Science topics: Physics
Science topic

Physics - Science topic

Physics related research discussions
Questions related to Physics
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
5 answers
I have several confusions about the Hall and quantum Hall effect:
1. does Hall/QHE depend on the length and width of the sample?
2. Why integer quantum Hall effect is called one electron phenomenon? there are many electrons occupying in single landau level then why a single electron?
3. Can SDH oscillation be seen in 3D materials?
4. suppose if there is one edge channel and the corresponding resistance is h/e^2 then why different values such as h/3e^2, h/4e^2, h/5e^2 are measured across contacts? how contact leads change the exact quantization value and how it can be calculated depending on a number of leads?
5. how can we differentiate that observed edge conductance does not have any bulk contribution?
Relevant answer
Answer
You distinguish a normal classical Hall efect from a Quantum Hall effect.
Normal size devices exhibit the first, contain considerable number of electrons.
The magetic field acting on the current pushes electrons to one side of the device
and is counteracted by the Hall voltage set up from charge accumulation. Proportionality between magnetic field and Hall voltage for steady current.
Quantum devices contain fewer electrons in narrow or small devices (Nanostructures) . The magnetic field provokes the equivalent of Landau levels that contain the states for electrons. These pass at regular intervals as the magnetic field increases. Thus there are regular jumps
in the electron conductance as magnetic induction increases.(In single electron conductance, or normal quantum hall effect
The fractional quantum Hall effect is believed to be the consequence of electron interactions and quasi particle formation. This is an extremly complicated phenomena, and not nearly as well understood as many would have you believe.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
2 answers
When a material is in a Topological state, the conduction in 2D TI is due to the edge channel. If I am using a Hall bar structure where I am doing Non-local measurements as can be seen from the attached file. Many papers say that there is edge conductance of h/e^2 corresponding to one edge channel. If in a Hall bar there are 6 terminals. this is distributed as 1:5 and each channel show h/6e^2 resistance. I do not understand why there is only h/6e^2 resistance even though voltage measurement is done at one terminal? please help
Relevant answer
Answer
I will second Hadi Jabbar Alagealy here, that paper is all.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
41 answers
Dear Sirs,
This question, it seems to me, may arise in the first meeting with general relativity theory. Free falling box with its locally inertial coordinate system, e.g. in the Earth gravity field, moves the same as space particles of the real spacetime continuum. So we can imagine that around us there is "a fluid" of space particles which moves towards to the Earth center. The imaginary fluid penetrates freely through the matter.
Have the space particles some dimensions (maybe the minimal one as real water, e.g.), any properties or even any forces accociated with them, does the motion look like the viscous or ideal or non Newtonian fluid?
I would be grateful of any comments on spacetime as fluid.
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you for your constructive comment, Salvador. I think your point is very poignant. The "wave-particle-duality" seems to be key here. All the best, Julius
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
14 answers
What are the quantum materials? Quantum phenomenon takes place in every material at atomic level. then how to define quantum materials? is Iron (magnetic materials) quantum material as it shows magnetism which is the quantum phenomenon? if not then what are quantum materials?
Relevant answer
Answer
Quantum materials are I believe are those materials that exhibit wave behavior, or equivalently particle-wave duality.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
5 answers
A beam of identical particles sent in a Stern-Gerlach equipment splits in four parts. What is the maximum value of ml+ms for these particles?
ml is the magnetic Quantum Number & ms is the spin Quantum Number.
Relevant answer
Answer
Apply the laws of quantum mechanics, don't use classical physics
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
4 answers
An electron is in the state l=0,ms=1/2 when the x-component of its magnetic moment is measured.What values may be obtained &with what probabilities?
What about the z-component of its magnetic moment?
Relevant answer
Answer
Thanks
Behnam Farid
& Spiros Konstantogiannis for the insights.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
4 answers
The publication of a research: OPTICAL GEOMETRY IN THE FORBIDDEN CITY, show after carefully analysis of the an metal alloy horse with concave eyes .The investigation show the horse was designed and realized by the Jesuit Painter -Architect:
Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766), during his 50th years of service under Nr.3 Qing Emperor , from 1715-1766. As explained in the report the intention of Castiglione was to convert the Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799) to Christianity, but due yo rigid protocol in place, he can't due directly, but realizing work of art with technology , in this case (physic concept of light). As he can't be discovered for eventually any questions arising from Emperor about this phenomenon, in particular the left eye, where a triangle is visible ( sign of trinity) , as well as in the link (inserted at the end of pag.1 of the here attached research , to the video of 28th seconds ( eyes became real in the last 12 seconds).
As apparently brain neuronal mechanism of the retina is involved, with calculation and knowledge Castiglione used to realized the virtual image? probably the first in the history.
Considering also that he keep in consideration daily light, as an alibi, as daylight don't show any affects.
Thanks
Relevant answer
Answer
People lose sight acuity with aging.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
I came across this question (attached below). I tried to solve it but got stuck in the portion where we need to calculate the inverse tranform. I found a solution of this question (also attached below) but there, in the encircled portion, I couldn't get how they took a 2x factor out and change the limits from (-∞, +∞) to [0,+∞ ). I know that we can do this changing of limits only if it's an even function and can take the limiting points [0,+∞ ) iff the function is of the form y = ax2 . But here the term inside the exponential function is of the form y = ax2 + bx + cix, where i =complex number, and accordingly the limit should change to some random [m,+∞ ) in place of [0,+∞ ). Also, the 2x factor would not be there because the limiting point is changing from [0,+∞ ) to [m,+∞ ) and the graph will not be symmetrical across X=0 Axis.
I will be highly grateful if you can kindly clarify my doubt or let me know where I am making a mistake in understanding the question.
Relevant answer
Answer
I love your equations. Please keep us in the loop.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
1 answer
Are BPDs (Basal Plane Dislocations) and Misfit dislocations different or same? If different, what's the difference between the two?
Relevant answer
Answer
I believe they are different
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
121 answers
Heisenberg uncertainty principle was initially proposed for position-momentum conjugate pair. It states that the concurrent precise measurements of position and momentum of a subatomic particle are not possible. This idea has been extended to another pair of quantities, time and energy, without proper justification. Therefore, there has been an endless debate on the validity of the uncertainty concept for the second pair, such as:
· Can time be considered as an observable quantity?
· Are these variables dynamically conjugate, both in classical and in quantum mechanics?
· Does this pair exhibit similar principle as the position-momentum?
· The mathematics of the uncertainty of energy-time pair is not well defined as standard deviation of time does not make sense.
Furthermore, if a certain duration of time is necessary for the accurate measurement of some quantity like energy then we should consider it for momentum too. However, in the latter case, it has been accepted during the history of uncertainty principle, that the measurement of the momentum of any particle can be taken with an arbitrary accuracy irrespective of the duration of the measurement.
If momentum should be treated like energy then it is better to separate Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle from the inevitable measurement inaccuracy of some physical quantities within short interval, which is well understood in science. They seem to be completely different issues, which are kept under the same title.
Relevant answer
Answer
Moreover, it can be defined as there is uncertainty in measuring the variable of the particle. According to the uncertainty principle, if the position is known then the momentum is more uncertain and vice versa. See the link: https://byjus.com/jee-questions/what-is-uncertain-in-uncertainty-principle/
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
The nucleus is He-2-4 which was mysteriously encountered using the logic of my own thinking and more ansatz than Dirac and Murray combined.
The discovery of the mysterious He-2-4 nucleus and its geometry enabled me to calculate its mass accurately in 3 parity ways.
Using some logic I hit He-2-4 only to know its mysterious properties known but not taught much: (0) Most Symmetric, (1) Most Abundant, (2) Most Stable, and (3) Mother Nuclei to rest except Hydrogen.
A Geometric Model Satisfying.. (1) Quark, (2) QCD, (3) Yukawa Strong Force Quanta of 200 or 204 Electrons. (4) Thompson Problem of equidistribution charges, (5) CCP Packing of Energy or Mass in the most efficient way in Nature which makes sense for Nucleus, (6) Satisfying Vector Equilibrium Model, and showing evidence of Gravity Gradient Through Density.
Enabling: Leading Through Accurate Calculations it 3 Parity Steps with 99% Accuracy, applying Energy Equivalence Principle and Equi Partition Energy Theorem.
Dear Friends, I feel obliged to share this with you as some of you wanted me to share. This is a very mystical experience to me, as it is not me but some transcendental revelation. Many discoverers have experienced this. When I re-read the paper, I get shudders and goosebumps.
Please read my paper on He-2-4 to understand the Geometry of the nucleus, which is the mother nucleus for the rest of nuclei along with the father Hydrogen. The first compound to be synthesized in the Universe is HeH (Helium Hydride) as found out. It is one of the most read scientific papers on Research Gate with 1167 reads (along with some more reads in another version of the paper) and with 4 Recommendations. Reads for such an esoteric subject are rare. It often stands out as the "Most-Read" status and from 2017 to 2018 it held this record.
In 2008, I hit upon a connection between Photon and Electron/Positron without violating any laws of Physics except one experiment which is the most famous failed experiment. e.g, Michelson Morely. Then in 2010, trying to fit my theory in Strong/Nuclear Force, I hit this mysterious nucleus which we are not taught about. It took me till 2017 to get the geometry and calculations for its mass right.
My theory is nothing but 3 Orthogonal Fields shown in most of the EMF and QM experiments in Physics: where Electric, Magnetic, and Space are orthogonal fields. Unfortunately, we take (Vaccum of) Space to be granted and fail to understand that it is a Field with Supra Super Fluidity (it is like the Ghost passing through you without you feeling it, like in the case of millions of Neutrinos passing through you and one not feeling them but in the Yogic path you could wake up to this field). Some of you have seen my yogic trick of temporarily increasing the size of my fingers or toes by meditation but the second part of the experiment demonstrates that Space is a dynamic Supra Super-Fluid Field.
I was only encouraged to publish the paper when I found I was using the same units as Yukawa used, who was the first Noble Prize Winner for the Strong Force. His approach was more complex modified Dirac Equations but mine was a simple argument, that Nature would reuse components previously built in its walk of the Stack of Reality. The same arguments I used that Electron and Positron are 3D-vortexes weaved using Photons (in Space-Time constraints).
Like Crystal Molecules having Geometric Structure, the nuclei have it too. Modern Physics can't give us a simple picture of the nuclei.
He-2-4 nucleus is the most Symmetric, the most Abundant, the most Stable and tries to satisfy Quark and QCD models. It uses Yukawa's unit of the strength of 200 Electrons Mass (actually 204), the Packing of Spheres Problem (for most efficiently packing mass per unit of volume, which makes sense for a nucleus) for the inner layer, and the Thompson Problem (of distributing 'n' charges in Space for minimal energy or entropy needed for stability) for the outer layer. Then gradient of Gravity is seen (which justifies using Space as Field). e.g., gravity decreases with the increase in the altitude and lighter-dense things float up, while heavy-denser things float down.
The Noble gases are not only stable because of 8 electrons in their orbit (except He, in which case it is 2), but the Noble nuclei are stable with the quanta in units of He-2-4 (which is not taught). The corollary is that a skyscraper is not stable because the top floor is stable but the ground foundation is also needed to be stable.
It also satisfies the Equal Partition Theorem and the Principle of Reuse/Recycle by Nature, which Modern Physics does not use. It uses Muon and Anti Muon as building blocks - the next higher energy/mass resonance of Electron and Positron.
It proposes uses of a Space Field which can be called Dark Energy, Higgs Field, Ether, Prana or Chi. It uses Equivalence Energy Principle to see how much Electro Static Energy will be required to hold the cluster of 12 Nodes and 6 Nodes in the next layer.
There are three parity ways in which the mass of the nucleus is calculated to the accuracy of 99% (variation will happen based on speeds of the nucleus and secondary effects). In complex calculations, we match results up to all digits in three different paths! The baffling part is that all complex vector and energy operations in three different paths lead to the same result while satisfying all the two theorems of Physics and other constraints from Quark and QCD models!!!
It also demonstrates the Gravity at works at this fundamental level (which is mentioned in another paper).
Update, recently I found out that that Yikawa's Quantum was thought to be Muon first and later identified to be Pi Meson! This brings my model of He-2-4 using Muon more justified!
Relevant answer
Answer
Gotcha, am anxious to learn the answer too.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
Generally, we always try to give low input to operate a device. What are the minimum values of voltage for CMOS technology and magnetic field for spintronics technology?
Relevant answer
Answer
Please tell me more
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
In Becke's B3LYP hybrid functional, Fock exchange is being mixed with Slater LSDA exchange (and then plus gradient correction), plus correlation expressions. But what LSDA exchange parametrization is used?
  • It appears to me that Becke in his DFT Thermochemistry I paper (J. Chem. Phys. 96, 2155 (1992)) uses the VWN parametrization, being the then modern alternative to the older Perdew-Zunger version.
  • Then in his Half-and-Half paper (J. Chem. Phys. 98, 1372 (1993)), he apparently switches to the then recent Perdew-Wang 1992 parametrization.
  • In his 3-parameter hybrid (DFT Thermochem III) paper (J. Chem. Phys. 98, 5648 (1993)) he seems to only comment on correlation being taken from the PW 1992 parametrization and not mention which LSDA version he uses for the exchange part, presumabely still the standard Slater exchange (E_X ~ int n_(alpha)^(4/3) + n_(beta)^(4/3) dr.
So which LSDA parametrization is used nowadays in B3LYP? Did people stick to the VWN version from Becke's initial paper or did they switch to the more modern PW version as Becke probably did? Or do different implementations in program packages use different versions?
Relevant answer
Answer
There are some references that might prove helpful:
Sholl. D.S. and Steckel, J.A., Density Functional Theory: A Practical Introduction, Wiley, 2009. Page 218.
Here some parameterizations are specifically mentioned.
(3) The Bretonnet article is attached.
I hope you may find something of these to be of use.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
11 answers
I am working on the multi-dimensional spacetime. I realized that we can describe and expand the relation between the energy, mass and momentum of the particles from one dimensional spacetime and create their relationship formula in the higher dimensional spacetime. I realized that dimensional analysis is not valid in this method. I didn't find any source for discussing on the dimensional analysis when some terms of the equation belongs to n-dimensional spacetime and other terms are belong to the m-dimensional spacetime. For instance, does the unit of the measurement of the energy of the a one-dimensional particle is equal to the unit of the measurement of the three-dimensional particle?. these are my preprint paper and equations that not supported by dimensional spacetime.
These Preprints are under review, I don't know that could I use natural system of units for overcoming consistency.
Relevant answer
Answer
Energy has dimensions mass x length^2 / time^2 no matter how many dimensions spacetime has. Units are conventional, dimensions are physical.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
39 answers
Good research is based on good relationship between the mentor or supervisor and the scholar. What are the qualities a supervisor or mentor must have to have a healthy and friendly environment in the laboratory?
Relevant answer
Answer
Please have look on our(Eminent Biosciences (EMBS)) collaborations.. and let me know if interested to associate with us
Our recent publications In collaborations with industries and academia in India and world wide.
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile. Publication Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33397265/
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Moscow State University , Russia. Publication Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32967475/
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology,, Mount Sinai Health System, Manhattan, NY, USA. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29199918
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30457050
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27852211
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with ICMR- NIN(National Institute of Nutrition), Hyderabad Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23030611
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth MN 55811 USA. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27852211
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with University of Yaounde I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30950335
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30693065
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with collaboration with University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Publication Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31210847/
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080, Leioa, Spain. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27852204
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Publication Link: http://www.eurekaselect.com/135585
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with NIPER , Hyderabad, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29053759
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30950335
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad , India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472910
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with C.S.I.R – CRISAT, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30237676
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Karpagam academy of higher education, Eachinary, Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30237672
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Ballets Olaeta Kalea, 4, 48014 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29199918
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500 016, Telangana, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472910
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad-682 506, Cochin, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27964704
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with CODEWEL Nireekshana-ACET, Hyderabad, Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26770024
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore-641046, Tamilnadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27919211
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with LPU University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31030499
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Department of Bioinformatics, Kerala University, Kerala. Publication Link: http://www.eurekaselect.com/135585
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Gandhi Medical College and Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad 500 038, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27450915
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with National College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirapalli, 620 001 Tamil Nadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27266485
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with University of Calicut - 673635, Kerala, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23030611
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with NIPER, Hyderabad, India. ) Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29053759
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with King George's Medical University, (Erstwhile C.S.M. Medical University), Lucknow-226 003, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579575
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579569
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Safi center for scientific research, Malappuram, Kerala, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30237672
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Dept of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248957
Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26229292
Sincerely,
Dr. Anuraj Nayarisseri
Principal Scientist & Director,
Eminent Biosciences.
Mob :+91 97522 95342
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
13 answers
A performance task? A standardized test? Or some other means? Why?
Relevant answer
Answer
A question that needs more thought
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
Does the website describing physical devices and experimental techniques exist:
in one subsection, within one direction, realizations of physical devices are collected;
in style - something similar to github, so that you can make changes;
not only articles, book shapters, but links to models in Ansys, Comsol, OpenFoam, etc;
presents digital twin of real home-made and industrial production physical devices (preferably not made in proprietary software);
examples from various fields of physics are given, i.e. modern rethinking of the book Technische kunstgriffe bei physikalischen untersuchungen / E. V. Angerer?
Relevant answer
Answer
Sorry outside of my field.Best regards
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
36 answers
I'd love to see a rough sketch of how the task would go.
Relevant answer
Answer
  1. Give students raw data and ask them to write an argument or analysis based on the data.
  2. Have students explore and write about unfamiliar points of view or “what if” situations.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
10 answers
Dear Sirs,
The elevator example in general relativity is used to show that gravitational force and an inertial force are not distinguishable. In other words the 2nd Newton's law is the same in the two frames: inertial frame with homogenous gravitational field and the elevator's frame without gravitational field which has constant acceleration in respect to the inertial frame.
But every one knows that an inertial force is a force which does not obey the 3rd Newton's law. For example such forces are cetrifugal force and Coriolis force existing in the Earth reference frame. Gravitational force satisfies the 3rd Newton's law. So one can conclude that the gravitational force is not inertial.
Could you clarify the above controversy.
Relevant answer
Answer
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
90 answers
Dear Sirs,
R Feynman in his lectures, vol 1, chapter 12, Characteristics of force wrote:
"The real content of Newton’s laws is this: that the force is supposed to have some independent properties, in addition to the law F=ma; but the specific independent properties that the force has were not completely described by Newton or by anybody else, and therefore the physical law F=ma is an incomplete law. ".
Other researchers may consider the 2nd Newton's law as a definition of force or mass. But R. Feynman did not agree with them in the above chapter.
What is your view on the 2nd Newton's law?
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Mr khripov,
I prefer that we agree on the questions you ask.
For me F'=-kx is Hook's law.
For me F=ma is Newton's second law.
If in a given problem F=F', then -kx=ma.It is Newton's law particularized to the case where the force applied is that of a spring (Hook's law).
At static equilibrium, we have theoretically kx=mg. The theory tells you that kx=mg.
You want to check this relation experimentally. Fabricate identical objects of the same mass m. Hang on the spring one object, then two objects, then three objects, etc.... At the first elongation mark the elongation with a pen x=X0. You will notice experimentally that for 2m you will have an elongation of 2(X0), for 3m you will have 3(X0), etc ..... Plot on a graph the elongation of the spring as a function of the hooked mass. You will see that the curve is a straight line and that the slope of this line is (1/k) in the system of units you have used.
Conclusion:
1) You have therefore verified the linearity of x as a function of m and this is the verification you wanted to make.
2) You have deduced the value of k.
Important remark:
Clearly, the measurements you have made do not depend on any law (including the law of the relation you want to verify).
I hope I have answered your question.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
4 answers
I need someone to help me write the Physics for Simulation using Cosmol Multi Physics:
Fresh air is introduced into the coil at the inlet which is the left hand side of the coil. The shell consists of hot flue gas passing through it to heat the coil and the Air passes out through the outlet at the right hand side.
I want to simulate the temperature at the outlet over a period of 5 hours.
The focus of the Simulation is shown in the attached file below based on the error report from the COSMOL Simulation result. I need help to write
the Physics for Cosmol addresss the error.
Relevant answer
Answer
Kindly visit..
Intro to Modeling Heat Transfer with COMSOL Multiphysics.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
81 answers
Sometimes , we use term of "zero time" in a formulation but are we sure it is really "0" ? maybe it is 0,000......1 and is there a "zero" time(can we stop the time?), or sometimes, we say v=0 are we sure?
On the other hand
1/0 = infinity. Well then, what's "infinity"? How does it work in all the other equations?
infinity - infinity = 0?
1 + infinity = infinity?
If we use closest number to zero-monad (basic thing that constitutes the universe-everything-)Gottfreid Leibniz, in his essayMonadology,” suggested that the fundamental unit of all things is the monad. He intended the monad to have some of the attributes of the atom, but with important differences. The monads Leibniz proposed are indivisible, indissoluble, and have no extension or shape, yet from them all things were made. He called them “the true atoms of nature.” At the same time, each monad mirrored the universe. If we use monad instead of zero, every equations work
I think Science says "Every Thing had originated from a basic thing"
Relevant answer
Answer
Real numbers can be positive or negative, and include the number zero. They are called real numbers because they are not imaginary, which is a different system of numbers. https://www.livescience.com/42619-real-numbers.html
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
I conducted a experiment whose conclusions were opposite as that of Big Bang. So, based on the conclusions of my experiment I concluded that some points in Big Bang Theory are wrong...
Relevant answer
Answer
I am in agreement that the Big Bang theory is not correct:
Furthermore I think that the current ideas about the formation of the solar system need revision:
I hope this helps.
Richard
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
1 answer
i came across this while studying X-ray diffraction
Relevant answer
Answer
To justify the statement that you mentioned, you have to understand the diffraction conditions in great detail. The reflection in a diffraction pattern will only appear if both 1) Bragg's condition is satisfied, and 2) Scattered waves are in the same phase.
Now, if the scattered waves satisfying Bragg's condition are not in the same phase, then that order reflection will superpose destructively and will be missed from the diffraction pattern. Therefore, Bragg's condition is necessary for the occurrence of a reflection, but not sufficient. For example, in case of BCC Mo, the (100) reflection is missing in the x-ray diffraction pattern while using Cu-Kaplha. That means, if Bragg's condition is not satisfied, then no reflection will occur, and reflection may occur depending on the positions of the atoms in the unit cell when Bragg's condition is  satisfied. Thus, in this sense Bragg's law is considered as negative law.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
14 answers
In the (electro-) conducting materials, as I know, there is an energy gap between the valence band (VB) and the conduction band (CB) that can be brought to or near-to the Fermi level by doping (p-type or n-type dopant).
But ( My question is ), If I want to design a (semi- or super-) conductor's materials (inorganic or polymeric) , Which properties would I look for? and, also, Which characterizations would I consider for the properties' investigations? What are the requirements for the materials' property (with regard to its band structure) to achieve the considered structure-property relationships (or requirements ) for the preparation of the conducting materials?
Relevant answer
Answer
Indeed Dear Ahmed MS Dawelbeit it is a very interesting and subtle question, refer to it as a localization phenomenon is one way since electrons can be seen as wave packets that can be or not well defined within the structure (metal, either metallic polimer).
In general, we have a kinetic criterium with three well-defined regions, the product "l . kF", since we understand localization as the absence of diffusion of any kind of waves in a disordered medium.
Please check for the case of metallic polymers, the following reference:
Alan J. Heeger, 2003, The Critical Regime of the Metal-Insulator Transition in Conducting Polymers: Experimental Studies. Condensation and Coherence in Condensed Matter, pp. 30-35
it is very instructive
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
6 answers
I know that an infant's brain can repair itself when damaged but why doesn't the same happen in adults after stroke or brain injuries?
Relevant answer
Answer
With Regenerative Medicine, using stem cells, the ongoing Programs are doing it, with good results and promising expectations.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
7 answers
Hi,
I wonder how torque changes with different angles of the torsion axis. Please find the attached figure. I can see how to find out T1 (Blue colour) but not T2. Do I have to compare cross-sectional areas? It would be great if someone can share your thought on this or any formula on this.
Regards
Relevant answer
Answer
Sorry Jelong Lee, now a understand your question. There will be two component for the torque: one in the direction of 1 and other in the direction 2. In the direction 2 is a different deformation, I am not sure if the formula above applies, I think L should be much bigger than the other 2 dimensions of the beam.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
61 answers
Dear Sirs,
Everyone knows the derivation of Lorentz transformations from electromagnetic wave front propagation. But Lorentz transformations are the basis of the general mechanics theory. It seems to me it is logically correct to derive the transformations from purely mechanical grounds. But how to do this? Mechanical (sound) waves are not of course applicable here. Or there is only purely mathematical approach? I The later is also not good in physics. Could it be derived from gravitational wave propagation? If it is so is there any controversy because General relativity is based on special relativity? I would be grateful for your suggestions.
Relevant answer
Answer
Length contraction CAN be deduced by purely mechanical processes. The other Transformations are substituted by other mechanical means. For example, time dilation can be speed of light changes in different media density.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
54 answers
Journals with review time of 2-4 weeks and publication time of <6 months.Impact factor journals >1.
Relevant answer
Answer
Engineering with computers IF=7.9
Soft computing IF=3.6
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
12 answers
A high grade energy can be completely converted into a low grade energy, however visa versa is not possible for a spontaneous process. Since PE can be converted into KE but KE cannot be converted into PE when the process is spontaneous. Therefore should we consider KE is a higher grade energy like work and electrical energy?
Relevant answer
Answer
Heat - Low grade energy since it can be converted into work .
Electrical and Chemical Energy - High grade energy - concentrated on small space can be converted into high amount of work .
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
5 answers
I am applying top gate voltage using Al2O3 (100nm) dielectric. I would like to calculate effective elecrtic field applied using this top gate. I can apply top gate voltage of 1V (say). how much effective electric field can be obtained by 1V top gate.
Please help me
Relevant answer
Answer
The electric filed in the dielectric is E= V/d = 1 V /(10^-7) m = 10^7 V/m
Because you apply the voltage with a metalic electrode on top of the gate the electric field in the dielectric is less than 10^7 V/m with the Schottky barrier
1V- (50 -100 mV) for Al2O3
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
2 answers
What research data is available/known (e.g. papers, surveys, simulations, data sets, etc.) on modelling a Business Enterprise finances (Microeconomics) based on mapping its Financial Elements (like Asset, Debt, Equity, Income, Expenses, etc.) to the concepts of natural laws of Physics (like Mass, Energy, Force, Momentum etc.)?
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you Mr. Gruenwald, there have already been developed several methods on applying statistical physics on stock market. But that´s not what I am inquiring. The question here aims at researches on modeling and managing the financials of a Corporate Enterprise (focusing on microecomics company, not on macroeconomical financial markets) based on laws and concepts from natural Physics (e.g. by defining rules corresponding to those, setting-up contracts accordingly, measuring KPIs referenced to those, establishing governance appropriately, etc. ...).
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
I need to do MD simulation for positrons (antiparticles of electrons). Is it possible to do MD for positrons in the liquid medium?
Relevant answer
Answer
If you wanted to do that, you would have to assume that the positron has a classical trajectory which is of course a severe deviation from the fundamentals of quantum mechanics unless you want to work within the framework of the fringe De Broglie-Bohm theory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory).
If we ignore this major caveat for a moment, you can in principle treat a positron like a "very light cation" with a mass of 5.5E-4u and calculate an "MD trajectory" with the interactions you get along the way; former colleagues of mine tried that for electrons when they wanted to estimate the height of repulsive coulomb barriers in multianions, but the result was not particularly satisfying, as far as I've been told.
An additional problem would of course be the neglegt of annihilation probabilites in that process.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
12 answers
Dear RG Academics who Travel,
This is an important topic because many academics relish going to desirable places for conferences. My husband and I used to travel to scientific conferences but so much red tape is involved he and I are glad to attend mostly on video conferencing technologies (yes, like Zoom and others whose names I don't know. No intent to favor one or the other technology company)
It is good to remember that social bragging rights do not equal additions to knowledge (i.e., what exotic place one has traveled lately.). Yet, local economies are helped by all kinds of conferences and the money that they bring.
There are costs and benefits either way, so please share your ideas about continuing in-person conferences when there is little we cannot do via remote presentation, informal conferring and virtual "hallway" chatter.
Look look forward to your ideas.
Relevant answer
Answer
Good question related to all of academicians! Its true there is lot of codal formalities to get funding and visa processing time etc. I think face to face attending is better than online mode. As we can make new connections, friends, links in the field, visit different places, understand the work of other and many more. I was lucky to have chances to visit different places in the world. Currently lockdown stations shifted most of the academic activities as online mode. I hope situation will be better soon and we again have a chance.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
15 answers
Dear Sirs,
I would like to find out whether galilean relativity principle (which means the same
form of three Newton's laws in all inertial frames) is derived from the three Newton's laws or
any other classical mechanics statements.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Anatoly,
If you are satisfied by the 1st Newton's law, which is basically equivalent to Galilean relativity, there is nothing to prove.
But if you mean to axiomatically construct a logically self-consistent mechanics without Galilean relativity, like non-Euclidean geometries proposed by mathematicians in 19th century, that should be possible, of course.
There are plenty of mechanical systems without translation invariance - a pendulum, a bent railway, a body in an "irremovable potential field", etc. But they are used to be well handled by existing formalism: systems with nonlinear constraints - by Lagrangian, potential motions - by Hamiltonian.
So, it is unobvious whether there is need for something new physically. And mathematically, it must be just part of non-Euclidean geometry, already well developed.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
8 answers
I think that such a notion is mistaken, because, if it were correct, we should take that all these constituent particles originated independently from each other and then met together with formation of each atom separately, what is highly improbable. The droplet nuclear model is, possibly, more realistic. However, the PFO-CFO Theory of Solar System Formation and Transformation leads to the conclusion that atomic nuclei are composed of positively charged substance, which can be termed protons, and of mass/energy, which can be termed neutrons; both can be symbolically taken particulate.
Relevant answer
Answer
I think it is assumptioms more than it realy exist just to find a way for explainations.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
59 answers
When it comes to choosing a good journal, it has always been debated which one is more important? Impact factor (IF) or journal quartile (Q)?
I give an example, you have three following journals, which one would you choose?
1- IF: 1.3 & Q1
2- IF: 2.5 & Q2
3- IF: 3.9 & Q3
Please select one of the three journals above and give a reason for that.
Relevant answer
Answer
I extracted impact factor and quartile of all mathematics journals based on new report released by Clarivate 2021.
Please, click on the following link:
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
104 answers
Mysticism is often treated as the opposite of science. But is it? Please see
Relevant answer
Answer
Yes, it does: in fact, current biomedical technology has made it possible to visualize brain images when a subject is in a mystical trance or meditation ("Definition, Philosophical and Scientific Bases of Mysticism", by Raúl León Barúa
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20453/ah.v57i0.2796), it has even been related to Quantum Physics ("Quantum physics and mysticism not ensino de ciências", by TR Rocha, TM de Carvalho, CM Felício - Research, Society and Developmen, 2020 - rsdjournal.org-DOI: https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.11131)
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
31 answers
Dear Colleagues!
I hope you are all doing well. I have a question to all of you. I love to teach and so far I have been teaching everything from international business, marketing, management to organisational psychology. I feel ambivalent towards this however.I love to teach and Im curious in my nature and what better way to learn new things than to teach? However I also feel that if I continue being a generalist It might also be bad since I risk loosing touch with my main specialisation.
What are your thoughts? Your experiences?
My speciality is this :
Best wishes Henrik and professor Hugo 3 months old who keeps me company when Im trying to work :-)
Ps stay safe.
Relevant answer
Answer
Teaching one subject is more scientific and it will give you more academic background.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
4 answers
I am looking for good books/articles for the study of solar wind. I would be happy to get your valuable suggestions. Thanks.
Relevant answer
Answer
People use this book in the US:
Russell, C. T., Luhmann, J. G., & Strangeway, R. J. (2016). Space physics: An introduction. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
This is the version I used when I was in graduate school:
Kivelson, M. G., & Russell, C. T. (1996). Introduction to Space Physics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
In Europe, I guess people use ore this one:
Baumjohann, W., & Treumann, R. (2009). Basic Space Plasma Physics. London, United Kingdom: Imperial College Press.
This AGU monograph has lots of references and a modern view of the solar wind:
As for historical enrichment, I would recommend the articles of Eugene Parker (1950's, 1960;s, ApJ) and the ones with the first observations of the solar wind by Mariner II:
Hope this helps :)
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
6 answers
When we derive the formula for length contraction, we use the direct Lorentz transformation. But for solving the formula for time dilation, we use the inverse transformation. Why is that so?
Relevant answer
Answer
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
40 answers
I have read that time is defined in terms of entropy (entropy of the universe maybe? I'm not sure). But entropy is a macroscopic quantity which makes time a macroscopic quantity. Yet time is a parameter in Schrodinger's equation. So we have a macroscopic quantity appearing in a microscopic equation. That makes me think that this microscopic equation is really a statistics equation. It produces deterministic solutions but maybe these deterministic solutions are just mathematical procedures for statistical calculations. That would be consistent with the fact that these solutions actually are used for statistics calculations. Does it makes sense for a macroscopic quantity (time) to appear in a microscopic equation, unless it is a statistics equation? Or, am I mistaken in calling time macroscopic? My primary question is whether Schrodinger's equation can be derived from some set of statistical postulates. The question is not whether the equation was historically obtained from statistical arguments (we already know it wasn't), the question is whether the same equation can be derived from statistical arguments. What Schrodinger was thinking at the time of producing his equation is not relevant to this question.
Relevant answer
Answer
Interesting, I still remember that my QM physics teacher in Moscow told us in a lecture that the SE came from a more general theory. I just found this on a Wikipedia commons article that remains me of what he said in 1990:
I always have been impressed more with the old quantum method of quantization that the same SE, systems such as superfluidity in He4 can be predicted by the old method quite nicely.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
5 answers
If we evaporate Sulphur in a closed chamber along with the MoO3 films, will it convert MoO3 to MoS2?
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Karthik, thank you for asking this very interesting technical question. Yes, the conversion of MO3 thin films into MoS2 films by sulfurization with elemental sulfur is indeed possible. This process has for example been reported in the article entitled "Direct Transformation of Crystalline MoO3 into Few-
Layers MoS2" (Materials 2020, 13, 2293) which can be freely downloaded as pdf file from the general internet. It was pointed out that this process could be carried out at moderate temperatures using simple instrumentation. Elemental sulfur powder was used as sulfurization agent.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
174 answers
Recently, an unknown particle flow named Aether Wind (and Aether Inflow) has been reported by Jeremy Fiennes (see attachment) which can change light speed and cause time dilation. However, according to Yangton and Yington Theory, photon is a free Wu’s Pair traveling in vacuum space, like a moving particle, there is no need of carrier (medium). Since aether defined as a photon carrier which couldn’t exist, it is therefore assumed that this unknown particle is nothing but the graviton. For the same reason, despite the accuracy of the experiments, aether wind should be considered as the gravitational flux. As gravitational field reflecting the concentration of graviton vectors in the static state, gravitational flux reflects the changes of the concentration of graviton vectors in the dynamic state. Time dilation in both east bound and west bound air flights obtained in Hafele-Keating experiment must be inaccurate. There should be no time dilation because of the symmetrical distribution of graviton flux in the orbit. Furthermore, Reginald Cahill re-analyzed Dayton Miller's interferometer results and claimed that light travels at a slower speed towards the centers of sun and Milky Way. It is believed this is due to the bombardment of gravitons in the strong graviton flux from sun and Milky Way no matter of aether inflow. (to be published).
Relevant answer
Answer
Aether wind is gravity centered so it could not have been observed by Michelson Morley. I believe there is much evidence for its existence, and that it controls as much of the motions of matter as does gravity concerning motions of the observable universe.
Background Aether Field Flow:
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
6 answers
What could be the reason for a charge up in a device. I noticed that when I measure the temperature dependence of resistance, at the lowest temperature there is i very sharp increase in resistance. this increase depends upon waiting time at the lowest temperature. Why device charge up with time. if I restart measurements again, it starts from the initial value.
please someone experienced this?
Relevant answer
Answer
As a preliminary question:
1. which sort of material is your device made of? (metal, semiconductor, organic, other?),
2. what is the topology of the conducing layer (3D, 2D, 1D, powder-like, etc...)?
3. and what is the size of the active layer (cm or mm or µm or less)?
As a matter of fact, in a material with a low number of electrons, even a moderate number of electronic traps can capture electrons and greatly affect the conductivity. This is however unlikely in a metallic device.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
6 answers
Dear Sirs,
I did not find this material on the internet. There are only mechanical models of some aspects of self-replication. Full mechanical model is absent. Of course it is enourmous problem if one precisely build it. But maybe there are simple and simultaneously more complete mechanical models? I prefer purely mechanical self-replicating machine but self-replicating robots are also good.
Relevant answer
Answer
The first mechanistic model of self-replication was given by John von Neumann by his self-replicating cellular automaton. He was followed by others: Langdon, Reggia, ...
It would be interesting to study this research stream as it provides great insights into creation of mechanistic description of certain properties of living structures.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
6 answers
Anomalies in Orbital Mechanics.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Sanjay Rohra , the atmospheric drag is directly connected to the square of the relative velocity of the atmosphere with respect to the satellite (note: orbit velocity is not "alone", you also have winds!). The more drag you have, the more the satellite will experience a force against its velocity and the spacecraft will start decaying. If you go low in altitude, the atmosphere is denser and this drop of altitude is faster. I hope this helps you! Regards
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
7 answers
Hi,
I am doing a short survey with some of my friends in order to understand the need of researchers (from fabrication point of view). Ideally, our target audience is anyone who does fabrication or would like to use fabricated samples. It would be great if you could share your experience and fill this survey. In addition, we would really appreciate if you can pass it on to your friends/professors – they could be chemist/physicist/biologist/electronics device people etc. anyone as long as you think they fit in target audience.
Thanks a lot, really appreciate your help.
Relevant answer
Answer
THANK YOU I APPRECIATE
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
6 answers
I want to publish my MATLAB program. "Impulse Response of a Hypothetical Blackhole on a Spacetial Rigid Body". The hypothetical blackhole that I mentioned in my programme is formed from Karl Schwarzschild expression. So, how do I publish it?
Is that possible to do so?
What is the procedure?
Relevant answer
Answer
You can see a variety of preprints intended for publication in a physics journal in the arXiv preprint server
Use the Search option (top right)
to search in the Title field for MATLAB which gives a lot of hits.
arXiv:2105.03695 LPVcore: MATLAB Toolbox for LPV Modelling, Identification and Control
arXiv:2104.11323 Matlab code for Lyapunov exponents of fractional order systems, Part II: The non-commensurate
...
Maybe you will see some authors in your fileld who you know and could ask about their successes in publication.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
I am looking to understand what is soliton in qft, not in optical devices because it seemed to me that solitons look very different in optical field than in qft, but I am trying to understand what this means and I am very confused about topological solitons , the solitons are like taking L = 1 2 ∂µφ∂µφ - U (φ) and after use a metric like mikosky metric, after this I could use euler lagrange for the field of motion equation and this would give me a non-relativistic lagragian , and the problem is that I cant get the static solution because I don't know how to do it, are the solitons a static solution for some potential? , Maybe solitons should exist only in the 1d + 1d field which has local symmetry u (1) or are there solitons in 3d + 1d? ,what means solitons in BRST quantazation bacuase i fell that brst dosent have any relatiship with solitons.
Relevant answer
Thank you, I have been studying qft for my pre-university research project for my application, thanks for the comments.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
4 answers
Generally, when we calculate the carrier density in 2DEG from SdH oscillations (Field dependence of sheet resistance) and QHE (field dependence of Hall resistance) it should match. In some cases it was found that carrier density calculated using both data differ. What is the reason behind this difference? What is the physics behind the calculation of carrier density from SdH oscillations and Hall resistance data?
Relevant answer
Answer
It is because SdH oscillation can only occur for those carriers with sufficiently high mobility, whereas in a Hall measurement all carriers are taken into account. So, in cases where transport happens through multi carriers with both high and low mobilities, you may notice such a difference in the value of carrier density obtained from these two measurements.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
Can I apply this method in general for such objects?
Relevant answer
Answer
Vasyl Peter Kladko The Williamson-Hall Plot. W-H plot is used to calculate the crystallite size and microstrain from complex XRD data. That's when both the crystallite size and microstrain vary as a function of the Bragg's angle, we can only calculate these parameters from XRD data using W-H plot. I have provided the practice file (Origin file) as well as the calculation file (Excel file) in the video description. Thanks
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
5 answers
I aim to analyse the permeability of aluminum to liquid gallium by measuring it's velocity at individual grain boundaries using ultrasounds.An ultrasound-based characterization technique is motivated by its higher temporal resolution.
But open to more suggestions regarding the problem statement.
Relevant answer
Answer
Please read :
An atomistically informed energy-based theory of environmentally assisted failure
S Ganesan, V Sundararaghavan - Corrosion Reviews, 2015 - De Gruyter
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
12 answers
The term "phase" is always a confusing thing for me. When we recoding images, we say that we have recorded the amplitude and phase. Amplitude I am able to relate/ physically understand by connecting with intensity. As, intensity increases, the amplitude will also increase. But the phase term is still I am not able to digest. I am not able physically understand the phase term, like understand the amplitude term. Can anyone explain this?
I have studied the mathematics of Phase. But I am not able to physically relate it.
Relevant answer
Answer
please see for example :
A gradient in the refractive index affects the (relative) phase of an x-ray beam, which is evaluated by appropriate interferometric techniques. A 2D representation of the differential phase distiribution is called the differential phase image...
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
44 answers
Why many highly successful physicists like Ludwig Boltzmann, Paul Drude, Paul Ehrenfest, Arnold Berliner, Percy Williams Bridgman, Augustus Matthiessen took their own lives at the pinnacle of their careers? Was it because they did not learn to manage stress or there is some other bit of a mystery?
Do every research need to learning to manage stress as it can have life-saving consequences?
Relevant answer
Answer
I think their thoughts were confusing forwards the life, and they did not have any ability to comfort lives with it.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
5 answers
1) What are the differences between Order and Anarchy?
2) Any examples of Anarchy in Universe, Nature and known knowledge?
3) Anarchy also follow some rules?
4) Is Anarchy a part of Order?
5) Is anarchy a change maker?
6) Anarchy in real is an Anarchy?
7) Any other parameters and observations about anarchy?
Thanks
Relevant answer
Answer
Very Intersting question and answers.
Anarchy = disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority
Order (has many meanings) = an authoritative command, direction, or instruction.
Order (noun) = the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method
We can say Order and Anarchy are antonyms if consider the word 'order' as noun.
Otherwise 'order' also a kind of 'rule'
For your 1st question order is processing in specified manner. Anarchy is orderless.
As per my knowledge everything in Universe is governed by certain laws, so we may not see Anarchy in Universe and Nature.
Anarchy following rules means yes, politically 'imposing restrictions/unfavourble conditions'.
If come to 'Anarchy as part of order' only for those who imposing Anarchy feel that is part of order.
Anarchy a change maker- certainly all Freedom moments raise beacuse of Anarchy, ultimately changes come.
Parameters- we can specify all laws come under this because they instrcut something to follow.
Observations- ---
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
117 answers
Gravitational or else called acceleration time dilation, has actual effects on clocks since it slows down matter vibrations and thus time evolution of matter and therefore tick rates on clocks. The larger the acceleration the slower time passes (i.e. not time itself but how time is measured). A clock coming out of acceleration into an inertial frame of reference would be found relative to lack in time. So acceleration would have caused a permanent effect on the clock (lost time) independent of the frame of reference. Gravitational or else called acceleration time dilation is an actual physical effect and phenomenon that slows down molecular vibrations on matter. This above, includes also biological clocks and the aging process of living organisms. A man on Jupiter would age much slower than a man on Earth, assuming he/she is immune to the hostile environment of Jupiter :)
Kinematic time dilation or else named constant velocity time dilation is a different phenomenon. It is an apparent time dilation effect but with real consequences on how we measure time and our everyday life like the GPS satellites which loose in average 7μs in time each day compared to clocks on the surface of the Earth due this SR kinematic effect. At the same time they gain time about 45μs due the gravitational time dilation effect [GPS and Relativity][1] .
These two opposite effects must be accounted for 45-7= +38μs per day, a total amount of time dilation the clocks on the satellites are going relative ahead in time (faster) compared to the clocks on the Earth surface and compensation must be applied so all clocks are in synchronization.
For the question one may rise that the velocity is not constant in the case of a GPS satellite orbiting the Earth so that it should not be considered as a SR kinematic constant velocity time dilation since velocity vector is changing all the time direction and therefore this is an acceleration and not constant velocity?
However, relativistically when the two motions are compared and not each as isolated cases, this is not true since relative to the Earth's spin which is also circular motion effectively it is the same situation as two objects moving with different constant velocities in two parallel linear straight paths in space. The GPS satellites orbit the Earth (not Geostationary or Geosynchronous orbit) about twice every day (2 orbits in a 24h period at about 14,000 Km/h speed).
Last but not least, I must clarify what I mean with the term above "apparent" time dilation effect and phenomenon?
By this I mean that this kinematic SR time dilation effect is observed and can be measured only during flight and its due the finite speed of light c and the relative different positions in space each time of the two objects in relative motion. Due the finite and not infinite speed of light, time delays are introduced on each of the two observers residing on the two objects trying each to measure the clock reading information of the other so that at the time one observer receives the clock readout of the other due to the propagation delay of this information, an added amount of time has already passed on the clock of the observer at the time it receives this information.
Therefore the observer perceives this as if his/her clock is running faster than that of the opposite observer. The effect is larger the more larger the relative speed is. This is however an apparent effect observed only during flight and has no permanent effect on matter (tick rate of clocks). Therefore, assuming that their relative constant velocity motion would come to an abrupt stop and totally neglecting the acceleration time dilation effects (i.e. gravitational time dilation effects due this abrupt stop in relative motion) then the two observers meeting back both in the same inertial frame of reference and comparing their clocks' time readouts would see no difference on the time recorded on their clocks. Their clocks will show exactly the same time!
Is there a way to test experimentally and prove this above hypothesis that SR kinematic time dilation has no real effect on matter (i.e. clocks' tick rates) in contrast to gravitational acceleration time dilation which does actually affect matter and slows down the tick rates of the clocks and therefore affects physically interdependent of frame of reference, how time is measured?
Well I believe yes. Compensate a GPS satellite for a year only for the gravitational time dilation (i.e. clock on satellite runs +45μs faster per day) and do NOT compensate for the whole year for the kinematic SR time dilation effect (i.e. clock on satellite appears to run -7μs slower per day).
According to the above information at the end of the year the clock on the orbiting GPS satellite would lack in time about 365x(-7μs)= -2.55 ms. Bring the satellite down to Earth from orbit to stationary position and read out its clock time.
My prediction is that there will be no any 2.55ms time difference and the satellite clock will display the same exact time as the reference clock on Earth within the error bars of the experiment [2].
In summary for the case of the kinematic SR time dilation, it is not that the matter of the two objects is time dilated but rather the measurement information traveling from one observer to the other that is time dilated during flight.
Note: The satellite would probably burn out during reentry but the atomic clock could be shielded and safely landed with an ejection mechanism and parenthood.
References
Relevant answer
Answer
Has no effect. Special relativity is a metric effect, not a physical one.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
Hello everyone
I have a metal thickness gauge with twin crystal probe and It does not have the ability to correction V-Path automatically.
  • How to calculate V-Path correction in UTM (Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement)?
Relevant answer
Answer
In addition to Abbas Moghanizadeh's answer you can measure the speed of sound in the metal by measuring the time of flight (tof) of the surface distance of the two transducers. v1 and alpha1 from transducer is known, the geometry is known and the first incoming signal should be the wave travelling directly from one incident point to the other. Now you have v2 as the longitudinal speed of sound in your material. Now you measure the time of flight of your v-path (the second incoming signal). With this information you should be able to determine the angle of incidence in your unknown metal (using Snell's law) and therefore you are able to calculate the thickness.
Some usefull stuff regarding mode conversion etc. could be this link: https://www.nde-ed.org/Physics/Waves/modeconversion.xhtml
Regards
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
12 answers
Hello,
I have been looking for a citable reference for this, but I'm not finding any.
So far I have found two links on the internet, which mention different values for it. One mentioned 17e28 1/m^3 and the other one, 8.5e28 1/m^3 (links provided below), and both seem to be blogs, so not citable.
Does anyone know which one is correct? Also, it would be really helpful if you could provide a citable reference for it.
Thank you.
1.
2.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Anouar Jbeli,
I agree with you. The free election density differs in bulk and surface and also on the lattice structure of Fe.
The election density of α-iron and β- iron are different obviously.
Thanks
N Das
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
11 answers
It sounds that shorter λ (more energy) makes the wave more powerful to go through a specific thickness of the material, but the weaker wave does it better. How are the interactions of the wave with the molecules?
Relevant answer
Answer
You are very welcome, Dr. Marziyeh Mohebbi
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
113 answers
Hello Dear colleagues:
it seems to me this could be an interesting thread for discussion:
I would like to center the discussion around the concept of Entropy. But I would like to address it on the explanation-description-ejemplification part of the concept.
i.e. What do you think is a good, helpul explanation for the concept of Entropy (in a technical level of course) ?
A manner (or manners) of explain it trying to settle down the concept as clear as possible. Maybe first, in a more general scenario, and next (if is required so) in a more specific one ....
Kind regards !
Relevant answer
Dear F. Hernandes
The Entropy (Greek - ἐντροπία-transformation, conversion, reformation, change) establishes the direct link between MICRO-scopic state (in other words orbital) of some (any) system and its MACRO-scopic state parameters (temperature, pressure, etc).
This is the Concept (from capital letter).
Its main feature – this is the ONLY entity in natural sciences that shows the development trend of any self-sustained natural process. It is the state function; it isn’t the transition function. That is why the entropy is independent from the transition route, it depends only from the initial state A and final state B for any system under consideration. Entropy has many senses.
In the mathematical statistics, the entropy is the measure of uncertainty of the probability distribution.
In the statistical physics, it presents the probability (so-caled *statistical sum*) of the existence of some (given) microscopic state (*statistical weight*) under the same macroscopic characteristics. This means that the system may have different amount of information, the macroscopic parameters being the same.
In the information approach, it deals with the information capacity of the system. That is why, the Father of Information theory Claude Elwood Shannon believed that the words *entropy* and *information* are synonyms. He defined entropy as the ratio of the lost information to the whole of information volume.
In the quantum physics, this is the number of orbitals for the same (macro)-state parameters.
In the management theory, the entropy is the measure of uncertainty of the system behavior.
In the theory of the dynamic systems, it is the measure of the chaotic deviation of the transition routes.
In the thermodynamics, the entropy presents the measure of the irreversible energy loss. In other words, it presents system’s efficiency (capacity for work). This provides the additivity properties for two independent systems.
Gnoseologically, the entropy is the inter-disciplinary measure of the energy (information) devaluation (not the price, but rather the very devaluation).
This way, the entropy is many-sided Concept. This provides unusual features of entropy.
What is the entropy dimension? The right answer depends on the approach. It is dimensionless figure in the information approach (Shannon defined it as the ratio of two uniform values; therefore it is dimensionless by definition). On the contrary, in the thermodynamics approach it has a dimension (energy to temperature J/K)
Is entropy parameter (fixed number) or this is a function? Once again, the proper answer depends on the approach (point of view). It is a number in the mathematical statistics (logarithm of the number of the admissible (unprohibited) system states, well-known sigma σ). At the same time, this is the function in the quantum statistics. Etc., etc.
So, be very cautious when you are operating with entropy.
Best wishes,
Emeritus Professor V. Dimitrov vasili@tauex.tau.ac.il
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
11 answers
(see recently announced potential promising discovery from CERN about leptoquarks, https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.11769 ,
A new boson existing (i..e new force) is possible unifying essentially the electroweak with the strong force.
Relevant answer
Answer
It’s not a discovery. For the moment it’s a possible signal, to be confirmed, or not, by more data. As to the theoretical description, it may be due to leptoquarks or it may be due to (new) gauge bosons.
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
4 answers
It is said that bandgap engineering/ tailoring can be done by:
1. Making alloy semiconductors
2. Using Quantum Well structures
3. Use of strained layer materials
My question is that under which strain conditions the Light Hole Band can move upside of Heavy Hole Band, which subsequently cause change in bandgap.
Relevant answer
welcome,
With strain the energy gap of the material becomes smaller. The valence edge of the heavy and light holes bands shift upwards with different values.
For specific case please follow the paper in the link:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56640621.pdf
Best wishes
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
22 answers
Thus greater violations measured do not cause greater temperature change measured on the detectors?
(As a reminder, the argument for quantum entanglement demonstrated by the EPR experiment is, that it seems that the photons don't have a definitive polarization before the measurement and this is only decided during the measurement on the detector and somehow communed instantly to the other detector thus violating the speed of light).
This I find crucial because if the process of the experiment is not adiabatic as possible say in a photon EPR experiment thus there is non sufficient large signal to noise ratio S/N of the detectors then the experiment could have an Gaussian noise loophole.
This Gaussian noise would be common in both detectors and therefore responsible for an apparent violation of Bells Inequality. With other words the detectors-polarization filters (i.e. measurement) are forcing photons with very close polarization angle to the filter but not the same, to align to the polarization angle of the filter with the same probability on both sides of the experiment and therefore responsible for the violation? Is there an EPR experiment free of this potential loophole?
The illustration here describes this possible loophole.
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello Emmanouil: This is a great query to apply to quantum computing situations as well!! Great linking thermodynamics with inherent quanta. Thank you for sharing this research. Sincerely, Rajan Iyer ENGINEERINGINC INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONAL TEKNET EARTH GLOBAL
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
7 answers
Valleytronics can be realized by accessing different spins coupled with different valleys. In monolayer TMDs, time-reversal symmetry should be present while spatial symmetry should be broken to realize spin-valley polarization. People use a magnetic field to detect this spin-valley polarization. then why TRS is not broken on applying magnetic field?
Relevant answer
Answer
Please look at the introduction of the following paper for the difference between TRS and inversion symmetry first :
In valleytronics, there are several open discussion on TRS, you can check-in:
If one of the two symmetries, in this case, the TRS is preserved, and the inversion not, the states are not protected, as in the case of valleytronics, please check:
Check-in addition to the following external lecture, the part on Kramers degeneracy, one should remember that spin-orbit coupling might or not play a role here:
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
13 answers
Talking to Dr. Jörn Schliewe inspired me to raise this illustrated question and how you may call these barriers in the experiment of diffraction? Would you call it n-slits or n-obstacles?
Relevant answer
Answer
Well, first, it’s N+1 obstacles or if you don’t want to count the long walls at either end for some reason, N-1obstacles, but certainly not N obstacles.
It certainly doesn’t matter what you call it. In your picture the two terms are both correct, and not mutually exclusive. It is in, in fact, N+1 obstacles forming N slits.
I don’t think anyone misunderstands that slits are formed by barriers, and if you talk about N slits everyone will instantly picture a barrier with slits in it. However, on a practical note, at optical wavelengths it generally isn’t possible to have free standing barriers like this. Instead the solid wall continues above and below. Generally a transmissive grating looks like a solid barrier with ”slits” cut into it. So the ”slits” term is constructivist. It is indicative of how the structure is created. You cut slits into a foil or similar. That is the dictionary definition of slit: a narrow cut. That is also how this became the standard terminology in optics because in the early experiments that is literally how gratings were made. We’ve greatly improved our “knife”, but fundamentally that is still how subtractive transmission gratings are still made today.
Terminology is for understanding, and often it uses similarity for recognition. No one thinks the arrow slits in a castle wall were literally made by cutting, but they look like cuts. If you call them slits everyone understands what you are talking about. That is the only important cr for terminology.
In optics we always talk about the slits. This is probably because we are focused on the light. Each slit is treated as a source, we propagate on using Huygen’s principle, etc. It doesn’t really matter what the barriers are so long as they exist. However, we have to talk about slit width and slit spacing, so in what an artist might call “negative space” we are inevitably also describing the barrier. Everyone gets that. I don’t think I’ll switch to explicitly talking about the barriers any time soon
  • asked a question related to Physics
Question
3 answers
Maxwell's equation for land Gravity Surveys
Relevant answer