Pipeline - Science topic

Recent experimental studies have explored the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in pipeline leakage and road collapse scenarios. Here are some notable examples:

These studies contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between fluids and structural components in pipeline systems, aiding in the development of more resilient infrastructure.

Converting an existing pipeline designed under ASME B31.4 to transport multiphase commodities, such as natural gas and crude oil, involves several critical considerations. Here's a list of key factors to address:

1. Review Applicable Codes and Standards

2. Multiphase Flow Dynamics

3. Pipeline Design and Integrity

4. Flow Stability

5. Pipeline Modifications

6. Hydraulic and Mechanical Analysis

7. Pipeline Materials

8. Safety and Risk Management

9. Regulatory Compliance

10. Operational Considerations

Summary

Converting a pipeline to multiphase service involves a holistic assessment of flow dynamics, mechanical integrity, material compatibility, and operational risks. A detailed engineering analysis and possibly modifications to the pipeline and auxiliary systems will be necessary to ensure safety, reliability, and compliance. Engaging experts in flow assurance, corrosion, and pipeline design is recommended for this complex transition.

Piyush Jain To find the temperature drop along a process pipeline, you can:

Applying different materials to separate layers of an Eulerian part in Abaqus requires defining the regions within the part and assigning material properties to these regions. The Eulerian mesh in Abaqus is typically used for problems involving fluid flow, multiphase interactions, or highly nonlinear deformations, and it consists of a fixed grid where the material can move.

To apply different materials to several layers in an Eulerian part, follow these steps:

1. Define the Eulerian Domain and Partitioning:

2. Create the Materials:

3. Assign Sections:

4. Assign Sections to the Regions:

5. Define the Initial Conditions for the Eulerian Domain:

6. Set up the Analysis:

7. Verify and Run the Simulation:

Wieslaw Bicz the pipe is completely empty there is no fluid so the wave is traveling through the wall of the pipe. The sensors are present on the surface while the pipe is underground at some distance. these are continuous waves. the schematic diagram is such that; one corner of the underground pipe is exposed to the surface and the tuning fork is mounted at this corner of the underground pipe. the waves are generated through this tuning corner, which then travel through the underground pipe, and sensors are placed on the surface to record the acoustic signal.

I would do a mesh refinement study (or change the element orders). If the oscillations are resolved and converge to a specific pattern, I would conclude they are not numerical errors. However, if they change randomly in each study, I would attribute them to numerical error.

It seems like you're looking for information on a specific type of analysis related to the oil and gas pipeline industry, specifically regarding pig residual analysis. Pigs (Pipeline Inspection Gauges) are used in pipelines to inspect and clean them, and residual analysis involves examining what is left behind after a pig has passed through a pipeline.

While pigging operations and residual analysis are more commonly associated with pipelines in the oil and gas industry, it's less common to find specific reports or studies directly related to pig residual analysis in this context. Typically, such analyses might focus on:

If you're looking for specific reports or studies on pig residual analysis, you may want to explore academic journals, conference proceedings, or technical reports from industry organizations such as:

These organizations often publish technical papers and reports on pipeline integrity management, pigging operations, and corrosion control, which may include sections or studies related to residual analysis.

In Keras, leveraging the Functional API offers a reliable approach for feature extraction from deep learning models. This method involves defining a new model that takes the input of the original model and outputs the activations of the desired layer(s) using the Model class. By specifying the input and output layers accordingly, you can effectively create a feature extractor tailored to your requirements. This approach provides flexibility in selecting the layer(s) from which to extract features, allowing you to capture information at various levels of abstraction within the model. Whether it's accessing intermediate convolutional layers for image features or dense layers for high-level representations, the Functional API empowers you to seamlessly integrate feature extraction into your deep learning workflows in Keras.

Hi Oenone Rodgers,

I have previously completed over 10 projects on miRNA analysis. If you require any assistance with analysis, I can provide support until your publication. I am available to work as a freelance support (my email is manishkumarsinha002@gmail.com). Alternatively, you can reach out to us at info@biostica.in.

Good luck with your project. We can connect with you for better clarity and assistance.

Regards,

We have software that can do this volumetrically with the μCT, CT, CBCT, MR, or any volumetric scan. Take a look at this link which describes the basic process which uses landmark points placed within each volume. The volumes are then merged to form the population average:

This works better than doing it with only the surfaces. Give it a try and let me know if you have any questions.

I wrote the IDAV Landmark software when I was a postdoc at UC Davis. Here's some information here about the transition:

You should also follow the GATK best practices, there are plenty of tutorial that will walk you through this WES analysis and germ line associated mutations.

Best Practices Workflows – GATK (broadinstitute.org)

WES analysis is fairly straightforward that includes trimming the unwanted bases in sequencing results, align them against the reference genome, check for alignment score/errors, check for alignment orientation, look into mutations and annotate them. Every step is documented, and in case you run into problems, BioStars is your friend.

I just wanna update that I have the answer to this question. Anyone interested in this question can discuss it further.

Annotated transcriptomes are based on reference genome and RNAseq data, which may lead to a more refined set of transcripts. Reference bias can result in misannotated or missing transcripts, while SPAdes assembly does not rely on a reference genome, potentially capturing a broader range of transcripts. Alternative transcripts may be more comprehensively captured by SPAdes assembly. Intron handling can lead to more fragmented transcripts, while transcription noise may filter out low-expression or noisy transcripts, resulting in a cleaner but less comprehensive transcriptome.

Here I provided a comprehensive approach to performing E2E automation. Initialize automation by defining the requirements of your ML/DL-based pipeline. Develop models and train large data sets by storing them in secure cloud-based data lakes. Deploy and monitor the real-time insights.

We need canals instead of using tubes. The curved canals and stoppers could make changes on waters regime to decrease the speed of the water from topsides to the downsides. In Iranian ancient methods, we used the an ancient canals under the ground that was called Qanat. This means, changing directions with another smaller canals could reduce the speed and the water flows from topside to the downsides

A transient state is where the flow of gas changes with time, but a steady state does not. However, one must also account for STABLE and UNSTABLE steady states as well. A stable steady state is one in which the gas flow will always return to its original state after a perturbation, but an unstable steady state is an example of gas flow which does not, but effectively diverges. A mathematical example of a STABLE steady state is a STABLE NODE or a STABLE SPIRAL and an UNSTABLE steady state may be illustrated by an UNSTABLE NODE, an UNSTABLE SPIRAL, or a SADDLE POINT. There are many text books that discuss such concepts, but Jordan and Smith is a good start regarding how to plot the phase diagrams that contain such nodes, spirals, and saddle points. There are also countless Physics books that will discuss the fluid dynamics aspect of the subject, such as Bernoulli's equation for fluids and gases flowing through pipes, but I am unsure of the best ones to cite here myself as I am not a physicist.

Creating a data pipeline to automatically transfer Facebook ads campaigns data into Tableau or Power BI using Python is a great idea. Here's a high-level outline of the steps involved and some resources to get you started:

1. Data Extraction from Facebook Ads: Use the Facebook Graph API or a library like `pySocialWatcher` or `facebook-sdk` to fetch data from your ad campaigns. Facebook provides extensive documentation for their API.

2. Data Transformation: Clean and preprocess the data as needed. You might need to reshape it to fit the requirements of Tableau or Power BI.

3. Data Storage: Store the data in a database or file system for easy access and retrieval. You can use databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or cloud-based options like AWS S3, or even CSV files. Oracle provides free Express edition database for educational purposes.

4. Automation: Schedule your Python script to run automatically on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. You can use tools like `cron` (for Unix-based systems) or Task Scheduler (for Windows) to set up automated runs. If you build ETL using Informatica, it has built-in scheduler as well

5. Integration with Tableau/Power BI: Use Tableau's or Power BI's data connectors to import data from your storage location. Both tools provide options for connecting to various data sources.

6. Data Visualization: Create your desired dashboards and visualizations in Tableau or Power BI using the imported data.

7. Deployment: Deploy your pipeline and dashboard to a server or cloud platform for continuous automated execution and accessibility.

For resources and inspiration:

Facebook Graph API Documentation: Start by exploring Facebook's official documentation for the Graph API to understand how to fetch ad campaign data.

Facebook Graph API Documentation

Dear Dr. Sharad Londhe ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following, interesting paper:

Corrosion of multiphase flow pipelines: the impact of crude oil

Zi Ming Wang and Jian Zhang

Corrosion Reviews, vol. 34, no. 1-2, 2016, pp. 17-40.

Available at: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0053/html?lang=en

and at the answer of Dr. Henrique Pizzo, at a similar question presented in RG at:

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Hi

Here is one approach to model a horizontal beam on nonlinear Winkler foundation (BNWF) with axial, transverse, and vertical springs in OpenSees:

1. Discretize the 1 km long beam into elements (say 100 10m long elements).

2. Use an ElasticBeamColumn element for each beam segment.

3. Attach zeroLength elements to each node:

- zeroLength in local x-direction for axial soil springs

- zeroLength in local y-direction for transverse soil springs

- zeroLength in local z-direction for vertical springs

4. Use a Parallel material to combine the elastic behavior with a Bilin/Quad nonlinearity for each spring.

5. Apply spring properties like stiffness, yield strength, post-yield stiffness.

6. For damping, attach zeroLength elements with a ViscousDamper material at the ends.

7. Apply restraints and prescribed displacement to beam ends to simulate boundary conditions.

8. For load, apply point loads, prescribed displacements, or ground motion acceleration to the model.

The spacing of the soil springs depends on the desired discretization accuracy. A spacing of 5-10m would likely be reasonable for this length of beam.

This assembles a beam on springs system with nonlinear material models and damping to capture soil-pipeline interaction effects under dynamic loading. The zeroLength elements conveniently allow applying 1D spring-damper behavior between nodes.

Bilel Zerouali

Thank you brother.

Thanks! I'll check it out. P

probably the unknown phase corresponds to unindexed points. you need to clean the data until all points have orientation and phase information before setting up a simulation

To analyze Aedes genomes, DeepTSS (https://github.com/etirouthier/DeepTSS) may be trained.

Hi Roshima, thank you for your response! I'm actually using MAKER since Drosophila is eukaryotic. And you're right, MAKER takes a very long time to run. I got 1 species down and many more to go. I'm happy to answer any questions you might have for MAKER as it's a very complicated process.

I would extend that and say we really need to be careful using upregulated. To me, that means the expression of the protein is increased, so there is a fundamental change in the amount of protein quantified as a result of that. I'd suggest we use the term increased (or decreased) abundance when quantifying the protein, unless we have clear evidence to say otherwise. There are a lot of reasons protein quant differs between samples, and it's not always due to expression level changes. I agree you will find such terms used interchangeably, that does not mean it's correct, or a good idea.

see this

I'm not quite sure about your principles in this area, but I can give you some advice and give it a try using magnetic field detection.

Combining sequence datasets from different genotypes can potentially improve genome assembly quality, especially for regions that are highly variable or difficult to sequence. However, there are several challenges that need to be considered when combining sequence datasets from different genotypes:

The range of flow rate changes inside a pipeline in domestic areas can vary depending on factors such as the size of the pipeline, the pressure of the water supply, and the demand for water in the area.

However, a common estimate for the flow rate range inside a domestic water pipeline is between 1-15 gallons per minute (GPM). This range can vary depending on factors such as the diameter of the pipe and the pressure of the water supply.

Some relevant resources that may provide more information on this topic include:

I hope these resources are helpful in your investigation.

Dear Dr Abhijeet Singh, thank you so much.

I believe these may vary depending on the crude oil properties, ambient environment and pipeline parameters. There are some formulas in the literature. I encourage you to do a search and study them. Better to perform your own experiments if you can.

Let me know how you get on as I am working on a similar topic.

I had little experience and no major spills or problems, but some training that might be helpful. Normally, buried pipes of high quality are not going to fail unless exposed or damaged by some activity. Streams and rivers can change location through time. Streams with excess sediment often aggradation, burying pipe deeper. Clean water such as below dams have little sediment, so they typically degrade (entrench), which can expose pipe. Stream channelizing or dredging activities also are used to deepen channels, and could damage pipes if not properly located and protected. Dr. David Rosgen has a paper on cross vanes and J hooks, as instream channel structures of drop rocks or suitable boulders used to manage near bank stress and help armor channel in series from excessive degradation. Some pipe installations may have installed a bipass channel during installation, that might be used to divert the stream or river again if flows are not too high. Hopefully there is a way to emergency shut off pipes transporting hazardous materials or fuels. In some instances, daming the channel and pumping flow around to bipass section might be possible. It is important to develop an emergency action plan in case of accidents or damage from humans, or natural events as floods, earthquake, etc. If the pipe becomes exposed due to channel shifting or degradation, there are probably some channel structures that properly installed would aggradation and channel and re-bury the pipe. Some hydraulic engineers and hydrologists may have this type experiences or can offer some possible courses of action. In channel work, even if dewatered has the potential for spillage, so shutting off pipe and pumping contents out may be needed before fixing. In case of hazards or spills, having emergency plans include downstream notifications of water users or communities may help minimize effects. Inspections may be visual or water sampling specific to pipe contents, chemical, water sheen, perhaps fecal coliform if wastewater, color, smell, etc. Most pipeline companies probably have individuals that know how to fix leaks or breaks. Separate companies may also be needed to address chemical spills with absorbants and quick containment methods for smaller streams and maybe rivers. A downstream river search may offer some ideas on where access and spill containment may be more effective.

Oh, it is easier... The blue, linear polygons that are overlaid on the streets of Jakarta are available here: https://siga.jakarta.go.id/uploads/file_shp/palyja.zip

Download it, unzip it, and you can open in QGIS/ArcMap as it is a simple polygon-type shapefile.

You may refer to the article attached to this reply.

The issue of "verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification" is fundamental to the real-world application of numerical methods to critical applications. ASME has published has published standards for solid mechanics (VVUQ 10) as well as fluid mechanics and heat transfer (VVUQ 20). There are additional VVUQ standards that build upon these for specific needs, such as Nuclear Power (VVUQ 30) and Medical Devices (VVUQ 40). There is one under development for Machine Learning (VVUQ 70) that has nothing directly to do with 10 or 20.

The point is, there is lot that goes into engineering tools before they are accepted for engineering applications. Once it's in the "engineering" world (as opposed to "in development"), it must be good enough to be widely used without the dev team or algorithm designer providing any feedback or guidance. This is part of the issue -- as other have already answered, there are issues of quality control with respect to the use of the software tools.

And no, absolutely no, meshing is not 80% of the time in using FEM. That was vaguely true back when one did manual meshing back in the early 90s for more complex models, but it's not true now. Your question is based on an incorrect premise ... and that is why there is not a market-based drive to make the change to an IGA-pure method you hypothesize.

Novelty has it's place in peer-reviewed work. It's a starting point. You seem to be citing just a single set of authors instead of spending a few minutes looking beyond that using RG or Google Scholar. The thing is, IGA is essentially FEM, just taking it from a different angle (no pun intended). ( )

"The goal of integrating computer aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA) has led to a new computational method called Isogeometric Analysis (IGA). Its main idea is to use the same mathematical description for the geometry in the design (CAD) and the analysis (FEA). Much of the recent research on isogeometric analysis uses Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) as basis functions, as this geometrical representation is the most widely used in engineering design systems. It has been shown that NURBS-based finite elements are very well suited for computational analysis leading to qualitatively more accurate results in comparison with standard finite elements based on Lagrange polynomials. Due to these motivating results, NURBS-based finite elements are currently implemented into LS-DYNA."

Overall ... IGA techniques are growing in popularity and are being folded into existing computational platforms, just a BEM (boundary element method) techniques have. It's not a question of "one size fits all".

There are some great tools for 16S datasets, depending on whether you're looking for ASV-level results (dada2: https://benjjneb.github.io/dada2/tutorial_1_8.html) or OTU-level results (mothur: https://mothur.org/wiki/miseq_sop/).I recommend reading about these to see which one best suits your needs. Both of these tools will create an object that will tell you which sequences are in which samples, and an object that will tell you the taxonomy of the sequences. These objects, and your metadata object/csv file, can be used in downstream diversity analyses with R packages suited for 16S data. These packages include phyloseq, vegan, and microviz. Here are two more links which may be useful: https://mibwurrepo.github.io/Microbial-bioinformatics-introductory-course-Material-2018/set-up-and-pre-processing.html#otu-or-asvs-or-sotus

Hi,

I’m more a specialist in Fuel Cell Air supply.

I can give you only a general statement for pipelines with gaseous H2:

If the right steel alloy is used, diffusion of H2 will be no issue.

As liquid H2 has a temperature of -253 °C it is very questionable to use a pipeline.

Dongmei Wu which package, can you please provide me the code

The pressure of a liquid won't go below it's vapor pressure. If it drops to the vapor pressure, it will start to boil (if it's a mixture, it will vacuum distill due to differences in boiling pressure) and the pipe will form a vapor pocket. As you remove more liquid, the vapor bubble will get bigger but its pressure won't change much.

There are methods for calculating collapse pressure and full scale testing is also commonly performed. Because the lowest fluid pressure is 0 Pa absolute, collapse of steel pipe is usually only a problem when the outside pressures are high, like in a subsea environment.

Maybe you want to start reading this paper :)

The link posted above is useless and it does not relate what was asked in the question.

If i may provided the following suggestion: What will be the economic impacts of the planned Eastern Mediterranean pipeline on Cyprus, Greece, Israel and North Cyprus?

Richard Fenner and Steve Mounce have done work using Kalman filters for leak detection in water distribution networks Seyed.

You still have a good chance in other universities around the world, for your rank is so good. Regards.

The above answer is acceptable.

Here is my protocol:

1. Obtain volume of RNA

2. Add 1/10th volume 3M sodium acetate and 1/100th volume glycogen (I typically use 10mg/mL stock)

3. vortex

4. add 3 volumes 100% ethanol (only use 1 volume isopropanol if you are gel extracting the RNA or your total volume would exceed 1.7mL)

5. precipitate overnight at -80oC (for small RNAs, you need overnight incubation)

6. spin down RNA at max speed, 4oC for 35 min.

7. Wash the RNA pellet with 3 x 1mL ice cold 80% ethanol washes. make sure during each wash, you vortex pellet such that the pellet is released from the wall. spin down for 5min at max speed.

8. Carefully decant pellet by removing ~0.8mL with a p1000, pulse spin, then ~200uL with a p200, pulse spin, and then vacuum up remaining liquid with a p10.

9. air dry pellet for 1-2 minutes. Do not over dry or your pellet will be difficult to redissolve. If you dried the pellet perfectly, after addition of water of TE, you'll see the pellet "dance" at the top of the liquid surface as it is rehydrating.

10. add buffer of water to reconstitute pellet. Let sit at room temp for 10 minutes. Do not pipet the pellet during this incubation because it could stick to the tip. after 10 minute incubation, pipet a few times and check if pellet is dissolved. If not, let the pellet sit longer at 4oC and check again.

Alternatively, you can use Zymo's RNA concentrator kits to get the volume smaller. Just note some kits have concentration and RNA size limits.

I'd start with inferring the amino acid sequence and then BLAST it against proteins of known function. That way you can leverage what is known about the homologous, known proteins to build your starting hypothesis about your unknown protein. You can then design more targeted experiments to test your hypothesis.

Dear Dr. Meysam Najafi Ershadi,

The COMSOL FEM package can implement modeling of corrosion growth on pipeline steel.

Hope it is helpful for you.

Best,

Guojin

Definitely check out the LatchBio RNA-seq analysis pipeline. It's super easy to use and cloud-based which I've found convenient.

Probably... but the accuracy of the results depend on the assumptions. For example, the capacity of the boiler only matters if it was accurately designed and operated as prescribed. If the manufacturer doesn't know what they're doing (and some don't) or the boiler is operated off-design, then the design point won't be meaningful to the conditions in question. You also need the inlet steam conditions and the steam flow. You might want to read ASME PTC4. While it is a strange and convoluted document, it does describe how to estimate a variety of things based on what you do know instead of what you wish you knew. For example, you would like to know the composition and flow rate of coal (which varies continuously and is extremely problematic to measure) plus the mass flow rate of combustion air (or the mass flow rate of the exhausting products of combustion), which is also very difficult to actually measure. You should also read several test codes (ASME and ISO) on flow measurement, which is a lot harder to do accurately than most people realize. Sticking a probe into a flow or clamping on an acoustic flow meter, no matter how expensive, doesn't mean that the results aren't garbage. Post a picture and labeled schematic drawing of your system.

Hello.

funded-PDFs

This is done with the Ctrl-F key

Hello,

While performing blast, you can choose protein data bank as the search set. It will give you the pdb identifiers in the 1st column of the output. Hope this helps.

Best,

Aysima

I still looking for the answer T_T

Dear Amrit,

All drinking water distribution systems, no matter how complex, can be handled by EPANET.

Regards

Hope it helps

You can easily make it in Ansys APDL. Prepare a geometry with proper dimensions including fluid density and apply boundary conditions. you can get easily mode frequencies

as i had not found any paper in which ansys simulation is done for the underwater pipe if you find can you please refer me

as i had to submit my project@claudio Pedrazzi

If the pressure at the end is below the atmosphere means the atmospheric air will flow in. Check your calculation if it is correct either need to increase the output pressure of the blower or change the material or length of the pipe to reduce pressure losses. The height also is a problem, in that case, you may consider erecting the blower at a height, based on calculation, to reduce the pressure drop. If you can specify the application and your situation better, either I or anyone else can give an apt solution.

In my experience, yes, it takes many days to do base-calling with the guppy base-caller. However, it depends on what guppy version you used; if you use the guppy CPU version it will be much slower compared with the GPU version. The number of threads you used also affects the base-calling process.

I think no time limit for this. You just need to wait until 100% to get all your data converted to FASTQ by the program, or, you may need to adjust the base-calling parameters or change the program version and re-run the guppy base-caller to make it faster.

Dear researcher variant annotations can be produced by HaplotypeCaller available in gatk suit. Also you can try Mutect2 or VariantAnnotator. And for pathway analysis try KEGG Mapper.

BTW I have lot of exprience in WGS analysis, if you are interested we can start a collaboration for this work.

Best Wishes

Great question !

I honestly don't know something about simscape/simulink, but from what I know is that to measure the pressure through simulations in case of leakage, I can refer you to an article that got published in "The Institution of Mechanical Engineers" :

It's true that it's applied just for tyre pressure, but since the mechanical fluid equations are generalized for any pressure/flowrate situation, adding to this the Scale's Law; I find that you can get what's important there.

If I might precise more, while conserving the confidentiality of the article, I can say that it might be helpful to know the theoretical equations used in it, the pathway through the Scale's Law to simplify some parameters (which might get adapted to your situation, I find), plus the method they used for simulating the pressure.

What I can say, from my point of view as a student and incoming research intern in this field (your situation especially), is that this article helped me understand the scientific methods used to measure the pressure and simulate it.

I hope this would be helpful in your case, as I'm still a student and not fully experienced in this field, to be honest.

Dear Carrie Chang,

Please correct the value of the friction factor f. The exact value is:

f = 0.0161460, instead of f = 0.0165

Also: L*sin(70°) = 5.68*0.939692621=5.337454086 m

Regards

Hi,

Depending on the requirements you have (type of analysis 1D or 3D) :

- 1D piping software like C2 have integrated SIF (Stress Intensification Factor) that's allow parametric design integrating radius, thickness, number of section if it's a miter bend.

- 3D Analysis with FEM software's parametric geometry have to be created using scripting or parametric CAD software like Solidworks or Catia for example can be used and the stress analysis will be done with volume or shell elements depending on the accuracy requirement.

Best regards

Try tuxedo pipeline II. here is the reference https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2016.095

Dear Dr. Nurudeen Sabi ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following, interesting web site regarding a pipeline safety project, available at:

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

This article may help you "Automated Processing of Declassified KH-9 Hexagon Satellite Images for Global Elevation Change Analysis Since the 1970s"

It very depend on dataset that are you going to used. Please specify the task tha are you going to solved. The preocess quite straight forward.

Dymphan Gonsalves Thank you very much, your answer is very helpful.

On the above question I specifically interest in application of the equation to gas flow

I seem to remember that perchlorates in groundwater can get into that ORP range and perchlorates can be from both natural and man-made sources (rocket fuel and fertilizers -- really natural sources) and their reactivity with organics is low enough that many refractory organics like tannin compounds are stable.

Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria can use organic carbon (non-refractory organics) to reduce the perchlorates. An ORP of about -100 will eliminate perchlorate in bioreactors or in-situ.

If it is perchlorate, that can be a drinking water issue. It can cause health issues.

Dear Jagajjit Sahu

Thanks a lot for your detailed reply. i will try that package. keep in touch

You should be aware of the widely used document in pipeline industry titled: "DNVGL-RP-F105 Free spanning pipelines". Then ANSYS can be used for a simple beam modal analysis if needed to determine the governing vibration frequencies and mode shapes which are used therein, with due account for the effective axial equilibrium force in the pipeline.

Dear Mohammed,

I recommend you to study the literature on NiCrBSi alloys. This is an old and valued system with a lot of information and experience. Also visit this forum: