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In my current research on the lived experience of ageing in extreme poverty, I am trying to illustrate something connecting the discursive social process of 'Othering'. But I am struggling to find a term that can best define the reverse process of 'Othering'. What it could be in one/two words? Your contribution is much appreciated.
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If 'othering' is treating people as different / outside the 'norm' then the opposite might be 'normative acceptance'.
As in - 'the othering of group is compared to the normative acceptance of group b'.
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Any research available on 1st, 2nd & 3rd Wave of COVID-19, and different economic responses by Top 3 Suffering Countries (USA, Brazil & India) ?
I am looking for Economic Responses in Each Wave by the top COVID-19 suffering countries,
How it lead them to prepare for the another wave ( In Economic terms)
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Dear Prof. Masood Ahmed!
You pointed to an essential problem - the need for brand new datasets on the socio- economic factors impacting countries during this ongoing pandemic:
1) Anser, M.K., Yousaf, S.U., Hyder, S. et al. Socio-economic and corporate factors and COVID-19 pandemic: a wake-up call. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15275-6 Free access:
2) Anser, M.K., Khan, M.A., Zaman, K. et al. Financial development during COVID-19 pandemic: the role of coronavirus testing and functional labs. Financ Innov 7, 9 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00226-4 Open access:
Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely
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Esteemed researchers,
I will need more insights and justifications into using "per capita consumption expenditure" as a measure of poverty.
Please refer me to applicable papers.
Thanks as always.
Ngozi
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I think that the consumption pattern is considered somewhat a measure or an indicator of the pattern of income distribution, and this may give an indication somewhat of the level of poverty or disparity in the distribution of income, if you will
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this question is aimed to identify policy options that might be useful for combating the global pandemic.
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Compliance with WHO regulations in safety and self hygiene, economic support to people and businesses, safe and nutrious food and water, social justice, women as centre of family, equality in gender and religious beliefs, adequate health facilities. Value based leadership
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How much time do you will take India to come to a normal routine after COVID-19? As COVID-19 induced shutdown of the country is negatively affecting all businesses. Worst hit population in low income and below poverty households? How long do you think they will be able to manage in prevalent conditions?
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It will be difficult for India to overcome this crisis, even if the number of total confirmed cases remains moderate as compared to other countries in the region and worldwide:
The main priority should remain the vulnerable and their specific needs.
Among the most severely affected are the migrant workers (whose number is estimated at over 100 million and who fall largely in the informal labor force category), the rural population and the homeless. In the long run, India should invest more in the healthcare system and tackle specific issues.
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I am using the consumption expenditure unit level household data set for India which is collected by National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) for the three time-periods 1993-94, 2004-05 and 2011-12. All data set is deflated on the 2011-12 level and the poverty line is also the same for all time period. Population data set taken from Census of India (Planning Commission, Government of India) which is published the data set on every ten years. Population data set will be extrapolation as per the requirement of our study. I want to estimate growth effect, inequality effect and population shift effect. But unfortunately, I have found some difficulties in the implementing data set.
I could not understand that which commands and Statistical Packages will be used for estimating these all thing specially for growth effect, inequality effect and Population shift effect and which variable is needed for population shift effect?
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I’d say start by writing down your equation. Which of the variables is dependant and which ones are independent ? The all you need to do is to run regression analysis and estimate the coefficients
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Pakistani universities are offering two pay scales these days. ?Basic Pay scale and tenure track system. Which one is better and what are pros and cons?
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TTS system is almost fully flopped now. People working on TTS are not given any incentives and pay is never revised for over last 4-5 years. The differenece in pay of BBS and TTS is marginal. BPS system has attraction of pension which job security which TTS faculty can't think of. People who really perform on TTS system, HEC has no idea that how to give them incentives. All performers and non performers are treated equally. So, the purpose of TTS to promote research and all this is dead now. Also, it's common practice now to victimise TTS faculty in many Universities.
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I thought economically weak communities struggles for daily bread and butter, there is very few chances to grow mentally; consequently, there is no significance of human rights, policies and concern for nation to them.
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poverty represent the main challenge for education and developing intellectual capital
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Hello,
I am looking for data on distribution of wealth/net worth within countries around the world. Something like a frequency distribution of net worth within a population, that would allow me to compare these distributions across countries. Is anyone aware of such data?
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Since Gini Coefficient is a standardized index of inequality, it is reasonably comparable and can be adopted for your inquiry. The World Bank indicators are easily accessible from World Bank data (www,worldbank.org)
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I want to analysed the diversified livelihood of the rural people in the mountainous areas. can i used the capitals approach for this study. 
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there are different livelihood appraoches (UNDP, Oxfam, DFID), which differ slightly from each other. They are all suitable to design a research project. Best is to define indicators to measure the different livelihood capitals.....
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For the theoretical framework of my research I need to incorporate the most prominent poverty theories. My research is on multidimensional poverty in rural areas of Bihar. I have already included capability theory (A. Sen) and Sub-culture of poverty (Oscar Lewis). Also, if there are any specific theories for rural poverty in economic literature, please share.
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i am also doing the same research and searching the same theories. would you share your experience to me?
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Dear Researchers, It is urgent for me to know the system of measuring poverty through FGT index in SPSS or MS-Excel. If you provide me the idea, I would be very benefited.
Thank you
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for some background information the following literature is very usefull:
James Foster; Joel Greer; Erik Thorbecke The Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures: 25 years later Springer-Verlag The Journal of Economic Inequality Year:2010 Month:12 Day: Volume:8 Issue:4 First page:491 Last page:524
Udo Ebert; Patrick Moyes A Simple Axiomatization of the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke Poverty Orderings Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing) Journal of Public Economic Theory Year:2002 Month: Day: Volume:4 Issue:4 First page:455 Last page:473
ames Foster, Joel Greer and Erik Thorbecke A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures JSTOR Econometrica Year:1984 Month:05 Day: Volume:52 Issue:3 First page:761 Last page:766
Mishra, Udaya S.; Mishra, Rudra Narayan On comparison of nutritional deprivation: an illustration using Foster Greer Thorbecke criterion Informa UK (Taylor & Francis) Applied Economics Letters Year:2009 Month:06 Day:23 Volume:16 Issue:10 First page:1021 Last page:1024
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While creating a composite index of deprivation (area-based) integrating social determinants of health, the question about age and sex standardisation came up. In an equity perspective, some think that it should not be standardised in order to measure the direct effects of population characteristics (age and sex) on income, employment rate, etc. Others insist that standardisation is needed when resource allocation (funding and human resources) is based on the deprivation index in order to help regions with higher needs.
What arguments (with reference if possible) would you use for either option?
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Thank you all very much for your helpful replies. I understand that I didn't give many details. I have now added an update which contains a file showing the potential layout of the index.
The index is based on a principal component analysis of all the indicators and will be calculated for 3 age groups because we assume that not all indicators are relevant for all age groups. The distribution by sex is not really a problem because we only anticipate differences in the health domain.
My question about standardisation is due to a practice in the public health field: when populations have quite different demographic profiles (some regions having much higher proportions of children or older persons than others) the measures of health outcomes (such as mortality rates, cancer rates, etc.) cannot be compared directly with each other due to underlying population structures affecting those outcomes. Usually, in epidemiology and public health, a population structure of a reference population (or simply the mean population structure of all regions) is attributed to regional populations and only then those health measures are calculated. Traditionally, the index is calculated for each of Quebec's 18 sociosanitary regions and standardisation had been applied to make health measures comparable. However, this new index includes mainly socio-demographic indicators for which age and sex are important stratifiers. In my opinion, it is important to keep the effects of age and sex visible when regions are compared because they help explain observed deprivation. Standardisation would give the regions artificial population structures and thus potentially under- or overestimate deprivation. I haven't found any work about standardisation in socio-demographic indicators (such as unemployment rates or educational attainment). Are you aware of such practice?
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The empirical evidence in most developing countries suggests that despite a success story in income achievement and breakthrough in democratic governance, yet the rate of poverty and inequality are still alarming in these countries. It is not very clear whether the growth in income and modern democracy are really leading to improved standard of living by closing the numerous gaps between the rich and the poor. Up till now, we still have a phenomenon of digital divides in many less developed countries. A larger percentage of their population are still in abject poverty with a share of income that could not afford quality education, modern health facilities,  and all sorts of available digital technological services available in the world of today.  Product availability is a necessary but not a sufficient condition. We need to consider product affordability. The per capita income figure can not really be taken as a good measure of economic development because of serious problem of outliers. The attention now should not be on how to boost aggregate income alone but how to distribute the income in such a way that the rate of poverty and inequality can be reduced to an appreciable level to achieve economic development in these countries
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Hi, Matthew,
I would refer you to two books that add to this conversation. The first, Acemoglu and Robinson's What Nations Fail provides a strong historical case for the conditions for economic growth: (a) shared political power that generates stability, (b) institutions that motivate people to participate in the economy, and (c) substantive property rights that support saving, investing, and innovating. I do believe that Acemoglu and Robinson under-estimate the role that capital accumulation plays in development and especially the role that slavery and colonization played in capital accumulation, but their arguments do need to be heard.
Secondly, I refer you to Zizek's Trouble in Paradise, which attempts to decouple democracy and capitalism. In his view, capitalism with it's unbalanced preference for capital over labor is in many ways the antithesis of democracy and the equality it presumes.
Taken together, I suggest that the answer might be that the only force that can redistribute national wealth in a way that promotes egalitarian economic advance is a mass movement of the people that redistributes political power first, then economic. Of course, this is highly problematic. As Zizek rightly observes, it is easy for the masses to come together to overthrow a tyrant, but another thing altogether to resist the temptation to appropriate the tyrant's wealth-hoarding for a new elite once the fissures in the masses have reasserted themselves.
Capitalism does indeed create wealth. The creation of wealth creates powerful elites. It is an ongoing challenge for the disempowered masses to unite in a meaningful way to achieve an egalitarian society. Zizek wants socialism (I think). Acemoglu and Robinson want more creative destruction and unfettered entrepreneurialism. I think I would prefer human rights to trump property rights.
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I'm trying to find a correct model for asymmetric effects of increases and decrease of housing prices on divorce rates (I currently have a unify variable - the percent change in housing prices) ?
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Let's denote the percentage changes in house prices as r. Next define two variables:
r+ = max(r,0)
r- = min(r,0)
Now, instead of running regression divorce = a + b*r, run the following regression:
divorce = a + b1*(r+) + b1*(r-)
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Hi,
I need to select one variable to measure income inequality for all countries. I found data for Gini index. However, data is not available for all the years, from 1980 to 2015 and there are many missing values. Anyone aware of any other index to measure the same with data availability for the period from 1980 to 2015. 
Thank you
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Well, the best sources for comparative international data are the World Bank (data.worldbank.org) and UN Data (data.un.org). The Google Public Data Explorer (https://www.google.com/publicdata) has some data from Eurostat and OECD. Yes, its true there is missing data and to a certain extent you can interpolate, but that still leaves a great deal of missing data. I doubt that you will find anything more comprehensive. There is an inequality adjusted Human Development Index, but not for your time period. I'll link to some articles about other inequality measures--but You probably won't have the raw data.
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There are various method of measuring poverty like Poverty Gap, Poverty headcount ratio, Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line etc. For the aim of valid research  outcomes which procedure will be the best? 
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I have worked a lot about this question when doing a researchfield in Mozambique. You can find our achievements on the paper "Architects first hand. An experience in Mozambique". Please follow the link below.
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Are there any recent lists indicating to what digit level of ISIC classification data is available for individual African countries? I am studying the feasibility of extracting statistics on specifically the cultural sector, which often requires 4 digit-levels, and I want to get a quick overview which African countries already have this level of dis-aggregation in their economic activity data. Ditto for employment ISCO data, consumption COICOP data and so on.
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I would suggest either the IMF or World Bank websites.  You might have to spend some time sifting through the various options for GDP by Sector or GDP by Industry.
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I am trying to locate surveys/data sets that provide information about ageing and health in a number of countries in the Asian region - including, for example, the 2014 Myanmar Ageing Study, 2011 Viet Nam National Aging Study and SAGE India Waves 0-2; however, I cannot locate studies in Lao PDR, Malaysia, Nepal, and the Philippines. Any connections to colleagues/surveys and advice would be welcome.
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Hi, Paul.
Please check whether this can be helpful
National Health and Morbidity Survey
Global Ageing Study (GLAS), 2007
Malaysian Population and Family Survey
National Medical Care Survey (NMCS) 2010
East Asia Retirement Survey
The Mental Health and Quality of Life of Older Malaysians Survey
Philippine Elderly Survey (PES)
Philippine Longitudinal Survey on Aging (PLSOA)
Best,
Mamta
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Level of township
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Thanks Hasret, I'll have a look.
R.
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I want to get the inequality data for developing countries for atleast 30 yrs. and want to use EHII UTIP inequality data. But the problem is this data is latest available from 1968-2008 and i want to use it till 2015. Searching certain papers i find out that some people have expanded this data using world bank data and method "Out of sample" forecasting.could anyone guide me how to expand the available data and details about using this forecasting method.
Thanks
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Out of sample estimation is based on modeling the year to year change and extrapolation based on that model. One should be cautious when using such models since often, they do not capture reality very well. it would be better to obtain the data from other sources if available for recent years.
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I need information on life style of people on basis of their income brackets.
please help me some one.
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I suggest you look at the National Sample Surveys (NSS) of India undertaken each 5 years. Look under Planning Commission also.
Regards,
Gordon.
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Developing countries need SE to innovate, to change the society, but actions like that have some cost. To ensure the enterprise will exist in the future, social entrepreneurs must have financial return. Because new thing doesn´t exist in those countries, due to the government and market failure, SE can sell to the poor with higher cost. For this, it is argued that the logic of bottom of pyramid (BOP) had failed, and SE may fall in the same trap. Also by searching for financial sustainability social entrepreneurs enter in the so called "poverty penalty", a good review of the social dimension of the problems is needed. Then, I can ask: 
Are social entrepreneurs getting richer by innovation and the desire to change? Can we talk about social entrepreneurship failure yet?
THANKS
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Hello Robin Thank you. The debate helps me a lot. A special thanks to Anirudh as well. 
Let me comment what´s going in my country. NGOs are the main institution representing social entrepreneurship and recognized by the government officially. There are a lot of people trying to help the poorest one personally with community development initiative, but the most common pass by the churches (a form of NGO), foundation created by institution with commercial purpose (This one can be seen as a form of corporate social responsibility). Studies talk about more than 10000 NGO in Haiti (Pierre Ezer Pélissier, 2013: Université d’Ottawa). Hearing the debates, seeing the country, the situation of the country remain the same or get worse. Haiti looks like a big challenge for NGO, donors, the international community as whole.
Following, Dees (1998): “social entrepreneurs attack the underlying causes of problems, rather than simply treating symptoms”. This is not the case for many non-profits organizations in this country. A clear example is their intervention after the 2010 earthquake. Many people were living in the capital at the given time, when this bad event happened, they return to their communities. But, the international aid arrived at the capital, in order to receive it, they do back to the same city (accepting the bad living condition). Until today, most of the intervention of the NGO is centered in the capital. Yes, we can talk about the failure of this form of social entrepreneurship because it doesn´t care for the root of the social problems.
Social entrepreneurs appear as promising solution to social problems, so claim Sud et al. (2008), “society tends to view ‘‘new’’ solutions as ‘‘the’’ solution”; we are almost all losing in the SE as solution (scholars, practitioners), but less is written or analyzed about its darkside, failure, poverty penalty. I think the solution is in people themselves, in their institution; as this give place to talk about social and solidarity economy. What is needed is to make investigation and action to see the enterprises of this sector (social or voluntary) making what social entrepreneurs pretend to do. Obviously, in the actions, we must give them opportunities, financial resources to execute their projects as we do for the SEs.
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I am working on data acquisition electronic system to measure the following parameters: CO, NO2, O3, Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure with their respective geo-location [GPS Coordinates].
I am intended to find a correlation between the data I have with poverty or living level of population in that area.
1. What kind of data we can get to represent poverty? Population Income, Health records, Housing prices ...etc.
2. What data mining technique can we apply to both pollution/poverty data in order convert it into meaningful information. [From programming/Computer Science perspective].
Thank you so much for your suggestions, ideas, and contributions.
Looking forward for your interactions.
Warm regards,
Badr Eddine
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I strongly recommend you to read the work of Martin Ravallion. He is the world's leading researcher on the measurement of poverty in less developed and developing countries. His ground-breaking research has allowed the definition of precisely calculated poverty lines that are comparable across countries. His work has also contributed to understanding the causes and solutions of poverty, including relationship between economic growth and poverty alleviation. It would be very interesting to see if the results obtained through data mining technique are aligned with the findings of Ravallion.
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How good is multidimensional poverty tool developed by the international fund for agricultural development compared to the other tools?
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Hi Michael,
I found the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI), developed by Alkire and Santos (2010) very useful.
Good luck, Kees
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I am writing about the Millennium Development Goals in the Caribbean. Are there articles on this matter. I am interested Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, St. Maarten, Suriname, Barbados, Trinidad.
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What is the role of economic deprivation?
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A number of factors or situations come into play here. One, the level of poverty. We wouldn't want to talk about severe destitution here where a poor person has to live under a bridge or makeshift "tent". No chance. There's not much of expectation from them. But if you talk about those categorised as in relative poverty that live in a house with TVs, proper kitchen, etc. then the answer to the question is positively yes. This group of people are those who still have access to proper education and skills training.Therefore, factor number two, accessibility to education and training through initiatives undertaken by welfare agencies may still give the chances for a person to access programmes in creativity education and training. Three, vulnerability is also a form of poverty. There are many examples of communities or even nations (and therefore its people) that have become stronger and more resilient, creative and innovative and excelled out of the necessity and urgency to escape themselves out of those vulnerabilities.
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Seeking a brief assessment of material hardship for inclusion in a survey. Considering following Mayer & Jenck's (1989) inclusion of 1) SNAP/food stamp receipt, 2) not enough money for housing, 3) not enough money to pay bills, and 4) not enough money for healthcare. Wondering if anyone has guidance or suggestions based on recent research?
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Thanks to you both - you have given me multiple ways to think about "material hardship," which is what I was needing.
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Hi everyone,
I'm aware that the Gini index is the most widely used measure of income inequality, but in my search for other alternative measures, I came across the 'Palma ratio' which is defined as "the ratio of national income shares of the top 10% of households to the bottom 40%. If the richest 10% in a country earn between them half of the national income, and the poorest 40% earn one-tenth of the national income, the Palma ratio is 0.5 divided by 0.1, which is 5". It reflects an observation of Chilean economist José Gabriel Palma about the stability of the “middle” 50% share of income across countries.
I'm still not clear about this measure, but will it reflect the disparity in the income distribution within an economy?
Opinions and contributions will be greatly appreciated.
Thank you.
Ngozi
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Any distribution (even discrete, like income of 10%, 20%, ...90%) is always more informative than functional - one number. If we compare functionals (mapping of distribution into 1 number), I would prefer the ratio of income of top 10% to bottom 10%(let us name it T10/B10). In your case (Palma) bottom 10% are replaced by bottom 40%; let us name it T10/B40. Is this measure better or not, depends on country. Some countries with social protection (like Austria) have relatively few poor, and then it is important to know how poor are those 10%. In 1970s there was a study of T10/B10: in the USSR it was about 3, while in UK only 4, and in the USA only 6. That was a period of high social equality globally. After 1990 it has risen in Russia to 15, and in US it grew in 2013 to 18.8 (with Gini only 0.4), and well above in Latin America. Data about different countries in 2012 are given here: http://www.oecd.org/social/income-distribution-database.htm Now OECD average is 9.6, the lowest inequality (5.2) is in Denmark, the highest among given countries (30.5) is in Mexico. For the same country set Gini ranges only between 0.25 and 0.50.
If we would use Gini, the difference is much less informative: Gini=0.4 is already for high T10/B10>10, while Gini=0.3 corresponds to much higher equality like 6-7. Palma will give less sharp values than T10/B10 (unless bottom 40% are equally poor). But it might be good indicator for some African countries, where quite often bottom 50% live on $2 per day.
It is also important to track what fraction is hold by top 1%, because the main global dynamics today is in wealth movement from middle class to top 1%.
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What are Papers on The role of Zakha in poverty reduction?
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Zakat should be analyzed as important element in national social protection systems in the countries in questions. It supplements public social protection may substitute it if public systems are deficient. But at the same time its social and economic effects and impacts, including impacts on poverty reduction should be regularly monitored by the society and recommendations how to make it function better developed.
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I would like for someone who can answer this question or give me some resources to the: Root cause of high unemployment in Mauritania?
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Try slavery.  seriously.  Why buy the milk if you own the cow
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Hi all,
I'm using 3SLS regression model to estimate "Farm-Nonfarm-Poverty Linkages" for a decade among major Indian states.  Being a beginner in modelling, i could estimate coefficients of different equations.  Using stata-12, i've estimated the model through the syntax below.
  • reg3 (Equation-1)(Equation-2)(Equation-3)(Equation-4), 3sls
It will be of great help if some guidance can be offered to estimate marginal effects of different equations in the system.  
Thanx.
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As you have 4 equations, I assume that you have for endogenous variables. Get the reduced form equations and take derivative wrt variable of interest. That will give you the marginal effect. If you are looking for the value of marginal effect use:
margins, dydx(variable of interest)
You can also use some other option such as at mean.
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Where can I find information showing a comparison of average wage rates in Africa? I need to determine and compare labour costs in Sub-Saharan African countries.
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I don't know the actual goals your search, but you can compare the unit labor cost, which can be defined ratio between monetary wages (w) and labor productivity (GDP at current prices/N). So you can remove statistical distortions arising from different cost of living in different countries (money wages have in fact a relationship with GDP at current prices). Morover, the unit labor costs dynamycs is an excellent indicator of a country commodity competitiveness. The critical issue of this indicator is that in countries where labor compensation is not through monetary wages (if not partially, for example in Sub-Saharan Africa), unit labor cost cannot be easily calculated. And sorry for my english!
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I am doing research in rural villages in Cambodia and exploring issues of gender, migration, labor and poverty. If you can refer me to any good research, I would much appreciate it. I am particularly interested in push/pull factors for informal migration, notions of self-worth and self-esteem on decisions to migrate, and gender factors on perceptions of community issues, vulnerability, and agency.
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Robert, I take up similar issues not in my research but in my teaching, and I have found useful the work of Rhacel Salazar Parreñas on female migrant labor (Children of Global Migration, Intimate Labors (on care work), Asian Diasporas (edited volume), in addition to the following:
Andersen, Michelle J. . (1993). A License to Abuse: The impact of Conditional Status on Female Immigrants [The Yale Law Journal, 102(6).
Bonacich, Edna, Alimahomed, Sabrina, & Wilson, Jake B. (2008). The racialization of global labor. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(3), 342-355.
A little dated, but articles in: Barbara Ehrenreich & Arlie Russell Hochschild (Eds.) (2002) Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. New York: Henry Holt and Company.   
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There is so much fear of food insecurity among developing countries in spite of the fact that most of them are engaged in agriculture.
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Regards:
Food security (and therefore also food insecurity) itself is a multidimensional issue, which cannot be adequately recorded by a single indicator. Some indicators to measure food security at the national level are: % of rural population (access), consumer price index (access), import dependency ratio (stability), food supply or kcal/capita/day (availability), prevalence of undernourishment (utilization), and unemployment rate (access). But none of these indicators ensure that food reaches everyone; and less if there are no public policies that support the equitable distribution of resources, including food. At the community, household and individual levels (most relevant to public health approaches to food security) are important to consider indicators such as: food resources (type of food stores, food available, food prices, food production, etc.), socioeconomic/demographic characteristics (employment status, income, poverty status, household structure, etc.), coping actions to obtain food, and neighborhood characteristics, among others. All for the purpose of identifying the underlying causes that are critical to good policy developments.
Carmen María Pérez
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Dear all, i need per capita poverty line figures for India. Latest available are for year 2011-12. How should i estimate growth rate of prices and find the new per capita poverty figures?
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Poverty line in defined in different ways. For example, World Bank calculates it as income below certain threshold per day (there were $1.25 and $2 in PPP in different periods).
If you know that for example in 2012, 30% of Indians had an income below $2 per day and want to find what % are poor in 2015 using the same standards, you should first take income distribution in nominal values in 2015 and then calculate inflation (CPI) during 2012-2015. So this border (let say, of $2 in nominal terms) could move, for example, to $2.2. Then you find corresponding fraction of people who have income below $2.2 (in nominal terms) in 2015.
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Why do we keep thinking that a "poor place" is a "dangerous place" (like cinema and media discourses)? What can we do to surpass this kind of 'paradigm' that seems to exists in researches about urban violence for example?
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Here may be part of the answer ...
The GDP per capita was as follows for these countries, expressed in current $US :
Syria:           2,080/ cap in 2007
Yemen :       1,408/ cap in 2013
Burundi :         286/ cap in 2014
Belgium :   47,517/ cap in 2014
U.S.A. :      54,629/ cap in 2014
So clearly, if we just bomb Syria, Yemen and Burundi off of the map, the data would be a lot stronger for suggesting that there is no relation between poverty and violence, in keeping with your hypothesis.
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Dual-generation approaches for breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty may be more effective than strategies that focus on parents or their children separately.  Holistic programs provide essential opportunities and support to meet the education, economic, social, and health needs of parents and their children, simultaneously. 
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Thank you, Krishnan, for the additional resources on this topic.  A wholistic approach to intervention is optimal to break the cycle within families and to insure sustainability, I feel. There are several programs doing this but so many more are needed. It is a complex issue and coordinating the many facets can be daunting but not impossible. Thanks again.
Best,
Victoria
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Is anyone aware of a participatory exercise carried out to derive a list of poverty, well-being or (human) development dimensions? Except for the well-known "Voices of the Poor" etc. It can be a national level or regional level.
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I want to share an example. 
Around ten women had assembled to discuss the goal of a livelihood and microfinance project,  how they would measure if it had been achieved and actually assessed progress. The steps that I follow are:
1. Divide the participants into groups of 5-6 women.
2. Ask the participants whether they know the goals of the project/programme. If they are not aware, share the goal with them. The goal needs to be written in big letters and on a big piece of paper!
3. Give the participants flash cards.
4. Ask the group what is required to achieve the goal. If they are non-literate they can draw on the flash card. Do not stick at this stage, as they may change their mind.
5. Then ask - to achieve what is written in the flash cards, what are the measures required and proceed similarly.
6. The participants may change their mind on the level of flash cards. Give them time to come to a firm conclusion and then stick the flash cards.
7. Now give the participants a pen, and ask them to rate achievement of indicator at each level. A rating of * means not achieved, a rating of *** means fully achieved, and a rating of **means partially achieved.
.
Interestingly the women stated the goal of the project was poverty reduction of women. The women identified two pathways to poverty reduction- increase women’s income and reduce household expenditure.  They observed that women’s income could increase if women-managed  income-generation programmes expanded  (many) and if their control over existing income enhanced (a few).  They further shared that women-managed income generation can expand only if they had livestock (many) or land (few) on their names.  The women noted that their control over income would be reflected in them having savings accounts on their name.  On the expenditure front, majority of women stated that expenditure can come down if men drank less and a few mentioned that if domestic violence was less health expenditure would be reduced.  Women observed that group should collectively intervene on these issues.
The project, the women observed, had had a moderate impact on most of the indicators they had listed, other than reduction in alcohol consumption and violence against women.  While the group did intervene in instances of violence against women it did not always meet with success
Source: Murthy, 2015, Tool kit on gender sensitive participatory methods for evaluation, Institute of Social Studies, New Delhi (being published in a month) 
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In the case of a censored quantile regression, the choice of the quantile is important and the estimation results depends on this choice. According to your expertise, what are your recommendations about the choice of the quantile and the interpretation of the estimators.
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Of the statistics books I have read, "Statistical Distributions in Engineering" by Karl Bury seems to allocate a disproportionate number of pages to censored sampling and distributions, which I found very interesting. This (very accessible) book might help to give you some fresh insights. 
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The most recent World Bank report from 2015 is titled "Mind, Society and Behavior" . It is mainly inspired by endless experimental results from Western Universities and their departments of Psychology and Behavioral Economics. They are craving to donate their advanced knowledge on human behavior to the poor of the world.
And so they identified a surprising problem of the poor: they save too little cash.
Will more rational decision making help them to save the bucks for medicine and their childrens school? May they improve their "mental accounting" by the use of a special World-Bank-iron-box for cash savings?
The poor also borrow too much money. Can we help them to save money by printing a warning of high interest rates on their pay day envelope?
According to the report people have "two systems of thinking", an automatic and a deliberative system. Can we help them by enhancing the deliberative one? And to which one belong the experiments of Behavioral Economics? Hopefully not to the automatic. Sure?
Finally you have to decide yourself how biased this - nevertheless as inspiring as provocative report - is - if you're still in charge of your deliberative system because you're not yet brainwashed by US and UK universities
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I dislike intensely the phrase 'Western point of view'.  If you mean very many different ideas expressed without repression, under some form of democracy and carried out with full human rights then I can go along with Western and proud of it.  Is Greece now  non-Western?  Then I must also be in that camp since I entirely support efforts to create stimulus (as was done in Germany via the Marshall Plan, as well as East Germany).  Now joining the Euro for Greece was a mistake but country's should NOT be punished for peaceful mistakes as they were with the destruction of their industry and hih unemployment the past few years.  Anyway I'll leave that issue since the news is full of all that today.
On poverty, probably none of the people reading this article would starve in a drought in, say, Somalia.  Why not?  You have money or access to it. Hence people are poor simply because they dont have cash.  Dont make me laugh about the fact that they cant save..out of what?  Now how to channel cash to the poor?  Let's see the next World Bank Report on that, covering such issues as basic income, transfers, subsidies and yes, of course, how to pay for all that?  With historically low interest rates (except in developing countries - Kenya has rates of 15%..crazy!), enormous wealth exists in the world (the odd trillion dollars on pretty useless 'defense'), technology allowing most people NOT to work...clearly management and willingness must rank highly!  Recent reports of unhappiness with management at the World Bank by staff (not for the first time) might suggest that that organisation ought to be examined in more than one way!
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Say for example we are trying to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of a particular poverty alleviation programme where no comparison group is available. We are looking at a data that has to be collected at a single point in time without having any effective way to draw the data for comparison. In such a scenario where just one reading of the data is available, how best can we evaluate the effectiveness of such a programme without compromising the quality of such research.
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Everything depends on the exact type of data and the shape of the distribution.
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I am increasingly finding the issue of food deserts very interesting. Particularly in context of urban planning and decision-making by grocery stores and the driving factors. Is anyone currently working on this, or is interested in working on something together in this area? 
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Aakanksha
You might find a recent NBER paper by Handbury and colleagues of interest WHAT DRIVES NUTRITIONAL DISPARITIES? RETAIL ACCESS AND FOOD
PURCHASES ACROSS THE SOCIOECONOMIC SPECTRUM http://www.nber.org/papers/w21126.  They conclude that differences in retail access (food deserts) account for very little (<10%) of the differences in purchases of nutritious foods across socio-economic groups. They also find that the nutritional quality of purchases made by households with low levels of income and education respond very little when new stores enter an area or when existing stores change their product offerings.
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The problem associated with almost every construction project in India, is the delay in land  acquisition, which will ultimately lead to an escalation in the project cost and duration.
The stiff public opposition  could be due to the complexity and delays in getting the promised compensatory package and another problem is the compensation, in the form of liquid cash, which could be spend up quickly. Thereby one's property and livelihood, which could be the result of a lifetime of hardwork could end up being sacrificed at the cost of the project. This is of particular importance to India where there is a huge mass of population living below the poverty line.
The Singapore model is a unique housing model where the govt has spend up money in constructing apartment blocks, into which the affected public were relocated. These apartments are usually constructed in public land in the outskirts. These are later developed into satellite towns, which will increase the land value at these places. Thus the affected public are guaranteed shelter  as well as accommodation which could be a more effective compensation 
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For Singapore's 'success' we forget the fact that much of the land used for public housing was already owned by the government, that Singapore had among the world's fastest growth in per capita income over a long period and (linked to this) a very small rural population and tightly controlled immigration so its very rapid economic growth did not come with very large migrant flows into the city,
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I have searched for some essays and found that there are solutions more than one way. I couldnt be sure that which way is the best and wanted to ask you. 
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The following reference may be useful:
Datt, G., and Ravallion, M. 1992. Growth and Redistribution Components of Changes
in Poverty Measures : A Decomposition with Applications to Brazil and India in the
1980s. Journal of Development Economics, 38(2): 275-295.
Ravallion, M. 2004. Pro-Poor Growth: A Primer. World Bank Policy Research
Working Paper 3242.
Ravallion, M. 2009. Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence? World Bank Policy
Research Working Paper 4974, the World Bank.
Ravallion, M., and Chen, S. 2003. Measuring Pro-poor Growth. Economics Letters,
78(1): 93-99.
Ravallion, M., and Datt, G. 2002. Why Has Economic Growth Been More Pro-Poor in
Some States of India Than Others? Journal of Development Economics, 68(2): 381-
400.
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I need to know the list of countries that were identified by the Jubilee 2000 campaign as requiring immediate debt cancellation for a study I am doing on World Bank-IMF poverty reduction strategies.  I appreciate any help I can get on this.  Thanks. 
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Dear Nil,
try the following reports / links:
Horst Köhler, James D. Wolfensohn (2000): Debt relieft for the porest countries. Milstone achieved. Joint Statement. (The pdf-file contains a list of 22 countries), see:    https://www.imf.org/external/np/hipc/2000/state/state.htm
World Bank (2000): World Bank Group Historical Chronology 2000, World Bank Events. (If you read all the events and check the "Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative" news, you will find the same list of 22 countries as above), see: http://go.worldbank.org/O76D3W7SW0
Wolrd Bank (2000): Press Briefing on Debt Relief Ahead of the G-8 Okinawa Summit. Proceedings. (There are 40 and 12 countries (sum = 52) mentioned by Mr. Gaeta, but only "18 countries were in the pipeline"), see: http://go.worldbank.org/RBE3OSFQ00
World Bank (2000): Debt forgiveness or reduction. (Download as Excel-file possible; there is also a list of the countries, which have got debt forgiveness or reduction actually). see: http://search.worldbank.org/quickview?view_url=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabanksearch.worldbank.org%2FDataSearch%2FLoadReport.aspx%3Fdb%3D2%26cntrycode%3D%26sercode%3DDT.DFR.DPPG.CD%26yrcode%3DYR2000
Good luck and kind regards, Detlef
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Hi all,
I wish to go-through the recent advances in poverty analysis.  Could you suggest few of those?
Thank you.
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Journal of World Development and Journal of Development Studies are two of best ranking journals related to poverty 
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How can i find Atkinson's Index for different quintiles?  Would that provide additional information than the index of the overall data?
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Dear S.J.,
the parameter (epsilon) is a parameter in order to integrate Rawl's concept of social justice (see the annex of my first contribution: de Maio, 2007, p. 850). So, the choice of the parameter (epsilon) is based on a normative/ethical judgement/assessment. From this point of view, the value "social justice" determines the action in this process of judgement / assessment. (Background: Atkinson Index is a parameter for welfare and welfare can't be measured without definining the normative frame)
So the choice of parameter (epsilon) depends on the weight, you want to give to the value "social justice". The parameter (epsilon) was designed in order to estimate the dimension of "inequality aversion". So, based on the following - sorry German-speaking - publication:
Unger et al (2013): Verteilungsbericht 2013. Trendwende noch nicht erreicht. WSI Report (10). Download: http://www.boeckler.de/pdf/p_wsi_report_10_2013,
you can define, related to chapter 3.1, pp. 19-21:
parameter (epsilon) = 0,5: little inequality aversion
parameter (epsilon) = 1,0: medium inequality aversion
parameter (epsilon) = 2,0: great inequality aversion
All reports, that I know, emphases that's important to choose a great inequality aversion (parameter (epsilon) = 2,0) in order to consider very low income levels. Personally, I assume, it could be valuable, to calculate the Atkinson Index with the three dimensions (see the diagrams on pp. 19-21, chapter 3.1) in order to illustrate the differences. Based on this, you can demonstrate the utility of a great inequality aversion.
Perhaps, you find a classification of parameter (epsilon) in the following original publications of Atkinson:
Atkinson Anthony (1970): On the Measurement of Inequality. Journal of Economic Theory, 2, S.244-263, 1970.
Atkinson Anthony (2007): Measuring Top Incomes: Methodological Issues. Top Incomes over the Twentieth Century. A contrast between European and English-Speaking Countries, Oxford University Press.
So finally, I would like to state, that the choice of parameter (epsilon) doesn't depend on a given income distribution (your question above), because it depends on the normative definition of the parameter (epsilon).
Kind regards, Detlef
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>> A. Mani et al., “Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function,” Science, 341(6149), 2013, pp. 976-980. 
It seems that the causality in this study was upside down when it’s perceived that poverty results in poor IQ (intelligence quotient) rather than otherwise, i.e., low IQ may result in poverty in society based on the data collected in the article.
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hello
I think an extremely important issue, very complex. First would be good to specify the operational concepts of wealth, poverty, and intelligence (kind of intelligence).
No doubt under the parameters we use from the scientific world, social and environmental determinants influence significantly on growth and development of people.
For these scientists in our studies seek to seek the welfare of the communities identifying risk factors, and by identifying and collaborating on improving these determinants. Moreover from medicine, and public health the whole process of growth and development is currently studying before birth, where all the aforementioned factors influence.
I think that poverty limits the expression of intelligence of many people, and inappropiate social determinants (networks, infectious diseases, deficits, nutritional), neurologically damaging the body, before and after it was born. This brings us to generate strategies to prevent this damage, and ensure the best development of all people.
For example Mardonez et al,  Association of perinatal factors and school performance in primary school Chilean children, Journal of developmental Origin  of Health and disease 2013; 4839 230-238.
Journal of  Dohad 
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Head Count Ratio and related poverty measures require state-specific poverty lines, upon which poverty indices are obtained.  But how these lines are obtained?  Is there any way to obtain district-specific and for further strata.
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Just one addition to a very complete answer by Detlef: for analytical purposes one can use a variety of poverty lines as each one selects a different part of a population to be defined as poor. In my view poverty is always relative so poverty line should be in a longer run adjusted to reflect movement in average, prevailing levels of income - in a given community - state or province. However, there are also poverty lines defined by the value of a selected basket of good and services which is recognized as a minimum people should be able to buy to live out of poverty. The contents of this basket should also be revised from time to time to reflect changes in both consumption patterns and aspirations of the society.
As regards poverty line which would be used for the policy purposes - like defining group of people entitled to income support or other benefits - it makes no sense to use poverty line which would define majority of the society as poor. It will be only useful to defined as poor and entitled to receive support from the others population which can be effectively supported within reasonable time horizon. That's why in many countries we have often at least two "official" poverty lines, where the second, lower one defines "extreme poverty"
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How has 23 years (1990 – 2013) of war contributed to slum build up in Kabul City and its subsequent effect on the developing housing process and existing housing conditions?
The year 1978 saw a coup in Kabul that resulted in foreign and civil war within Afghanistan that’s still being continued till present day. The man made disasters have caused over three million Afghan civilians to migrate to 75 countries around the world and hundreds and thousands more to internally migrate. With many people being displaced and homeless, slums began to sporadically appear around various major cities.
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Rather than thinking about slums as a negative, why not consider it as an unavoidable consequence of development, even maybe a positive indicator of progress?
Links for arguments to that effect...
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Two schools of thought have shared their opinions on the best way to enhance welfare for the population of a given country. The Utilitarian argument primarily focuses on maximizing welfare through efficient allocation (primarily of income), while the Rawlsian argument looks beyond income and incorporates relative deprivation (or satisfaction in case of redistribution) based on the requirements of the poorest individuals (thus equality for all). Which of these in your opinion has the potential to effectively enhance welfare in a given nation and help achieve vital developmental goals?
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These are different perspectives, but I'm not sure this is best framed as a dichotomy, since Rawls incorporates Utilitarian principles into his framework; his notion of a maximin is essentially Utilitarian in the sense it is minimising overall suffering for the worst off.  One could add a Kantian/deontological perspective to these two, and this also misses out a fourth perspective based on the concept of the public good / public interest which is from virtue ethics as in the attached (hopefully the link works please let me know if you want the pdf).
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Hi all,
I'm studying the poverty status of states in different NSS years.  Can someone suggest some "SIMPLE" measures to identify the "cluster of states" in a scatter, so that i can identify the persistence of clusters in different periods.  I really don't need a rigorous method but a "simple, yet good" method.
Thanx.
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You can do a factor-cluster analysis. But if you have just one attribute (poverty) you can plot the figures for different states in different NSS years and identify the clusters. Do the graph in STATA instead of excel. 
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The topic of inequality and its social as well as economic implications is a very discussed topic (specially after Piketty´s book came out). 
Most research I´ve come across with concentrates around the relationship between income inequality and growth. So I´m looking for some good papers on the relationship between wealth inequality and economic growth.
Any suggestions?
Thanks!
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Dear Erika,
please note that Piketti has conducted some of his research in collaboration with Tony Atkinson and others who looked into the interaction between inequality and wealth in the long run (this is a major research project of Tony Atkinson and Facundo Alvarez). See their joint article (link below). I am sure there is more written by them.
Good luck!
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Recently I am interested in Life cycle analysis LCA,
I need the access to a database or to download it about social analysis. like poverty for example.....
There is a SHDP portal that is not free.
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Dear Said, 
Depending on the countries you'd like to study you could also try:
Eurostat website (for European countries):
OECD website (check under the link income distribution and poverty): 
If you are interested in attitudes you can always check these data from the World Values Survey:
Gapminder: this website contains really useful data and you can also make your own graphs!
Good luck with your research!
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The commission on Poverty (CoP) in Hong Kong just set up the first official poverty line in Hong Kong as 50% of the median household income of different household sizes. The raw poverty line rate is estimated without any Government intervention like income protection, old age allowance. Another poverty rate is estimated after the intervention. However, there is a debate inside CoP that should we include and calculate the income transfer impacts of the Government social service like public housing, health care and education as Government's intervention on poverty alleviation. In Hong Kong health care and education provision are universal and public housing is selective.
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Usually you do not include the impacts of Government social services. Only direct income payments are defined as public intervention. It could be interesting to include the value of public housing but you will loose the possibility of any international comparisons in terms of poverty reduction policies.
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A key issue that I would like to highlight is that child poverty is distinct from household poverty, although they are often related. With this in mind, eradicating extreme poverty ($1.25 a day) is only relevant to child poverty insofar as households invest in their children, but is not a direct indication of whether a child is poor or not. Indicators to measure child poverty in a multidimensional way can be derived from the Convention of the Rights of Child, in areas such as nutrition, healthcare, education, leisure, information, (no) exploitation, among others, and measured with the use of household surveys. This would allow us to capture the multiple dimension of poverty, and to do it in a way that is relevant for children, and not only for adults or households. Taking this into consideration is essential to tackle child poverty reaching all children.
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Dear @Sribas, here are some accents from UN strategy :"The 2010 United Nations Summit on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date and the announcement of major new commitments for women’s and children’s health and other initiatives against poverty, hunger and disease."
I'm not an optimist in this regard!
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Alkire et al. of OPHI developed MPI, which is a very useful method to assess the human progress in a population. I would like to compute it across the districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. However, I struck at few steps. If anybody has done it earlier can you share your stata code or Excel sheet? I am using Demographic and Health Survey unit Data.
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Dear Geoffrey
You can use stata syntex from OPHI website. Do file of Bhutan sample is available in summer school material at OPHI website. I have some work on Multidimensional poverty in Pakistan by using PSLM data and MICS data. I will provide you the do files of stata very soon.
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Is Gini coefficient the only way to measure inequality? Are there some superior measures i.e. that can provide some more details?
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There is a some alternative measures. For instance, Generalized Entropy Indexes, Atkinson Index, Piesch index, Kakwani index. Each measure can exhibit differnt properties. So, for a detailed explanation, see, for example: Measuring Inequality - Frank A. Cowell
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It is widely accepted that economic boom in China has risen millions from poverty. Lithuania during 2002-2008 was the fastest European economically growing country, when GDP increased by 7-9 percent annually. However, the poverty threshold in the country stood at the same 20 percent, and there was no poverty reduction in Lithuania. How can the situation be evaluated in other countries? Can you have economic growth and poverty increase at the same time?
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Arvydas,
I agree with Kumar on the point of inclusive economic growth and development. I am not sure but the Scandinavian economies seem to run something similar to that. Do not forget that the state of the very active poor does not remain stagnant when given opportunities to move to higher income brackets. Well articulated and thought out inclusive economic growth and development models tend to uplift the most active poor segments of society to higher income levels. This is not exactly the welfare state. Take for example where (in a fast growing economy) the State subsidizes access to Specialized Tertiary Education, ICT Skills acquisition, Maternal Reproductive and Child Health, Clean Drinking Water, Microfinance Loans, Adult Literacy Education, etc, to the active poor. This implies the probability of economically empowering the active poor increases tremendously. What is wrong with that??? How have the Scandinavians attempted to minimize these inequalities in general??
Barnabas Kiiza
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I would like to know about the statistical models and tools used for analysis high frequency panel data on poverty. Kindly also help with the proper references of such works, along with workable tools.
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students sometimes are taken as examples, too. As panel data are more expensive to collect, high frequency may refer to yearly frequency, rather than data collected every fifth year or more. It always depends upon the features of the phenomenon one is up to.
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History shows that some countries that were poor have become increasingly rich and powerful while others remain stagnated in this state without arriving to escape.
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The previous comment by Hashwini Heerah asnwers the question, i think and points to several important directions to look at. Maybe the questions are "creation of wealth, for whom?", "condanation for whom?". As for poverty and wealth among states, capitalism along with colonisation & imperialism might be a good start to discuss the issue. It is not so easy not to remain poor if people ravage you from the means you have to survive.
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The Pro-Poor Budgeting is expected to contribute to improvement of access of the poor to quality social services and infrastructure.
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I highly recommend you to read and use the Part IV POVERTY AND EQUITY: POLICY AND GROWTH, of the book POVERTY AND EQUITY. MEASUREMENT, POLICY AND ESTIMATION by Jean-Yves Duclos and Abdelkrim Araar (2006). Chapter 12 Poverty alleviation: Policy and growth is amazing, where you will find ALL you need to know about "budgeting" with abscence of redistributive costs as well as adding cost incurred for a given total budget spent on the poor, in both nice theoretical and practical levels. Also on its pages 234 & 235 much references are given for research done realted to budgetary rules under the more specific objective on poverty reduction. It has a full section of all posible effects on poverty from propoor growth as well.
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I want to know where the boundaries lie between these three terms.
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Hi,
UNDP has an index named Humal Development Index classifying countries into four clusters.
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I'm trying to find out if there is a correlation between the values that television media portray to the locus of control of indigent people. I think there is a pattern of values that these television shows portray in our country (Philippines) and I want to find out if these values affect the locus of control of the poor.
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Thanks. I made a presentation of my proposal and the panelists suggested that I use a qualitative and quantitative approach. Also, I would be narrowing down the values that I would want to study in this research because I didn't define it properly. It was also suggested that I add more personality factors because locus of control is just a small part of how indigent people really view themselves and and their situation. Your answers have really helped me. I'm looking forward to conducting this research next year. Cheers!
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Can anyone point me at relevant reading for a discussion/ critique of the IDPoor system vs wealth ranking using SES from PCA. Has there been any investigation of the ranking/classification that results from the two approaches? Thank you.
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Thanks Andrew
I will go and read up
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I want to employ Iranian economists Darush Hayati and Bill Slee research work titled "Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Measurement of Rural Poverty: A case of Iran". I want to replicate the methodology that they have used for creating PMI (Poverty Measurement Index) which is a multidimensional index, to study the components multidimensional poverty in Darbhanga (Bihar). Mine will be a household level study as theirs and I want to go with certain region specific modifications, but the base will be the methodology that they have adopted. I will definitely give proper citation but I'm still skeptical about doing so as I don't want to commit any sort of plagiarism.
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Dear Ms. Sukriti Jha, that it is perfectly ethical to use a methodology which has been used by any other researcher in your own work. Only you should give credit to the original author while describing your methodology. All of us actually do it at one place or the other. However, using the methodology without citing the reference or source should be considered unethical.
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The difficulty of measuring and estimating child poverty in a territory requires a thorough selection of the criteria. With which to approach this field of study?
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Look up the publications of Keetie Roelen (e.g. False Positives or Hidden dimensions: the definition and measurement of child poverty' - University Maastricht). Based on work in Vietnam.
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In poverty studies, some group are referred to as marginalized people and others as deprived people. I humbly would like to know the boundary between marginalization and deprivation?
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Hi David,
I live in an affluent Northern New Jersey neighborhood with a nice house on 5 (unkempt) acres; my mortgage is paid off and our 3-car garage contains 2 late model Volvos and one classic Mercedes. We are only two people living in a large house with three bathrooms and a sauna. In short, I am not deprived. But, boy, am I marginalized, I am the only Democrat on my block and indeed the county in which I live (Morris County) is so Republican that a few years ago I registered as a Republican just because I was tired of being disenfranchised -- having been excluded from the polls at the primary for 15 years simply because there were never any Democrats on the slate. That, David, is what it means to be marginalized (with the only deprivation experienced being the poverty of Democratic candidates to vote for in Republican territory).
Gwen
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Knowing of its connection to land degradation, accessing of markets, education, health, knowledge and human capital development, and income, among others, is it appropriate to say people are food (and nutrition) insecure because they are poor?
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oh ok, thanks a lot for the enlightenment, Mohammad. Your suggestion is well noted
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"Right of the poor to be fed" and "ability of the poor to feed themselves", which should be the priority for governments?
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I think it is about responsibility of the governments to make sure that everybody has at least minimum income security allowing life in dignity, which is a necessary condition (sometimes not sufficient) to create food security and affordable to all access to health care and other basic social services. They ways to provide such guarantees are multiple - for those able to work it is mainly through creation of quality employment opportunities, for those unable to work for various reason - through social protection systems.
See ILO Recommendation concerning national floors of social protection and the latest special issue of the International Social Security Review devoted to it.
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Which help in capturing deprivation in a holistic way
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Poverty Score Card (PSC) designed by the World Bank and used by the Government of Pakistan (GoP). PSC is based on 13 indicators used to measure access to basic needs. GoP hase used PSC to identify people living below poverty line in all the districts of Pakistan. This data is used to provide subsidy to poorest of the poor under Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP). Complete data is stored in the website of National Database Registration Authority (NADRA).