Science topic
Polymerization - Science topic
Chemical reaction in which monomeric components are combined to form POLYMERS (e.g., POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE).
Questions related to Polymerization
Hi,
I was checking pDNA-Polymer binding affinity in Gel electrophoresis.? After running gel, I noticed complete migration of pDNA as well polymer -pDNA complexes. (Even in higher N/P ratios - 10,20) . I used Agarose 0.6% , 80V , 60 min.
Again, I gradually increased Agarose concertation , 0.8, 1, and 1.2% and voltage 80 to 100 V) - same problem- Complete migration.
Then, I increased pDNA concentration from 10 ng/microliter to 50 ng per microliter. Same issues.
I attached my Gel picture for reference
I performed PicoGreen Assay - it showing good binding affinity, but while running gel , I am not able to see polymer pDNA binding.
Can anyone give some suggestions to troubleshoot this problem.
Thank you

Hi! can anybody suggest on which solvent and conditions can be used to dissolve EVA (Ethylene-vinyl acetate) polymer?
I am working with PS-DVB microsphere and have observed a luminescence in this wavelength range. Could this be related to impurities, structural defects, or specific effects associated with DVB crosslinking? I would appreciate any references or insights.
Link to the procedure of synthesized microsphere:
Choi, J., Kwak, S.-Y., Kang, S., Lee, S.-S., Park, M., Lim, S., ...Hong, S. I. (2002). Synthesis of highly crosslinked monodisperse polymer particles: Effect of reaction parameters on the size and size distribution. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 40(23), 4368–4377. doi: 10.1002/pola.10514
During electrospinning of keratin with very low concentration of polymer,protrusions have been obtained... shown in the figure

I've seen a research article that tested a polymer sandwich structure in 3-point bending according to ASTM C393. Their testing parameters included a 100 mm span length, a 2.0 mm/min loading rate, and specimen dimensions of 150 mm length, 18 mm thickness, and 32 mm width. Can I use these same dimensions for my own samples?. Or is there any rule to find the specimen dimensions?
I am conducting free radical polymerization with the following conditions:
- Initiator: AIBN
- Solvent: DMF
- Monomer: MMA (5 g)
- Initiator Amount: AIBN (0.04 g)
- Solvent Volume: DMF (20 mL)
- Reaction Temperature: 70°C
- Reaction Time: 6 hours
- Atmosphere: Nitrogen (N₂)
- Setup: Condenser used
However, instead of obtaining a powdered polymer, I am getting a gel-like or highly viscous polymer. Please suggest what could be the reason.
Thank you
Can a acrylic polymer filled with high entropy oxide have high conductivity and high permittivity in the same time at the same filler concentration? Can you provide me with some references?
Thank you
Hello,
I would like to inquire if you are aware of any computational tools for predicting drug release from polymeric nanoparticles. I do not have experience in this field and recently attempted to use a tool from nanoHUB, which is free to access. However, the numerous options available have left me confused about which one I should choose.
Thank you in advance!
Recently, I've started to design my experiments and I need to use a tool as a coupon holder for some corrosion tests. I found papers that used PEEK as their coupon holder due to its minimum reaction with corrosive microorganisms. This substance is very expensive and I am looking for a cheaper alternative polymer with the properties of PEEK (It should not be antibacterial).
I would be really grateful if someone could help me with this.
I am conducting molecular simulations to study the interaction between RNA and a polymer. However, during the simulation process using GROMACS, multiple errors arise, hindering the progress of the simulation. I am seeking guidance to troubleshoot and resolve these issues effectively."
I have a question of a solution to get better posibilities of copolymerization of styrene with eg. 5-bromo-1-pentene using radical initiator.
I started from analysing the system when: styrene and 5-bromo-1-pentene added dropwise to AIBN in toluene at 70C with argon bubbling for 4h then left 16 hours. I use 5:1 solvent to monomers ratio. And got about 46% alkyl to styrene with low yield - 7.5%.
Looking for a solution to catalyse this to better yield like 30% or more. I will also test normal condition in solution polymerization 1:1 to solvent (not added dropwise) to see difference.
Adding copper acetate with KI in polyamide during polymerization, there is always some copper plating out and deposits on the surface of the polymerization device. There is a reduction reaction Cu2+ to copper metal during the polymerization. How does this reaction happen? What is the reaction equation?
Considering that I want the ZIF-8 nanoparticles to be placed inside/ on the fibers (which are electrospining ) and have a slow release when placed on the wound, what is the best way to add the nanoparticles to the polymer solution. The solvent is Hfip test.
I am looking for ways to increase the average molecular weight of expanded polystyrene (EPS) produced through a Free Radical Suspension Polymerization process. Currently, we use a two-stage initiation system consisting of dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the primary initiator and tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate as the secondary initiator to control residual monomer. While reducing the BPO concentration has led to an increase in molecular weight, further reductions are constrained due to process limitations. Our production process is conducted in 50-ton reactors, and we are exploring alternative approaches without significantly altering the overall process parameters. Specifically, we are limited by the reactor's pressure limit of 12 bar, preventing us from significantly increasing the reaction temperature, and by production rate constraints that limit the available reaction time.
A polymeric nanocarrier has been established and to check it's entrapment efficiency 8 drugs having anticancer properties have been encapsulated in shell of nanocarrier. The question is why do such experiments are done to try and check making 8 variations of nanocarrier. Is it good to have drug entrapment efficiency of above 80% for all the drugs ?
The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between active oxygen content and the performance of peroxide-based radical initiators in polymerization processes. By varying the active oxygen content, we aim to determine its influence on key polymerization parameters such as initiation rate, decomposition rate, and molecular weight distribution of the resulting polymer.
Chemical EOR
1. Despite the efficacy of Surfactant Flooding (which essentially improves the pore-scale displacement efficiency by reducing oil-water IFT any by modifying rock wettability), to what extent, the economic feasibility of ‘Free Surfactant Injection’ during a typical Chemical EOR – could positively be addressed - through the utilization of ‘Surfactant Carriers’, towards mitigating extensive losses through adsorption or precipitation on the rock surfaces?
2. Feasible to deduce ‘A Time Dependent Chemical Structure’ of Polymerswhich could possibly act as both ‘Wettability Modifiers’ as well as ‘Surfactant Carriers’, in addition to its conventional expectation on enhancing the volumetric sweep efficiency by reducing the oil-brine mobility ratio through amplified viscosity?
Could ‘polymeric surfactants’ “simultaneously” (a) enhance viscosity in the aqueous medium; (b) reduce IFT; as well as (c) modify rock wettability?
If so, then, the conventional drawbacks including (a) reservoir and well damage; and (b) reduced viscosity due to polymer solution adsorption and shear forces in oil reservoirs (particularly associated with HPHT and High-Saline Reservoirs with relatively heavier oils) – could be gotten rid-off?
3. Since, HPAM’s (which is the prevalent synthetic polymer in EOR flooding) viscosifying potential gets diminished under the presence of high-saline brine, and also, due to HPAM’s susceptibility to thermal and mechanical degradation impacts the longevity of the polymer flooding, can the application either Biopolymers or HPAM Derivatives (amphoteric hyper-branched polymer derivatives) (cellulose, chitosan & galactomannan-guar) could really enhance EOR system stability?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan, Professor [HAG]
IIT Madras, 16-Dec-2024
My polymer solution is hydrophobic in nature.
Hello every one,
I have seen somewhere that there is a critical size for ceramic additive particles (specifically BG) for making composite with semicrystalline polymer (specifically PCL). Above that size, the polymer's crystallinity increases and below that size, the polymer's crystallinity decreases. Is there any reference describing or proving this phenomenon?
What is the purpose of adding from quantum-dot-doped polymer nanowires to silver nanowires?
I have tried the proton NMR of Dendritic PEI and have conjugated it to other polymer via amidation. So now I have to evaluate the conjugation degree using NMR.The software I use is NMR 1D.
How will we evaluate the conjugation degree in such a case and how to integrate the peaks of PEI to that of the polymer in the conjugated system.
I would really use some help if I could get it as I am struck in this for more than 10 days.
Thank you in advance
I am currently trying to produce a dispersion of a biopolymer in water. For this, I first dissolve the polymer in an organic solvent that I then add to an aqueous phase with surfactants (up to 2%). During the homogenization, the solution seems homogeneous but upon evaporation under magnetic agitation, clumps tend to form. I have tried PVA, and Tween 80 at different concentration but similar results tend to happen.
Any suggestions on how to prevent this?
There are Magnesium-based vanadium inhibitors on the market with low viscosities. How are they produced? specifically 28% Mg-containing ones (which are referred as polymerized Mgs) with such high velocity and low viscosity? How can I know about the ingredients and production route of the process?
Normally this model is mainly used for electronic product.
Hallo friends
I have gone through a patent CN101875004A the inventor had attached iminodiacetonitrile to a chloromethlated polymer bead and described chelating ion exchange resin contain the copolymer of the styrene-divinylbenzene of formula (I) and formula (II)
Can any body help me mechanism of the proposed structure. The nitrogen of imino group of diacetonitrile is rearranged to convert NH2C[CH2-C(NH2)(NOH)]2 attached to benzene group of polymer.
can transmittance of uv /vis spectra changes for the same polymer EVA when change faces?
I have a doubt from the conceptual point of view, I have seen that none of the flow equations take into account the temperature.
I have analyzed the subject and I have seen that the temperature increase helps to lower the energy consumption of the equipment, but as for the flow maintaining the same RPM of the screw, I have seen that it affects the flow by pressure, but this is compensated by the flow in the extruder head. So the flow rate should not change, at least in theory with the equations.
Am I right or am I missing something?
Thank you very much.
Dear RG community,
I am looking to use magnetic colloids which are to be further dispersed in a polymer. To avoid agglomeration, I want to functionalize them using Oelic acid. I would appreciate if someone can point towards the exact procedure or a correct way of doing so. Also what purity grade oelic acid one needs to use (technical, culture, analytical etc.)
Thank you in advance
we are tried all different concentrations of polymer (Polysulfone) and solvents (NMP & DMF) to synthesis FO membrane. but unfortunately every time polymer penetration occurs across the fabric that results in poor water flux in FO testing.
kindly guide a way through which we can avoid penetration of solvent across the support fabric.
thank you
The mainstream development direction of polymer materials in the future ?
Please briefly introduce the principle and examples, thank you!
The mainstream development direction of polymer materials in the future ?
The mainstream development direction of polymer materials in the future ?
I want to simulate polymer in water for that I have confusion in reduce units according my understanding of reduce units if we perform simulation in reduce units means we are make a generalize model because we set sigma , Ellison, mass and other bonding parameters equal to one means we are simulating not real model.
It's like we are doing simulation of ball and spring model.
My confusion is regarding parameter that is equal to one or not for all atoms?
Is there a fundamental theory of polymer fibers and nanofibers?
I work with polymer fibers and I am interested in whether there is a fundamental theory to describe them. Suppose fibers are composed of an amorphous rather than crystalline polymer. If they are very thin, they will be unstable for two reasons. Firstly, they have a large free surface area and hence high surface energy. Secondly they are usually composed of highly oriented polymer molecules, which are entropy depleted and tend to adopt a Gaussian coil conformation. Despite the effect of these two factors, nanofibers made of amorphous polymers can be stable in some cases.
Are there theories that estimate the limits of their stability (taking into account the flexibility of polymers and the interaction energy between links)? Are such theories applicable to partially crystalline polymers? I am 100% sure that these theories exist, could you please help me to find them?
Currently I am conducting research on the manufacture of anion exchange membrane fuel cells with QPVA:PDDA modified alumina nanoparticles. However, when homogenizing the polymer with alumina nanoparticles with an ultrasonic homogenizer with the JOANLAB brand type MHZ-01 and the huxi brand type HR-6B, the dope solution always produces foam. How to prevent the dope solution from becoming foam when homogenized?

Ethyl cellulose (EC) polymer is commonly used for preparation of graphene based ink to modulate ink viscosity and film forming ability. The question is how EC reacts with the pristine Graphene not (GO)? Does it form a composite material with chemical bonds or it is just physiosorbtion through hydrophobic interaction ?
1) I don't want to add any other polymer apart from collagen.
2) Suggest me any good cross linker reagent.
Actually i want to know if i have grafted one biopolymer to another derivatized biopolymer and then reinforced metal nanoparticles into it , then what factors should be remind to draw a chemical reaction for this ?
I am conducting a 2% agarose gel electrophoresis to analyze polymeric nanoparticle encapsulation of Cas9 RNP. My sample set has a charge range from 0 to +10 mV, and I am observing that the more positively charged samples exhibit significant backward migration off the gel. While my gRNA and Cas9 RNP controls show excellent separation with clear, distinct bands, I encounter issues after adding the polymeric nanoparticles for encapsulation. In these cases, I see no defined bands—only backward streaking. I am seeking advice on how to prevent this backward migration or improve band visibility and resolution. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thank you!

Hi
I am dealing with polymer hardness measurement methods. I am familiar with Shore A and Shore D. It is well reported on websites. However, in the case of Shore Micro and Shore A, I cannot see any quantitative or qualitative correlation. It looks like Shore Micro is used for thin, delicate polymer films. Can anybody help me with this? Any hint? Any paper? Any manual?
How can I pick up the microplastic particle when doing FTIR-ATR? Beacuse I can not directly place my filter paper under ATR.
I've got several samples of the same polymer and have reacted them with different plasticisers. On the NMR of all the samples but one, the peaks that I expect to be present in everything are roughly the same width, however for one of the samples, these very same peaks are significantly wider. Is there any reason behind this?
In a vat polymerization 3D printing, what is the amount of energy required for curing commercial resins? Manufacturers or suppliers usually specify wavelength but not the intensity. Any reasons for this?
Hi, I have made a binder polymer resin for uv curing of ink. The viscosity of binder polymer is between 700 to 1300 cps. Basically I disperse the inorganic pigments in the binder polymer along with UV initiator and HDI as an adhesion promotor. The ink takes long time typically 15-30 minutes to cure on Polypropylene surface.
I am looking for some methods to modify HDI with acrylates or methacrylates to make the curing process faster. which chemical methods are useful to modify HDI for faster UV curing on plastic surface.
Any suggestions will be appreciated, Thanks in advance.
Good evening or good morning, depending on your time! I would like to know the effect of polymer balls on self-compacting concrete. I hope someone can send me a thesis or dissertation on this topic. What are the advantages and disadvantages?
What is the mechanism by which polymer balls affect self-compacting concrete?
I have different polymer solutions and I hypothesize that water molecules are retained based on the water-polymer interactions, so the amount of free water is less to intercat with drug tablet.
To validate I tried to find the water evaporation rate from each polymer solution from TGA.
But I see variation due to its high dependence in initial mass.
So now I think to find the Activation energy of water evaporation process. want to know whetehr this is correct, or whetehr there are better ways to prove my hypothesis. May be DSC?
It is hard to find a vendor that sells this polymer with mole weight larger than 2000. Is it because the difficulty of polymerization?
I am planning to use a polymer containing branched/linear PEI of 25K with certain size of DNA (E.g. 4Kb). In order to go ahead with experiments I wish to use various N/P ratios. If anyone can help me with calculation for how to caculate the number of Nitrogen and number of Phosphates in my system.
How can I determine a good adhesion strength range for coatings on polymer surfaces, such as DLC on polymer substrates? Is there a specific threshold for adhesion strength (from T-peel tests) above which it is considered adequate, particularly when the coating needs to function as part of a frictional pair?
is there any other way to heat a polymer evenly other than oil bath if so what are those and how to use it
To find an ideal solvent for electrospinning of carboxymethyl chitosan I searched through many articles but most of them included addition of some polymers such as PVA or PEO to the solution (except one by Sohofi et. al 2014). I tried dissolving carboxymethyl chitosan into aqueous solutions including acetic acid, Dimethyl Formamide, DMSO etc. but as a result only droplet spray and arc formation is observed, I'm unable to establish a stable taylor cone jet or nanofibres. Please provide me insights for electrospinning of only Carboxymethyl chitosan without any polymeric addition.
If the pairs are similar, will it reduce the adhesion due to electric charges?
Hello everyone, I am try to understand the differences interaction between insoluble and soluble polymers in water with metal ions and how theit charge density (of metal ions) affect the interaction.
I am conducting free radical polymerization using Kraft lignin and MMA, with DMSO serving as the solvent and there is also an initiator. Following the reaction, I obtain a solution, but I am uncertain about the method to separate the solvent from the polymer. Could you recommend a technique to isolate solid polymer particles or powder, which I can then use for compression molding to evaluate its thermoplastic properties?
Hello,
I am looking to create a composite material by mixing or adding micropowder to polymer granules for use in a 3D printer. Could anyone provide guidance or methodologies on how to effectively achieve a uniform composite material with this approach?
Thank you!
i need to know the required time
Hello everyone,
I am currently pursuing a PhD in Environmental Engineering with a focus on microplastic studies. My background is in Civil Engineering, and I am relatively new to working with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.
Therefore, I would like to seek guidance on the following:
- Interpreting Peaks: What are some best practices for reading and interpreting ATR-FTIR peaks, particularly for identifying different polymer types? Any tips on identifying key peaks related to common polymers would be greatly appreciated.
- Finding Spectral Libraries: I know the pre-installed library on my equipment (Micronlab) is somewhat limited. Could you recommend any free or accessible spectral libraries to help me with polymer identification?
- Recommended Literature: Do you suggest any specific books or resources for matching spectra, understanding polymer wavenumber and improving my interpretation skills? I know one paper by Jung et. al, 2017 (Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms - ScienceDirect,
Any advice or recommendations from those experienced in FTIR spectroscopy, especially in the context of polymer studies, would be extremely helpful. Thank you in advance for your assistance!
Best regards
Dear All,
I would like to ask about the relation between the surface energy and solidification of polymer. If we apply a chemical treatment such as NaOh solution or silane treatment on the surface of natural fibre, I wonder is there any linear or non-linear relation between them?
Thank you.
I want to perform electropolymerization on 3 system carbon electrode. How to cover the reference and counter electrode? I want to make polymer only on working electrode.
Deep etching
Negative photoresist
Acrylate polymer
Chemical etching
Ferric chloride
Crosslinking
Resolution


In order to make a polyaniline film, I used the electrodeposition method and set all the conditions, but I noticed that the polymerization process is happening, but it doesn't stick to the substrate, but I changed the substrate more than once, and the solution is right, and the polymerization happens, I hope that you will benefit me.
Polymeric film such as latex rubber substrate or polymer
Hello,
Is there anyone with expertise in polymer stabilization agents?
I am looking for a scientific solution to stop a polymerization reaction and am open to any suggestions.
Thank you for your responses.
Best regards,
I wonder the tendency of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of polymer which has different chain structure. In my opinion, CTE will be higher when the polymer materials has high interaction between the polymer chain. But, some reference said it's not true. So, I want to receive some opinion by many researchers.
To prepare polymethyl methacrylate polymer for the study of acoustic properties, a mixture of methyl methacrylate monomer and benzoyl peroxide is used. This mixture is then heated and placed on a heater. To prevent the formation of bubbles during this process, what measures should be taken?
When adding the semiconducting particles to the polymeric matrix, any changes in (Lamda) of the matrix, meaning no changes in the gap energy of the latter. This phenomenon does not follow the literature because of the mixture of conducting particles and insulating matrix. I mention that in the reflectance measurements, the effect of semiconducting charge is seen, i.e. adding semiconducting charge decreases the gap energy of the matrix.
In the attached file, an example of a measurement made using UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Can anyone help us give an interpretation of this behavior? thank you.
Regards
I am working on a new polymer whose (hkl) values are not reported in the literature. How can I find out the (hkl) values of the XRD peaks?