Porous Materials - Science topic

I am working on drug-loading into porous material and trying to quantify the loaded amount of drug into the material through UV-Vis. But every time I disperse the drug-loaded particles in a solvent the drug comes out of the material. Could anyone please suggest what else can be done to quantify the loaded amount of drug?

I would like to create a porous geometry. I am looking for your suggestions on any open-source software which can help me to create the geometry. It would be idle if I can control or define the porosity of my created geometry.

In Comsol software, we use the two physics "Heat Transfer in Porous Media" and "Heat Transfer in Solids and Fluids" to study the heat transfer from a porous part to solid and fluid areas. The problem is that the interface between the porous and fluid or solid areas in both physics is defined as thermal insulation. How do we define these common areas boundary conditions to establish the heat transfer between the porous and solid or fluid areas? In some numerical studies, they used the heat flux boundary conditions for the common areas of the porous and fluid sections. Still, I do not think this boundary condition is appropriate.

Hi

I am trying to model a poro-hyperelastic material, but the problem is, this kind of physics is not present in any of the FEM software including COMSOL or ABAQUS,the comsol have a module only for poro-linear elasticity, but there are few papers on its modelling and they are using subroutine for that.

please help

Dear Researchers,

I need a 3D photo of a porous material such as attached one only to show the porosity, not for analyzing porous materials.

Can any one help me?

Regards

Foroogh

Experimental results of the Sound absorption coefficient of material have mostly been found to be in good terms with the Theoretical models. But the calculations look confusing. With imaginary terms and differential equations.

Are there any simplified calculations and methods for theoretical modeling in acoustics?

Hi all,

The case I want to simulate includes a porous media baffle, with water on the left side and no water on the right. I want to simulate the process that water on the left flows into the porous media and then flows into the right side.

In my simulatioin, the seepage velocity (from the soil to the fluid domain) at the interface is calculated by solid part. Then, there should be more water at the interface in fluid domain. I’ve managed to couple the seepage velocity at the interface in OF, but how could I add the water due to the seepage according to the velocity at the interface? Could anyone please give me any hints?

Hi all,

The adsorption isotherm for a meso porous material like activated carbon shows an hysteresis loop at P/P0 around 0.4. Can anybody from this platform can explain what could be the reason?

I am trying to simulate a problem, where I need R1, R2, H1, H2 and concentrated flux on the absorber. The nomenclatures are shown in the attached figure.

I will be thankful if someone helps me in getting the aforementioned data for a power plant.

Thank you

------

Manoj Kumar Sharma

I would like to get the pore size distribution (0.5nm~1.5nm) from the CO2 isotherm using a DFT model (CO2 @ 273 on Carbon, Slit Pores) and have some questions about the procedure.

1 - Which p/p0 range should I use and how many points should I get?

2 - Should I ask the ASAP to measure p0 or should I enter a fixed value myself? p0 = 26142 mmHg is the correct value?

3- After performing the procedure, do I need to purge the ASAP lines to perform an n2 isotherm?

Thank you for your attention.

I am trying to simulate the adsorption isothermal of Nacl in a porous materials via molceular simulation. How can I do it by GCMC method? I apply GCMC to get adsorption isothermal of gas in materials successfully.

Which porous materials (Micro/Meso/Macroporous) are very suitable for the electrocatalysis application (ORR, OER and HER)

I am trying to simulate the heat transfer and fluid flow in a volumetric (porous) solar receiver in COMSOL Multiphysics. I know the material porosity, PPI and thermo-physical properties, however, the exact structural properties, i.e., pore size, solid wall thickness, pore shape, etc., are unknown.

Will it be correct to simulate the computational model as a single domain with given porosity instead of considering the detailed internal structure of the material?

If there is any research article where a similar procedure is adopted, kindly share it with me. I will be thankful to you.

Thanking you

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Manoj Kumar Sharma

I am trying to simulate the heat transfer and fluid flow in a volumetric (porous) solar receiver in COMSOL Multiphysics. I know the material porosity, PPI and thermo-physical properties, however, the exact structural properties, i.e., pore size, solid wall thickness, pore shape, etc., are unknown.

Will it be correct to simulate the computational model as a single domain with given porosity instead of considering the detailed internal structure of the material?

If there is any research article where a similar procedure is adopted, kindly share it with me. I will be thankful to you.

Thanking you

------

Manoj Kumar Sharma

I'm currently doing simulations related with contact against porous materials (Tissues) in ABAQUS. As long as I use Pore Pressure=0 as Boundary Condition everything works fine and I'm able to obtain results. The issue is that in the contact area it will be fluid flow out of the material(exudation) due to the compression imposed. The fluid flow is in both contacting zones wich violates the continuity equation.

I've worked with the FLOW subroutine in order to control the boundary conditions in the contact area, and I also have tried the *Contact permeability keyword. I even tried to impose Pore Pressure=0 as an INITIAL boundary conditions.

I have also altered the parameters used to control the solutions (As the maximum number of cutbaks) .

I've read in many places in the ABAQUS MANUAL that by default ABAQUS imposed a sealed boundary condition. I guess this might be true for free contact surfaces but in my case it the program won't run if this BC are not imposed.

Nothing of what I've tried works, the program stops without calculating the very first time increment in all previous cases. Only if I forced the Pore pressure = 0 during the whole simulation, the problem works.

Any advice?

Thanks!

Metallic foams are considered emerging smart materials because of their low density, high heat dissipation, and high energy absorbing capacity. There are various techniques used for the fabrication of metallic foams. Powder metallurgy and casting are the most commonly used techniques. Which is the best technique for the fabrication of metallic foams, casting or powder metallurgy?

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Dear Scholars

I am trying to simulate molecular filtration of fluid like Reverse osmosis of water. I am new to Ansys and I am in need to succeed it.

Is it possible to do filtration by pore size of porous material and fluid molecules size?

If yes, kindly share with me. I will be thankful to you.

Kindly provide the email id for further communication.

Hi everyone,

I am currently trying to simulate the RTM process (Resin Transfer Molding) with StarCCM+. The medium is a porous material and the flow is a mixture of air+resin (taken as Newtonian). I know how to do it with Fluent but I fail with Star CCM+. Has anyone succeeded in implenting both the porous and VOF models together in Star CCM+ ?

Thank You for your feedback

S. C.

Dear all,

we are trying to impregnate a porous ceramic body with furfuryl alcohol to get as much carbon as possible upon pyrolysis

Any suggestion on how to handle the procedure? I mean crosslinking agent, mixing, thermal treatment and so forth

Thanks a lot

Alberto

In general if we want to increase the specific capacitance or charge storage capacity in electrochemical energy storage devices we should have the pore size of the electrode material is slightly higher then the solvated ion size of the electrolyte for easily charging and discharging. If we have the pore size less then the solvated ions of the electrolytes. Can we enhance the parameter if yes How?

I am currently using the asymptotic homogenization method to predict the elastic properties of a porous structure. The software I've been using only supports homogenization of an RVE with an isotropic base material, but in reality the base material will be transversely isotropic (the elastic constants of this material are known). Is there any way to take the compliance matrix resulting from the homogenization with an isotropic material and transform it to account for the transverse isotropy of the base material? For instance, if I know the Zener ratio of the base material, can that somehow be used to transform the structure properties?

I am working on porous g-C3N4 synthesis using the acidification/sonication method, based on the following paper:

I followed the procedure mentioned in the paper, but the test results do not show a nanosheet porous material (SEM & FESEM). I want to know which parameters in this method (acidification/sonication) lead to nanosheet porous material?

I will be appreciated if you share your experiences.

Thank you so much in advance

Hi, did anybody know how to measure the shape (e.g. size or bending angle) of molecule (e.g. long-chain alkanes) under confinement (inside porous materials) by experiment ?

Many thanks and best wishes,

Zhiqiang

Email: zqliu@wipm.ac.cn

Nowadays, I'm working on sound absorption of porous materials. Experimentally I have found that by increasing thickness of porous materials the frequency, which maximum absorption occurs, decreases.

I mean that, in lower frequency maximum absorption occurs. I want to know what is the reason of this behavior?

I am using FAU type zeolite Y (commercial names:CBV100 and CBV780, Si/Al:2.5 and 40, nominal cation: Na) and I am looking for the thermal conductivity and the specific heat as a function of temperature.

I have found a paper [Int J Thermophys (2013) 34:1197–1213 (DOI:10.1007/s10765-013-1467-2)] which has nearly the whole framework of zeolite but it has just one value, 1.09W/(mK).

What about specific heat value? I have been using the of 13X zeolite 840J(kgK). I found one paper about that (DOI: 10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2026) but I am confused a little bit which function that i have to use.

Why isn't the surface of porous TiO2 I synthesized porous?

I used TALH(Titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato) dihydroxide solution) as the precursor, and polystyrene spheres as the templates. Mixing them together and freeze drying the mixture. After that, I did calcination to remove the templates. But from SEM images, the materials are porous inside, but the surface is not porous. Do you have any idea about why the surface is not porous and how to make the surface also porous.

Besides, can a porous surface significantly affect the BET surface area of the products?

Does anyone know how I can find out parametric values of "Parameter Settings" of isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin) in OriginLab or MATLAB? E.g. - link (2: 19 min).

While sintering the Ti green sheets (1mm thick) having functionally graded aligned pores, in a vacuum furnace I am facing the issue of very low mechanical strength and high curvature in the sintered samples. Even the sample breaks easily by hand. Is there any possible way to avoid this curvature issue? I have already tried varying the heating rates from 2-10C/min but the curvature remains there in the samples. In my understanding, the curvature is due to pore-gradient across the thickness but I'm unable to find any solution in the literature to avoid this issue.

Your suggestions will be appreciated.

Thanks in advance!

Goal: Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2021 Dear Colleagues, Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted a significant amount of interest from researchers in a broad range of scientific disciplines. Their compositional and structural diversity and porous character, with a large surface area to mass ratio and volume, enable them to be used in many applications, including gas storage, catalysis, biomedical, sensing, and energy-related applications. MOF-derived structures at the nanometre scale (NMOFs) can be synthesized by choosing appropriate organic ligands and metal ions and have been shown to enhance the performance of drug nanocarriers and provide gas sensors with high sensitivity. Progress has been made in designing tailored NMOF structures and tuning their morphologies. However, the shaping and engineering of these porous materials remain major challenges and we still need to improve our understanding of the relationship between their performance and morphology. This Special Issue aims to present an overview of new advances in the preparation and surface engineering of size-controlled nanoscale MOFs. In addition to synthetic aspects, the scope of this Special Issue covers a broad range of applications, including nanomedicine, catalysis, gas storage, and sensors. Contributions in the form of original research articles, review papers, and short communications are welcome. Prof. Dr. Antonio Vargas-Berenguel Dr. Juan M. Casas-Solvas Guest Editors https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/MetalOrganic_frame Keywords - Metal Organic Frameworks - Sensors - Nanocarriers - Catalysis - Nanoreactors - Drug Delivery - Gas storage - Functionalized MOFs - Nanoparticles - Storage - Porous materials - Removal

Adsorbed water and gases can affect the weight of the porous carbon. Some times 6-7% weight loss can occur during the degassing of the sample. Will this weight loss affect the calculation of C, H,N and S ?

TiO2 foam is generally highly porous in nature, but for my sample it is showing very less around 600 micromoles for 2.5 hours. Can you give some suggestions about this comment?

I just worried if this technique is not a standard pore size measurement method and can be argued.

I am advising a researcher on using abaqus to run a mechanobiology simulation which requires the calculation of the interstitial fluid flow.  The calculation is based on an equation from Prendergasts work in mechanoregulation such that the stimuli on stem cells may be used to calculate their differentiation.  

The stimuli S is determined by empirical constants, the octahedral shear strain, and the interstitial fluid flow v in the extracellular environment of cells (see attached paper).  We are unable to find a setting in abaqus to output the interstitial fluid flow as a field output variable.  

We are using Abaqus/CAE 6.14, performing the FEA on a porous elastic material, and using pressure elements (C3D4P) for the meshing phase.  

In summary, we are asking for help in finding the interstitial fluid flow values as an output for a porous elastic material subject to a loading condition in abaqus, when a model consists of a scaffold structure and a poroelastic material representative of a granulation tissue where cells may differentiate according to the aforementioned stimuli.

I need to analyze the cross-section surface of highly porous granules with the SEM but I don't know how to prepare the samples. Is there anybody who have an idea of how to flatten porous and fragile granules so that I can use electronic microscopy ?

I coated a stone surface with K-siilcate. Apparently, it does noe seal the surface since the water penetrae the stone easily and the absorption coefficient does not change too much. However, the BET measurements show a very small specific surface area of just 1.4 m2 per g. What's wrong?

I want to find the analytical solution of a radial diffusion system (1D cylindrical coordinates). Here what is considered is pressure diffusion. The conditions are simple and similar to the following.

Initial P = P0

P(r=infinite) = P0

P (r= 0) = P1 when t > 0

I need the solution of P at any r_i and t.

The flow rate term is unknown.

Could anyone give any suggestion? Thank you.

We are trying to formulate flow through "solar chimney with porous media as energy storage ".

In fluent we used :

1) k epsilon model

2) DO model for radiation

3) Pressure based model

4) Porous media

For elaborate details of problem refer document attached below .

Hello everyone

I would like to ask a way to evaluate a precise, reliable and accurate surface area of a material.

I used a nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis on my material, a nanocarbon, the isotherm was found to be type 3 were at low pressure the amount adsorbed is slowly increasing but at high pressure the amount adsorbed increases fast.

Generally, BET equation used for surface area calculation for a non-porous material that has a certain point of pressure where the monolayer adsorption can be distinguished from multilayer adsorption. The monolayer capacity is needed for BET calculation to find a surface area.

However, in type 3 isotherm, there was no "knee" on the isotherm because of their surface and adsorbate interactions, so BET equation is not suitable to find a surface area.

Another idea is using Krypton adsorption which is believed to be more suitable for very low surface area adsorbent and it might be get more information at very low pressure.

So, I would like to ask for a suggestion how to deal with this kind of material to get an accurate surface area with reliable value.

Thank you for any advice

hello everyone,

I need your help. I was meshing a porous media geometry with ICEM, and after meshing, I wanted to transfer the data to #fluent, I encountered this error "WARNING: Mesh has uncovered edges. ANSYS Fluent needs a complete boundary (lines in 2D) or it will give a variety of errors and not read in the mesh! If this was 2D Hexa, perhaps your edges are not associated with perimeter curves".

What should I do, please help me?

P.S. in the attachment I'll upload an image of the geometry.

Hello,

I need to impregnate the pores of a MOF with cu(acac)2, which I will then reduce under vacuum to copper nanoparticles. I plan on using the incipient wetness approach to do so. However, my MOF will not be in a powder form, but rather a self supported, fibrous mat form ( ). According to my current research, the solid support catalyst (MOF) is typically stirred as the metal precursor solution in chloroform (or other solvent) is added to it, yielding a paste. However, I cannot stir my fibrous mat. Will simple immersion of my mat in the metal precursor solution be sufficient to impregnate the pores of the MOF with the precursor? Or would a drop-wise method of adding my solution work without stirring the MOF? Is there another way around this issue?

Thank you for any answers!

Filtration

If I simulate the Electrical Double Layer of a cementatious material and then simulate the Piezoelectric property of the same material,which platform should I use to combine these two results?

If there are multiple ways to do so, which one is the best method?

I have been trying to model the electrical double layer for geopolymer. But, I could not get any equations or simulation pathways that would help me calculate charge available at the surface of the materials.

Can you help me on this?

Hi, I'm trying a procedure to synthesis nano ZIF-90 in water for specific application, but there is some problem. pxrd pattern for as-synthesized MOF is not completely compatible with charactristic XRD pattern of ZIF-90, in terms of tetha. on the other side, as article indicated, i choose 1 to 40 ratio of zinc acetate to 2-imidazole carboxaldehyde to obtain particles with the scale of 100 nm, but led to really low yield, there is not another way to reach nanosize ZIF-90? I appreciate if anyone has the same experience and could help me.

Regardless of the specific application, I am searching for manuscripts studying heterogeneous properties such as solid matrix Poisson ratio and porosity. It can be from poroelastography etc.

To check CD and UV-Vis spectra for porous polymers.

Hi,

I have a graphite coating (50 um thick) on copper foil (10 um thick) and would like to do BET/BJH measurements. Do I need to scrap the graphite samples from copper foil to do BET/BJH analysis? I performed experiments without scraping the graphite (by cutting Cu foil/graphite in to small pieces) and got negative surface area. What is the right way to analyze the surface area and pore size distribution?

Any help will be much appreciated.

Thank you

I have two 3D CT images, one is a sub-volume of the other. I want to measure to what extent the sub-volume is similar or representative to the bigger one. The CT images are binary; containing pores and solids and I need to correlate only pores in the 2 volumes, their distribution, sizes and connectivity. Any help?

i want to synthesize monodispersd silver nanoparticles composite.

i have used HCP-B(porous polymer) that have so many -OH groups and benzene rings.

utill now , process is as follow.

1.polymer(surporting materi al) was dispersed in Distilled water.

2.silver nitrate was put in solution. After then stirring

3.sodium brohydride was added in solution(by using syringe pump)

4.addly reaction was stirred 2h.

i wonder mole ratio of nabh4/agno3 and during reducing , would i use ice bath?(for cotroll ),and dropwise rate is drop per second ?

How can I include the effect of wavelength and temperature on the absorptivity and refractivity of material or for example for a sphere in baked bed?

Thanks

For a 3D single phase turbulent Air flow inside a partially filled channel with porous material, what kind of interface treatment does ANSYS Fluent use for the interface between a porous and a fluid zone by default?

I know there are different interface conditions such as The Ene, Levy and Sanchez-Palencia interface, The Beavers-Joseph interface, but i want to know which interface conditions does ANSYS Fluent use.

For the porous zone Forchheimer extended Darcy’s equation and the thermal equilibrium model have been employed and the flow has been considered as laminar flow, but for the fluid cell zone the flow is turbulent and RNG k-Epsilon turbulence modeling has been utilized.

Dear Sirs! I need your help. I will have to work with PIM-1 polymer. In order to plan my experiment properly, I am curious in which types of solvents the PIM-1 is soluble except DCM?

I would like to predict Stiffness of composite porous material by understanding the stiffness of each particles .To do so, Is there any methods or software?

I have an unknown sample to characterize using different techniques (mainly pore size distribution):

-X-ray computed tomography

-Mercury intrusion porosimetry

-Gas porosimetry

-BET tests for the surface area.

how would you proceed to make a perfect analysis (taking into consideration the time/money/precision factor)?

Any explanation, recommendation and/or articles for comparative studies would be a perfect help. Thank you in advance.

Moustafa

I have observed that the absorbance is increasing at long irradiation time during photocatalytic experiment for a perovskite material .Even I completely separate the catalyst particles with the centrifuge.

I have used a porous perovskite as a photocatalyst which has been prepared by a sol-gel combustion method , You can see images of the scanning electron microscope and the absorption curve of rhodamine B in the presence of this catalyst.

I'm trying to model porous media with anisotropic thermal conductivity in Ansys Fluent. However, there seems to be no method to directly input the the values of thermal conductivity in x, y and z direction. Kindly suggest methods to solve this issue.

Thank you in advance.

I need to simulate the transition of Flow through Coarse Porous Media such as Rock-fill dams, to investigation of Water level profile in each distance from up-stream and determination of discharge of fluid seepage from the body of these media. Notice, I want to simulate a Single-Phase Flow.

How can I simulate this project? Please suggest and introduce a useful software for this issue to me...

What is your idea about Flow 3D, Fluent, ABAQUS,...

I am running simulation for porous components and since the yield strength for porous materials changes relative to the thickness of the component, is there any way that i could set a limit of stress for particular thickness of the component?

Hi,

I need to calculate the inertial and viscous resistance for porous material in Fluent.

After checking the Fluent manual, I picked the Ergun equation.

My question is how to find the values for 3-directions? If I used the same value, I'm assuming that my material is isotropic.

Is there any other ways to calculate these values by equations not experimental?

Any recommendations about this topic are highly appreciated!

Thanks!

Hi,

I need to set a porous zone (as radiator) in fluent. But I dont know any about the inputs like viscous resistance or velocity resistance coefficients. For a panel radiator for example, how can I determine these factors. cooling air will go through the small sections(ducts) between the radiator panels.

Dear all,

I've just followed the typical BET measurement and carried out some AC samples.

I don't know why the curve isn't similar to 6 types of the isotherm. I think the desorption process is not carried out in my measurement.

I really appreciate if you can share your experience in this regard.

Thank you !

I have obtained nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherms for a mesoporous sample. From these isotherms and BJH size distribution, I have calculated surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter. But, when I am asked "what is the pore volume fraction of meso and micropores?", what do I need to calculate and how?

It is well known from the scientific literature that the impedance response showed by porous electrodes exhibiting supercapacitive properties is typically characterized by a straight line displaying a phase angle close to -90 degrees (e.g., low-frequency domain), which is followed by a curved region in the complex-plane plot that connects to another straight line showing a phase angle close to -45 degrees (e.g., high frequency domain). Although there are several studies demonstrating that the high-frequency impedance response is the result of the porous electrode behavior, as was first explained by Robert De Levie in 1963, many authors still insist on the adoption of an erroneous theoretical treatment using equivalent circuits containing resistor and capacitor elements (or constant-phase elements) in connection with the Warburg diffusional impedance, which is characterized by a phase angle of -45 degrees. The problem here is that a stationary diffusional layer is very unlikely to be formed given that in the vast majority of cases the inert electrolyte is at a concentration of approximately 1.0 M, i.e., there is no chance that the behavior of the electrode characterized by a phase angle of -45 degrees in the high-frequency domain is due to a diffusion process of the inert ions established during the charge-discharge processes. In contrast, this behavior may be simply due to electrode porosity (e.g., geometric effects), as was extensively explained by Juan Bisquert.

I am presently working on the synthesis of Aluminium fumarate MOF and I would like to carry out computational analysis on it. I have checked the COD database for the .cif structure but did not find any.

I will greatly appreciate if you can help me get it.

I look forward to your kind assistance.

Thanks.

Shed.

I have started working on computer based simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics ver 4.4. I want to see how a powder metallurgical steel part (compressed Fe compact) is heated up to 1000 oC. However, I need help in some points:

1. I select the Temperature-dependant solvation, but how can i put heating rate (K/min)?

2. Specific heat ratio of iron is needed? (Which value should i enter?)

I have sections of porous material which is cut along the axis diametrically. How can we calculate tortuosity using the images of these cut sections? The size of the pores, pore distribution in these cut sections have been determined. 

such as concrete

Hi,

I am using the isotherm obtained by the BET technique to calculate the pore size of some materials; I obtained an average pore size of approximately 10 nm in all my samples (I think that means that I have mesopores in my material), but I am not sure if these results are correct since the standard pressure used in BET may won't be enough (mesopores require greater pressures (>0.3) to be calculated than micropores). Should I use a different technique?

Thanks for all your help!

Can we calculate the pore size and shape of a porous material or only it can be measured for single crystal using SAXS?

I we can calculate the pore size and shape then how it can be calculated?

I am working on metal organic polyhedra topic to synthesize new metal-organic cages or other based frameworks. I want to conduct postsynthetic modification for one cage, but the solubility is very poor in most solvents, only methanol can dissolve but it needs large volume.

My question for who in the field of MOFs, COFs, MOPs, and other related chemistries, how can I deal with the problem of insolubility of synthesized materials to conduct postsynthetic reactions? what are the proposed strategies and methods to attain the target modified compound?

I am trying to do an adsorption work. I like to use Monte-Carlo simulation in fixed pressure process. I am using a porous material to adsorb H2 gas. In the stings tab after the selection of the Fixed Pressure Task, I couldn't see the Monte Carlo method in Method drop-down Menu. I just only see the Metropolis and Configurational Bias. But Tutorial says, I can select the Monte-Carlo method from here. Is there any suggestion? or am I not in the correct direction? Please help me.

What should be pore size to prevent water to go inside gas tube? Is there any relation between pore size and pressure of gas, or hydrophobic coating can help to prevent water to go inside tube.

For details please check figure.

Hi guys,

I have been searching throughout the internet for scholar articles but I couldn't find any articles regarding fabricating porous alumina sheet that is thicker than 0.5mm, is there any extra procedure/precautions that I should take?

I'm trying to make an aluminum tile (3mm thick) with the top surface being porous. (see image below)

Or is it possible for me to get a very thin PAO sheets and attach it to a larger aluminum body?

Here are the procedure that I've summarized from the scholar articles regarding fabricating porous alumina,

1. cleaning up the aluminum sheets

2. electrochemically polish it in a mixture of acid and alcohol, then dried.

3. Coat the rest of the body (shaded area) with acid resistant lacquer and leave one surface exposed for the acid penetration.

4. Anodize it in controlled temperature and voltage settings.

5. Acid etching

6. Anodizing it again which is similar to the previous setup at (4)

7. Cleaned and annealed.