Phytoremediation - Science topic

Yes, it is recommended to sieve the soil to remove impurities and achieve uniformity. As for mixing, dry mixing is considered better for evenly distributing metals, while wet mixing reduces material dispersion and is used if the metals are prone to drifting. The choice depends on the nature of the metals and the experiment conditions.

@pholosho.kgopa please check your email

Details are sent. please check your email @ Aïcha Hennia

Phytoremediation uses plants to reduce Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in wastewater by absorbing, accumulating, or precipitating salts and dissolved ions. Specific plants like cattails, water hyacinths, and vetiver grass are effective in this process. These plants improve water quality by reducing salinity and mineral content. It's an eco-friendly, cost-effective method for wastewater treatment.

Zaskia Choirunissa Yes you are correct and infact we supply chelating agents from Germany in India

Hello Zaskia--in reply to your Oct. 10 posting here,

It is the total mass of salts in the bulk water that will definitely decrease due to lettuce uptake; however the concentration of salts in the bulk water can either decrease or increase due to changes in the total amount of liquid water.

You say this batch system has no additional input or output of water; however presumably this is in reference to liquid phase water only. You also need to account for water molecules that are transferred from the liquid phase to the gas phase (i.e. air humidity) due to both lettuce transpiration of water and due to soil/bulk water evaporation.

Hello sir,

I m interested in chapter 1 , is it available?

Controlling algal growth in phytoremediation experiments using polluted water can be challenging, but there are several strategies you can employ to help prevent excessive algal growth in your control pots:

1. Shade or Cover: One of the simplest methods is to provide shade to the control pots. Algae require sunlight for photosynthesis, so shading the pots with a mesh or cloth can reduce their access to light. This can help suppress their growth.

2. Reduce Nutrient Availability:

a. Nutrient Monitoring: Algae thrive on nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Regularly monitor and adjust the nutrient levels in the control pots to keep them at a minimum.

b. Nutrient Adsorption: You can also add materials like activated carbon or zeolite to the control pots to adsorb excess nutrients, reducing the availability of these nutrients for algal growth.

3. Algaecides: Consider using algaecides or algistatic chemicals that are safe for the environment. Copper-based algaecides, for example, can be effective in controlling algae, but be cautious about their potential environmental impacts.

4. Mechanical Removal: Periodically scrape or manually remove algae from the control pots. This can be a labor-intensive method, but it can help keep algae in check.

5. Biological Control: Introduce aquatic animals that feed on algae, such as certain species of snails or small herbivorous fish, into the control pots. These organisms can help control algae populations.

6. Biofiltration: Consider using other plants that can outcompete algae for nutrients and resources. For instance, emergent aquatic plants like water lilies can shade the water and outcompete algae.

7. Maintain Water Quality: Ensure that the water in the control pots is well-aerated. Algae can proliferate in stagnant water, so maintaining good water quality and circulation can hinder their growth.

8. Regular Monitoring: Continuously monitor the control pots for algal growth and adapt your control strategies as needed. Make sure you are not inadvertently introducing nutrients or contaminants into the pots through any external means.

9. Sterilization: Before starting a new experiment, you can sterilize the pots and growing medium to remove any pre-existing algae and microorganisms that might contribute to algal growth.

10. Controlled Experiments: Ensure that your experimental design is well-controlled. The presence of a confounding variable may inadvertently promote algal growth.

Select the method that best suit your specific experimental conditions and goals, and be mindful of the potential environmental impact of any chemicals or biological controls you use.

Jogendra Singh,

Thanks for sharing. I wish you every success in your work.

Regards

Worldwide, one in three children have dangerous levels of lead in their bloodstream. One major source of exposure could easily be eliminated by banning the manufacture and sale of lead paints...

Princess Olivar Tuquero , as you noted previous researchers identified the IF band shift when affected by metals. Assuming that is correct, then the only thing necessary to correlate your FTIR results with the metal content is a graph of the amount of observed band shift to the amount of lead found.

Secondary correlations are not generally preferred analytically, but are sometimes necessary. If you are trying to identify the particular chemical/structure actually doing the adsorption of the lead I can see how combining both might seem simpler. However, as long as you have an AAS it would be better to use it for the metal analysis instead of trying to infer it from the IR. If that is just to explain why your IR peaks are shifted a bit, the metal content would explain that via reference to the paper you mentioned.

As normal growth in plants transports nutrients from the roots ultimately to the leaves it is not surprising to find the highest concentrations of any other compound taken up there as well. I would not expect to find them in the same concentrations evenly throughout the plant structure.

It's high, though the maximum is unknown under natural conditions, dependent on stream hydrogeochemical conditions. It can be enhanced however such as under hydroponic conditions as purportedly in the late 1970's gold mine remediation, ostensibly heavy metal, the target pollutant including cadmium, hence lead (cadmium follows lead). That included peaks of Au, and Ag around 1 kg/ha/2 days, so lead will likely exceed 100kg/Ha of biomass. Decay will release metals, depending on environmental conditions. This will be slow, increasing as the plant reaches maturity and maximum density. Likely metal forms are encapsulated sulfides as the plant is sulfur metabolizing (it's related to garlic). A set of simple experiments would determine biomass turnover, with fungal and microbe absorption taking the bulk of the metal back to the environment, hence some up the food chain, rather than inorganic recycling in neutral stream waters, a combination of both will be encased in clay latices and organic ligands within bottom sediments, the influx determining the rate of cycling.

Thanks!

The molecular weight of your molecule is Pb (207) + Acetate 2x (118) + water 3x (54) = 379. Thus the part of lead in this molecule is 207/379 = 0.546. So, to get a solution of 250 mg/l water you have to add 250 x 1/0.546 = 458 mg of the leadacetate trihydrate to 1 l of water.

Hey guys so we got the results of how much pb was remediated but then there was fluctuations between the results. Can someone help me?

At lower pH, the adsorption backpedal by H+ ion factor or proton factor and at higher pH, adsorption hampered because of yhe metallic ions start to precipitate as metallic hydroxide or metallic oxide. So it is looking good the pH value near between 4-6, and you should have to study for optimum pH for the removal of particular metal like Cr.

On contrast, time mainly find out the breakthrough time for column study is not so easy like batch study. Here you need to conduct a lot of trial and also need to modeling of Thomas model, Adam-Bohart model, Yoon-Nelson model for the much more accurate BTC curve.

Thank you.

Small-scale constructed wetlands can be a good solution.

Also see the following RG links.

I have researched the phytoextraction of the heavy metals (lead and cadmium ) by the halophyte plant species. After years of research, I know that many saline plant species have the ability to refine heavy metals, but I must mention a few important points: 1. phytoremediation (phytoextraction) of heavy metals by plants is highly dependent on soil acidity. If the soil acidity is more than 7.5 or 8, due to the stabilization (fixation) of heavy metal in the soil, the heavy metal plant can not move the in the aqueous phase of the soil and metal availability is reduced. 2. hyperaccumulators can tolerate only moderate concentrations of heavy metal toxicity in the aqueous phase of the soil . As the concentration of heavy metal increases, the amount of dry or wet matter of the plant decreases sharply, so the multiplication of these two factor, decreases sharply.

3- In plant physiology, the crown part of the plant (where the root system ends and the shoot system begins) is an area that prevents the movement of heavy metal to the shoot of the plant (the main purpose of phytoextraction is to absorb heavy metal to the shoot to be able to remove aerial mass in this method to later destroy it or concentrate its heavy metal). Therefore, our research showed that the amount of heavy metal accumulation in the roots of halophyte plants is tens of times higher than the shoot of that plant.

Dear Sarthak

As the other researchers said, those options are available. BUT if you are looking for a more scientific option, I would suggest you look at one of my papers-

"Vermiremediation of metal (loid) s via Eichornia crassipes phytomass extraction: a sustainable technique for plant amelioration"

The theory behind this approach is- to transform the phytoremediated plants by decomposing and then feed those decomposed phytoremediated plants to earth warms to produce vermicompost and thus a high amount of organic matter-rich and phytochelatins-rich compost will be generated. This organic matter chelates down and makes a confined lattice complex of the pollutants coming out from the plants. This process restricts the mobility of the pollutants to get released after phytoremediation.

I hope this will help

you can consult this site:

Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum ... - DIVA

http://www.diva-portal.org › get › FULLTEXT01

PDF by C Marchand · 2017

Also you can consult this book

Hi Diana Polanská Nebeská

Through FTIR also, you can confirm the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons, FTIR gives you the idea of different functional groups such as phenols, flavonoids, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatics, carboxylic acids group, and others in the plant samples, which can indicate the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons. (Attached here- Scientific reports 2021). One more article is also attached here, maybe you can find a way to do that.

All the best!

Hello dear Ibrahim,

Maybe this link below helps you:

Also, I found Teresa Steliga from Poland works on this issue.

Yes, phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove pollutants from soil and water.

yes, there are several reasons why this would occur. First, it is very possible that you did not pool soil samples for analysis properly. sometimes, researchers collect samples from only a few areas within the soil in a container; some also collect at specific depths only to miss out on that same depth and location when going for the next round of analysis. You must understand that metals in solution move horizontally as much as it does vertically, meaning that concentrations at specific spots may differ at every time. The only way out is to collect as many soils from the container from several random locations and depths and run descriptive statistics on the results. I am sure you'd obtain a very representative result.

the second issue is also because most times, the metals you might have analyzed may have been the ionic forms of the metal while excluding the chelated or organic forms. In most bacterial-assisted phytoremediation, the bacteria or bacterium may release metabolites that bind with the metal and thus sequester it (the process some researchers call biosequestration or biotransformation). By the time this metal becomes unavailable, you may not be able to account for the chelated or sequestered concentration particularly if the metal assessment methodology was specific for only bioavailable or ionic forms of the metal

in the other narrative, when such sequestered metals in soil (that you couldn't assess initially because of your methodology) become acted upon by other bacterial metabolites that bioconverts the ligand, the sequestered metal eventually becomes available again, thus "increasing" the soil concentration.

solution. Ensure that assessment of metal concentration is by methodologies that have capacities for ascertaining both ionic and organic concentrations of metals in soils

Apium nodiflorum (L.) is a hydrophytic plant forming dense submerged populations occurring along streams and rivers of Europe. I have experimented this plant for the adsorption of heavy metals Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn from aqueous solutions and I observed that this plant sustains a satisfactory adsorption efficiency and removal capacity for these metals. Since this plant has the ability to grow at high rates in a wide range of environmental conditions, it can be used to wastewater treatment from high (toxic) concentrations of metal ions.



I used methanol as a solvent for DMG. For making 100ml of 60mM DMG solution, I dissolved 0.3484 g of it in methanol.

checking this may help you: Mentele, M. M.; Cunningham, J.; Koehler, K.; Volckens, J.;Henry, C. S. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 4474−4480.

Generating bioenergy and biochar are the possible uses of aquatic plants. Apart from it we can also extract some useful materials which will be for the preparation of useful drugs.

Following

Dear Jane Eilyza Aballa ,

Thanks for your great question. Apropos to your question, Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants.

But how much space should be allowed between plants for the best results? The rule of thumb is a minimum of 18 inches apart and a maximum of 30 inches, for plants that are less than three feet tall. For anything more than this amount of space, you will experience smaller yields.

***Please specify your question what you are exactly wish to know.

Best Regards,

Md Osim,CSIR-NEERI

Dear Resham Sharma ,

I suppose you mean the following special issue:

This special issue belongs to the journal “International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph ) published by MDPI.

This journal has a real impact factor (2.849) since it is indexed in SCIE and additionally is indexed/abstracted in:

-Scopus

-DOAJ member (important indicator for reliable open access journals)

-PubMed/Medline

So more genuine than this hardly possible. However, keep in mind that unless you can arrange something it is an open access journal and in this case the costs are substantial (is 2300 CHF (Swiss Francs)).

Best regards.

LI-COR now has a LI-1600 replacement, the LI-600 Porometer/Fluorometer.

Baljit Singh

Hyperaccumulator tree species can be effective in the remediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals especially if these are fast-growing species. But there are crucial issues that need to be considered for the success of such efforts. One is the difficulty of establishing the trees. In the early 2000s, one such big project in Samar, Philippines failed because the seedlings would not grow in the heavily polluted and extremely acidic soil. Second is that the remediation process is slow and therefore takes a long time. Third, is the disposal of the trees after they are harvested. What will you do with them? And lastly the use of the land is limited by the planting of the trees.

The answers above already confirm that your calculation is right.

Concerning the second part of your question, Bioconcentration Factors were developed by toxicologists to predict which chemicals in water were likely to accumulate in higher, and potentially toxic, concentrations in organisms. They also tell us which plants and animals are likely to pass on high concentrations of toxicants to higher trophic levels through feeding. My reading of your calculated BCF is that it is rather high, but not alarmingly so for a relatively harmless metal like Manganese.

If you can wade through this citation, which is freely available for download, it will tell you more about BCFs than you want to know:

Arnot, J.A. and Goba, F.A.P.C. 2006. A review of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) assessments for organic chemicals in aquatic organisms. Environmental Reviews 14: 257-297.

Please also go through the following RG links.

Anjie Lyn Engaño

In addition to Nate Bickford , I guess this is the whole point of your analysis to find out the minimum concentration.

The best way to identify the traces of pesticides such as urea and 2,4-DCP accumulated in plant from water is to analyze your samples by LC/GC-QTOFMS or HRMS depending upon the nature of an analyte molecule. It is most accurate as well as efficient method to detect even the small amounts of analytes. For this analysis, you need to prepare your samples from the plant parts which aids for phytoremediation by using different extraction methods like Ethyl acetate extraction. For your more understanding, I am herewith attaching some references which might help you for your experiments. Good Luck!

Brassica juncea is the most suitable plant for phytoremediation of heavy metals.

I think phytoremediation is the most feasible method for removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil.

You need to use a chemical speciation model to predict the free ion activities for different concentrations of the complexing species. You can download a free copy of Geochem-EZ. It is easy to use.

I suggest that you may have started the wrong way by adding such huge Cd concentrations.

In addition, the organic chelating agents will be subject to microbial decomposition

Maurice Ekpenyong I have already read this paper. I am looking for very specific and expert opinion on my question. This paper doesn't address my question at all.

Ammonia, nitrogen cycle

No Cactaceae have not the reputation to hyperaccumulate heavy metals.

Regards

@ Dr. Stefano Gomarasca

Please take a look at the following RG links and a PDF attachment.

Thanks!

@ Edo Mcgowan

Please take a look at the following references.

Thanks!

If the dye is biodegradable, it is possible that biomass growth is occurring, and in the measuring process, the COD value will be not only the COD of the treated wastewater, but also that of the biomass.

Try filtering the wastewater before performing the COD

Well,

Regards

Kindly see the following useful references.

follow

Growth, and negative effets of trace elements thereon, can be assessed in different ways. In the "heavy metal" literature, root elongation in vitro has often been used; fresh or dry mass as well; of course mass determination is destructive. There are a lot of methods based on measurements of physiological processes (photosynthetic rate, etc.). It all depends on your objectives.

Most important: do never forget that "toxicity of a metal" or "tolerance to a metal" is always relative; you need to include in your design a control material (genotype or species), to which your own study material will be compared.

The question has no this or that as the best approach. Each is unique. e main difference between bioremediation and phytoremediation is that the bioremediation is the use of living organisms either to degrade, detoxify, transform, immobilize or stabilize environmental contaminants whereas the phytoremediation is the use of plants removal of contaminants. The use of either depends totally on the purpose and suitability

Egg shell is > 95 % calciumcarbonate, so not an organic material.

Hello, Phytoremediation of pollutants in soils is an emerging technology, using different soil-plant interaction properties. It occurs mostly through an increase of the microbial activity in the plant rhizosphere, allowing the degradation of organic substances, a source of carbon for soil microbes.

Dear Campos

I have published a excellent review paper entitled" Mechanistic understanding and holistic approach of phytoremediation: A review on application and future prospects" at Elsevier publishing in Ecological Engineering. I think solve your every questions

Please see the given below attachment.

Krishna

You can see also the attached articles: They may be useful.

With best regards.

What mechanism you are thinking of? What is the role of biochar in phytoremediation process.

Phytoremediation is used ONLY for very light pollution. Vegetables are well only for phosphorys (little ) removal. Biological metabolism of vegetables cannot work more. In you have more then 100 mg/L of BOD5 there are problema. 50000 of COD is a crazy story!

How much is a significantly different of phytoremediation effluent by the constructed wetland technology based on your data ? and which one is dominand technology ?

The weed biomass can be used for bio-remediation and bio-adsorption of metals and pollutants; biogas and biofuel production, composting and vermicomposting, as feed for animals and fish, as carbon source for microbial growth , and for various medicinal and other uses.. The slurry or sludge left after biogas production is usually transported and used as liquid fertilizer. For details consult https://scialert.net --fulltextmobile

To prepare 0.1 M citric acid:

Dissolve 19.21 g of anhydrous citric acid in 1 L of distilled water.

To prepare 1 M solution of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is not possible, because water solubility of EDTA is 0.5 g.L^-1 at 20 ^o C. 1 M EDTA solution should have an EDTA concentration 292.2 g per L.

Regards

Vit

my dear friend,

after my experience (3 years CW research) the constructed wwetland could receive a maximum of 40 g/d/m2 of BOD, this is only regarding municipale or some biodegradable effluent.

i did a study on the treatment of industrial effluent (Olive mill wastewater) which is characterized with high organic load using CW. i manage to puch to 457 g/d/m2 of COD and having great efficiency.

PLEASE READ MY POSTER SO YOU CAN HAVE AN IDEA.

best regard

Do you mind sharing privately with me please?

Thanks

According to some researchers plants act both as " accumulators" and "excluders". Accumulators survive despite concentrating contaminants in their aerial tissues. They biodegrade or bio-transform the contaminants the contaminant into inert forms in their tissues. The excluders restrict contaminant uptake into their biomass. Plants have also evolved highly specific mechanisms to translocate and store micronutients. These same mechanisms are also involved in the uptake, translocation and storage of toxic elements, whose chemical properties simulate those essential elements. Thus micronutrient uptake mechanisms are of great interest to phytoremediation. For more details consult https;//dx.doi.org.10.1155/2011/939161

Thank you for all your answers and advise

Dear Niko Emmanuel Golo,

According to the literature and my experience, biochar derived from plants support to heavy metal removal in indutrial waste water.

Piyal Aravinna

It depends on the toxic metal concentration of the soil and plant type, if the toxic metal content was below than tolerable level of certain plant, no need to control the availability of toxic metals.But, In the case of toxic metal surpassed tolerable level, you need to control the mobility in order to let the accumulation plants live in the substrata. no need to much worry about metal availability after the treatment, only the accumulation plant grow relatively well, plant rhizosphere will mobilize the metal

Thank you for the suggestion!

my dear, your question needs more clarification any way the electro-chemical detection of heavy metals mainly depends on the metal its self and on the electrode material. in your case you can use zeolite materials as working electrode.

Yes. Please have a look at these useful links.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fstr/18/3/18_461/_pdf

Generally for phytoremediation purposes, you are not allow to use those plants those have edible value. Most of the plant species those have used for phytoremediation purpose later used in bioenergy production, not for food.

Solanum nigrum is a very good accumulator of Cadmium

Yes, Pl refer to my paper available in RG platform. This was a part of ME dissertation of my student guided by me

If not native to your area, it may be considered invasive and nuisance if released. It sounds like you have a well controlled system, and probably if floating, most of the roots are not attached to bottom, so mixing increases the exposure and uptake as suggested.

XRF = x-ray footprinting? It is a method for identifying conformational changes in proteins under different conditions based on changes in accessibility of certain residues to radicals generated by x-rays. I can't see how that would help you identify the protein. Get some amino acid sequencing done either by N-terminal Edman degradation or mass spectrometry sequencing following proteolytic digestion. There are many academic facilities and companies that will perform these services for a fee. If your institution or a nearby one has such a facility, they might even have a program to train researchers how to do it themselves using their equipment.

Jodengra, I concur with Grzegorz thoughts. Treatment wetlands are very complex and I assume you mean removal when you say degradation. Heavy metals can adsorb onto soil, plants roots and stay there, onto the microbial biofilm that grows on roots, some might be taken up by plants, some volatilize. I would go to a very good book "Treatment Wetlands" by Kadlek and Wallace, you will find what you need there.

I tried biosorption years ago. I also have the same doubt about disposal of biosorbent after adsorption. The recovery (desorption) of absorbents could be high cost process. Even then I considered the incineration as solution. However, the materials rich in the heavy metals may be the sources of new pollution during or after incineration (potential emission of toxic metals into atmosphere). Also, there is the problem of ash that now contains high concentration of toxic metal. In my opinion, this problem could be solved by inclusion of experts and companies that work on metal refining. May be the ash with high concentration of metals could become the interesting resources for metal refineries?

Parhaps these references will help you