Political Behavior - Science topic

Consider the issue that one phase of your work may raise questions or lead you to identifying the need for more information. From a reflexive perspective from anthropology, this leads to the need to re-enter the archive. If you want to see a logic for this, you can explore several chapters in our 2023 book (ebook) that makes these processes in educational contexts transparent to readers. The book is Interactional Ethnography: Designing and Conducting Discourse-Based Ethnographic Research. The concept of reflexive analysis is also visible in the work on Michael Agar (see his website) in Language Shock, the Professional Stranger and Culture can you take it anywhere (FQS) for a rationale from an anthropological perspective.

Your rhetoric is measured as single digit micrometers. I've read many of your unpublished, self conscious BS sheets that serve almost exclusively as your references.

Think you'd most enjoy debating your shallow self.

Because most African countries are still living under colonialism, even if the colonialism was indirect, in addition to economic dependency on major countries, especially the United States of America, France, Britain, and others.

I posted this question after reading the fascinating account of Dilke's career by Roy Jenkins, Sir Charles Dilke: A Victorian Tragedy, because I saw that a number of researchers on RG had posted material about Dilke. Is there no current interest in the Dilke issue?

Yusuf, if you look at exism movements from the point of view of an paradigm shift from normal democratic outcomes to extreme democratic outcomes you need an outside the box thinking model to solve the problem of the paradigm shift knowledge gap created, you need new concepts/ideas no found in dictionaries that how the growth of knowledge works if you remember thomas kuhn's paradigm evolution loop.

If you know what exism movements are you can point out to the answer without looking at the specific concepts.

What is your view on the answer to the question?

Related to the citations, let me also point to the following:

Mr. Mahmoud Moghavvemi

I think it is because they have a very small universe

of understanding or a great intention to profit from

incorrect decisions.

Best regards

Marlúbia

Dear Dr. Masood Ahmed ,

Visionary leadershipin Covid-19 is essential for the development of a Company and the motivation of its employees. Keeping these factors clear, here are some questions you can include in an Engagement assessment to find out how "your team" is doing:

Labor Clarity:

Do you know what your role is in the company?

Do you know how your work impacts the company?

Do you consider that you have the necessary skills to do your job in the best possible way?

Quality of Labor Relations:

Is there trust and respect within your team?

Do they share and teach knowledge within your team?

Does your team help you complete your work?

Leadership Quality:

Does your boss give you feedback, telling you what you do well and how to improve?

Does your boss worry about balancing your workload so that your work doesn't interfere with your personal life?

Does your boss treat you with respect?

Please see this links:

The above are old lits though but details comprehensively traits of visionary leaders pre-covid.

Also see bluecolar leadership on Linkedin.

Hope it helps.

For academics, this leaves a somewhat-muddied role in society and students' lives. As a student, an academic is not only a mentor but a guide through the various areas of our subjects of study, and this often means working with material typically seen as less pertinent to current society.

Please also have a look at this useful link.

Great to share interesting question! I think there is not only single factor of as mentioned in the question as religious extremism or deviation in the behavior of some people or policies leading to terrorism. There may be multiple factors depending on the situations and ecology of the area such as local area, boundings, affiliations, familial background, personals choices and options, situations, community factors, socio-cultural factors, sociolizational factors, peer influence and many more. similarly, it also vary from person to person, area to area, culture to culture, community to community, and region to region. Hence, religious extremism may be one of them but not for all.

Dr Shoaib

It's an epidemic....may God protect us.....

Yes, the way one governance, particularly in African countries are largely based on their manifesto which they had promised to implement if elected. Since most of them want second term, they will always ensure that they fulfil on their pre-election pledges.

Уважаемые коллеги!

В России политическое насилие на выборах исследуется в рамках "Электоральной криминологии", а в целом политическое насилие как средство достижения политических целей в рамках "Политической криминологии", а жертвы политического насилия исследуются "Криминальной политической виктимологией".

Hi, Aziz Ur Rehman. The first one is a PhD thesis and you can find it online in https://www.academia.edu/27692369/Social_movements_YouTube_and_political_activism_in_authoritarian_countries_a_comparative_analysis_of_political_change_in_Pakistan_Tunisia_and_Egypt. The Second publication is available in https://books.google.pt/books?id=kQWdDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-PT&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Hope this helps!

Dear Melissa Lux,

I recommend you to take a look at:

It's unethical, and in several coutries prohibited.

Since the beginning of the pandemic, the world economy has slowed down. People live in isolation and practicing social distancing as never before, and the death rate from an unprecedented killer is rising rapidly.

We see and hear in the news every day that thousands of people around the world have lost their job or being laid off, leaving many people around the world facing the coming days with a lot of uncertainty regarding the future. Although it might be challenging to predict the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has imposed at the moment. Still, it will have a lot of hardship on many people around the globe .a A harsh reality of grief, stress, and unemployment.

Presume you are already sourcing this, but perhaps not, some helpful resources from the "Mujeres Libres" archive on the "Free women of Spain".

- Toda la Vida - Mujeres Libres CNT (video)

(Lisa Berger y Carol Mazer, 1986)

- Indomables, una historia de Mujeres Libres (video)

Some related text in this book at https://tinyurl.com/twesrvt

Obviously, real democracy is possible only when each voter has enough intellectual power and knowledge. It would be great to have something like exams for driver or shooter licence - "voter licence" - basic questions from history, logic, fundamentals of natural sciences (school level). Otherwise, it is not democracy, it is ochlocracy: TV stars, sportsmen, populists, etc. (of course, paid by serious persons - oligarchs, who will get real power) to be elected.

There is one nice movie "Idiocracy" (2006), looks like a prediction...

Very much Critical w.r .t Social & Political Scienario.

Of course, it means political behavior in the organization, not in the society.

Political behaviors in the organization include conscious actions to influence individuals or groups to achieve or protect their interests when there are conflicting solutions.

Political behavior The unauthorized use of power that results in the acquisition and maintenance of one's own interests or the personal interests of one's own group.

The key question is: Do we have to adhere to ethical principles in conducting political behavior?

We recently published this article:

Wilson-Daily, A. E., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2019). Youth Perceptions of Voting Participation in the Midst of Catalonia’s Active Struggle for Independence. Youth & Society, https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X19840965

It might not be exactly what you are looking for but it contains multilevel analyses that might give you some insight.

I strongly believe the US-China trade war occurs as a result of political change in the US. Discontent regarding bilateral trade with China, which has long been accumulated through the years, has triggered power shift in the US. In addition, the Chinese would never budge as they are ready for all out war. Consequently, this war would keep going on unless another power shift occurs in the US.

I don't think international governance or third country would be able to meditate this conflict. Both countries insist that they are in position to dictate the world. It is not the other way around. The Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO was skipped from the beginning. Hence this conflict can only be solved by the US and China alone.

Yes, actually social media activities are also frequently used in political marketing practices. For example, Obama is one of the presidents who benefited most from this concept. During the campaign process, the on-line question and answer sections on the voters with Facebook made it possible for the voters to receive immediate answers to their questions, while the leader also identified the voter problems through face-to-face interviews and contributed to the effectiveness and efficiency of the promotion and advertising activities.

Perhaps could be useful read the report The relational State (IPPR)

Politics is a collective effect, where the Michael Polanyi definition of self-organized behavior can apply. This is is discussed in terms of trust and consciouness, for a non-partisan understanding of the forces at play here, at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328262681_Consciousness_The_5th_Dimension

The thinking on this has changed over time. Currently a more "self-organizing" idea of the beehive and ant colony exists. In the past the queen was seen as a "ruler." As others have mentioned in these answers, the queen may still have some influence on workers, however they are also believed to be completing tasks through self-organization. For more on the history of how the queen and worker have been viewed or how the idea of self -organization was adopted as an explanation of structure see:

Rodgers, Diane M. 2008. Debugging the Link Between Social Theory and Social Insects. Louisiana State University Press.

Rodgers, Diane M. 2012. “Busy as a Bee or Unemployed?: Shifting Scientific Discourse on Work” Minerva 50 (1): 45-64.

Rodgers, Diane M. 2012.“The Socially Constructed Natural Origins of Self-Organization,” pp. 753-774 in Origin(s) of Design in Nature edited by L. Swan, R. Gordon & J. Seckbach. Dordrecht: Springer.

It is a fascinating question that has social and cultural influences to the answer!

Dear Vania Ceccato,

Thanks for your answer. Yes, I have decided to go ahed with the statified sampling method considering many factors. Will see how the results comes out.

I use the mixed model or multilevel approach which is an adaptive procedure that partially pools

and here it is in action

which shows it is possible to estimate an overall model and see how things have change by wave.

Have the students grow up with the idea that they are going to be the leaders of tomorrow and they must all be informed and engaged by making their voice heard through their vote. In most schools we do teach by example. We have student governments or voting systems when choices need to be made, etc.

There should be some kind of system to set up to ensure that all the able citizens that are eligible to vote actually vote. ( I believe it is possible with the technology we have.)

I would like to see some kind of type of reward to all the citizens that vote. Of course, with a reward there might be some kind of consequence to those that vote.

An idea I have is to give the citizens a certain percentage, 5 % for example, added to their income tax returns if they are to receive a refund and by ricochet leave the refund as is if they do not vote.

For those that have to pay income tax, 5% would be deducted from the amount owed and again, nothing deducted for those that do not vote.

Transparency must prevail at all echelons of governments.

Politicians have to be honest and actually care about the citizens that they need to vote for them. I am so tired of that shit.

This way of doing deals behind closed doors with politicians should be illegal. No wonder, we, as voters, feel that these so called, democratic governments, are not representing the voice of the people but cater to those big multi nationals that basically bought them.

I do not have the perfect answer to this. In my life experience, I have seen this happen. Honestly, they seem to have a better life than those of us that are trying to be productive citizens to our country. Honestly, I think they are on to something.

We all know it exists. I am sure billions of dollars of untaxed sales go uncollected.

I find that to be simply wrong. There is only so much money any democracy can squeeze out of the middle class that live more or less an honest life.

Coming from a democratic country, I feel blessed that I can express myself without the fear of being silenced by the leaders of my country.

As long as we are able to express ourselves and voice our concerns, perhaps in time we, as citizens, will MAKE a difference.

I mean, I can still hope that things will imporve... I hope.

Also, I truly believe that civil servants must try to be engaged in actually caring in giving a decent service to its citizens. With extreme passion I simply hate those  1-800 numbers where you end up in some obscure voice mail where no one returns your call. Or if you are lucky, the human on the other end of the phone transfers you and if you are lucky, an other human answers and again you are transferred to an other person on and on it goes until you end up in some obscure voice mail where you do not have the phone number of the actual idiot, I mean civil servant, that is supposed to give a hoot to solve your simple question. This way of doing things is immoral, in my opinion.

Hi Eric

I always find this webpage very useful: https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/other/mult-pkg/whatstat/

It allows you not only to track the correct test given the data at hand, but also to find information on how to use and interpret it in different softwares.

Hope that helps!

Dear Filipe Cristovão Ribeiro da Cunha

I appreciate your comments very much. I decided to wait for some more opinions, but months passed and there was no success. I appreciate and respect your stance, but I differ from it and here I submit my arguments:

a) The vast majority of the texts I have found, both from the ornithological and the ethological perspectives, coincide in registering and understanding mobbing as a mechanism whose fundamental purpose is to protect and conserve individuals and the species. Therefore, I assume that this fact is, in general, hardly questionable (a simple search on the internet allows to locate a large number of specialized texts).

b) So far I have not found any argumentation / explanation in the specialized literature on workplace mobbing that strongly justifies the change of the purpose of this collective behavior in the scientific disciplines that have studied it (from being a defensive, protective and conservation mechanism in ornithology and ethology, to being a form of violence that seeks the exclusion and / or destruction of a particular individual in disciplines such as psychology, medicine, sociology, anthropology, etc.). If you know any, I'll thank you very much for telling me which one it is.

c) I must mention that, so far, among ornithologists and ethologists, the only author I have found who apparently came to think that the term was applicable to human beings is Konrad Lorenz, but he does not support that idea! In both On Agression (Chapter 5, pp. 76 / 92 in Spanish book - something that I learned recently thanks to a book that I am translating) and Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins (Chapter 8, pp. 83-84 / 48 in Spanish PDF) he only affirms. He does not develop, he does not argue, he does not explain this idea, he only poses it as a fact, in a few lines.

d) It seems to me that an essential part of the problem is due to the fact that the observable behavior in both animals and humans is similar: a group against an individual. Apparently it was very simple to take the term as is. But beyond that, if we observe and analyze each phenomenon more closely, there are multiple differences regarding how and why they occur, which is largely due to its purpose (see my essay Mobbing: ¿debemos seguir llamándolo así? Lorenz y Leymann revisitados, available in Spanish here in RG).

e) Therefore, particularly in science, using the same term to refer to two different phenomena is a conceptual error, or at least an important confusion that requires attention. We are building knowledge and I believe, respectfully, that we must be more careful.

Due to the above, I am very surprised that in all these years (almost 40 years, since physician Peter Paul Heinemann introduced the term in Sweden, in 1969) apparently no ornithologist or ethologist has commented on it. And that brings me to the simplest question: why?

In view of the above I came to RG, in order to discuss and find answers. I think it is necessary to find an appropriate name for the phenomenon of violence that occurs between human beings (which is not easy, since it is a complex phenomenon), and to leave unchanged the one destined for birds and other animals.

Thank you very much for your time, Filipe. And if you want to continue the discussion, what you want to contribute is welcome.

Greetings, good end of the year and better 2018. See you soon.

Sincerely,

Psych. Sergio Navarrete Vázquez

December 27th 2017

For some scholars, political branding is the lens by which all the communications pass (look to Marland (2016, etc)). Or Needham (2005) proposes that a party who forms the government can use those resources to reinforce his own brand. We can imagine how policies can become a way to reinforce a certain element of the brand of the party.

So in a way, I would say that every activities of a party/government has the potentiel to reinforce a brand or modify it, whenever the party does it consciously or not.

One reason is the belief that the various political parties are so controlled by special interests that, regardless of who wins, real social change will never be accomplished. I take the failure of the US Congress to implement single-payer, universal health care as a case in point. Research consistently shows that such a system works best. So how else, apart from politicians receiving large sums of money from corporations that would take a financial hit if single-payer health care were implemented, does one explain the reluctance by many Democrats and virtually all Republicans to adopt this model? 

The role of the media is potentially informative (when they are limited to communicating facts) and partial modifier (when they fit their own or third party interests).

Independent state means have little reach, media dependent on large corporate capitals have a greater reach.

In either scenario, both play a defining role, both have their own interests or third parties.

For example, at the end of the Second World War, the media served to give us information about the Holocaust, today the media report that such a Holocaust to the Jewish people did not happen like this. Indeed, at the first opportunity we were told that about 600,000 Jews died in the gas chamber, it is now said that they were between 200,000 and 300,000.

What's behind this? Do you have to learn to read between the lines? Do you have to take time after hearing news? Do you have to close your eyes and think after seeing some pictures?

Do they play the media with the passions of their users?

There are really many variables to measure. A study of the applicability of this theory is very complex.

Hello Fareed Hameed Al-hindawi,

As you have rightly observed , critical discourse analysis and critical pragmatics generally but not specifically deal with power and dominance; however, they differ in the analytical approaches they follow in order to fulfill their aims. Within the lines of Social Semiotics , CDA aims to investigate the functional relations between sociopolitical  systems that collectively construct meaning related to discursively enacted dominance in an  attempt to fathom out  the discursive means of mental and social control .By contrast, critical pragmatics  is an important  theory rooted in philosophy of language, semantics and pragmatics regarding language  as a mode of action with  communicative intentions connecting language as action to language as possessor of content governed by reflexive and referential truth conditions (see Perry, 2001). Under such perspectivization, utterances produced by the speaker are in effect information-carrying events with  different levels of contents or truth conditions. For further details, the following links can hopefully provide you with the information addressing the issue.

Best regards,

R. Biria

https://www.researchgate.net/.../316047592_A_Critical_Pragmatic_Analysis_of_the_Dis...

https://www.researchgate.net/.../What_are_the_differences_between_pragmatics_and_...

Please different ideas and concepts should be allow to  functions without interference,accord desire respect and and encourage to thrive for the development humanity.

 To me the neoliberal ideology which emphasizes individualist viewpoint (rather than group or social) gives little space for resistance. More we become individualistic more will be the dominance of neoliberalism. This individualist thinking is constructed at the household level where we learn why to speak for others and same thought is being practiced in other household for us. Although we think that in this globalized world, with so many social web cites, apps we are more connected with people but in fact we are in the period of crisis of effective voice  hence less resistance for neoliberalism. 

Contemporary experiences demonstrate that the relationship between development and democracy represents a two-way path: democracy provides mechanisms and institutions that will enable real and humane development, and the development process will create objective conditions and a climate conducive to the consolidation of democratic practices in society.

Needless to say, the expansion of this participation in the decision-making process requires the encouragement of platforms for dialogue, the free exchange of ideas and expression, the establishment of open channels between citizens and the state, and the creation of opportunities for citizens to form voluntary civil society organizations to express options the society. It also requires the activation of popular participation in the establishment of the rule of law, the provision of effective mechanisms by which citizens can exercise their rights stipulated by the Constitution of the State of law and the right to obtain the necessary information and data to understand and influence the reality. Conditions for sustainable development.

As we know, political and social stability is indispensable for development, without which real and sustainable development can not be achieved. Democracy is not a system that can provide peaceful mechanisms to deal with the contradiction of economic and social interests and political conflicts. The differences through constructive dialogue, the suppression of social tensions, the transfer of conflicts from the public framework to clandestine work involving the potential of violence and extremism and disrupting the role of the driving forces in the development process. Just as political and social stability helps to speed up the process of development and push it on the right track, the progress of the development process will lead to the consolidation of political and social stability and the consolidation of democratic experience.

In order to realize the depth of the relationship between development and democracy, we must be aware of the importance of the human element in the development process on the one hand, and the great influence that democracy has on developing the capabilities of this element and its role in the development process. To the extent that he has opportunities to develop his potential, and to the extent that he has the incentives to employ these energies in the right productive ways, as much as he can use the resources available for real development and human dimensions. Hence, the importance of democracy is by making it possible for citizens to participate in decision-making, enabling human needs to be placed at the top of the development agenda. Needless to say, meeting these needs will enhance citizens' abilities and broaden their options Itself, and unleashing the energies of creation and creativity inherent in it.

The citizen's realization that the opportunities for progress are open to him, his progress depends on his work and his efficiency without any other consideration, and his confidence that the fruits of his work will return him, will push him to strive to acquire more knowledge and skills and to do more work.

Putting the basic needs of citizens at the forefront of development priorities, broadening public participation in decision-making and subjecting economic, social and cultural policies to further study and scrutiny through open public dialogue can lead to rational management of economic and human resources. On the other hand, ensuring easy access to information, providing transparency in economic transactions, making it possible to highlight deficiencies and inefficiencies in government agencies and institutions of economic nature, and exposing abuses and perverse practices, helps to improve the performance of government agencies and institutions and enables the fight against Corruption.

Needless to say, it is only people who are able to detect deficiencies, corruption and perverse practices effectively. In many developing countries, government oversight bodies lack impartiality and impartiality and are often under pressure from those responsible for corruption and corruption. Is unable to show the facts and condemn the defaulters and spoilers.

We may not be exaggerating if we say that achieving development and ensuring its sustainability is inextricably linked to democracy. The process of development is not only affected by democracy but also affects it. The relationship between development and democracy is controversial and has a reciprocal effect: democracy provides the framework for development, and development creates the material base and climate conducive to the development of democracy.

Development, as an extension of opportunity, allows the citizen to lack knowledge and skills and develop his abilities, and choose the work in which he finds himself and earn him income to ensure a decent life. And a sense of responsibility towards him, and strengthens his conviction that the need to rely on dialogue and communication in dealing with public issues, which creates an atmosphere suitable to address social and political problems by peaceful means. The more development, with its human dimension, takes its course as stability in society solidifies and the democratic experiment is rooted.

I think the emphasis on citizen education is mistaken.  The democracies we recognise got going in the nineteenth century when people were quite poorly educated yet they developed and flourished.  And democracy proved to be very tough.  Backsliding only seems to occur where it is new and not firmly established. 

Nearly everywhere, democracies settled into two options, left and right, represented by two political teams.  The universality of this division reflects something in the nature of human sociality.  Experience has been that over time, the sides take turns at governing. 

Voting essentially consists of marking a ballot paper every few years to choose one side or the other.  The notion that it is useful to educate the voters, assumes there is a right and a wrong way to do this—a way to be in accord with “the principles and goals of the political community.”  I would be interested to know of any research to investigate whether, say, professors of philosophy, political science, or economics, vote better than ordinary people.  I should think that on average fifty per cent of them vote for the wrong side every election. 

So the political education of voters appears to be irrelevant to politics.  Perhaps the problem is not that the voters are too dumb but that the leaders are too clever.  That would mean political institutions must be designed to restrict leaders’ power.  This is somewhat recognised (e.g., through term limits) but the problem is pervasive. 

If there is a single big flaw it is the presidential system.  This is the system where the chief executive is elected by the people.  Usually the president also chooses the ministers of the cabinet.  It malfunctions everywhere.  It is currently in disarray, or has failed outright, in the Philippines, South Korea, Brazil, and Venezuela.  Generally in Latin America it has an appalling record.  Turkey is now headed for tragedy and, of course, Russia and other eastern European presidential countries have already fallen to autocrats.  

Compare the stability of the parliamentary system, where the executive is chosen by parliament.  Examples are western Europe, Japan, Canada, and Australasia.  There are no failures (though Greece is not exactly a shining advertisement). 

In only one country has the presidential system worked over the long term—and it doesn’t work very well.  It has problems of healthcare, poverty, firearms regulation, vote-buying, and corruption, and it has episodes of madness such as civil war, economic depression, mass sterilisation of women, McCarthyism, foreign aggression, and official torture, all of which are largely absent in parliamentary democracies. 

These failures are not caused by voters’ poor education.  Are the leaders to blame?  Or is, rather, the political structure to blame? 

Consider an example the other way: Switzerland.  The cabinet is chosen by parliament and the only individual corresponding to a chief executive is the chair of the cabinet.  He or she is chair for just one year and may not be reappointed.  Every law is subject to referendum if 50,000 signatures are gathered.  The Swiss voters, who are not known to be better educated than other Westerners, do not merely choose between left and right every few years. 

There are around ten national referendums every year.  Twice, the populist vote—the poorly educated deplorables—overruled the well educated and prevented the country from joining the EU.  Few since 2008 would say those were bad decisions.  All foreign treaties must be approved at referendum.  The stock joke is that Switzerland does not have a government, only an administration.  The people do not appear to find the exercise of power particularly demanding. 

One outcome is the world’s most effective foreign policy: Switzerland has not been invaded for over two centuries and has not lost a soldier to war since 1848. Surrounded by war and fascism, it stayed peaceful and free.  Next door, Austria, with the same highland German culture, was in the thick of both world wars and embraced Hitler enthusiastically. 

The Swiss own guns like the Americans but without the problems.  Switzerland has no natural resources and no tariffs and its income per capita has been one of the world’s highest for decades. 

There are surely lessons to be drawn but not that the people need better education.  The lesson would be that leaders’ exercise of power needs to be curbed.  At a minimum, the system should inhibit demagoguery and oligarchy—but these are encouraged by the presidential system.  The parliamentary system is reasonably effective but, apparently, the best system is direct democracy where the (ill-educated) citizens get a say, not just in a representative every few years, but in policy ongoing. 

Calls for citizen education are common but the real need is for system change.  Realistically, however, there is no prospect of the presidential countries turning parliamentary or of more countries adopting direct democracy.  As things have been, they will continue. 

As for the popular vote in the US, this indeed does not diverge too far from 50-50 (although note that at state and especially at county level you will easily find extremes, and they are getting more and more typical).  For referenda, I don't know whether empirical evidence supports the observation that tight 50-50% result occur more often than just by chance, but let's assume for now that they do.

What is explaining it? Well, there are probably different situations and explanatory factors.  But I am thinking now of the following hypotheses which may at least explain parts of the phenomena.

1. For the US popular vote: it is typical, not only in the US, that the population will grow fatigued with the party giving the president after a while. People who could be convinced by enthusiastic activists to vote for the now-president will not turn up again to vote for him(her). Maybe even your local activists will lose their faith and put in less effort.

- Also, the supporters would probably have benefitted from new policies that the president brought but they are satisfied now and don't see much to gain. The opposition can promise more ('Change') and their policy offering starts to seem more appealing, and more important for certain groups not favoured by the current adminisitration.

So if you won the presidency, chances are that after your second term the other party will win it. But they wouldn't have enough time to accumulate a huge lead before actually winning, as voter shifts in established democracies are usually slow.

(I am sure there is good literature on this already, would be interested to hear about it)

2. For referanda: a new cause, when it is first formulated only has little population support. It needs to gain enough popularity to have a chance of winning a referendum. But if it gets to a level of popularity where it is obvious that this is what voters want, politics will want it implement it anyways, without a referendum.

Only if it is a real question what the population wants, does it make sense to hold a referendum.

Whatever function the LCDAs are expected to perform is not different from the constitutional role assigned to local government. Unfortunately, the state governments have destroyed this important concept for grassroots development. The Nigerian constitution guarantees the application of democratic principles in the local the government but the whole issue has been politicized against the intendment of the drafters of the constitution. If the LCDAs are allowed to operate as governmental structures at the grassroots level, thewy are supposed to be agents of rapid development. Unfortunately, because the officials are mostly appointees of the government in power, they are not independent. They do according to the wishes of the man in government. You will discover that a common phenomenon in Nigeria now is undemocratic composition of the government at this level. 

Hi,

interesting questions!

As a first starting point, there is literature on expertise in migration research, see for instance the work by Christina Boswell: http://www.pol.ed.ac.uk/people/academic_staff/boswell_christina

(maybe, you find some references to EU policies as well)

in 2016, jcms published a special issue on "Another Theory is Possible: Dissident Voices in Theorising Europe" - the articles are very intriguing and especially the text by Ben Rosamund might be highly relevant, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcms.v54.1/issuetoc

Another scholar that I just name here is Rebecca Adler-Nissen. She is working a lot on the 'sociology of knowledge' approach in European Studies and this might be an interesting theoretical perspective for your research, see: http://research.ku.dk/search/?pure=en/persons/194893

Good luck with your research!

A strong civil society is very useful in reducing political corruption. Civil society refers to "aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens.". A media that can hold the powerful to account, courts which are not under the control or influence of politicians, free speech of private citizens, and a right to peaceful protest all help to make corruption in public office harder to conceal.    

I too would like to see a more benevolent and less destructive form of decision-making throughout the world.  Regrettably, "predators" are very ruthless, very skilled in their predations, and often very practiced at disguising their actions.  After reading THE DARK WEB, it is apparent that many whose public lives seem quite mundane, are actually "closet predators" and "regressive provocateurs" when in the privacy of their own Internet communities.  Concurrently, many who act publicly have contrived to have marketers create a benevolent image. I see the real challenge in this regard, as being to present the case "against predation" so that it will resonate with the wider public to such an extent that they, en masse, will demand an end to it.  Until someone figures out a way to do THAT, we are reduced to merely fighting predation "around the margins!"  What argument would move the public to action?

I view political correctness as a means used to protect an ideology from unwanted questions. Political incorrectness is distinguished from lack of civility or just plain absence of regard for the feelings of others.

Political efficacy is a term used primarily in political theory and discussion to refer to the amount of faith and impact citizens feel or believe they have upon their government. When it is low, it indicates the citizens of a country have little faith in their government and feel like their actions have little or no impact upon the actions of their political leaders. Higher levels of efficacy, however, tend to indicate that citizens believe their government is doing what is best for them and that the actions they take on a common basis can have a positive impact on the government. This type of information is often determined through polling and surveys, and used by politicians and news broadcasters to understand the political climate of a country or region.

When studying this concept, political scientists tend to divide it into two forms: internal and external. Internal efficacy deals with how a person feels that his or her skills, knowledge, and abilities can have an effect on the political system. This type of efficacy often indicates the likelihood of a person to vote or become politically active, as he or she feels what he or she has to offer can really make an impact on the political system. While there is some debate regarding the potential causality between political efficacy and voter turnout, there does seem to be a strong correlation between those with higher internal efficacy and the likelihood for them to vote

External efficacy has to do with how a person feels his or her government responds to his or her needs and how well the political system and government reflect his or her needs and concerns. This type can have a great deal to do with trust and to what degree a person feels his or her government cares about him or her and the needs of others like him or her. Low external efficacy can often indicate apathy toward politics or government, and citizens with a sense that the government does not represent them.

Both forms can be used as indicators of potential voter turnout, as well as prevailing attitudes toward the government and the popularity of anti-establishment movements. Those with lower political efficacy tend to be more likely to support reform candidates, though they may not actually vote as they feel that their actions do not actually affect the political process. Higher efficacy tends to indicate those who will likely vote because they believe they have an effect on the government, and may support the incumbent since they likely feel the government is already effectively representing them

There is a vast literature on democratization and its various influences. Your best bet is just to access a good library and use the digital search engines. Should take you about 45 minutes to find many good sources.

En todas las democracias hay serios problemas de corrupción, en unos casos por razones coyunturales en otros por razones estructurales de los sistemas democráticos. Pero en los países que aspiran consolidar sus sistemas democráticos, existen unos diseños institucionales que facilitan significativamente el fenómeno de la corrupción, veamos por ejemplo la manera como se accede al poder o se pretende mantenerse en él en ambos casos se presentan y se aceptan apoyos de intereses espurios, en la financiación de las campañas electorales de Presidente, Gobernadores, Alcaldes y miembros de las Corporaciones públicas. Estos gobernantes y legisladores quedan en buena parte cooptados por sus financiadores y se ven "obligados" a asumir conductas al margen de la ley para cumplirle a sus patrocinadores. Una segunda causa, al menos en Colombia, es la presencia tan protagónica del problema del narcotráfico. Es tal el volumen de recursos que se manejan que ha logrado permear distintos sectores de poder públicos, incluidos los de la justicia, la fuerza pública, el poder legislativo y los gobiernos nacional y locales,  y ha permeado buena parte de la sociedad en general. Esto ha generado un efecto perverso en los hábitos, usos y costumbres en las relaciones sociales. Otro gran problema es que al existir un sistema judicial débil o un sistema de justicias selectivas se pierde credibilidad en las instituciones y se deteriora la confianza de los ciudadanos frente al Estado. Esto a su vez genera otro problema que consiste en que los ciudadanos se vuelven apáticos o anómicos y poco participantes a la hora de pedir cuentas a los servidores públicos, con lo cual se cierra el circulo vicioso que conlleva a un envilecimiento del sistema "democrático"  

Very good responses provided, but to interpret your question is terms of "essence", I would, in a single sentence:

Elections in a dominant party system provide a mechanism for legitimizing that governing authority. 

Recomiendo leer el libro de Abdreas Shedler. En mi parecer se trta de una democracia limitada, con algunas dimensiones en déficit, pero no se trata de un régimen híbrido, como ha sido el caso de Colombia. Puede consultar también los trabajos de Simón Pachano.

For Australia, and one state therein, consult a website at the University of Queensland called "Queensland Speaks" which is an oral history covering political leaders, bureaucrats and trade union leaders.  There was a specific project on post-parliamentary careers in prospect associated with the Queensland Parliamentary Library but its future is uncertain with the retirement of Dr Paul Reynolds, formerly a colleague of mine at the University of Queensland.  The Queensland branch of the Australasian Study of Parliament Group may pick up on this.

I would like to perceive the issue you raised in the pure constitutional prism and offer some valuable sources regarding recent trends and societal challenges existed in the region. Indeed, the rule of law, transparency and good governance are key variables and indicators for any constitutional democracy, I think the presented materials will additionally enrich your academic horizon and you will firmly tackle all the scientific challenges.

Trends in Corruption and Regulatory Burden in Eastern Europe and Central Asia World bank Study 2011

ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific

THE CRIMINALISATION OF BRIBERY IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Asian Development Bank 2011

Challenging Corruption in Asia Case Studies and a Framework for Action Vinay Bhargava and Emil Bolongaita The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 2004

Corruption and Governance in Asia

Edited by John B. Kidd and Frank-Jürgen Richter First published 2003 by

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN

Fighting Corruption in Asia Causes, Effects and Remedies Editors

John Kidd Aston University, UK Frank-Jurgen Richter World Economic Forum, Switzerland 2003 by World Scientific Publishing Co.

Corruption and Good Governance in Asia Edited by Nicholas Tarling First published 2005 by Routledge.

With kind regards,

Karlo Godoladze

P.S. Please, find attached files.

Hi Al - it's a pretty broad question, and I'm wondering if you can clarify whose political behaviour you're interested in: Governments?  Political parties?  Bureaucrats?  Political elites?  Advocacy coaltions and interest groups?  Citizens?  Any of these may have an impact on political deliberation and its outcomes, but of course the nature of that impact depends on the focus of your interest.  

Sehrish. Relative Political extraction is usually used as a measure of state capacity. In other words, it says something about bureaucracy and state institutions. It sort of measures the extent to which the state has penetrated society and is able to tax people. Much depends I suppose on your question. How this can be used as a proxy for policy transition, I am not quite sure. Pls see the work of Jacek Kugler, Marina Arbetman, and also Michelle Benson. 

This will differ enormously depending on the context you look at.

Thought for sure someone might have answered this by now.  Perhaps it is because nobody has found exactly what you are looking for, but fortunately, I was able to contact another research librarian.  This is what she provided me:

A publication from the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics called "The Statistical Abstract," which is published annually. It goes back to 1996.  The link to it is here: http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/ shnatonenew_site.htm

The librarian I contacted even offered helpful tips on how to get to the information.  It may be helpful to read the following as you explore the site: 

"To get to the election information, in the “choose subject” drop-down, I chose “10. Government and Local Authorities”, then “continue”. Then a series of tables will be displayed. I was looking at “election results for the 19th Knesset, by type of locality."

I attached a file of a screen shot of the categories of information you will find at this site.  You will notice that you are able to download an Excel spreadsheet of the data found here.  If you really need election data that goes back to 1980, I would first start by contacting the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics.  You can e-mail the bureau at info@cbs.gov.il.

Hope that helps!

I MUST ADMIT THAT I DON'T KNOW WHERE TO START. I TEACH SOCIOLOGY, DYNAMICS OF THE FAMILY, AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AT STARK STATE COLLEGE. TRY THE TEXTBOOK "DOWN TO EARTH SOCIOLOGY

sorry dear i try 3 time to chek ur model but fail to download and not see ur model but i suggest u first search the related articles after that u see which techniques are used. that is best for u..........

Dear Jonathan, I do not know about secondary literature on the subject, but let me call your attention to the fact that Fidesz's late v2/3 victories are due to elderly voters, who were not known to be so active earlier, in Hungary.

I wish you all succes with your research,

Best,

Ferenc

Hallo, Power and Influence factors in Organizations are part and parcel of organizational life. These shape organizational behavior. An insight of related literature provides a rich exploration opportunity to detecting emergent trends and new perspectives. The following literature will definitely help to advance your thought:

Power and Influence in Organizations Roderick M. Kramer Margaret A. Neale 1998 SAGE

Allio, J. (2006) “Strategic thinking: the ten big ideas, strategy and leadership”, 34 (4), Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 4-13.

Managing With Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations – November 1, 1993 by Jeffrey Pfeffer

Denison D.R, Hooijberg ,R & Quinn, R.E. (1995). Paradox and Performance: Toward a Theory of Behavioral Complexity in Managerial Leadership. Organization Science. 6(5), pp.524-540

Hofstede, G. (1997). Culture and Organizations: Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and its importance for Survival. McGraw-Hill

 Yukl, G (2006) “ Leadership in Organization (6th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Prentice Hall

 Ringer, T. (2007) “Viewpoint leadership for collective thinking in the workplace”, Team Performance Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 13(3/4), pp. 130-144.

 Rahim, M. and Minors, P. (2003) “Effects of emotional intelligence on concern for quality and problem-solving”, Emerald Research, 18(2), pp. 150-155.

 How leadership style influence and shapes organizational culture. Work of KELLY WEE KHENG SOON can be consulted “Leadership and Organizational Culture of Workplace in Malaysia”

If one searches about "corrupt political leaders" in Google, many sites will give names of recent & historical leaders & their crimes are summarized as stealing public money & committing mass killings. Of course, these crimes are too bad but other crimes ought to be emphasized such as their destruction of the social fabric & their invasion on the individual & collective minds causing new sets of attitudes & behaviors which can adapt to slavery. When there is surrender to dictators, cowardice, ignorance of real political games, and widespread of hypocrisy then there is little hope of progress. When the "creepy" dishonest is raised  while the sincere honest is marginalized & this is accepted, then the corrupt politicians will keep on riding the people as if they are riding donkeys.  

Let me share this interpretation of Hanna Pitkin on political action in Hannah Arendt work: Political action "Implies a realistic perception and acknowledgment of Both self and world, of one's power and one's situation. Its genuinely means, competently taking responsibility for one's conduct, its consequences, and the norms and standards that govern it "(Pitikin, The Attack of the blob, 1998, p. 182). I have an interest in studying the vote as means of political action. Your article helps a lot. Thank you for sharing your interesting article.

It seems to me that the answer to your question may lie in corporatist systems. In Small States and World Markets, Katzenstein argues fairly strongly that the small states of Europe (Switzerland among them) were able to navigate economic crises and come out stronger because of their corporatist systems, which allowed them to adapt well in a situation where capital and labor had different incentives. These incentives should have pulled in different directions but, according to Katzenstein, corporatist institutions allowed the states of Europe to balance the needs of all the groups around the table. It seems to me that by providing a clear path to influence, as well as generating a legitimate sense among the wealthy and business classes that they have a direct stake in policy-making, corporatism may be a way to mitigate the influence of dark money from offshore sources.

I don't know of studies, but I can tell you that the U.S. Current Population Survey voting supplement would allow you to look at teachers (by occupation) and their voting participation (but not who they voted for).

-Kurt

Here are a few other good papers and books:

PIVEN, Frances Fox, CLOWARD Richard A. Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail, New York: Blackwell, 1979.

JACOBS, Lawrence R, SKOCPOL, Theda (dir). Inequality and American democracy, New York : Russell Sage Foundation, 2005.

BÈGUE, Murielle. Le rapport au politique des citoyens en situation défavorisée. Une comparaison européenne : France, Grande-Bretagne, Espagne. Sous la direction de Serge Paugam. Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie : Paris : Institut d’Études Politiques, 2007.

OESCH, Daniel. « Explaining workers’ support for right-wing populist parties in Western Europe : Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway and Switzerland », International Political Science Review, vol. 29, n° 3, pp.349-373, 2008.

DIERCKX, Danielle, FRANCQ, Bernard. « Participation politique des personnes en pauvreté », in DIERCKX, Danielle, VAN HERCK, Nicolas, VRANKEN, Jan (dir.). Pauvreté en Belgique, Leuven : Acco, 2010.

MAYER, Nonna. « Les effets politiques de la crise : le vote des personnes pauvres et précaires en 2012 », Informations sociales, vol.6, n°180, 2013, pp.52-59.

MAYER, Nonna. « Bring the poor back in ! Inequalities, welfare and politics », European Political Science, 13, 2014, pp.187-200.

 Dear Mr. Rajamanickam

       Thank you so much for your interest to know the English translation of the Filipino word " Sakop" and other relevant  cultural and political concepts about this social phenomenological research. In the realm of politics, we can consider this as the  sphere of influence and authority of a local leader to  govern a particular community. The political influence is deeply embedded by extended family relationships in the social system with the presence of the cultural development on the concept of clan and tribe that originated the core of political power of the local leader. The political inclination in the sphere of influence in the locality transcends from sociological ideas of group processes that affinity and consanguinity are the derivatives of the social complexity in the locality. So the  political orientation of the sphere of influence and occupation reflects from the extended families, close relatives and other relevant kinship system as a  social baseline in the in-group orientation.

       The political recognition in the sphere of influence is therefore related to the kinship system in the locality. Basically, the origin of this social system is the family as  the multiplier effects transcends to inter-marriage of the other families that may later grow into clan controlled by the parents which is known as the elderly. The clan expands to a tribe or a community closely-related to the blood lines from the original family which we call it the stages of generation identifying the forefathers in the locality. So the idea of "Sakop" as to its sphere of influence or occupation may not simply mean the political control of certain territory by a local leaders but there is an cultural attachments from the forefathers. So, when you deal with in-group orientation in the political sphere of influence may not simply mean elective local officials in a community but a closely knit family system that controlled specific local territory.

  In the community, where there are established cultural norms and  social beliefs and traditions the political influence and control usually originated from the family through the sociological process of assimilation and acculturation as a result of inter-marriage. Certainly, this is distinct when you discuss the general idea of "politics" where majority votes will have the political authority and power to have the vested sovereign influence for a town, city, province or state. The development agenda of the politicians are reflect by political interests and motives to enjoy the vested political rights on the so called democratic votes covered by deception and greed.  This may have different story when you deal about the sphere of political influence You may read the book entitled  CONTEMPORARY REPUBLIC : THE EMERGING POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE  21st CENTURY  published in the AMAZON to understand the real meaning of public service in the concept of POLITICS. There are other emerging  political concepts that have been integrated in the sociology about the idea of POLITICS.

    I have many researches conducted not only the idea  of SAKOP that I presented in international conferences and amazon publications such as the CONTEMPORARY REPUBLIC you may even read savior websites to give  more glimpsed about  EMERGING CONCEPTS OF POLITICS that  provides extensive information about political and economic philosophy that transcends from the genuine meaning of public service.

      Finally, the idea of  "Sakop" reflects not only the sphere of political influence but the relevant to the ideas of cultural reciprocity which Filipinos are familiar with the sociological terms on social and political relationships defined the group values of pakikipagkapwa, pakikitungo, pakikiramay, utang na loob and other sociological values reflected in our society.  You may not understand these Filipino concepts, however, the shortest way to discuss it evolves in the meaning of friendship in a particular group with collective interest to work together on a common goal. The interesting part about these cultural concepts describe the essence of the Filipino people as compassionate, loving, friendly, humble and dignified in its character. You may visit our country and find out more about the interesting cultural and social facts about the Filipino life. I am sure you will love what you see about the Filipino identity that the foreigners really love about this race.

     I am sure you will discover the greatness of the Filipino People ....MORE FUN IN THE PHILIPPINES  !!!

    MABUHAY !!!!  Oh, please don't ask me again the Filipino term " MABUHAY" that may be a good question for you to discover its cultural value... in the  Ilokano language we also say to you 'NAIMBAG NGA ALDAW MO APO"

   MARAMING SALAMAT PO !!!

I have attached a file that may be of interest to you. It summarizes the shared society approach applied to the Arab-Jewish social and political divide, and explains the various approaches and organizations active in this field. Good luck.

Dear Professor Krasniqi,

As far as I know, The December Agreement does not include governing by rotation until 2022 despite election results. This kind of practise would obviously be nondemocratic. According to the Agreement, the largest force will form the government despite not having a parliamentary majority. The leader of the winning party will be appointed prime minister. In addition, the opposition will not vote against the budget (rejection of the budget started the 2014 Swedish cabinet crisis) and the parties to the agreement will collaborate in the strategic areas: defense and security policy, pension system, energy policy. Therefore, the future governments have not been determined. The ultimate decision remains in the hands of the people. The Sweden Democrats could still win the election of 2018 and 2022 and form a government.

It is important to remember that Sweden has a tradition of minority cabinets and custom of seeking broad political consensus. So the Agreement should be read in the context of the Swedish parliamentary tradition.

And lastly, as every political deal, The December Agreement can be terminated at any point.

I don’t see how the Agreement could be considered as a threat to democracy in Sweden. Nonetheless, it is undoubtedly controversial and interesting topic.

Kind regards

I encourage you to look up Gerrie Mackie, UC San Diego, Democracy Defended, Cambridge University Press (2003)  As you will see in the reviews at the link below, the book is theoretical, but he has chapters that review every empirical work extant that attempts to discredit democracy.