Science topic
Polymethyl Methacrylate - Science topic
Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses.
Questions related to Polymethyl Methacrylate
I need to spin coat the solution so it needs to be less viscous. My guide suggested me to add some ethanol and stir it for some while but it is still viscous. Should I add more solvent and stir.
Hi Everyone,
I am performing free radical polymerization of MMA using AIBN as an initiator and DMF as a solvent (I NEED TO USE A SOLVENT AS IT IS REQUIRED OF THE PROJECT NEXT STEP).
I varied AIBN ,REACTION TIME AND TEMPERATURE FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF PMMA Molecular weight. Does the amount of DMF as a solvent has any effect on the Molecualr weight of the PMMA? I am using 20ml dmf, 10ml of MMA and 60 mg of AIBN AND REACTION TIME IS 24 HOURS. WHAT IF I CHANGE DMF FROM 20ML TO 40 ML WILL THIS EFFECT MY POLYMER MW WHILE HAVING THE SAME CONDITION?
I have been using Gromacs 2021.7. I wanted to simulate two small molecules in water. But, while generating the ions.tpr, I am getting the following error. The topol.top and .itp files for each molecule are given below.
Fatal error:
Syntax error - File receptor.itp, line 8
Last line read:
‘[ atomtypes ] ’
Invalid order for directive atomtypes’
My topol.top file looks like below:
; Include forcefield parameters
#include “charmm27.ff/forcefield.itp”
; Include drg topology
#include “DRG.itp”
; Include lig topolgy
#include “LIG.itp”
; Include water topology
#include “charmm27.ff/tip3p.itp”
#ifdef POSRES_WATER
; Position restraint for each water oxygen
[ position_restraints ]
; i funct fcx fcy fcz
1 1 1000 1000 1000
#endif
; Include topology for ions
#include “charmm27.ff/ions.itp”
[ system ]
; Name
System in water
[ molecules ]
; Compound #mols
LIG 1
DRG 1
SOL 6436
The two .itp files mentioned for those two molecules are attached.
Introduction
In complete edentulous patients, particularly those who have recently undergone extractions, significant differences in the anatomical and biomechanical properties of the maxilla and mandible influence denture design. The mandibular mucosa is thinner, more fragile, and less resilient compared to the maxilla. Additionally, mandibular bone has reduced vascularity, higher density, and increased susceptibility to resorption under pressure. This creates unique challenges in mandibular denture fabrication, particularly in maintaining stability and reducing tissue trauma.
The incorporation of soft liners as an interface material in dentures has been proposed to mitigate these challenges by redistributing forces, reducing pressure points, and enhancing patient comfort. This discussion explores the advantages, limitations, and future potential of soft liners in mandibular dentures.
---
Anatomical and Biomechanical Considerations
1. Mandibular Challenges:
The mandibular ridge is more prone to resorption under pressure due to its dense structure and limited vascularity.
Areas such as the labial and distolingual regions are particularly sensitive to pressure, often requiring modification of the denture base, which may compromise seal and retention.
2. Maxillary Advantages:
In contrast, the maxilla often benefits from undercuts that contribute to retention without causing significant discomfort. The mucosal properties also enhance the seal and support of the denture.
---
Soft Liners: Properties and Applications
Soft liners are categorized into two main types: acrylic-based and silicone-based, each with distinct properties and limitations.
1. Acrylic-Based Soft Liners:
Derived from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with added plasticizers.
Advantages:
Good adhesion to the acrylic denture base.
Effective in temporary applications.
Limitations:
Plasticizers leach out over time, leading to hardening, porosity, and bacterial colonization.
Short lifespan and odor development due to fluid absorption.
2. Silicone-Based Soft Liners:
Composed of dense, non-porous silicone materials.
Advantages:
Superior durability and elasticity.
Capable of distributing forces evenly with moderate thickness.
Resists hardening over time.
Limitations:
Poor adhesion to the acrylic base, leading to potential microleakage.
Microorganism accumulation in the interface.
---
Challenges in Silicone Liner Integration
The primary obstacle in utilizing silicone liners effectively is achieving strong, long-lasting adhesion to the denture base. The hydrophobic and dense nature of silicone resists chemical bonding with PMMA. This results in:
Separation of the liner from the base.
Microbial infiltration at the interface.
---
Potential Solutions
1. Adhesive Primers:
Application of specialized primers can enhance chemical bonding between silicone and acrylic, improving liner retention.
2. Hybrid Materials:
Development of hybrid soft liner materials combining silicone flexibility with acrylic adhesion properties.
3. Advanced Fabrication Techniques:
Utilization of 3D printing technologies to create custom-designed dentures with integrated liner materials, ensuring uniform thickness and precision.
4. Antimicrobial Modifications:
Incorporating antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver nanoparticles) in silicone liners to reduce bacterial growth at the interface.
5. Localized Application:
Partial application of soft liners in high-pressure areas (e.g., labial and distolingual) to balance flexibility and retention.
---
Clinical Recommendations
1. Pre-Denture Tissue Conditioning:
Employ soft tissue conditioning techniques to prepare the mandibular ridge before denture fabrication.
2. Trial Use of Temporary Liners:
Use temporary soft liners to assess patient tolerance and make necessary adjustments before final fabrication.
3. Combination of Rigid and Flexible Materials:
Design dentures that combine rigid bases with flexible liners for optimized performance in specific regions.
---
Conclusion
Soft liners represent a valuable tool in addressing the unique challenges of mandibular denture fabrication. Acrylic-based liners are suitable for short-term applications, while silicone liners offer long-term benefits if issues with adhesion and microbial infiltration are resolved. Advances in material science, such as hybrid formulations, and manufacturing techniques like 3D printing, have the potential to establish soft liners as an integral component of modern denture prosthetics.
Further research is needed to optimize the integration of soft liners in mandibular dentures and address existing challenges, particularly in adhesion and microbial resistance.
---
Keywords
Soft liners
Acrylic-based liners
Silicone-based liners
Mandibular dentures
Tissue conditioning
Denture retention
Prosthetic materials
---
This discussion is prepared to foster academic exchange on ResearchGate, encouraging collaboration on material innovations and clinical applications in denture prosthetics.
I am doing my research on seafood packaging materials. I have seen lots of research articles on various polymers used for seafood packaging including PEG and PS but there were only 1 or 2 articles where they used PMMA for seafood packaging. I had also seen somewhere that PMMA has been blocked by the FDA to be used for seafood packaging due to migration issues. Am I right here? Please help. Thanks
I usually use Raman spectroscopy to characterize graphene peak and I have issues about Raman peak shift during the analysis. I have two problems during the Raman work.
1. I usually collect data several times (2-3times) at the same spot just to make sure the datas I collected are trustworthy. But every data at the same spot with nothing (power, location, etc,.) changed has different wavenumber.
2. I mostly used the spectroscopy to track the state of the graphene. Like the peak shift of graphene due to acetone (which is known to cause p-doping), PMMA spin coated graphene and lastly PMMA removed graphene because as I did some research about them, the cleaner the graphene is, red shift must occur (towards the prisitne graphene). But the theory doesnt work for me. It does not have any tendency.
I wonder if anybody has same issues like i have.
I am guessing this problems are caused due to
1) old device (Witec alpha 300M+)
2) bad focusing of laser
3) I use exfoliated graphene which is composed of many different layers around the spot i focused on (I dont know whether it matters)
4) Lastly, the power. The device's power management of laser is done through nobe not by giving numbers to the program and therefore the power won't be exactly the same. (I raise power where the peak saturation occurs through oscilloscope) <- but how can this matter when i just click "single spectrum" at the same spot but still acquires data with different wavenumber of the same peak.
If anybody had problems like i dave and knows what might be the problem, any advice will be really appreciated. Thanks.
I want to make a thin film from PMMA in CHCl3 solution with a 200 mg/ml concentration. The PMMA dissolved well in CHCl3 and it was optically clear and transparent, but the thin film was opaque. I use spin coating with 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. Moreover, the last droplet, which remains in the tip, becomes milky and not transparent. Does anyone know what is the reason, and how I can get the transparent thin film? I prefer to get the transparent thin film by Chloroform and no other solvent.
Hello everyone,
I’m currently working on transferring a 2D material onto a new substrate using PMMA as a transfer agent. After successfully transferring the 2D material, I attempted to remove the PMMA by etching it with acetone, but the PMMA remains largely intact, and the etching is not progressing as expected.
Has anyone encountered a similar issue with PMMA etching in acetone? Are there alternative methods or conditions (e.g., temperature, concentration, or other solvents) that could improve the etching process? Any suggestions or insights would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you!
In the following paper;
considering
a) the experimentally verified two-way SOL = c to very high accuracy [1],[2],[3],[4]
finding the light times in a configuration of train and embankment with
b) the experimentally verified twin effect, to second order approx in v/c [6],[7],[8],
c) the Sagnac effect, verified to first order approximation in v/c [5]
the result is that the SOL in the embankment is L/c
while the SOL in the train is gamma*L/c, at variance with a)
Since a) must be complied, the Sagnac effect in longitudinal motion, an experimental evidence with a lower accuracy must be ameneded by assuming the Length contraction of the train as REAL.
THis means that Length contraction cannot be niether reciprocal nor symmetrical. That involves the existance of a preferred frame in which it is clear what is the non-accelerated system which moves more or moves less once the isotropy of SOL of one system is assumed considering what has been accelerated from where.
Out and back Speed of light
[1] Michelson, A. A., Pease, F. G., & Pearson, F. (1935). "Measurement of the Velocity of Light in a Partial Vacuum." Astrophysical Journal, 82, 26.
[2] Essen, L., & Gordon-Smith, A. C. (1948). "The Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Derived from the Resonant Frequencies of a Cylindrical Cavity Resonator." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 194(1038), 348-361.
[3] Evans, J., & Eisenhower, E. (1951). "An Interference Method for the Measurement of the Speed of Light." American Journal of Physics, 19(4), 356-359.
[4]. Hall, J. L., & Borde, C. J. (1976). "Measurement of the Speed of Light Using Laser Techniques." Applied Optics, 15(2), 300-304.
Test of Sagnac effect
[5] Ring laser gyro https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15603
Test of time dilation twin effect
[6] J. Bailey “Measurements of relativistic time dilatation for positive and negative muons in a circular orbit” Nature, 268-5618,pp. 301-305, (1977).
[7] D. Hasselkamp, E. Mondry, A. Scharmann, “Direct observation of the transversal Doppler-shift” A. Z Physik A, 289: 151, (1979).
[8] B. Botermann et al, “Test of Time Dilation Using Stored Li+ Ions as
Clocks at Relativistic Speed” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 239902 (2015).
If we want to introduce a material similar to polymethyl methacrylate "with the characteristics mentioned in the next paragraph" that can be added to a precursor and create a composite, which organic or inorganic polymer is more suitable to have these properties?
*PMMA characteristics:
This material is one of the hardest and most solid polymers with
-higher transparency than glass and a polished,
-shiny surface and resistant to atmospheric factors.
-Polymethyl methacrylate plates have a significant resistance to atmospheric factors and sunlight.
-They have excellent optical properties and a transparent surface, and at the same time, they are more resistant to impact than glass.
-In addition, they have a very low moisture absorption percentage and good tensile and electrical resistance.
To prepare polymethyl methacrylate polymer for the study of acoustic properties, a mixture of methyl methacrylate monomer and benzoyl peroxide is used. This mixture is then heated and placed on a heater. To prevent the formation of bubbles during this process, what measures should be taken?
I have porous PMMA microparticles up to 1mm in diameter.
I would like to functionalise the surface with amines whilst keeping the particles intact.
Chat GTP has recommended ethanolamine or ATPES but I cannot find any articles that directly reference this. I am open to other methods too.
CuO nanoparticles are also present in the PMMA so I do not want to degrade those either.
Let me know if any thoughts or know of any papers for reference.
Thank you!
MQ RBF use in this paper
Integrated diffusion term for 2nd order
compare the numerical and exact sol
1D heat eq
Greetings all
I have been facing a problem with Technovit 9100. The polymerization never worked with me I have tried multiple times with the (stable and destabilized) basis solution in different conditions, however, I still end up with a liquid form which never hardens.
Tissue type:
- Human acetabular bone with soft tissue attached. Total size: 13*10 mm.
- Human femoral head. Total size 5*5 mm.
Protocol:
1) Dehydration on tissue rocker for (agitation): (50%, 70%, 80%, 95%, 95%) 1 hour each; (abs alcohol) overnight then (abs alcohol) for 1 hour. At room temperature
2) Intermedium on tissue rocker for (agitation): Xylin for (1 hour) then again Xylin for (1 hour). At room temperature
3) Pre-infiltration solution; Solution preparation: 100 ml of basis solution + ½ g Hardener 1.
- Solution used on tissue rocker for (agitation): 1 Hour At room temperature
4) Infiltration solution; Solution preparation: 100 ml of basis solution + 1.5g Hardener 1 + 10g of powder.
- Solution used for 24 Hour At 4C
5) Polymerization: Solution preparation:
- Stock A (100ml): 16g of powder + 80ml basis solution (mix until dissolve) + 0.8g Hardener 1 then top up the solution until 100 ml is reached.
- Stock B (100ml): 0.8 ml Hardener 2 + 0.4 ml Regulator + 100 ml basis solution
Finally, the polymerization solution is used in a ratio of 9 parts from stock A + 1 part of stock B mixed immediately before use.
We have tried a number of conditions to see if the polymerization will happen:
- Solution with the tissue at (RT, 4C and - 15C) for 24H
- Solution with the tissue at (RT, 4C and - 15C) for 72H
- Solution without the tissue at (RT, 4C and - 15C) for 24H
However, all of that ended unsuccessfully.
I would really appreciate any insight or help to this matter
Sincerely
Abdulaziz
This is the method I am following adding 0.305 g of ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3, Sigma-Aldrich, 99.99%), 0.119 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Sigma-Aldrich, ≥97.0%, pellet), 0.205 mL of phosphoric acid (H3PO4, Sigma-Aldrich, 85 wt% in H2O) to 100 mL of 0.02 M aqueous citric acid solution (HOC(COOH)(CH2COOH)2, Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99.5%) while the solution was continuously stirred. Next, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, Aldrich, 28.0 ∼ 30.0% NH3 basis) was slowly added to the solution to adjust its pH to 9 at which metal ions can be chelated by citric acid. Then, water was evaporated at 80°C to transform the solution from sol to gel.
However, its not forming a gel even though water is evaporating, what should I do?
What is the optimal method to mix PMMA sheets with nano-powder?? the PMMA sheet 5cmx5cm
I am doing EMSA using LightShift Chemiluminescent RNA EMSA Kit from Thermo Scientific. For the detection, I use stabilized Streptavidin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate and Chemiluminescent Substrate (Luminol/Enhancer Sol and Stable Peroxide Sol).
I have been having this problem on and off, even though I perform the experiment with fixed protocol. I cann't figure out why sometimes I have black backgroud and white free-probe signal as shown in the picture.
By the way the bands shown in the picture is not the band we expected.
I have prepared naked silver nanoparticles by using sodium borohydride reductant. I have dried the sol in oven but the dried particles were like a dot on glass vial and yield was too low. I have also centrifuged the solution at 5000 rpm for 20 min but get nothing. Please guide, how can i get the powdered form for XRD and SEM.
I'll be very thankful in this regard.
Hello,
I would like to have coatings that can be applied to surfaces (metal, PMMA, or glass) to obtain a contact angle with water greater than 110°.
I'm looking for either coatings or materials.
Thank you very much
May anyone tell me how to protect PMMA coating during TMAH etching? Is PMMA soluble in TMAH?
Hello,
I'm trying to calculate the heat of reaction of this DSC of PMMA thermal decomposition but i'm not sure what this straight line means before the endothermic peak of decomposition. It looks like a bias accumulating an error between sample and reference. The material is PMMA dental resin and contains 1.0 % titanium dioxide and 5% of crosslinking agent Ethylene glycol dimethacrylathe (EGDMA).
To make a PMMA (Poly(methyl methacrylate)) coating superhydrophobic
Dear All,
I am trying to simulate a dimer and would like to restrain a part of it on both chains. not a problem and the error is commonşy reported. so i tried all teh suggestions but none is working as grompp is accepting one of the posres files but throws the error for the other one. my toplogy file looks like this.
---------------
; Include chain topologies
#include "topol_Protein_chain_A.itp"
;; Include CRD Position restraint file for Chain A
#ifdef POSRES_CRD_A
#include "posre_crd_chain_A.itp"
#endif
#include "topol_Protein_chain_B.itp"
; Include CRD Position restraint file for Chain B
#ifdef POSRES_CRD_B
#include "posre_crd_chain_B.itp"
#endif
#include "topol_Ion_chain_A2.itp"
#include "topol_Ion_chain_B2.itp"
#include "topol_Protein_chain_A3.itp"
#include "topol_Protein_chain_B3.itp"
; Include water topology
#include "./charmm36-jul2022.ff/spce.itp"
#ifdef POSRES_WATER
; Position restraint for each water oxygen
[ position_restraints ]
; i funct fcx fcy fcz
1 1 1000 1000 1000
#endif
; Include topology for ions
#include "./charmm36-jul2022.ff/ions.itp"
[ system ]
; Name
2 Protein in water
[ molecules ]
; Compound #mols
Protein_chain_A 1
Protein_chain_B 1
Ion_chain_A2 1
Ion_chain_B2 1
Protein_chain_A3 1
Protein_chain_B3 1
SOL 111424
NA 48
--------------------
any suggestions are appreciated.
thank you
ayesha
In the cleaning process, I centrifuged the microsphere at high speed, but the product after centrifugation was plastic
Hi
I`m trying to synthesis zeolite catalyst and I need silica sol 25wt%
PMMA does not dissolve in water. I tried a lot to dissolve it, but the amount of polymer is reduced to milligrams.
I have a photochromic organic compound not dissolving in anything except for hot toluene or DMF. I want to make a PMMA bulk material with my compound dispersed in a cube/sheet of PMMA as micro-nano crystals.
PMMA at 160 deg C (melting point) always lead to some coloration of PMMA itself. Alternatively, is it reasonable that I disperse the microcrystals in MMA monomer fluid, with some AIBN, then heat it up in a mold To get a photochromic cube?
Further, if the crystals are small enough, how small it should be to have transparent window?
Hello everyone, I am currently using COMSOL to simulate the piezoelectric behavior of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires. I would like to add either PMMA or PDMS as the surrounding polymer material.
However, I have noticed that there are different types of PMMA and PDMS available. I would like to know the differences between them.
My second question is regarding the selection of PMMA and PDMS from the MEMS branch in COMSOL. COMSOL requires me to provide the coupling matrix, elastic matrix, and relative permittivity for these materials.Where can I find this information?
Hello,
I hope you are well,
would you please help me to find out how to remove the BPO initiator after the polymerization of PMMA? The polymerization method is suspension, and I need the final polymer shape as it is synthesized. I need a solvent that can resolve the BPO well and does not resolve PMMA.
Best regards,
Dear researchers,
In many cases, the point where G'=G'' is known as gel point. Is that true? How can I check the gel or sol states using other methods?
(I often use the small amplitude oscillatory shear measurement against frequency to determine the cross point between the storage and loss moduli).
I am looking forward your advice
Thank you very much.
Hello,
I hope you are doing well,
I'm looking for a retardant to decrease the polymerization rate in mixing PMMA and MMA with the BPO DMT initiation system. I can not change the initiation system. Please help me to select a good retardant for this system that I can add to solid PMMA.
Best regards,
Hi everyone,
To perform my analyses, I use an AIRTIGHT SPECIMEN HOLDER made of PMMA. This dome generates a low-angle peak (likely partially due to scattering) in my diffraction pattern and background noise that is difficult to correct, even by removing the main part of the peak. Therefore, I am looking to model this phase to improve the modeling of the analyzable phases.
There doesn't seem to be a suitable .CIF file available in COD.
What is the procedure for conducting refinement in these conditions? Should I treat these peaks as 'true diffraction peaks' or as scattered signals?
Dear Gerhard martens,
Thank you for your response,
The analyses were conducted at a synchrotron facility with a wavelength of 0.729 angstroms. The diffraction pattern corresponds to an analysis zone where there are no samples present. Therefore, we can estimate that the only contribution obtained comes from the dome and the sample holder.
The attached diffraction patterns demonstrate the evolution of the diffraction patterns during the filiation process. The measurements were performed using an incident beam with a very small dimension of approximately 75µm x 125µm and an incidence angle of 7°.
I have changed the x-axis unit to make it independent of the wavelength.
I hope those clarifications make my problematics clearer. Thanks for your help.
Best regards,
JM.
I'm interested in your previous experience with growing diatoms in plexiglass PBRs. I intend to use the photobioreactor for monospecific cultures/experiments with Skeletonema costatum. It has a diameter of approx. 150 mm, approx. 560 mm in height and a volume of 5 L.
I need a basic CIF file of PMMA with their different crystalographic coordinates in the aim to modyfing it in Gaussian :)
I am conducting an experiment to measure the velocity of the axial swirler in the closed plexiglass chamber using LDV (TSI Ar-ion Innova 70C) in back-scattering mode, as shown in the picture, at a laser power of 1W. The probe axis is perpendicular to the chamber. A part of the beams is reflected by the plexiglass chamber into the probe, which causes the saturation of the photomultiplier tube. Also, I have a separate receiver for forward scatter mode, but it also faces problems due to the scattering of light from the walls. Please suggest the best way to acquire data.
Dear researchers,
Excluding chloroform, which solvent would be suitable to dissolve PMMA while preserving its optical properties such as transparency, and which solvent would provide fast solvent removal? Could you provide a recommendation?
The colloidal photonic crystal thin film is made via self-assembly method of PMMA
Does PMMA with a low molecular weight may have a higher complex viscosity than PMMA with a high molecular weight? Why is this happening, and what causes it?
I am preparing PMMA for triboelectric nanogenerator. Therefore, I would like to know how to prepare this solution for spin coating. The avg. MW is 120 000 and I have some solvents, such as Toluene, MEK or acetone, etc. The remaining problem is the solution concentration and stirring temperature/speed? Much appreciated.
Is there any efficient methdology to make PMMA using MMA, AIBN and EGDMA ?
Hi,
I would like to perform a computational study on PMMA dissolution in a solvent. I have to pay attention to the % PMMA dissolved with time. Also how this value changes depending on the shape of the PMMA sample. The whole system is stationary and no evaporation of the sample is allowed. I was wondering if I can simulate such as system using COMSOL? I searched for few such literature but no luck yet. Thanks.
I have been trying to resolve this issue for a long time now trying different strategies and still do not have a fix for this.
The problem:
I have a Si(p++)/SiO2 substrate with a 2D heterostructure consisting of hBN and TMDC. After exposure, I usually develop without a post-exposure baking step. I see cracks appearing only after the development process especially in resist where h-BN is under it. These cracks mostly appear starting from the edges of the pattern and propagate upto 50 microns in distance. I do not see any origin of cracks from the part where the resist is in direct contact with SiO2.
Things I have tried :
1. Different resist materials (PMMA, PMMA with copolymer EL11, ZEP520A). All resist have the same problem.
2. Using rounded corners in my pattern to avoid sharp features. The minimum feature size in my patterns is about 2 µm.
3. Post exposure bake.
4. I am already using low acceleration voltages of 10kV with 30µm aperture.
Can anyone help me with this?
I think oxidation is taking place due to high pH. How can I avoid this ?
The resulting film became brittle or two-phases.
Hello,
I am currently working on etching a 50nm diameter hole on 20nm SiO2. The ebeam exposure is done using 100nm of PMMA A2 as ebeam resist. What would be the etching time of the SiO2 in the best and worst selectivity of PMMA/SiO2 if anybody had the same experience?
Thanks,
Hi,
Can I use 37% formaldehyde (~10% methanol) to prepare 4% formaldehyde sol. in PBS for mice perfusion? How methanol can affect immunohistochemistry?
I am currently developing a high hardness coating for PET and the problem now is that the coating can be very hard (pencil hardness 6H), but it is so brittle that it cracks easily when bent.
The main materials I use are urethane acrylate and nano silica sol, and The thickness of UV-cured coating is about 20um. Is there any way to maintain the hardness of the coating while increasing its flexibility ?
Can you give me some advices ?
thank you a lot !
I am trying to achieve a tunable undercut profile by using bi-layer resist stack PMMA(Top)/PMMA-ZEP 2:1 Ratio(Bottom). I am pretty new to fabrication; hence, I am not sure how do I mix the PMMA and ZEP together?
As we know, PMMA is hydrophobic in nature. The synthesized PMMA has been made using MAA, EGDMA, TEOS, ethanol, and HCl.
Hello, fellow scientists. Resently I have been experimenting on PMMA/Graphene composites. I have obtained a flexural strength of ~40MPa and a flexural modulus of ~2500MPa under the following conditions: 120°C, 50PSI, 1h air curing; obtaining bubble free Samples. I have been reading several papers that report higher flexural properties but I have no idea were I am making a mistake or missing details. I was thinking in adding some EGMMA as co-monomer. Is there any way to increase flexural properties without adding additives? Greetings!
How can determine the SOH( State of Health) and SOL( State of life) for Li-ion (NMC) EV- batteries? I want know about the BMS roles! Are these parameters expressed by percentage?
Hi, I need to make an optical window 0.5 - 1mm thick and 6 mm in diameter from PMMA. I would really want to master the skill of production instead of buying some slug or film sheet because later would need to modify the shape ( make a wedge instead of a plane window ) and so on.
I am planning to make a mold using a 3d printed circular part ( see the drawing attached ) wedged between two microscope slides.
We gave it a try and made a sample, but at that time we didnt have the vacuum chamber and poured the pmma into the could mold. ( see the picture attached )
The problem is that the fist sample was quite large and separated from the glass rather easily, which is not the case for smaller sample. The second problem is bubbles.
Could you please suggest the exact step by step scheme to follow ( the concentration, temperature mode, time frames and so on ) to improve our results and obtain bubble free sample which can be safely parted from the mold after the hardening.
What I have:
1. Methyl methacrylate (CAS Number: 80-62-6) from sigmaaldrich
2. Azobisisobutyronitrile (CAS Number:78-67-1) from sigmaaldrich
3. magnetic stirrer hot plate, beakers, vacuum chamber, heating chamber
Thanks a lot in advance.
I want to partially remove the cladding of fiber OMPF1000. The core is made (PMMA) 980 microns, cladding of fluorinated polymer material 20 micron. I am not sure it has a jacket. I tried to remove using heating but the fiber bents on heating.
Through TiO2 NPs synthesis by sol gel method, first I have sol and keep it on stirrer for several hours, after that, I always get white milky solution instead of gel, and I keep it on heat without stirring until all the solution evaporate, then I dry the white precipitate and get TiO2 powder. Is it wrong to have that and why do not I have gel?
Hi there,
I'm currently doing research on the compsition of the liquid phase generated by thermal degradation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
In my group we are especally interested in finding the monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA).
But from literature I have kind of a clue what else I can expect to be in the mixture,
like methyl propionate, methyl isobutyrate and other carbonyl-, ester- and diester-compounds.
Their boiling points should range between 50 °C and 270 °C and I consider them themally stabel.
Now I thouhgt on first analyzing the samples with GC-MS, because the GC allows to seperate the different compunds and MS will help me to characterize those compounds.
The problem is, that I've never done GC-MS before and I'm a bit puzzled if I have to dissolve my sampels or if I can probe them directly?
Is there a benefit in using a solvent?
And what requiremnets should a solvent fullfil, apart form dissolving my sample and beeing thermally stable, especally regarding the boiling point?
Thanks already for your suggestions!
Hi all,
I am finding polymer like PMMA and PC.
It should meet several conditions,
1. Transparent, high transmittance in visible light.
2. Tg is higher than room temperature.
3. Degree of crystallinity is very law.
I have found several qualified copolymer,
but I want to find a qualified polymer that has more simple structure.
Thank you very much.
Hello,
I have PMMA polymer particles embedded with CuO nanoparticles.
I analysed two samples via ICP-MS and obtained the Cu wt% within the expected range.
I then analysed further samples via ICP-OES and have obtained Cu wt% that are far too low (like 1-2% when should be around 8-10 wt%).
I could visually see the increase in CuO across the samples so I know there was much more than what the results provided.
Does anyone have any suggestions as to why this would happen?
The samples were dry (around 8-20 mg provided) and contained only PMMA, CuO, PVA, NaHCO3, the lab then acid digested prior to analysis. The CuO completely dissolved and the PMMA formed a clump.
I have asked the lab to repeat the samples again on ICP-MS to see if this makes a difference though the lab did not seem hopeful that this would provide a different result as usually the error between the two techniques is less than 3%.
Thank you :)
I am trying to spin coat single walled carbon nanotube (in DMF) and Gold nanoparticles (in Chloroform) on rough PMMA surface, but I am getting very non-uniform spread of the nanoparticles. There are random chunks/ islands of the nanoparticles after the solvent is evaporated. What are the possible reasons behind this phenomena? Thanks in advance.
I've been using an e-beam lithography recipe to fabricate 30 nm wide pattern (using JEOL JBX 6700 100keV system) followed by deposition of 2nm Cr/10nm Au struggle but I'm struggling to get rid of the side-walling even after using a bi-layer PMMA resist
My current bilayer recipe is
1. Spin PMMA 450k-A2 for 60 seconds @ 4000 RPMs
2. Heat on a hotplate for 5 minutes @ 180 C
3. Spin PMMA 950k-A2 for 60 seconds @ 4000 RPMs
4. Heat on a hotplate for 5 minutes @ 180 C
5. Expose resist using e-beam lithography (JEOL JBX 6700 100keV system)
6. Develop in cold 3:1 IPA:H2O for 40 seconds, 30 seconds in IPA, blow dry with N2
7. O2 ash (descum) for ~5 seconds
8. E-beam evaporate 2nm Cr/10nm Au (chamber pressure ~2E-08 torr)
9. Soak in hot acetone (60C) for 1 hour
10. Sonicate for 1 minute at very low power to remove residual metal
11. Rinse in IPA and blow-dry with N2
Even though the undercut in the bi-layer resist is supposed to passivate the sidewalling of the e-beam evaporated metal, for some reason, I'm still getting sidewalls as tall as 10nm.
Please help me in solving this issue.
Thanks!
I am trying to fabricate some silicon pillars with different radiuses on SOI exploiting an Ebeam lithography with 30KV. I already tried different photoresists including PMMA, Ma-N, and SU8 to make a pattern on SOI but yet it didn't work properly. The issue is that the pillars are so close to each other (periodicity 190nm) that the backscattering is affecting other adjacent parts and the result is not good enough for the next step which is RIE etching. I was wondering to ask the experts how can I manage to make these features on such a scale using a different fabrication approach or photoresist...
Normally, I make TiO2 sol with titanium isopropoxide, ethanol, distilled water and hydrochloric acid. But I don't know which chemicals how need use to for hydrophobic sol.
NOTE: I working on glass coating that's why solution must transparent.
the PMMA is made by CNC
Does PMMA need silanization treatment, if so how to do it
i have Trimethylchlorosilane(TMCS), can this work?
Hello,
I would like to synthesize about 10g powder per batch of low molecular weight PMMA.
I have tried a bulk polymerisation using AIBN initiator, equal parts MMA and toluene, and Benzyl Mercaptan as a chain transfer agent, polymerising at 80-90dC for 30mins and then drop wise add in methanol but the dried polymer is not a powder and remains a sticky glue.
I am currently trying to increase AIBN and decrease BM amounts but doesnt seem to reach my desired qualities.
Does anyone have any ideas on how to adapt this method or is there a different method that may give better results?
Sigma adrich has this product https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AU/en/product/aldrich/200336 which is basically what I want to produce (I will be adding other polymers in once I have sorted out the base recipe which is why I cannot just purchase).
Thank you.
I want articles about that and the ratio of zirconia
Dear all,
for unknown reasons the MF-319 developer attacked my thin film while I'm trying to do photolithography using S1813 photoresist. but it seems that the damage reduced with reducing the developing time. Anyone know how can I reduce the developing time as much as possible?
Thanks in advance
Hello, I’m looking for polystyrene/PMMA microsphere in Iran. Is there anyone to know where can I find them? Or could you please help me to synthesis them?
Hi there,
I'm going to perform a behavioural experiment in a closed plexiglass chamber, linked to a ventilation system through a hole (let's think about it as a fume hood). In this experimental design I would like to record ultrasound vocalization (from 18kHZ) of an adult mouse, but I cannot put the microphone for detection (condenser microphone, 2 - 200 kHZ) inside the box.
If I keep it outside the plexiglass chamber, how much the signal of USVs will cross the plexiglass? Can I detect them without so much lost? Can the ventilation system affect the signal?
Thank you!
During the addition of ions Na and Cl to the system in the sol, the program threw the error stating that "no line with molecule 'SOL' found in the [molecules] section of file 'topol.top'.
While the file topol.top has the entry in it. please suggest how to rectify the errror.
Thanks in advance.
Regards,
Vinay
I want to perform a protein-DNA-ligand complex simulation by gromacs. but my system contain two ligands named PTR and LIG. but when ever i am going to perform the energy minimization.
This is the content of the topology file:
;
; File 'Protein.top' was generated
; By user: arindam (1000)
; On host: localhost.localdomain
; At date: Mon Dec 24 16:49:35 2018
;
; This is a standalone topology file
;
; It was generated using program:
; pdb2gmx - VERSION 4.6.2
;
; Command line was:
; ./pdb2gmx -ff amber99sb -f duplex.pdb -o Protein2.pdb -p Protein.top -water tip3p -ignh
;
; Force field was read from the standard Gromacs share directory.
;
; Include forcefield parameters
#include "amber99sb.ff/forcefield.itp"
#include "PTR.itp"
#include "ligand.itp"
; Include chain topologies
#include "Protein_Protein_chain_A.itp"
#include "Protein_DNA_chain_B.itp"
#include "Protein_DNA_chain_C.itp"
#include "Protein_DNA_chain_D.itp"
; Include water topology
#include "amber99sb.ff/tip3p.itp"
#ifdef POSRES_WATER
; Position restraint for each water oxygen
[ position_restraints ]
; i funct fcx fcy fcz
1 1 1000 1000 1000
#endif
; Include topology for ions
#include "amber99sb.ff/ions.itp"
[ system ]
; Name
Grunge ROck MAChoS in water
[ molecules ]
; Compound #mols
Protein_chain_A 1
DNA_chain_B 1
DNA_chain_C 1
DNA_chain_D 1
PTR 1
LIG 1
SOL 46535
can anyone tell me the way out?
Best regards.
I am trying to have a thin monolayer of gold nanoparticles on acrylic surface, but I don't find a suitable option for doing that. I tried thermal vapor deposition but that makes a continuous film, and the gold is no longer a thin film. Is there a way to electrochemically deposit gold nanoparticles on PMMA or any other method? Thanks.
I do Ti/Au e-beam deposition on bi layer PMMA and Az1505. there is bubble like deffect that is forming on the substrate. the starting pressure is around 2-4x10 -7 T and climb to 2x10 -6 T during deposition. I don't have temp reading. deposition rate is 4 A/s. i do 2x300 nm with a 15 min pause. what could be the source of the problem? i did a lot of that kind of deposition in the past with no problem. the only difference is that we change the cryopump in early january. any hint will be appreciate.
Hello,
I am trying to measure PMMA with a parallel plate rheometer, but I am having issues because as soon as I raise the temperature above the melting point, the polymer is immediately filled with tiny bubbles. This appears whether I start with the PMMA powder straight from the bottle, or if I use extruded or hot press pieces. Although the extruded and hot pressed PMMA looks 100% clear and free of bubbles before heating. As soon as the temperature rises, they become opaque and filled with bubbles instead of a clear, bubble free melt.
I thought maybe it could be water, as PMMA can be hygroscopic, but I let the PMMA sit in the oven at 80C for 3 days, and there was no difference. Bubbles still appeared at the higher temperatures
I am concerned since the bubbles cause inconsistent rheology data. Does Anyone here experience with PMMA in the rheometer and can share their best practices for sample preparation?
Hello,
I am making a W/O/W emulsion using (about 5w/v%) PMMA in DCM as oil phase. Have used either 0.1 to 1% PVA in the W2.
During solvent evaporation I have tried magnetic stirring in a in small bottle with 20mL water for W2 and also larger bottle with 200mL and have tried 200RPM (no central water spiral) to 500RPM (water spiral formed and noticed PMMA clump in the apex of the spiral).
The PMMA clumps together in one big clump or multiple clumps regardless of these settings.
Any other suggestions? Thanks.
I want to know the lifetime of a titanium sol (TIO2).
I tried some methods bu the solution starts aggregating after additio of acid
WHAT IS THE ABALATION TEMPERATURE OF PMMA (ACRYLIC)?
Hello
i am trying to extrude PMMA (powder, from SIGMA) using a twin screw extruder.
220C and 100rpm.
however, the material is coming out black (and also very slowly) pmma shouldn’t degrade until 350C and the extruder is clean (I passed other polymers through it and they did not come out black)
why is my pmma turning black? How can I avoid it?
The literature, of course, varies wildly. I was spinning 8% PMMA at 500 rpm for 1 min previously with pretty good results. I just got a new spin coater and now have much more control. Previous spin rates were based more on the fact that the spinner couldn’t handle glass slides at greater than 500 rpm. Now I can go up to 12,000 rpm (thanks Laurell).
So, I’m thinking 2000 rpm for 1 min with a 60C post bake should be good. Thoughts? Suggestions? For reference, I fabricate GFET biosensors. I’ve had excellent results with my current PMMArecipe but I think a thinner layer will leave me with cleaner graphene after annealing and fewer wrinkles.
Varied forms of NP reinforcements are added to PMMA to improve properties. But each study uses multiple percentages of addition of the NP. Why is data from previously done studies not used as a base to select one percentage of addition in any of the articles? Why are always multiple percentages of addition being tested?
Can a study be done using a single percentage to test certain other property (selecting a single percentage with proven better result from previously done research)?
I can't seem to make the gel appear for some reason.
The procedures are:
1)Add abs ethanol and ttip solution and stir for 60 minutes (sol 1)
2)prepare a 1 ml NH4OH + 104 ml ethanol
3) add to it 23 ml of YEOS precursor and stir for 2 hours (sol 2)
4) prepare 5 ml 37% hcl + 150 ml distilled water
5) add that solution to "sol 1" and stir for 90 minutes @ 60 Celcius
This worked before the first time but the never seems to appear after i add water and hcl to the hydrolyzed ttip the first time
What am i doing wrong
I want to make two step e-beam lithography process:
1) Expose and develop negative ma-N 2400 pattern firstly to make special relief, which should be embedded into the next layers.
2) Coat the sample with copolymer/PMMA bi-layer, expose it and remove the negative resist features through the open windows without affecting the copolymer/PMMA pattern.
I've learnt that ma-N 2400 can be removed also in strong base solutions, such as NaOH 4-10% (I have only KOH, maybe it is even better) - see http://nanolithography.gatech.edu/resists/processing_info_Micro_Resist.pdf - but I haven't checked yet that copolymer and PMMA will alive after that treatment.
Another issue could be partial dissolution (??) of the negative features in copolymer solvent (ethyl lactate).
I will be grateful for any advice and discussion!
I have ~150nm PMMA coating Al2O3 (50nm) which I would like to etch ebeam fabricated patterns out of the Al2O3.
For UV litho patterns I use AZ 4533 and etch the Al2O3 with 80% H3PO4 at 110C. However, this etches through my PMMA as well.
I tried 5% H3PO4 (at 50C) for a gentler etch (needs 10+ minutes), but I can't tell if my PMMA will hold up to it.
Any thoughts?
Hello everyone, I am trying to simulate the protein-ligand complex with Zn ion but during solvation i am getting the following error:
Fatal error:
Syntax error - File LIG.itp, line 7
Last line read:
'[ atomtypes ] '
Invalid order for directive atomtypes
I tried many ways but not able to solve this issue
My topology file
Topology file:
; Include forcefield parameters
#include "amber03.ff/forcefield.itp"
; Include chain topologies
#include "topol_Protein_chain_A.itp"
#include "topol_Ion_chain_A2.itp"
; Include ligand topology
#include "LIG.itp"
; Include water topology
#include "amber03.ff/tip3p.itp"
#ifdef POSRES_WATER
; Position restraint for each water oxygen
[ position_restraints ]
; i funct fcx fcy fcz
1 1 1000 1000 1000
#endif
; Include topology for ions
#include "amber03.ff/ions.itp"
[ system ]
; Name
Protein in water
[ molecules ]
; Compound #mols
Protein_chain_A 1
Ion_chain_A2 1
LIG 1
SOL 27420
I also placed ligand itp file below forcefield parameters but it doesn't work. If you guys have any idea how to tackle this problem please help me. Thank you.
Who caught explain, why the database of PMMA refractive index gets information for wavelengths more than 400 nm and there is no information for smaller wavelengths? This is hard to measure or there are no interests?
Dear all,
I have tried to simulate graphene sheet as written in the website (https://erastova.xyz/teaching/practical-simulations-for-molecules-and-materials/material-simulations/graphene-simulation-set-up).
The reason I am trying to simulate the sheet, I want to add the graphene sheet as a substrate in a cubic box and evaporate some molecules on it.
Unfortunately, I had a problem while trying to run energy minimization using (gmx grompp -f minim.mdp -c GRM_w.gro -p grm_w.top -o min1.tpr)
I got the below error:
Fatal error:
number of coordinates in coordinate file (GRM_w.gro, 146535)
does not match topology (grm_w.top, 156815).
some differences between my simulation and the one in the website:
1. I am using gromos54a7 instead of charmm36.
The reason for using gromos 54a7 that I will need to evaporate some molecules on the graphene sheet and they should be evaporated using gromos 54a7.
2. I am using GRM instead of GRA.The reason for using the GRM is that I found the graphene sheet.itp online for the gromos 54a7 and it was named GRM and hence, I had to name everything GRM to match the names in the .itp that I included.
The steps I did using the terminal on Linux :
1. cd and go to directory
2. create a text file named GRM.gro and paste the data belwo in the file:
GRM: 1 1 Rcc=1.420 Rhole=0.000 Center: Ring
4
1GRM C1 1 0.061 0.071 0.000
1GRM C2 2 0.184 0.142 0.000
1GRM C3 3 0.184 0.284 0.000
1GRM C4 4 0.061 0.355 0.000
0.245951 0.426000 0.284000
3. gmx genconf -f GRM.gro -o GRM_sheet.gro -nbox 15 10 1
create the graphene sheet
4. I created the file graphene.n2t and attached the below
C CG2R61 0.00 12.011 1 C 0.142
C CG2R61 0.00 12.011 2 C 0.142 C 0.142
C CG2R61 0.00 12.011 3 C 0.142 C 0.142 C 0.142
5. I created a new file named grm_w.top and included the forcefield, the water model spc and the graphene sheet.itp that I found it online.
; Include forcefield parameters
#include "/home/abdelaal/Desktop/GROMACS/C60-TAPC/GRAPHENE/gromos54a7.ff/forcefield.itp"
; Include topology for GRA
#include "/home/abdelaal/Desktop/GROMACS/C60-TAPC/GRAPHENE/GRM4x.itp"
; Include water topology
#include "/home/abdelaal/Desktop/GROMACS/C60-TAPC/GRAPHENE/gromos54a7.ff/spc.itp"
[ system ]
; Name
GRM in water
[ molecules ]
; Compound #mols
GRM 1
SOL 50
6. I chanegd the size of the sheet in the z direction using:
gmx editconf -f GRM_sheet.gro -o GRM_sheet_new.gro -box 10 15 10
7. I solvate the system using:
gmx solvate -cp GRM_sheet_new.gro -o GRM_w.gro -p grm_w.top
now the topology file grm_w.top was updated and a line was added as below:
; Include forcefield parameters
#include "/home/abdelaal/Desktop/GROMACS/C60-TAPC/GRAPHENE/gromos54a7.ff/forcefield.itp"
; Include topology for GRA
#include "/home/abdelaal/Desktop/GROMACS/C60-TAPC/GRAPHENE/GRM4x.itp"
; Include water topology
#include "/home/abdelaal/Desktop/GROMACS/C60-TAPC/GRAPHENE/gromos54a7.ff/spc.itp"
[ system ]
; Name
GRM in water
[ molecules ]
; Compound #mols
GRM 1
SOL 50
SOL 48595
now I have 2 SOL which I don’t know what should I do.
8. I included in my minim.mdp file a line with : Periodic_molecules = yes
9. I tried to run energy minimization using:
gmx grompp -f minim.mdp -c GRM_w.gro -p grm_w.top -o min1.tpr
and I got an error:
Fatal error:
number of coordinates in coordinate file (GRM_w.gro, 146535)
does not match topology (grm_w.top, 156815)
END of steps.
I read that if the difference between the 2 numbers is devisable by 3, it means that the problem in the solvate and you can change the number manually to match the other one. But it is not the case here. I also thought that the problem might be that I have 2 SOL lines in the .top and I removed the SOL 50 line but the difference decreased by 149 only.
Looking forward for your help, I have been trying for many days without success.
Attached are all the files I used it including steps file which contains all the steps I did as written above.
Does anyone know a type of plexiglass that does not glare or reflect? I would like to build some mazes but I need plastic that doesn't glare because of video tracking.
e.g. A young male with features of chronic meningitis or multiple SOL (CSF and radiological features), but without any host risk factors and microbiological isolation of organism.
Should I treat this patients based on increased GM levels?
Dear all,
In a coating project, I am trying to disperse PMMA micronized particles (around 1µm) in water.
However, because these particles are very hydrophobic, I have difficulties to obtain a stable and fine dispersion.
Moreover, even if the dispersion seems quite stable, when sprayed (with airless sprayer) the particles re-agglomerates during drying of the coating. This re-agglomeration phenomenon is not (or less) visible when the product is applied with a bar applicator.
I have already tried different ways to obtain a fine dispersion :
- thickening of water with clays or polysaccharides
- Addition of surfactant (I have tested SODIUM DIOCTYL SULFOSUCCINATE and Alkyl Polyglucoside)
- Addition of sequestring agent (Sodium Citrate) to prevent interaction of ions with the dispersion
Do you have any idea or know any protocol that could help me in that project ?
Thank you in advance.
Mathieu FIORE
Polymer gets softened at glass-transition temperature (Tg), so the bonding of two polymeric layers is possible.
What are the operating procedures for thermally bonding PDMS to PMMA?
Polymers are generally damaged easily under high-voltage SEM due to low thermal conductivity. Although some papers are indicating that the accelerating voltage for PMMA can be as high as 20kV, I wanted to ask what is the maximum voltage that PMMA/GNP can tolerate.
Hi, I want to create a layer of PEGDA onto a U-shaped PMMA surface. The hyrogel formation works well however the PEGDA layer once set is moving within the PMMA wells as it is not bonded to the PMMA surface. Has anyone any suggestions tp promote bonding? It needs to be biocompaitble as there will be spheroids maintained in the PEGDA coated wells.
Thanks
i have prepared PMMA polymer using PMMA beads mw 350000
using chloroform as solvent at 40 degree C. and poured in to glass petri- dish. And kept 24 hrs. for drying in room temperature. After drying, the film is not free standing and its not delaminating from the glass petri-dish. Plese help me to prepare PMMA polymer sheet.
I am trying to determine whether PMMA dissolves in hexane.If it does dissolve in it, what are the parameters to dissolve PMMA in hexane?
we usually use the PMMA to transfer monolayer MoS2 by CVD,but the acetone removing PMMA will damage the MoS2, while the MoS2 is covered in the porous substrate.So,could you help me solve the problem
Hi I'm working on cell scaffolds and l used Darcy and solid physics for modeling and I'm using Livelink COMSOL with MATLAB for material update (Young module) and I used the following code to set the previous solution as the initial solution .
model.sol('sol1').feature('v1').set('initmethod', 'sol'); model.sol('sol1').feature('v1').set('initsol', 'sol1');
But I got the following error: Messages:
The following feature has encountered a problem:
- Feature: Time-Dependent Solver 1 (sol1/t1)
Nonlinear solver did not converge
Maximum number of segregated iterations reached Time: 0 s. Last time step is not converged.
Thank you for your help.
Dear All
I aim to design a microfluidic chip with a quite long channel with rectangle spiral structure and inside cells will not be seeded but instead, flowing for an extended period of time (1-2 days). Therefore, I need a large surface area to fit such structure. What is the maximum size I can achieve? Or basically is it the maximum surface area achievable with 4-inch wafer?
Thank you very much!
Hello,
Can someone with experience in CT image analysis help me to understand the elements of the pictures. It is a plate thermoformed from waste like ABS and PMMA polymers and fiberglass. I need to know what black dots represent, white particles, and also if fiberglass is visible.
Thank you!
If I put liquid paraffin wax between two aluminium plates or one aluminium plate and a plexiglass plate, and solidify it, will it create a strong bond? What kind of binding can occur between paraffin wax and aluminum or plexiglass? Does surface energy has anything to do with the adhesion? That's a lot of question. :p Thanks in advance.
