in a variety of variable energy sources, and the broader the network, the easier it becomes.

2- The super-grid:

You can broaden the network beyond our own borders too. Interconnectors already link our grid with France, Ireland and the Netherlands. There are plans to build links to Norway and Belgium too, and a feasibility study was launched last month to see if we could connect to Denmark. Iceland has far more geothermal capacity than it can use itself, and is investigating ways to export it to Britain.

None of this infrastructure is cheap, but the fact that we already have three international links proves that it isn’t prohibitively expensive either. Whether we can afford a Europe wide grid with links to North Africa is another matter, but you can see the advantages of spreading the net as wide as possible. If the sun isn’t shining here right now, it might be in Devon. It might be a calm day in London, but the wind is blowing in Scotland. Expand that principle South to Spain and north to Sweden, and you’ve got a wide variety of conditions.

3- Stabilising demand:

I’ve already mentioned the issue of peaks in demand. Some of these are unusual, like football matches. Others are regular, when people get up and make breakfast, or get home from work in the evening and turn on their lights and cook their supper. Coal power is one of the easiest ways to deal with these large peaks, as they can be switched on quickly. There are renewable energy equivalents, using biomass and incineration (or see hydropower below), but a better approach would be to avoid the extremes in the first place.

That be done through more efficient technologies – if everyone is switching on low-energy light bulbs at twilight, that’s a much lower step in demand than everyone switching on an incandescent. Another way of stabilising demand is through smart appliances that can read demand and respond accordingly. Fridges don’t run constantly, but maintain a steady temperature by switching the cooling mechanism on when needed. A smart fridge would time its cooling cycles to periods of low demand. A smart washing machine would automatically run off-peak when energy prices are cheapest. Samsung, LG and others already offer appliances with this kind of technology.

4- Energy storage:

Those living off-grid with their own solar or wind power rely on batteries to make sure that they capture energy when its there, and can use it later. That would be pretty useful in the national grid too, if we could store the solar energy from a sunny day to use it at night. Currently there’s no form of battery big enough to do that, but there are a few other options. One is pumped storage hydropower. When energy is cheap, water is pumped uphill to fill a reservoir. When needed, gates can be opened and it runs back downhill through turbines, generating electricity. This is the renewable energy way of dealing with demand spikes, and also a way of storing intermittent sources. Dinorwig power station is housed underground inside a Welsh mountain, and can bring 1.8GW of power online in 12 seconds.

If you haven’t got a suitable lake, the same thing could be achieved with rail cars, according to a California company. They’re developing a model where surplus energy is used to haul heavy rail cars uphill when wind or solar power is running at full capacity. When it drops off, the cars are released to roll back downhill, generating electricity on the way.

You can also ‘bank’ energy in the ocean, taking advantage of the pressure of the deep sea. A team at MIT suggest that large hollow concrete spheres could be sunk on the seabed near offshore wind turbines. Excess energy would be used to pump out the spheres. When the wind dropped, water would rush back in through a turbine.

Another form of energy storage is solar thermal. I’ve written about it before so I won’t go into detail here, but it essentially stores heat in molten salt, and allows solar power stations to carry on generating electricity through the night. This turns solar energy into a form of constant renewable energy.

5- Constant renewable energy:

Speaking of which, wind and sunshine are intermittent, but there are other natural forces that are much more predictable. Hydropower is one such source, using the steady flow of rivers. There are countries in the world that generate all their electricity from hydropower, and are thus enjoying 100% renewable energy. Hydropower is often overlooked because while it is renewable and clean, it isn’t always environmentally benign and has large capital costs. Large dams are often hugely destructive and displace entire communities. But there is good hydropower too, and I may have to dedicate a separate post to it.

There’s also a whole lot of energy to be sourced from the sea. Harnessing wave power is one approach, but doesn’t count as a constant renewable source because waves are variable. Tidal power does count however, as there’s always a tide. So far, tidal power requires a barrage across a suitable estuary. Like dams on land, dams across estuaries are just as controversial – see the running debate about the Severn Barrage. But there are simpler and smaller ways to harness tidal power too, placing turbines on the sea bed, or using the vertical movement of the tides rather than the vertical. Ecotricity are trialling a hybrid sea technology that uses sea swells to pump water onshore, which is a lot simpler than generating the electricity out on the open sea.

Geothermal provides another source of constant renewable energy. Britain has limited geothermal capacity, and is more useful for providing heat than electricity, but there is still untapped potential. The main reason that geothermal hasn’t been pursued in Britain is that it hasn’t been economical so far, but as the price of energy rises, it is becoming more viable. The Eden Project is pioneering a geothermal plant in Cornwall, the first of what it hopes will be a fairly substantial contribution from Cornwall’s ‘hot rocks’.

Biomass and anaerobic digestion (biogas) are two more renewable energy sources that are often overlooked. Biomass is best reserved for smaller and more localised energy generation, and the current practice of co-firing biomass with coal is a short term option. Biogas is generated from waste, so it doubles up as a useful way of dealing with rubbish otherwise destined for landfill, and its main waste product is a liquid that can be used as fertiliser.

6- Lowering energy use:

Even with these various technologies and techniques, renewable energy can never be a direct swap for fossil fuels. Coal, oil and gas are very dense forms of energy, and deliver a high energy return for energy invested. Renewable energy cannot match it, and if we are to rely on renewable energy more in the future, we will have to reduce our energy use. That’s entirely possible, given how inefficient our houses are, how much electricity is lost in transmission and how low our standards are for appliances.

Quite how far we need to reduce our energy use is debateable, but those assuming we can expand it or carry on as usual aren’t paying attention. The Zero Carbon Britain report, which aims for 100% renewable energy by 2030, assumes a 55% reduction.

I hope it will be helpful...

With my best regards....

Indeed the external resistance should be comparable to the internal resistance. However, during the starting stage, the internal resistance is supposed to gradually decrease due to the development of functional microbial film on electrodes. So there is no rule, and you may yield different MFCs when apply different resistors.

There are some advices: The internal resistance depends on the surface area of the electrodes and the distances between the electrodes. If the area is huge and the distance is close, choose a resistor less than 1 k ohm, If not, choose more than 1k ohm. If you have no idea, just use any resistor and monitor the CCV for several days. For a conventional MFC, the OCV varies from 0.5 to 0.8. The CCV will decrease dramatically when loaded and slowly recover. If not recover, use bigger resistor; if no significant decrease, use smaller resistor.

Also depends on the purpose. If you want to obtain the maximum power output, the external resistance should be similar to the internal resistance. If the objective is the maximum exolectrogenic biomass growth, the external resistance should be lower to avoid current limitations. Exoelectrogenic activity is proportional to the current intensity; if your intensity is low (higher external resistance), exoelectrogens growth will be limited. When the cell is working at OCV (infinite resistance), intensity is zero and no exoelectrogenic activity is possible.

So you could benefit from these two valuable articles:

First....

"Microbial Fuel Cells: Influence of External Resistors on Power, Current and Power Density".

By: Kamau JM, Mbui DN, Mwaniki JM, Mwaura FB and Kamau GN.

Abstract:

The effect of external resistance on voltage, current, power, power density and current density is investigated in a microbial fuel cells using cowdung is investigated. This involves use of varying resistance resistors. The fuel cells

were operated under anaerobic condition for 9 days. PVC pipe was used to make a salt bridge using lamp wicks and potassium chloride. The obtained results indicated that the maximum voltage was on day 7 with 0.153 V across 33 kΩ resistor. The power was in the range of 0.000001 to 0.01 mW, current density was in the 0.1 to 23.29 mA/m2 range while the power density was in 7.5 × 10-7 to 3.1036 mW/m2 range.

And this is the second article:

"The Influence of External Load on the Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells"

By: Szymon Potrykus , Luis Fernando León-Fernández , Janusz Niezna ´nski

, Dariusz Karkosi ´nski.and Francisco Jesus Fernandez-Morales.

Abstract:

In this work, the effect of the external load on the current and power generation, as well as on the pollutant removal by microbial fuel cells (MFCs), has been studied by step-wise modifying the

external load. The load changes included a direct scan, in which the external resistance was increased from 120 Ω to 3300 Ω, and a subsequent reverse scan, in which the external resistance was decreased back to 120 Ω. The reduction in the current, experienced when increasing the external resistance, was maintained even in the reverse scan when the external resistance was step-wise decreased.

Regarding the power exerted, when the external resistance was increased below the value of the internal resistance, an enhancement in the power exerted was observed. However, when operating

near the value of the internal resistance, a stable power exerted of about 1.6 µW was reached. These current and power responses can be explained by the change in population distribution, which shifts to a more fermentative than electrogenic culture, as was confirmed by the population analyses.

Regarding the pollutant removal, the effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased when the external resistance increased up to the internal resistance value. However, the effluent COD increased

when the external resistance was higher than the internal resistance. This behavior was maintained in the reverse scan, which confirmed the modification in the microbial population of the MFC.

I have attached the pdf files ....

I hope it will be helpful...

Dear friend, Professor Filipe Wiltgen!

Thank you very much for your interesting question!

Energy security is the most important factor in the development of a country, especially one that has a shortage of traditional resources. In this case, renewable energy is one of the possible ways to solve the problem, where a significant role is assigned to wind generators. Compact offshore wind turbines are already occupying their niche in the market and their share will grow. This can be confirmed by the advantages that are described in the above and other materials. At the same time, you need to take into account, for example, the problems of this winter in Texas and the dull look of frozen wind turbines with subsequent energy problems. And that means need balance, balance, and compliance!

Best wishes!

With deep respect, Vоlоdymyr Naumchuk

This link will be of use to you:

Dear, Muhammad Saiful Islam, this link will help you in your research:

Determining the sample size in a quantitative research study is challenging. There are certain factors to consider, and there is no easy answer. Each experiment is different, with varying degrees of certainty and expectation. Typically, there are three factors, or variables, one must know about a given study, each with a certain numerical value. They are significance level, power and effect size. When these values are known, they are used with a table found in a statistician's manual or textbook or an online calculator to determine sample size.

Choose an appropriate significance level (alpha value). An alpha value of p = .05 is commonly used. This means that the probability that the results found are due to chance alone is .05, or 5%, and 95% of the time a difference found between the control group and the experimental group will be statistically significant and due to the manipulation or treatment.

Select the power level. Typically a power level of .8, or 80%, is chosen. This means that 80% of the time the experiment will detect a difference between the control and experimental groups if a difference actually exists.

Estimate the effect size. Generally, a moderate to large effect size of 0.5 or greater is acceptable for clinical research. This means that the difference resulting from the manipulation, or treatment, would account for about one half of a standard deviation in the outcome.

Organize your existing data. With the values for the three factors available, refer to the table in your statistician's manual or textbook; or enter the three values into an online calculator made for determining sample size.

1 PJ is 277.78 GWh

Chena Hot Springs Resort uses two 200kW Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) geothermal energy power plants to generate energy, the first in Alaska. The resort moved the diesel generators used in the past to a backup role since July 2006, and it is successful in reducing the cost from 30 cents/kWh to 5 cents/kWh. The resort owners have plans to increase the powerplant's work output from 200 kW to 1MW. An increase to 730 kilowatts was accomplished.

Dear Vimukthi Vithanage

there are some practical solutions in germany. The main problem in our expirience is the vapor phase in using, regulation and safety control. This could be one point for some problems.

Best Regards

Torsten

Hi 姚冬霜 冬霜 Yao

There are two options:

1. (Easier) Measure the voltage of a resistor placed into the piezoelectric eletrical terminals. Then, you have the value of the resistor and the measured voltage. Thus, it is possible to calculate the current by I=V/R.

2. (Harder but more comprehensive) Connect a frequency analyzer equipment into the terminals of the piezoelectric device. Then, it is possible to extract the frequency response (gain as function of frequency). Usually, frequency analyzers can provide voltage gain as function of frequency. You can also use a resistor as load in this case.

I hope this helps

Also check https://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featurewhen-things-go-wrong-identifying-combined-cycle-problem-areas/

Dear Shahida,

I thought that Lebanon does not have hydroelectric power stations. But by searching in the web I found that Lebanon has hydropower stations. However these stations are relatively small in the order of 100 Mw.

To see the capacity of t he hydro power satins in Lebanon please refer to the link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Lebanon

Best wishes

Dear Kah Yung Yap ,

Please see my road map for the transformation from conventional to PV generation in the paper at the link:

Best wishes

You can easily interconnect/link Aspen Adsorption software with Aspen plus

Maybe you can ask at meteoblue:

or get directly in contact with TrasAlta

ED - Economic Dispatch

UC - Unit Commitment

OPF - Optimal Power Flow

In Ecuador, the fossil energy source is widely used, because this is an oil exporting country. On the other hand, the most widely used renewable source of energy is hydroelectric, because the mountainous regions of Ecuador have favorable conditions for this energetic practice.

Biofuels require crop land and water that would be better used for food production and also encourage monoculture. Not the best alternative. I have high hopes for eventual space-based solar power:

Hello, Alisher, your best bet in controlling the power generated is your phase angle and the terminal voltage. That's how I does mine. Go to the generator initial settings, input your terminal voltage in pu, and also the phase angle in rad or degree.

I think this locations may be useful

- https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/wind/electricity-generation-from-wind.php

- https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/wind/where-wind-power-is-harnessed.php

- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-59936-x

- https://openei.org/wiki/Gateway:Wind

Modeled wind resource data for the wind industry. At any stage of the project lifecycle and for anywhere around the world

Hi, you may check out these open source data:

I hope these information helps!

Hope this helps,

sLCOE = {(overnight capital cost * capital recovery factor + fixed O&M cost )/(8760 * capacity factor)} + (fuel cost * heat rate) + variable O&M cost.

You may go through this link-

Usually the TV, kitchen appliances and AC are the most common reasons for the in -house noises

The thickness is difference, 117 is 7x more thicker. Thickness is 1 mil for 211 and 7 mil for 117: https://www.nafion.com/en/products/sulfonic-membranes

And 11 and 21 is Equivalent Weight - fraction between weight of dry membrane and number of sulfuric groups.

Dear Mohammed,

Check the following link for the SVM Matlab toolbox.

It is easy to use.

https://www.mathworks.com/help/stats/fitrsvm.html#d117e407706

Kind regards

Qin

Dear Muhammad,

The more promising and externally challenging future for robotics in nuclear power plant (NPP). The key rationale of robotics application has always been to avoid human exposure to hazardous environments and tasks ranging from scrutiny and general maintenance to decontamination and post accidental activities. To execute these activities, robots need to incorporate artificial intelligence, improved sensors capability, enhanced data fusion and compliant human like leg and hand structures for efficient motions. Next generation robotic systems in NPPs are expected to work in full autonomous mode in contrast to the current semi-autonomous scenarios. Far future systems could deploy humanoid robots as well. This paper presents state-of-the-art of robotics developed for NPPs, associated challenges and finally comments on future directions.

The primary challenge of robots in NPPs is to ensure safety with precision, reliability and repeatability for any kind of operation in any state at any time under any circumstances. This challenge is due to technological limitations in terms of on-board processing speed, power requirements and unavailability of integrated sensors and actuators, initial robotic systems were highly task specific with little intelligence. The robots were almost unable to cope with any other scenario for which they were not designed. The robotic units were designed with stationary bases and with specific and limited work space. To make use of nuclear power for the benefit of human being in a risk-free and undisruptive manner is another challenge. To achieve this status, in addition to development of superior state-of-art technology, we need to devise better plans and systems to cater for cataclysmic circumstances. Reactor with cooling towers is the most sensitive part of a NPP. Radiation danger in these parts imposes special attentions for all kind of operations in this region and thus this is probably the most desired area of deployment and use of intelligent robotic systems. The challenges in this particular region are coped using various existing branches of robotic units such as mobile robots, stationary industrial arm manipulators or hybrid robots.

Simulators and computer modeling techniques are strongly recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).Here the scopes are dynamic model study of sensitive region reactor with cooling tower. Re-designed robot model efficiency studies with an addition of an extendable arm studies using appropriate payload capacity, environmental hardening, sealed mechanisms and wide range of tools.

Hope it help you out. You would like my explanation.

Ashish

In addition, MVA with a rated voltage of operation in kV, gives a direct indication of ampere based on which conductors are to be designed.

In addition to the batteries and super capacitors there is hydrogen. Hydrogen can be obtained using water elecrtolyzers. The hydrogen can be stored and converted back to electricity using the fuel cells. This can be made with the efficiency of charging and discharging batteries. In Germany they make an appreciable advancements in hydrogen technology.

Hydrogen has several advantages as an energy carrier and fuel. It is easy to store, to transport and can substitute the fossil fuels.

Best wishes

This paper will help you answer your question. I hope you find it useful.

Title: Least cost generation expansion planning with solar power plant

using Differential Evolution algorithm.

Thank you for your valuable replies. But would like to know, to what extent the parametric values may be changed for a metaheuristic for SA? Is there any definite rule?

Srete Nikolovski

Thanks Dr.

I import and simulate the file sent me; but i have problem in simulation.

when i choose "Nominal Apparent Power" in generator specifications and "Rated Power" in transformer specifications equal of together, per unit currents will be equal.

All physical models are based on the laws of physics and especially on thermodynamics. They are mostly used for design calculations. The benefit is, that you only need input data, no output data.

All empirical models are based on experimental results. The influencing parameters on the results are then weighted with different coefficients and incorporated into the solution algorithm as a mathematical equation. The coefficients are then adapted so that the calculation result matches the sea values. You need input and output data.

However, there are also the combinations of both models. E.g. in the partial load case mostly corresponding efficiency characteristics or characteristic arrays are used. The same applies to the fouling of heat exchangers. The extent of contamination cannot be measured, only the result, so that the overall heat transfer coefficient is supplemented by the fouling parameter.

Thanks Geoff (and others)

what if pulp/paper/packaging materials were pyrolysed with post-coal fired power station furnace gases to produce bio-char and other pyrolysis products?...i.e. the flue gases might provide a low oxygen input feed of some sort for an 'after burner'...might need to inject a [fair] bit of H2 too maybe?

...my goal here would be to use these power stations to actually reduce concentration of CO2 in air. ...and produce some C products ...biofuels, syngas and biochar ...any power production would be a bonus...Am i dreaming?...

cheers

Rich

PS: anyone know of a good industrial or pilot scale example of something like this

It's my pleasure, Taimoor Mohsin . I'm sure open for further scientific discussions in the future. I wish you all the best in your research!

This is good to f calculate the efficiency of electric power generator efficiency. There are time is continuous variable which affects the efficiency. So many paper on O.T have discussion on the efficiency

The difference between Diesel engine and SOFC is that Diesel engines have been commercialised for a long time. SOFC are still in development.

Best regards

Please take a look at these sites.

It is not that wise to to combine all these applications into one whole system. Flexibility brings the opportunity, together with challenge and limitation. Think about that the solar heat could fully realize one technology but it cannot be used for the similar amount output by using other applications at the same time. Also the demands should be considered at the very beginning. If no heat and cooling demand, electricity could be a solution.

I a simplified taught-course about wind power generation, it is important lecturer to signify that, based on the equation of power calculation: P = ½CAρv3 , the synergistic role of wind velocity is much more important (as power of "3"), than that of the other variables: "C" power coefficient, "A" the swept area, and, "ρ" the density of the air (all as power of "1"). Based on this notation, It can be also stressed out that even all other variables, C A ρ, are fairly satisfactory, wind power plants/generators cannot be installed at remote areas/sites where annual average wind velocity is lower than a certain value (commonly lower than 7 m/s).

In this technology waste materials from the society are used for power generation. This is a clean energy. This process is beneficial as it helps in making environment pollution free. For detail you can go through the following reference, which will be helpful.

Thank you Ahmed Abdelhameed . The article is very helpful, thank you for making the text available so easily

Create carbon sinks through aggressive aforestation programmes. Reduce emission of GHGs through legislation and advocacy.

Hi Ahmad. Please give me your e-mail.

The cooling water or cooling air determine the temperature and pressure of the condenser. The volumetric flow rate at that temperature and pressure determine the size.