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Polymeric Materials - Science topic

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Is there research on the use of polymeric materials in dams?
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by J Li · 2023 · Cited by 1 — The polymer anti-seepage wall composed of polymer materials is a new technology for impermeable reinforcement in dykes and dams.
Abstract Polymer anti-seepage wall has been gradually applied in earth-rock dam reinforcement projects as a new seepage control technique. However, due to all-pervasive properties of the new materials and root-like connection between the materials and soils, the interface characteristics between the polymer wall and the earth-rock dam, as well as the interaction behavior of both, are complex and still not clear, which obstruct studying coordination mechanism of dam and wall under earthquake. Therefore, the interface characteristics and interaction behavior of dam and wall were studied in the article. Firstly, the dynamic shear stress-displacement, shear stiffness and damping ratio of the interface between polymer and soil were investigated by ring shear test. In addition, the viscoelastic constitutive model of polymer materials were researched by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) test. Based on tests results, a finite element model of earth-rock dam with polymer wall was established, including a non-linear simulation interface element and viscoelastic polymer constitutive model. Next, the validity of the simulation model was verified based on dynamic centrifuge test results. Then, the interaction behavior and seismic response of the dam with polymer wall were explored by using the verified model. The research results provide a scientific basis for the development and application of new-typed polymer anti-seepage wall in reinforcement engineering.
polymer anti-seepage wall; earth-rock dam; interface characteristics; interaction behavior; ring shear test; dynamic centrifuge testKeywords:
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Why does a polymeric material exhibit more than one peak in zeta potential measured using DLS? The material shows a single peak in acidic conditions but displays three peaks in basic pH. What could be the reason? Even the repeated analysis resulted in three peaks. Should you report an average value or one that corresponds to only one peak? If the value corresponding to only one peak needs to be reported, how can one decide which value is the correct one? I have attached the file.
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Apparently you are researching an amphoteric hydrogel. Depending on the pH, the gels fold into balls (micelles), which participate in electrophoresis. Gels fold into balls (micelles) using a water-mediated hydrophobic interaction process. As a result of this movement, the frequency and phase of the radiation scattered by the micelles changes in accordance with the Doppler effect. The distribution of electrophoretic mobility is determined from the frequency shift distribution. Then, taking into account the viscosity and dielectric constant of the base fluid, the electrophoretic mobility is used to calculate the zeta potential.
At 0.3 nm, the hydrogen bond in water fluctuates, creating two kinds of micelles with opposite zeta potentials, which together create a core micelle with approximately zero zeta potential.
For the theory of this process using the example of surfactant micelles, see
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2024 3rd International Conference on Materials Engineering and Applied Mechanics (ICMEAAE 2024) will be held from March 15 to 17, 2024 in Changsha, China.
ICMEAAE 2024 provides an enabling platform for Materials Engineering and Applied Mechanics experts to exchange new ideas and present research results. This conference also promotes the establishment of business or research relations among global partners for future collaboration. We hope that this conference could make a significant contribution to the update of knowledge about this latest scientific field.
ICMEAAE 2024 warmly invite you to participate in and look forward to seeing you in Changsha, China.
---Call For Papers---
The topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
1. Materials
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanomaterials
- New Energy Materials
......
2. Applied Mechanics
- Vibration Science
- Elasticity
- Particle mechanics
......
All accepted full papers will be published in the conference proceedings and will be submitted to EI Compendex / Scopus for indexing.
Important Dates:
Full Paper Submission Date: February 23, 2024
Registration Deadline: March 1, 2024
Final Paper Submission Date: March 8, 2024
Conference Dates: March 15-17, 2024
For More Details please visit:
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Dear Sarabjeet KaurFor more details please visit the conference website:
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What is the best polymeric material from which an alpha particle radiation detector can be made?
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It depends on your application and abilities of your lab. Polymeric detectors are very different and have some advantages and disadvantages. For example lexan polycarbonat is very convenient to use and the appeared ECE-tracks are very strong in compared with CE-track, but the sensetive range of alpha energies is smaller than PADC detectors or LR-115.
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Please check out our featured collection on “Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials”.
Flame retardant technology from bio-based resources has gained increasing interests owing to increasing awareness on environmental protection and sustainable development. Bio-based halogen-free flame retardant is a hot research area nowadays as it is safe, non-toxic and sustainable flame retardant.
This special issue mainly focuses on the latest advances in bio-based halogen-free flame retardant polymeric materials application. More info: https://www.techscience.com/jrm/special_detail/bio-based_materials.
This special issue is a quality collection and is also published as an electronic book. Learn more: https://www.techscience.com/book/detail/halogen-free
Published Papers
1.Bio-Based Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials
2.Recent Advances in Flame Retardant Bio-Based Benzoxazine Resins
3.Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Flame Retardant L-APP/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composites
4.Influence of Beta-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Tin Phenylphosphonate on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Composites
5.Effect of MMT on Flame Retardancy of PLA/IFR/LDH Composites
6.Facile Synthesis of a Novel Bio-Based P-N Containing Flame Retardant for Effectively Reducing the Fire Hazards of Epoxy Resin
7.Phosphorylated Salicylic Acid as Flame Retardant in Epoxy Resins and Composites
8.Halogen-Free Flame Retarded Poly(Lactic Acid) with an Isosorbide-Derived Polyphosphonate
9.A New DOPO-Eugenol Adduct as an Effective Flame Retardant for Epoxy Thermosets with Improved Mechanical Properties
10.A Vanillin-Derived, DOPO-Contained Bisphenol as a Reactive Flame Retardant for High-Performance Epoxy Thermosets
11.Bio-Based Trivalent Phytate: A Novel Strategy for Enhancing Fire Performance of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites
12.Borate-Modified, Flame-Retardant Paper Packaging Materials for Archive Conservation
13.Study of Burning Behaviors and Fire Risk of Flame Retardant Plywood by Cone Calorimeter and TG Test
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Thank you for sharing this research.
You can have a look on lignin-based and covalent adaptable networks here.
Kind regards,
Davide
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I need to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity for polymeric material . It doesnt dissolve in common organic solvents even dmso. Is there is a way to do such test!
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Performing biological tests like MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) or DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) on insoluble samples can present challenges due to the limited solubility of the samples. However, there are approaches you can consider to overcome this issue. Here are some general strategies for conducting these tests on insoluble samples:
  1. Sample Preparation: If your insoluble sample is in solid form, you can try to grind or pulverize it into fine particles to increase its surface area and facilitate better solubility. You can use a mortar and pestle or a suitable grinder for this purpose. If the insoluble sample is in a particulate form, make sure to homogenize it well to ensure representative sampling.
  2. Solvent Selection: Choose an appropriate solvent or mixture of solvents that have the potential to dissolve or extract the bioactive components from your insoluble sample. Consider both polar and nonpolar solvents based on the nature of the compounds you expect to be present. Conduct a preliminary solvent screening to identify the solvent(s) that provide the best solubility or extraction efficiency.
  3. Extraction Procedure: Develop an extraction method to extract the bioactive components from the insoluble sample. This can involve techniques such as maceration, sonication, refluxing, or Soxhlet extraction. Optimize parameters like extraction time, temperature, and solvent-to-sample ratio to enhance the extraction efficiency. Filtration or centrifugation steps may be required to remove insoluble particles or debris from the extracted solution.
  4. Concentration of Extract: Following extraction, concentrate the extract to a manageable volume using techniques such as rotary evaporation, freeze-drying, or solvent evaporation under reduced pressure. This step aims to concentrate the bioactive components, making it easier to perform the subsequent biological tests.
  5. Solubilization or Reconstitution: If the concentrated extract remains insoluble or forms a suspension, consider solubilizing or reconstituting it in a suitable solvent or vehicle that is compatible with the biological assay. The choice of solvent or vehicle should not interfere with the assay or affect the biological activity of the sample.
  6. Assay Adaptation: Adapt the MTT or DPPH assay protocols to accommodate the specific characteristics of your solubilized or reconstituted extract. This may involve modifying the concentrations, incubation times, or other parameters to ensure compatibility with the sample matrix. Ensure that any modifications do not compromise the validity or interpretation of the assay results.
  7. Controls and Comparisons: Include appropriate controls in your assay, such as vehicle control (solvent without the sample) and positive/negative controls, to provide reference points for comparison. This allows you to assess the impact of the solvent or vehicle on the assay and determine the specific bioactivity of the sample.
  8. Data Interpretation: Analyze and interpret the assay results, comparing the effects of your insoluble sample with the controls. Assess the biological activity, cytotoxicity, or antioxidant potential based on the specific assay endpoints and parameters.
Remember to perform validation and replication of the assay to ensure reliability and reproducibility of the results. Additionally, it is important to consider the potential interference of the solvent, extraction process, or other sample components on the assay system and carefully interpret the obtained data in the context of the sample's characteristics.
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Hi everyone,
I am looking for one polymeric material except for flourinated polymers which has high service temperature up to 120 C, high flex life and high chemical resistance. Does anyone any suggestion?
Thank you
Best regards,
Omid
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Reputable all,
It's humble request for facts approximately correlation between variation of conductivity of material with XRD Pattern.From some other studies the conductivity of polymeric material is increasing with sensitisation.Can it's feasible to explain through the xrd peaks broadening pattern?
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To get a sustainable solution to your problem, please refer to the preprint article given at link DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27720.65287/3 or at link https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352830671.
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By TSDC,Transient Current mesurment and Steady state dark conduction current study.We can calculate the activation energy and effective metal potential barrier . Optical energy band gap calculated through UV Spectroscopy.
Please suggest the study for confirmation of electrical conductivity of polymeric materials.
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Respected sir
I think your means calculate the energy band gap by photolumniscence and correlate it with energy band gap ranges of conductor,semiconductor or insulator .
Thanks for your opinion@Sompalli Kishor Babu
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What are the critical rules to pay attention during manufacturing masterbatch especially when working with inorganic nanoparticles? What should be considered in order to achieve the homogenously dispersion in the polymer matrix without destroying the screw and the polymer?
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1. Use a high-shear mixing element in the extruder to ensure that the particles are evenly dispersed.
2. Use a low screw speed to reduce the risk of particle breakage.
3. Use a low temperature setting to prevent thermal degradation of the particles.
4. Use a low back pressure setting to reduce the risk of particle agglomeration.
5. Use a vacuum system to remove air from the extruder barrel and reduce the risk of particle oxidation.
6. Use a cooling system to reduce the risk of thermal degradation of the particles.
7. Use a filter system to remove any particles that may have been damaged during the extrusion process.
8. Use a pelletizing system to ensure that the particles are evenly distributed in the masterbatch.
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Hi
Does anyone know some replaceable polymeric materials with PTFE which cover also all benefits of PTFE?
thank tou in advance
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You are entering the area of higher priced plastics, and you may need special technical processing equipment. And it´s important wether 150 °C is a "momentary" or "constant" working temperature. Some polyamides can be used up to 150 °C, at least for some time.
Here is a list of plastics applicable at T > 150 °C:
"3. high temperature plastics (high temperature thermoplastics)
High-temperature plastics or high-performance plastics are mainly thermoplastics with high heat resistance, i.e. high strength properties above 150°C or basic strengths that are unexpectedly high for plastics due to special order structures. These include, for example, high-performance plastics such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketone (PEK), thermoplastic polyimides (TPI), polysulfone (PSU), polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylenesulfone (PPSU), polyphenylenesulfide (PPS). As expected, the high-temperature plastics listed are relatively expensive and may also require special equipment for the processing machines (due to high processing temperatures). Fiber reinforcing materials and other additives are often added to further improve their mechanical and thermal properties.
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I have been reading about thermoplastics, and in some publications they say that they can be melted, in fact, some people use the word "melt". But some other publications indicate, that due to the fact that thermoplastics polymers can't be 100% crystalline and therefore they always have and amorphous part there is no way to melt a thermoplastic polymer.
If thermoplastic polymers can't be melted, then How must be called that state in what the material flows? If it can't be melted, then it is not a liguid state.
I will aprecciate your help
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Dear Estefano Ramos, being thermoplastics means they can be melted and remelted. The confusion you are getting in is the diference in melting of a amorphous and crystalline thermoplastics (or even semi-crystalline). The difference is that crystalline zones melt at precise and sharp temperature (same deltaH or CED), whereas, amorphous zones melt over a range/interval of temperatures because the irregular organization of chain result in different cohesion energies in the amorphous regions, so no precise or specific melting temperature. My Regards
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Hello and have a good time
We have a viscous polymeric material that is used as a thin coating on the ceramic part of piezoelectric disks in shock sensors.
This material helps to reduce noise and increase the sensitivity of the sensor.
We separated the material using heat and sent it for FTIR testing. Experimental results show that the main chemical composition of the substance is triacontane. Which is used in making wax paraffins. What is the reason for the performance of this material on the sensitivity of the sensor? Also how can I find these materials commercially
You can see it in the attachment
Thank you very much
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The shear strength of foams is a question. All of them currently are made with a uniform density of say 50 or 100 KG/ CU.M. The maximum shear stress is invariably related to their density. So why not have a higher density at the core and a lower density at the surface, there by maintaining a  low over all density, in order to have a high shear strength at the core ? Will this FGM idea work for a manufacturer ?
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hello dear padmanabhan
I'm interested in FGMFoam solver and i wanted to know can you send it to me?
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Consider a small tube made of polymer or ceramic (inner diameter of about 3mm, outer diameter of about 1cm, and 5cm length), inside which a high-gas pressure should be generated in a short time (few microseconds). How can we measure the maximum gas pressure that the tube can withstand before it breaks or deforms, even before starting the actual experiment?
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Dear Mohamed A. Abd Al-Halim, please check the following links. My Regards
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What are alpha and beta relaxation, seen in polymeric materials (observed in dielectric studies)? I wanted to know the physical origin and the way to identify them in dielectric spectra.
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Dear Vipin Cyriac, these are types of local segmental motions each related to a special sequence of repeating units along and by side of the main chain backbone. They are detected in amorphous (co)polymer (and blends) in the range of the glass transition temperature Tg. Please have a look at the following links. My Regards
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Might be a silly question for this forum, but I need round polymer fibers approx 10µm diameter, minimum 50mm length but preferably on reel. Preferably non toxic. Preferably European supplier. Anyone that can point me in the right direction?
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Hi Petter,
You may make an inquiry at Alfa Chemistry, they offer kinds of good-quality materials.
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Dear All,
Is there any standard procedure for torsion test of polymeric materials under static loads at ambient temperatures or an existing standard for other materials should be used?
Best Regards,
Hamed
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Dear Hamed Sadaghian, various set of experiments are possible. Please check the following documents. My Regards
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Dear All,
Is there a unified standard for pure shear testing of polymeric materials?
Best Regards,
Hamed
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Dear Hamed Sadaghian, please check the following chapter. My Regards
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I am studying a thermoplastic polyester elastomer. I want to get a prony series from the data available that can be further used for FEA simulations. Is there any way to obtain the prony series parameters from the available data.
(Data sheet is attached)
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Hello Ashu,
Maybe these papers help you:
Methods of interconversion between linear viscoelastic material functions. Part I—A numerical method based on Prony series
Viscoelastic relaxation modulus characterization using Prony series
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What polymeric material has the most similar properties as nylon 6.6 in terms of the processing and mechanical properties, and it is not from the polyamides family?
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Dear Magdalena Góra, a rough suggestions, may be polyacrylonitrile, poly(metha)acrylates and polyurethane. My Regards
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Dear Researchers :
Does anyone have experience or knows specific works about the study of Mechanical Properties (i.e. , tensile strength, yield stress, limit of elongation (%), elastic modulus, etc.) of Polymeric Matrices...
These could be:
- Polyethylene/Polypropelene (PP)
- another PP or PE co-polymer, ter-polymer, etc
- EPR
- EPDM
- HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE
or other plastics or elastometers blends
but when Al2O3 particles (or nps) are embedded in the matrix ??
I will appreciate any help, or any direction,
Best Regards !:)
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Dear Franklin Uriel Parás Hernández, literature is really rich with the subject you are studying. Please check the following documents. My Regards
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By considering the fewer number of repeating monomeric units than polymer i.e. Oligomers. How Oligomers are better than polymeric materials in different applications like mechanofluorochromism, gas sensing, or other stimuli-responsive?
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Dear all, these are general information : low solution/melt viscosity, less prone to mechanical degradation, ease of synthesis and processing. My Regards
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in literature we find a lot of studies to check the stability of the polymeric materials by DSC analysis. like PE materials properties were analyzed by measuring the variation in oxidation induction time (OIT). However, no specific studies were performed for the PVC materials (mainly pipes). Can anyone please provide specific reason for that ? or if studies were performed please provide. thanks
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Thanks to Jose Filho and Roland Wilder for kind response,
I will look into it.
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Hi all.
I want to make polymer composite ink for 3d printing(Extrusion method).
so, I need a polymer matrix that has low melting point(~100 C, low is better)
And also it should have low viscosity for easy mixing with other material.
Is there any polymer candidate you could recommend for me?
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Looking for a cheaper alternative to PDMS with similar flexibility and low melting point.
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Flexdym is a great alternative to PDMS, which saves you time and money.
The fabrication protocol is only 2-15 minutes long, depending on your application. And because Flexdym is a thermoplastic, it can be recycled and re-molded.
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I am currently running thermal polymerizations of compounds that form free radicals at elevated temperatures (T>120 degrees C).  I want to attempt to polymerize at discrete temperatures between 120 and 200 degrees C.  
Can I use AIBN radical initiator at these elevated temperatures without risk of explosion (in the literature it seems that AIBN is typically used at temps ranging from 60-80 degrees C)?  
If not, is there another radical initiator I can use at temperatures this high??
Thanks!
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Dear Mohamed Chaala, the best is the one that insures high solvation and low transfer reaction. The solvent is much more choosen with respect to the monomer first. My Regards
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To calculate the cristallite size L We need K the Scherrer Constante
what is mean this parameter and what is its value for the polymers
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Dear Belouadah Abdelhakim, please take a look at the following document. My Regards
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Hi everyone,
May I ask if there any ideas to fix the PET film on the glass substrate for nanoindentation test? Because PET itself is not able to attach to the substrate, if we fix the film only by using tapes adhere on four sides of the square shape glass substrate, the film might dislocate during indentation causing the results to become inaccurate. Your ideas and suggestions will be much appreciated. Thank you
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Ok no problem. Your suggestion is much appreciated. Thank you so much.
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My Industry R&D lab is considering purchase of an MS system to go on our existing Waters UPLC. Currently the only MS capability we have is a single quad GC/MS system. We want to be able to (1) analyze larger MW molecules outside of GC range and (2) be able to deformulate competitive product materials in adhesives, and various polymeric materials of various chemistries as well as low abundance additives, etc.
my main concern is that I am reading that sample cleanliness can cause big issues for qTOF work and we typically are analyzing complex formulations. qTOF seems to be the way to go for qualitative identification but how good is it with quantitation compared to a single quad system? how is sensitivity to low abundance compounds?
Thank you!
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Thanks for your response. I'm familiar with GCMS and with UPLC. I'm mainly refering to the differences between a single quad MS and qTOF systems for a UPLC.
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For my Ph.D. I require polymer membrane (those are irradiated by high energy particle and used in chemical etching). I want to purchase below 80nm pore size membrane. Many companies produce this but they give only packet up to 10000Rs. If anyone can exchange polycarbonate membrane, please contact me.
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Dear Mukesh,
You may make an inquiry at Alfa Chemistry, they offer kinds of high-purity chemicals.
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we specialize in styrene-butadiene emulsion polymerization, we run conversion to 60%, and we recover the unconverted (1.3 butadiene) at a purity of average of 73% and major impurity is (cis-2 butene), how can we minimize this impurity formation
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I agree Jing Jin, You can try to change the solvent of emulsion polymerization because that the content of 1.3 butadiene is controlled by the polarity of the solvent.
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Some residues from ferilizers coatings, and products of hyrogels/agrogels degradation are accumulated in plants tissues. I am looking for literature about this issue, where I can find more details, especially, data related to polymeric contaminations like products of degradation or microplastic. I will be grateful for any help.
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I want to dry the magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and then coat them with the polymeric material.
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Dear Sedef,
first you have to wash your NPs with the Deionized water and ethanol to remove the impurities, then separate your NPs with the magnet in the plate and upside down the plate to remove solution and keep only the NPs. Now you can put it in to the oven at 40C during the night. Be careful not to increase the Temp since it will affect your magnetization.
I hope my answer was helpful.
Also for more information for preparing NPs and coating you can read this articles which I have done some studies before.
  • 10.1088/1361-6528/aaa2b5
  • 10.1039/C7RA08903A
  • 10.1088/1748-605X/aab8d7
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Is there any reference to explain the polymeric bonding mechanism of epoxy resin polymeric adhesives to carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates or strips. I am a structural engineer and I would like to understand the chemistry aspect of this bonding process.
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You did not specify the resin used for CFRP. The adhesion mechanism all depends on what resin is used for making the composite. However, both thermoplastic matrix or cross-linked thermosetting polymer all exhausted the chemical reactivity by making the composite laminates. Even for a popular matrix for making a composite, epoxy resin matrix, the chances are that the epoxy does not have chemical functional groups left to form covalent bonds with the epoxy adhesive. This leaves the secondary bonding interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction and mechanical interlocking, the only bonding mechanisms. For example, an epoxy used for making CFRP will have residual hydroxyl groups to which the epoxy adhesive can hydrogen bond. In case you can heat treat the bonded system to rather high temperature, these hydroxy group can potentially form ether bond (covalent bond), but this is not a usual situation if you use room temperature or near room temperature curing conditions. In case the composite laminate surface can be roughened, then the epoxy adhesive can form some mechanical interlocking, which will further enhance the adhesion.
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I am currently trying to characterize the behaviour of different plastic polymers, in particular when stretched in an uniaxial direction.
I already conducted the classic tensile test, and got a general idea of the different features that the materials show, but I am having a hard time trying to measure their stretching stiffness; any suggestions on lab tests for this?
I found an equation linking stiffness to the elastic modulus and the resisting cross section, but I`d rather find it in a different way so as to not refer to a single type of test for all of my data.
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Take a look at this article, it can be helpful to you
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I need a few polymeric materials that are not water-soluble and at reasonable prices. Can someone guide you?
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Many polymers are water insoluble in market.Nylons,PP,HDPE LDPE,ABS,PVC,PC,PTFE,PMMA,SAN,Polystyrene etc.But important is your application (purpose) or what out of it you wants to make and how much you require?
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I need to solve a polyurethane binder and the recommended solvent is NMP( N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone ) but I have to replace it with another solvent due to material  shortage. Is there any alternative ?
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This is also my question. I am working on this topic currently, and my preliminary experiments shows that heat treatment can have a positive effect on leaching. I will publish the results of these experiments in the future.
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the food containers are manufactured from polymeric materials which in direct contact with the food inside it and i would like to improve their buckling strength by addition several nano materials to the polymeric materials.
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Silicate nanosheets such as montmorillonite will be sufficient. You could try with nanocellulose as well or hybrid of montmorillonite and nanocellulose.
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Hello Dears ;
Why we use the Ethanol Alcohol for cleaning the surface of polymeric materials.?
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Besides cheapness, ethanol is usually provided as 92% or 95% which means a water content of 8% or 5%. As such, the mixture ethanol/water will display adequate solvating power to cleaning the surfaces of polymers. We cannot use absolute ethanol (~100%) for cleaning polymers.
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Which failure mechanisms would be triggered by temperature cycling on a polymeric part? (Is it only thermal fatigue?)
I am doing accelerated temperature cycling by simulation, Which criteria can represent latent defects on material? (Creep strain rate, equivalent plastic strain, E-modulus reduction,...)
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And to find hysteresis bending, would be equivalent plastic strain a suitable clue?
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I build a chamber (10ul) in a PDMS for PCR application but when I heat the chamber (after 5-6 cycles), evaporation occurred and vanish the liquid in the chamber.
It seems the inlet and outlet of the chamber have leakage.
Is it possible that the vapor leak from above of the chamber (2mm PDMS)?
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Dear Mohammad reza,
welcome,
So, it seems that the PMDS is permeable to the vapor the material enclosed in it.
May a remedy is to seal the surface of the chamber by coating it with thin film of noble metal like gold.
Best wishes
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I have accessibility to a cheap source of plexiglass scraps. I am thinking to a recycling projects and producing new products based on PMMA recycling. What is your suggestion for PMMA recycling? What can we make from recycled plexiglass which has both economic value and innovation??
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PMMA cannot be easily recycled & it is not usually collected for such a purpose. Recycling a plastic proceeds if it is worthwhile doing in regard of cost & ease of processing and getting reasonable profit after the effort that is done.
It is possible to get the methyl methacrylate monomer from PMMA solid waste by depolymerization but this process is energy-intensive.
It is unfortunate that there is no relevant research on "facile" recycling of PMMA although PMMA is almost non-biodegradable as a waste. In some places, they try to get rid of it by pyrolysis.
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Actually, after adding PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane hydroxyl terminated Mn~600 g/mol) in DMF, it's very hard to distinguish or elucidate whether the polymer got solubilise! But I think the material is getting solubilise.
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DMSO and DMF cannot solubilize hydroxyl-terminated PDMS. IPA and THF can. May I know where I can find a list of LogP of common solvents? I have problem by mixing polyurethane and hydroxyl-terminated PDMS together. Thanks.
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Artificial Membranes, Polymeric Materials, Membrane Technology
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It depends on the membrane you make. There is no specific time for the flux to be stabilized. Some of the ultrafiltration membrane reaches a steady state after 30 minutes, the others take more than 2 hours to be stabilized.
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I fabricate polymer solutions with a high viscosity and degass them under vacuum. But when I want to pump these solutions, air bubbles produce again. What is the suitable pump for moving solutions without getting air bubbles.
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Low RPM gear pump should perform best for your material.
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If I measure Polarized Raman spectrum for graphene sheets, what are the informations I can get from it?
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Thank you so much Mr. Dheeraj Kumar
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I grow adherent cells on polymeric materials and want to stain cells without using fluorescence.
The stain should be
1. water-based (no alcohols or organic solvents) in order to preserve the integrity of the material
2. intense and stain at least the cytoplasmic fraction of the cell
3. resistant to dehydration
4. stable for at least one week without the requirement for mounting
Many thanks!
Valeria
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Please reformulated your question as follows:
- Histological stains are not water based ! Why??
read this link:
The Difference Between Water-Based and Solvent-Based Dyes.
these dyes are used to paint and NOT in the HISTOLOGY.!!!!
Also :
Which water based histological stain stains the cytoplasm of my cells?
(Valeria dixit)
Use soluble instead based
Well, you must read this book:
B. Romeis Mikroskopische Technik
Also:
I grow adherent cells on polymeric materials and want to stain cells without using fluorescence.
(Valeria dixit)
What a kind of cells (HeLa, Fibroblastes, tumor cells...)
IMPORTANT, do you want to stain the cells in VIVO or in VITRO??
For in Vivo staining, some dyes will be transported in the cytoplasma and
will be found in lysosomes.
For in Vitro staining and after fixation, the dyes will stain cytoplasma and nucleolus
What a kind of dyes do you want to use?
- Basic
-Anionic
-Neutral
Also:
Intense and stain at least the cytoplasmic fraction of the cell
(Valeria dixit)
Please read the book :
Molecular Biology of the cell Bruce Alberts et al. 1983 Garland Publishers USA
Also:
resistant to dehydration (Valeria dixit).
Do you mean the use of toluene/ethanol after staining (in order to avoid a shrinking).
As you see your question remains OBSOLETE if you don't reformulate and
give the required infos.
JRG
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I need to wash paper with 1% PVA, but don't have any proper guideline.
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1% could be 1% by volume or 1% by mass. This is not defined.
If we get to 100 mL of final solution then (by volume) 1 mL of PVA needs to be diluted in 99 mL of water (to make 100 mL total - Lewis's final concentration is 1/101 and thus not 1% w/v...). However, if there's volume change then this isn't the most appropriate way - here the comment of Rafik is applicable (dissolve 1 mL or 1 g in 50 mL and make up to 100 mL in a standard flask)
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Hi,
I would like to check the bio-compatibility of a polymeric material. what are the biochemical/toxicological test or any other method that I can perform in order to prove the bio-compatibility.
Any suggestions on cell line culture or any other method will be highly appreciated.
Thanks in advance for your kind help and suggestion.
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Dear Sir. Concerning your issue about how to check the biocompatibility of a polymeric material. An in vivo method is described for screening polymeric materials for biocompatibility. The test is based on grading acute and subacute tissue reactions at 7 and 28 days, respectively, following implantation in rats. The method is reproducible and reliable. It is designed to provide uniform test criteria for biocompatibility assessment in the early phases of the development of surgical implant materials. I think the following below links may help you in your analysis:
Thanks
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What is the difference between FTIR and ATR-FTIR?
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ATR (attenuated total reflectance) is a special accessory unit which can be used with FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometers. It enables you to measure directly onto a solid state sample surface by pressing the sample towards an ATR crystal (e.g. diamond), including liquid and gas samples, thus avoiding the need to prepare pellets (small concentration of sample in e.g. KBr, mechanically or chemically dissolved) for use in the normal transmittance mode. The ATR FTIR technique makes it possible to study materials which are non-transparent to infrared radiation in a pristine condition. Hence, the extensive, time consuming and often cumbersome sample preparation by pressing thin KBr pellets as in traditional FTIR transmittance spectroscopy is avoided. The traditional technique might even change the sample material in question. The ATR technique is based on a special reflectance setup where the sample is pressed directly onto various crystals with high refractive indices, e.g. diamond. Further details may e.g. be found in the following article (which may be requested through Research Gate): B. P. Jelle, T.-N. Nilsen, P. J. Hovde and A. Gustavsen, ”Accelerated Climate Aging of Building Materials and their Characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation Analysis”, Journal of Building Physics, 36, 99-112, 2012.
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Does anyone know the good parameters of sonicator (times, temp, and power) for good dispersion of cellulose nanofibers in water and modification of MWCNT?
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Hi Paula,
It works well with low concentration (0.1 - 0.2wt%), so would be 0.1g of CNF need 100 or 50 ml of water.
For bacterial cellulose, once it is formed a membrance, it is hard to disperse even at low concentration.
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Due to their poor electrical and mechanical proprieties, many polymeric materials are not suitable for electric power applications, mainly for electrical insulation. For instance, PVC is widely used in industrial applications, it is intended only for low voltage application though, because of high dielectric constant and high losses.
On the other hand, it has been found that Calcium carbonate, for example, improves the base properties of PVC by adding stiffness to the polymer matrix.
How can improve the mechanical and electrical properties of polymers (PVC, PP, PE,...etc)? and what are the most common (recent) methods used so far?
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As the polymers are now a good alternative to metals in today’s manufacturing world, the above efforts and the current work present in your work aim to give a clear understanding of the ability of PVC to work safely within the designed loads in the applications where PVC is used.you must conducting polymer blend electrolytes complexed with magnetic nano particlewere prepared using a solution casting technique .
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for producing glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites, we used recycled polyamide 6 which viscosity is 3.5, but after compounding its high viscosity and molecular weight caused problems in injection molding process. so we have to reduce molecular weight of polyamide. can anybody help me about this problem?
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Dear Nooshin,
Firstly, I don’t know that you have already solved your problem by finding the adequate answers.
Based on a long experience in the field of PA6, I will say that the grades with relative viscosity between 3 and 5 are mostly designed for the processing by extrusion. Presence of glass fibers will increase contribute to the increase of viscosity in the molten state. Please take a look on BASF’ documentation for PA.
But how to proceed to use these PA-GF for injection molding, process in which a big fluidity is required? I assume that other colleagues will propose the reduction of PA6 molecular weights using undried polymer to promote its hydrolysis, by adding specific additives or products, but I believe that it is a key-point to arrive to a controlled process of PA6 degradation- which could be for discussion, whereas in presence of some oligomers the aspect of injected items is not very nice.
I’m rather for traditional solutions such as the increase of injection molding and mold temperatures, addition of processing lubricants or small amounts of plasticizers…
Good luck and best regards,
Marius
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Consider we are testing soil  and polymeric material as a stress controlled -shear test.
we will plot stress- strain. In this case after getting peak vale, is it possible to get lower values compared to peak value after the peak value is achieved?
Normally in strain controlled test for example in soil, we will get peak value and lower ultimate value.
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YES. There are loading rate dependent components - by applying F you can't control the loading rate v... This is a point I'm defending in my Ph.D. thesis:
Equation of motions has 3 components, K, C and M (stiffness, viscosity and mass)
F=K*u + C*v + M*a
If F is the input, then some set of u, v and a will be the output. Therefore, we cannot "isolate" K by applying F, because all three components are generated: (1) static stiffness K*u, (2) dynamic viscosity C*v and (3) inertia M*a.
This is especially problematic in geotechnics, as all three components (K, C and M) act as nonlinear, state / phase dependent functions.
The C component is especially noticeable in partially undrained sand. Pore water takes time to drain, therefore pore-pressure buildup is loading rate (v) dependent. It can generate reduced strength in contracting (liquefying) phase of loading, and/or additional strength during expanding (dilating) phases of loading.
Therefore, it is crucial to keep both v and a under control, at very low values, to measure quasi static stiffness K. It is crucial to recognize the difference between "F as the input" and "F as the output"... It is NOT OK to "input the output"...
If F is the output: u, v and a are the input (v~0, and a~0 is required, to isolate K*u).
If u is the output: F, C*v and M*a are the inputs. F can't be applied without generating C*v and M*a.
This makes a HUGE difference in loading rate sensitive soils (such as partially undrained sand, at the sea floor, reacting to impact loads).
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I'm going to print a polymerization material by PZT inkjet printer. So, will it accelerate the polymerization. 
And the frequency is 5 kHz.
Thanks.
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Ultrasound is just that - a frequency above that of hearing.  If you have a high vibration rate then you'll induce cavitation as whatever vibrates, moves and creates a vacuum in the space if the fluid can't follow the movement.
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I am doing the UV cross-linking of isoprene in porous polymeric film. I know that the reaction is successful because after cross-linking film is not more soluble in organic solvents. However I need additional analytic method to prove it and desirably to calculate the % of cross-linking. Will be grateful for yours suggestion.
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Dear Luliia:
My advice is to use FT-IR.  If the shape of your sample is such that the measurement is complicated - you can use an FT-IR ATR method.  The proposed way is the easiest and the fastest.
I do not advice you to use Soxlet extraction method - because - the crosslinking reaction will continue in the course of extraction- and the extent of crosslinking  will be over-estimated. 
Good Luck to you with your experiments,
Leonid
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I am producing polymer porous membranes through non-solvent induced phase separation and I need to extend the length of finger-like structures. It seems like sponge-like structures are always formed on the side that is distant from the coagulant/polymer solution interface (the part of the nascent membrane in direct contact with the support).
What is the main parameter that affect the finger-like morphology and that can be controlled in order to promote the formation of this specific morphology only?
Additionally, which is the best analysis to reach a better understanding about the motivations and dynamics of finger-like formation process?
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Actually ,Shape of pore is depend on the miscibility or exchange rate of solvent and non-solvent during phase inversion,temperature and concentration of polymer. Miscibility of solvent and non-solvent largely depend on solubility parameter at particular temperature.Higher the miscibility between the solvent and non-solvent,faster the phase inversion process,which formed the larger pore on the bottom part.This is due to the  sudden rush of solvent towards the non-solvent which drag the polymer along with towards the non-solvent side and  space vacant by the polymer is converted into the pore.If polymer concentration is low ,means solvent concentration is high,high solvent amount of solvent observed the large drag along with polymer towards the non-solvent during precipitation.Due to that reason polymer solution with lower concentration always leads to the larger pore during phase inversion compare to higher polymer concentration.
           One another parameter is drying time.Drying time of cast solution allowed the solvent to evaporate  from the surface and leads to the formation dense or less porous structure on surface compare to bottom side of the membrane.
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I want no agglomeration of metal particles in the PLA- chlorofrom solvent solution. I am using solvent casting method to make the composite and finding the composite is not electrically conductive. 
I want the composite to be electrically conductive. Any suggestions
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For electrical conductivity you will need to match percolation conditions, i.e., in a 3D system a concentration above 26 % (volume). The surfactant won't affect this consideration.
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Will blending low concentration PVA to another high concentration, both have the same molecular weight, affect the swelling degree and hydrophilicity??
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Dear Asmaa, 
It may depend on the physico-chemical compatibility of the blend. Also, be very careful which kind of polymer you are adding in the composition. If you are trying to prepare a film which is insoluble in water you may have to chemically modified PVA by cross-linking. 
good luck. 
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if there is any such polymer would that be available commercially? 
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I suggest NYLON 4/6  which is also called POLY(TETRAMETHYLENE ADIPAMIDE).
This polymer has the properties you look for, e.g. it has a melting point of 295 °C so it has heat resistance at the temperature you mentioned.
It is commercially available (see this reference) but ask the supplier to provide all the necessary information. Wishing you success.
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I have been looking for sometime without success on the web and in the literature for a curable polymer with an intermediate Youngs Modulus range:3MPa-500MPa.
Could anyone give me some suggestion on this?
Thanks
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Hi,
I think PVDF should be good..another polymer we looked at is polyurathene..wat do you think?
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Can be better if the exact series of polymer is known.
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PP is one of the most commonly used polymers, and has good mechanical properties, heat resistance, low cost, ease of processing, and full recyclability. Its biggest drawback is low impact strength, which can be improved by a toughening modification. Therefore, a blending method, the most efficient and easy, has been widely used. Polyblends are a product by melt-blending or solvent-blending two or more polymers. The mechanical or physical properties of polyblends depend on the phase morphology, action between continuous and dispersed phase, and the component ratios.
There are some polymers which can be blended well with PP such as PE. The blends of PP with HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, VLDPE, ULDPE, and PET have been studied etc. For a toughening modification, other thermoplastics or elastomers are used as modifiers to blend with PP in order to increase its toughness.
Hope this will help.
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Hi
I need to make a thin biodegradable film with high tensile strength. 
Any suggestions for a polymer or a mixture that favors hydrogel formation would be appreciated.
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Thanks Ricardo
I have already considered PLA and it is biodegradable. However, I am looking for other alternatives.
If anyone has any in-house polymer and ready to share, then it would be a good venture to explore and re-discover new applications of the polymer.
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I started a project that deals with the diffusion of gold nanoparticles through elastomeric films.
The films will be contacted with an aqueous solution of gold nanoparticles (5 nm in diameter) with a concentration of 50 ppm.
The elastomeric materials should be nitriles or silicone.
Is there a chance that elastomers will swell due to contact with water? Will the free volume created between the chains following the swelling be sufficient to let the 5 nm nanoparticles diffuse through the rubbery structure? If so, what techniques can I use to track / detect these nanoparticles inside the film structure.
I’m new in the field, please provide me your suggestions on the subject and thank you in advance.
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the AU NP are not suitable for this 
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I'm working on a project on drug delivery system. My team is researching on the conjugation of HPMC (a semi-synthesized polymer) and Zein (a protein extracted from corn). If anyone knows any information about how to conjugate those two (maybe make them become a micelle we suppose), please let me know. Thank you so much for your support. You are helping to create a new tool for advanced nanomedicine application in enhancing the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs!
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Hydrophilic-hydrophobic polymer blend for modulation of crystalline changes and molecular interactions in solid dispersion. go through this article 
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I have read in one journal that the blending of PMMA into PVDF will enhance the transparency of the membrane. Does anyone know what else we can do to produce transparent membranes?
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PVDF is a semi-crystalline polymer while PMMA is a amorphous polymer, by blending them we can get a miscible blend of constituent polymers which are transparent. 
Usually we can make transparent films of PVDF using polar solvents such as DMF. It's transparency highly depends upon synthesis conditions such as humidity, ambient temperature etc. Under optimized conditions, we can get nearly 70% transparent films.
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I would like to calculate degree of crystallinity of nanocomposite masterbatch blend based on PLA/PHBV with L-CNC nucleating agent?
There is no bimodal endothermic peak..
PLA is Ingeo 3251D
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Martin, 
I understand that you can have been excited seen your DSC.
What was your personal interpretation and the one of your advisor?
I suppose you are limited by the DSC capability to get the Tg of the PHBV and to get a controlled cooling rate.
Could you share the first heat of your DSCs?
Could you share the cooling curve?
What is the repeatability of your DSCs for that 50/50 mixture utilizing your procedure?
Regards
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I am new to XPS and my background is complete different (Electronic Engineering), so please excuse the naivity of my questions. 
1. Lets say I have some XPS data of a polymeric material and I got C-1s and O-1s specta and I want to obtain the C1s at% relative to O1s. Peak fitting and literature indicate that there are multiple peaks in both related to chemical shifts. In the C1s there are peaks associated with C-O and C=O bonds. Does this mean that there have to be curves for these two also in the O1s spectra? Each of these peaks will be related to an at%, the three peaks from the C-1s (one being the C-c core line) and the two from the O-1s. What should be used to calculate the at% of C relative to O?
2. I want to compare the XPS spectra ontained from surfaces processed differently (temperature) to see how the at% of each element is affected. Should all peaks remain at the same B.E.? should their FWHM remain constant?  
3. What is the best way of displaying survey spectra in a publication with regards to background subtraction? Should I use a linear background or a Shirley for the whole spectrum?
4. For the C-1s peak should I use a symmetric or assymetric curve?
5. How should one decide on the Gaussian/Lorentzian ratio?
I am using the ThermoFisher J-Alpha and the Advantage software.
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Wow! This is the starting point for a section of a course on XPS. Background correction. Peak shifts. Peak fitting. Spectral display. That is a lot!
My first recommendation is one that is made in many forums on software when someone enters who is brand new and basically says ... Tell me everything you know about how to get this specific result (implicit: so that I can do what I need right away without really having to do any background studies on it).
--> Read and do tutorials. Read the manuals. Read subject books on the topic. Read the background literature specific to your system.
My second recommendation at your point is to find a subject expert in the field who can guide you with your studies. I imagine that Imperial College should have someone who can fill such a roll.
Now, specifically ...
1a) The literature you have should provide the answer to your question.
1b) The ratio of C/O is the atomic % of C to the atomic % of O. A reference on XPS will explain how this is determined.
2) Generally, peak positions and widths (and shapes) should remain the same for the same chemistry. The positions and half-widths may change depending on how the chemistry of the material changes. Deciding when to change peak positions and half-widths is actually part of the detective work.
3) Survey scans are displayed without background subtraction. High resolution scans should be displayed with the background included. It should be at least a Shirley and possibly a Tougaard.
4 and 5) This is part of the detective work. The chemistry of the sample dictates the shape, position, and width of the peaks. But, you do not know the chemistry of the sample exactly to start. So, you have to "guess" at what it is, use the corresponding peaks in fitting, and see if you get results that are consistent with what is expected. Otherwise, change the shape, positions, or widths of the peaks and try again. The mystery of proper peak fitting in XPS is that it is NOT a black box where you input specific peak assignments and get out your sample chemistry unambiguously. It is rather an interactive process where you learn what is best for your sample by testing various options. The good news is that you have a wealth of resources to help you find the best starting points for your peak fitting. You only have to go explore them more thoroughly.
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Attached is a graph adopted from an article (ACS Nano, 2012, 6 (2), pp 1427–1437) which shows, increasing the number of layers in an Inverse opal film, leads to a decrease in the fraction of filled pores upon immersing in a liquid. Its based on percolation modeling. 
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seems that with number of layers pores below surface get less and less accessible.
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I have been producing polycaprolactone fibers by means of electrospinning on an aluminium foil onto a metallic collector plate. After the polymer fibers have deposited on the foil, I remove it from the collector plate. How can I store these fibers? Until now I have been folding the aluminum foil and labelling it with the name and suitable parameters used to produce that particular fiber. . But I have realised that this is not the way one is supposed to follow as the fibers are fragile and folding the foil may break the fibers. What is other alternative solution? This would also help me  carry the fibers from one lab to another.
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You can use desiccators so that it will remove moisture from fibers and protect from water vapour in the air. So that your fibers shelf life can be increased without any changes.
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I'm a trainee in a company which supplies space engines and we currently use an encapsulating epoxy resin (Stycast W67) with a low viscosity (200-300 cP) but a very long polymerization time (22 hours). We want to replace it in order to gain time. 
Thanks for your answer. 
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MERECO XL-389 has a viscosity close to water and cures 2hrs. at 60 C
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Polymer scientists
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Hello
I would react on the comment by Gökhan Topçu. Light scattering techniques can give you polymer chains dimensions, but these are NOT equal to the length of the polymer chain! Most common is the evaluation of the hydrodynamic radius Rh, which is the radius of a hypothetical sphere with hydrodynamic properties equal to the polymer coil.  The chain itself can easily be order of magnitude longer than Rh. Therefore, Rh (and other radii from scattering methods) will depend on the solution properties, temperature, etc. Only if you would have the chains in a fully stretched conformation (highly unlikely for most systems), then Rh would get close to the real chain length.
What is possible is to measure the Mw of your polymer and then, supposed that you know the length of the repeating units, Mw and the molar or weight fractions of the two blocks, you can calculate the total length of the polymer chain and the block lengths.
Regards
Josef
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You can see on the curve, the Young Modulus decrease. Is there a problem with our machine or it's due to material plasticization and matrix / fiber decohesion ?
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it'ok. Best regards...
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I'm working on a non-hygroscopic non-swellable matrix..
Can anyone guide me in this regard?
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No Sir, PVP is hygroscopic. There might be some specific grade of it whch would be nonhygroscopic