Science topic

Physical Exercise - Science topic

Physical Exercise is a physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.
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differnt types of post-stroke patients rehabilitation program design including mental and physical exercise.    new innovation in physiotherapy and ocupational therapy
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He you can found the role and different program in post-stroke intervention:
Rowland TJ, Cooke DM, Gustafsson LA. Role of occupational therapy after stroke. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2008 Jan;11(Suppl 1):S99-S107. PMID: 35721442; PMCID: PMC9204113.
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Hi,
Does anybody know of a self-report measure indexing the "runner's high" phenomenon (outside of flow scales)?
The term “runner’s high” (RH) is commonly used to describe the feeling of euphoria experienced by athletes engaged in endurance running. This state is usually characterized by (decreased) anxiety, relaxation, analgesia, euphoria, effortless running experience, and a “lost sense of time”.
Thanks!
Damien
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Running related "high" or coherent experiences is an everyday passion, as expounded in attached.
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I need to generate sweat from a certain area of skin, suppose from hand skin. What are the possible ways to generate sweat non-invasively and without any physical exercise?
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Thanks Oliver for your kind suggestions.
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we all have our own thought and experience regarding yoga and meditation, we all know it's a miracle unexplainable to those who do he/she feel it.What's your view regarding it.
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Yoga ( योग ) in a broad sense means a set of various spiritual, mental and physical practices developed in different directions of Hinduism and Buddhism and aimed at controlling the mental and physiological functions of the body in order to achieve an individual's elevated spiritual and mental state.
"Meditation" means "union with God." The word "yoga" also means "union with God", when an individual spirit soul unites with the Supreme Soul, completely focuses on God - her mind, body, heart, her entire being are given to God without a trace.
When one reaches the perfection called trance or samadhi, his mind, engaged in yoga, is completely withdrawn from material activities. Thanks to the purity of the mind, such a yogi acquires the ability to see his true self, and it becomes for him a source of joy and happiness. In this joyful state, he experiences unlimited spiritual bliss, enjoying transcendental senses. Having established himself at this level, a person never deviates from the truth and, having reached this state, realizes that nothing more can be achieved. He is never troubled, even in the face of the greatest calamities. This is true freedom from the suffering arising from contact with the material world.
Regards, Sergey
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Hello,
my name is Antonio and I'm a graduate in health and physical activity (University of Rome Foro Italico).
I and my group are looking for:
  • medical doctor (oncologist) as advised, or
  • medical center as partner, or
  • University as partner, or
  • Research center as partner
... of a project called Ne.Mo. which consists in a mobile app (with an integrated AI system) aimed to improve cognitive functioning of breast cancer patients, and contrast the cancer-related cognitive impairment (also known as chemobrain), by using personalized physical exercise program.
Currently, all the main world organizations related to cancer reccomand physical exercise as part of the oncologic therapy. However, in several Countries, like Italy, exists a gap between science and practice. Indeed, at least in Italy, medical doctors know that exercise is a powerful tool to improve the therapeutic effects and the general condition of a cancer patient. But, on one hand, they don't have a exercise science background to prescribe it and, on the other hand, there are very few specialized center in which is possible to find some cancer exercise personal trainer expert.
Our team is composed by 13 master and PhD students in different fields, such as psychology, exercise science, computer engineer, law, economy, medicine, neuroscience, marketing, data analysis, and so on.
We are part of a program called "Dock3 Training" (http://www.dock3.it/dock3training/) which is a business training course organized by the University of Roma Tre. In less than 2 months we have to present our idea to ask some funds to lunch our social startup. However, we want to go beyond this training course because we believe that this app could really help people with cancer and lead them to do physical exercise to improve their quality of life. So, we can create an Italian version of this app and other versions based on your country.
If you are interested in receive more details of our idea, please, contact me by answering to this post, contacting me on RG, or sending me an email (neuroscienzedelmovimento@gmail.com // antonio.defano.gf@gmail.com)
ps: if you want, you can also leave a comment to help us in developing this idea. We will really appreciate it!
Thank you so much for your attention.
Best Regards,
Antonio De Fano,
Ne.Mo. - Neuroscience and Movement
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Here in Spain you can get close with the IPEFC, they have a similar proje@ct and you can safely exchange information and resources. the website is IPEFC.ORG
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Is there any proposed framework that pinpoints the link between physical exercise and learning in general?
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Spaced teaching of curriculum
topics
This is early research and more studies are
needed to understand the relations between
brain activity and human learning. Based
on this work, former head teacher (now
researcher) Paul Kelley and brain scientist
Terry Whatson have designed a method for
spaced teaching of curriculum topics. The
teaching consists of three 20-minute sessions,
with 10-minute breaks between them.
• Session 1 (20 minutes) Teacher gives
a rapid presentation of a new topic.
• Break (10 minutes) Students
engage in physical activity, such
as juggling or modelling.
• Session 2 (20 minutes) Students actively
recall key concepts from the presentation.
• Break (10 minutes) Students
engage in physical activity, such
as juggling or modelling.
• Session 3 (20 minutes) Students apply the
knowledge through problem exercises.
Kelley and Whatson ran trials of their teaching
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Dear all
One of our students is interested to do research on effect of physical exercise on nutritional status and academic performance of sport sciences students. His subjects are university students studying for BSc in Sports sciences. He wanted to follow the students for two semesters. The aim is to see if the dietary intake of the students is inline with their physical activities and academic results... He proposed longitudinal study design but not sure how to calculate sample size. Please advise. Sincerely
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Good afternoon!
It is important to understand how homogeneous the study group is and whether it will identify the links between the types of exercise and dietary characteristics.
If in the studied array it is possible to single out established groups, then it will be sufficient to have 20% in them, selected according to significant criteria. If the array is very diverse in characteristics, then all
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Dear all,
I will start a study about the effect of physical exercise (HIIT and strength training) on testosterone levels in a male young subject with a hypergonadotropic hypogonadism condition. Thus, I have two questions:
  1. do you know any study?
  2. In your opinion, what could be the best exercise program for this subject?
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Dear Antonio de fano,
Maybe the following papers will help you:
Mauras N, Hayes V, Welch S, Rini A, Helgeson K, Dokler M, Veldhuis JD, Urban RJ. Testosterone deficiency in young men: marked alterations in whole body protein kinetics, strength, and adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(6):1886-92. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.333.6322&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Zitzmann M, Nieschlag E. Testosterone levels in healthy men and the relation to behavioural and physical characteristics: facts and constructs. Eur J Endocrinol 2001;144(3):183-97. http://www.eje-online.org/content/144/3/183.full.pdf
Nindl BC, Kraemer WJ, Deaver DR, Peters JL, Marx JO, Heckman JT, Loomis GA. LH secretion and testosterone concentrations are blunted after resistance exercise in men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001;91(3):1251-8. http://jap.physiology.org/content/jap/91/3/1251.full.pdf
Hackney AC. Effects of endurance exercise on the reproductive system of men: the "exercise-hypogonadal male condition". J Endocrinol Invest 2008;31(10):932-8. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anthony_Hackney/publication/20481490_Endurance_Training_and_Testosterone_Levels/links/549987c00cf2d6581ab14b86/Endurance-Training-and-Testosterone-Levels.pdf
Best wishes from Germany,
Martin
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Hello,
Nowadays, it is not possible to directly examine the structural changes at the brain cell level (e.g., neurogenesis). Thus, it is still unclear the actual effects of physical exercise on brain derived neurotrophic factors release (BDNF). However, the scientific technological progress has allowed to indirectly study the brain structures and changes at a more macroscopic level.
In order to study the relationship between exercise and BDNF changes in children/adolescent population, what are the main feasible, non-invasive methods? 
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Please check out the following review article:
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I'm doing a study on the acute effect of 3 pilates based exercises on dynamic balance and motor performance of limbs in healthy young adults. The hypothesis is that working central stability will make possible an increase in the limits of stability and motor performance. For this population and exercise, which would be the best tests for motor performance/bahavior of the upper and lower limbs?
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Complex  
Hability tests must be associated with endurance tests
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Good morning,
Do you know what are the main research about the Hypofrontality hypothesis related to the acute physical exercise? Could you indicate me the references?
Thank you in advance
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Basically it is an approach, which could be a mechanism for flow-experiences. Furthermore it can be related to the development of creativity.
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I have read that regular physicial exercise with moderate intensity could increase the hippocampus GFAP level. But, in overtraining condition could increase the hippocampus GFAp level too. The increasing of GFAP level have two effect, benefit and deleterious effect. I want to know, the range of GFAP level in hippocampus both in benefit and deleterious effect. 
thank you for your answer.
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Dear Morteza Taheri
Thank you very much.
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Looking for an article or a study that focuses on, or includes the effects of eccentric resistance training on flexibility.
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This question is addressed by Anis very well:
"The effects of eccentric training on lower limb flexibility: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2012 Sep;46(12):838-45"
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I wonder if there could be an association with partaking in regular HIIT and development of enduring fatigue in adults (especially those with a sedentary occupations in the absence of other health conditions)?   I would be interested to hear about:
- Research?
- Clinical Observations?
- Anecdotal Accounts? 
- Thoughts?
Many thanks,
Juliet :-)
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Professor Julien Baker at the University of the West of Scotland in Scotland UK has published a lot of work in this area and I am sure he has worked with non athletes have a chat with him he would be delighted to help if he can
Regards Bruce
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I'm wondering if there are studies that compared the effects of additional regular restricted physical exercise + regular treatment with only regular treatment without exercise on patients with anorexia nervosa.
I'd appreciate any paper suggestions!
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Dear Zeynep,
Maybe you can use the following publications:
Duesund L, Skårderud F. Use the Body and Forget the Body: Treating Anorexia Nervosa with Adapted Physical Activity. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003;8:53-72. http://webtools.klapp.no/data/kropp/vedlegg/125_UsetheBodyACROBAT2.pdf
Sauchelli S, Arcelus J, Sánchez I et al. Physical activity in anorexia nervosa: How relevant is it to therapy response? Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30(8):924-31. http://www.europsy-journal.com/article/S0924-9338(15)00178-9/abstract
Kolnes LJ.'Feelings stronger than reason': conflicting experiences of exercise in women with anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord. 2016;4:6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4784414/pdf/40337_2016_Article_100.pdf
Best wishes from Munich,
Martin
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A 32 -year-old woman presented with atypical chest pain. Treadmill test showed as a positive with low risk. Echocardiography was normal. There was no history of trauma or excessive physical exercise.
He had no other complaints and used no medication. Our patient was a smoker, wiith no history of hypertension, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus or hypercholesterolaemia.
Coronary artery angiography revealed a left main spontaneous dissection involving left anterior descending and left circumflex artery(Figure 1-4). Her hemodynamic status was stabil and without angina and dyspnea after coronary angiography.
How should I treat a left main spontaneous dissection involving left anterior descending and left circumflex artery ?
a- Medically
b- LMCA stenting
c- CABG
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Manuscript was attached
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I've been told by professional coaches that it is important to set an incline in order to mimic outside conditions, and that the distance would be inaccurate with a 0% incline.  I also saw articles that said that was a myth, and that the article used to encourage inclines only used 9 participants.  Edit: thanks to Pedro in the comments!  This question is in reference to Jones and Doust (1996).  How supported is this paper's conclusions by other empirical work?  What should I search to find more information?  I'm investigating the body of literature myself, but would love any shortcuts or tips.  Thank you!
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Yes Gabriel,
It is published in portuguese. Please find attached the article.
Abraço
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The agreement between reaction-board measurements and kinematic estimation of adult male human whole body centre of mass location during running. There are different possibilities to obtain it, however, I would like to know what's the best method, or the method considered as "gold standard".
Thanks a lot.
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Dear Marcelo,
I agree with Dario. anyway, this is a paper compared between methods of Measurements of vertical displacement in running, it maybe help you.
Gullstrand, L., Halvorsen, K., Tinmark, F., Eriksson, M., & Nilsson, J. (2009). Measurements of vertical displacement in running, a methodological comparison. Gait and Posture, 30(1), 71–75. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.03.001
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Hello everyone,
I would like to discuss a little about proposed cut-points for physical activity in individuals with functional impairment (eg. Patients with peripheral arterial disease). Is there a more appropriate proposition?
A good part of the available studies is based on cut-points proposed by Freedson et al. 1998 (young adults) and Copeland et al. 2009 (elderly without functional changes). To what extent these propositions may be underestimating the physical activity intensity in elderly individuals with functional limitations?
Best, Bruno.
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I used the GT3X to compare the level of activity of nonfrail and frail elderly and many of the frail ones had functional limitations. I understand that the accelerometer might underestimate the level of energy expenditure of the activity, but not the intensity. Even though we found good relationships between the accelerometer variables and the VO2 peak of the participants.
Best Regards, 
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Am working on an app that helps users keep fit by looking at there physical challenges and body types to help them look the way they desire after they have filled some forms. what can i use to process this. will fuzzy logic work and which approach of recommender system should i take, or i shoul work on expert system. someone please help
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I can recommend you Freeletics®. It could be very helpful on the exercise assessment, always with the overview of a certified expert, specially in this case because even when the app is fine for strength training, it has to be complemented with other exercises for capacities such as flexibility...
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There is evidence that stress is mediating the effect of diet on body weight (Peters, A et al). 
Is there  also evidence on whether (reduction of) stress may be involved in the beneficial health effects of leisure physical exercise?
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Please read this article related to stress reduction and weight management. 
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does aerobic exercises positively affect/delay diabetes in pre diabetic?
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i need information about fifa 11++ warm up program
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Can TRX training with the elderly?How do I measure that resistance?
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Women have the most to gain from strength training, but due to societal and sociological biases they are the last to know. Strength is the answer to a myriad of problems related to activities of daily living observed in women, especially as they age. Because of societal and sociological biases against strength training for girls and young women the average young woman begins her adult life at high risk of osteoporosis because the amount of bone and her bone mineral density are at their peak in the early twenties, but the average 20 year old woman's level of strength is below the 50th percentile. Female athletes are less likely to be influenced by the societal and sociological biases against strength training due to their participation in sports and the requirement for strength training in most sports.
Women are human beings and while the influence of hormonal activity on the body is significant, the basics of training remain largely unchanged. Loads of 1 - 4 repetition maximum (RM) produce strength, loads of 4 - 8 RM produce strength with some hypertrophy, and loads of 8 - 12 RM produce muscular hypertrophy. Exercises should be performed with proper technique and a loss of proper technique means the maximum number of repetitions has been reached. Movements should be purposeful and brisk, faster velocities of movement improve the ability to generate muscular power (an increasingly important factor in maintaining independent living status for older women). Exercises should be performed in sets, with 3 to 6 sets of an exercise being performed in each workout. Each workout should contain 10 - 12 exercises for the various joint systems and the whole body, so that an exercise session would involve between 30 - 36 sets of 10 - 12 exercises and 60 - 72 sets of 10 - 12 exercises.
The American College of Sports Medicine and the National Strength and Conditioning Association (ACSM, NSCA) are the foremost sources of information about these topics in the world, and can be accessed through the web at ACSM.org and NSCA-Lift.org. They have position papers that are generally available to the public, but someone in your position would be strongly advised to join both to obtain access to the wealth of information in the form of peer reviewed scientific papers related to you area of interest.  
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It will be performed on the lower limb and using eccentric exercise. We were wondering whether 50 max repetitions at 120 degrees per second would actually cause enough damage? 
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I serve as a clinical instructor for Biodex and have seen a number of dynamometers that use what is called "reactive eccentric" modes. The problem with the reactive eccentric mode is the necessity of producing 5 - 10% of the peak torque set for the exercise to activate the dynamometer. This is problematic since the force velocity relationship clearly demonstrates that eccentric torque is greater than concentric or isometric torque. I know studies of intact muscle have sometimes reported less torque with eccentric dynamometry, but in using it with numerous patients in therapeutic settings I have observed that this is only the case when the velocity setting exceeds the capacity of the patient to perform at the given velocity.
The theory of eccentric muscle damage with eccentric muscle actions is based on studies using supramaximal loads in true eccentric muscle actions (the subject could NOT move the resistance using a concentric muscle action). The best way to do this using the Biodex is to set up the test in "Passive Mode." This doe not require the subject to provide a counter-torque to start the movement, and therefore they can resist the movement throughout the entire ROM of the test. For the knee, set up the ROM for the test. For your question of influence with cycling, I would seek to determine the velocity of movement for the performance. If that is considered too fast, I would do a spectrum from about 90 d/s to 180 d/s but this may require some learning because the change in direction occurs very rapidly. For the passive mode of a Biodex, you will be able to set a maximum torque for each direction, this should be set to exceed the maximal concentric torque of the subject at that velocity by 50% to insure they do not STOP the movement.
At velocities of 90 - 180 d/s it will take between about 20 and 10 seconds to perform 10 repetitions; 40 - 20 seconds for 20, respectively. Again you need to look at the specific aspects of performance you are attempting to study or modify through training to set up the protocol. The dynamometer should be set for REPS however, not time, when setting up the END BY mechanism.
If you have further questions you can contact me here.
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Any clear outline to say a person 'non-professional/amateur athlete': on the basis of hours of physical activity in a week/month/year?
Please help me by providing source/link (published article/book chapter etc..), if any.
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Yes there are testing guidelines that will give you your given athletic level according to sex and age. As Dragan Suggested ACSM offers one of good testing manual.
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Predominantly I am interested to see differences in motor skills between students who walk/cycle to school and those who get there by bus/car/train.
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I ask because most of them changes its expression under physical exercise. I checked it for HPRT 2 cycles of change , ACTB much more, GAPDH much more. Of how to treat articles when e.g. these genes are as housekeeping? 
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Thank You very much for Your answer. I have chosen for my cells housekeeping gene, and I think, that it is good. I hae chosen my housekeeping similar as You write. Thanks a lot.
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Looking for prevalence data/publication on number of Canadians meeting resistance training guidelines (muscle and bone strengthening activities using major muscle groups, at least two days per week). 
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Dear Jennifer,
you're right, there is a lack of information regarding the prevalence of engaging in resistance training among Canadian adults, and specifically older adult. But I think you can use the following new thesis “An examination of resistance training behaviours among older adults in Alberta” by Erin A. Bampton (Athabasca University; April 2015): https://dt.athabascau.ca/jspui/bitstream/10791/153/7/Bampton%20Thesis%20April%2022%202015.pdf
Best wishes from Germany
Martin
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I am looking to provide a dietary plan for 18-25yr old footballers, who have a body percentage over 25%? What are the proper guidelines to lose fat but minimize the risk of injury. Any advice will help. Thanks.
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The best recommendation would probably be look the international guidelines.
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I would specially like to know about USA and Europe.
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Great discussion point! I am a clinical Exercise Physiologist (AEP) through Exercise and Sport Science Australia. To become an AEP you must study under certain accredited University courses that cover in depth education on pathology and evidence-based exercise prescription for any 'higher risk' clients from cardiac, neuro, musculoskeletal, metabolic etc. for at least 4 years. This is separate to our basic exercise and sport science, whereby you can work mainly with healthy populations. There is a similar system in the UK (BASES accredited) and USA (ACSM) however I have not come across such degrees in other places I have lived (Belgium, Spain, Czech). I completely agree that the basic level of education is not sufficient, however its aim is not to target these high risk individuals (in my experience). Those of us that have the further qualifications that is regulated through national bodies are essential to multidisciplinary teams, and I really feel that this field can only expand with all the supporting literature around the benefits of PA.
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Thank you.
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You may want to use the empirical and graphical interval training model I developed. It applyes to rowing as much as to other sports such as cycling and running : https://duckduckgo.com/l/?kh=-1&uddg=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurdlecentral.com%2FDocs%2FPlanningPeriodization%2FThibault_AGraphicalModelForIntervalTraining.pdf
Guy Thibault, Ph.D.
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For example physical exercises or others.
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it is clear and interesting !
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I am looking for a valid survey that tests for the awareness of health benefits of physical activity behaviour - who can help? Thanks so much for ideas! Katja
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Dear colleague
I do not know, what are you searching exactly, but I attached some recently papers concerning your question
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I'm in search of a commonly-used graded exercise test for an upper-body ergometer that determines maximal oxygen consumption. 
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Hi Guys.
 I would like to know if you have experience with arm-crank exercise tests in patients with vascular disease, such as Peripheral Artery Disease patients.
Thanks
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Actually I have a Bodymedia Armband that is quite useful. Any other device?
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Hi we have sued the Actiheart which uses a branched equation model to estimate energy expenditure. The device is quite expensive but has generates data comparable to indirect calorimetry in variety of intermittent and continuous activities 
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Yoga, or what passes off as Yoga in the western world, is a $30 billion industry in the United States.. People of all ages contort themselves into positions like 'downward dog' and believe that they are doing Yoga. Due to the limitations and failures of modern allopathic health systems, increasingly people are turning to alternative and complementary eastern health systems in the hope of a cure for their mental and physical ailments. Capitalist tendencies are quick to capitalize on this ignorance/demand and quick to offer a number of services and goods(gadgets) to fool the consumer even further.
All the Yoga texts state that Yoga is a mental process to achieve equanimity, mental poise, stillness of the mind, 'Chitta vriddhi nirodaha'. 'Asana' is mental balance and stability in whatever you do in life, not a physical pose to hold for a convenient time, or at a convenient place(studio). How come its so far away from the truth when it comes to western understanding & practice of Yoga? What has been "Lost in Translation"? If individuals continue to choose the 'juicier' parts of Yoga philosophy(for example the health benefits) and twist it to suit their own convenience in the name of 'freedom' (due to the munificence of the original seers who sought no exclusive rights and patents) and ignore the ethical, spiritual, human, environmental and disciplinary parts, is there a danger of Yoga losing its meaning? By only taking the parts we want, isn't the very purpose of Yoga lost? Why bother calling it Yoga at all and add to the deepening confusion everywhere? Should the charade of the emperor's new clothes continue or an attempt made to define the science for what it actually is?
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David:
1. Yoga is not ancient Indian philosophy. It does not belong to anyone, or to Hinduism. It is the heritage of all mankind who have arose from a single source. The geographical, cultural, political and demographical entity known as India now, received it & practiced it to preserve the science of Yoga faithfully. Other inheritors lost it, while India preserved it as a sacred science, recognizing its essentiality. But all mankind are the inheritors. You have the same right as anyone from India has over Yoga. This is probably difficult for Americans to comprehend in the times of cutthroat copyrights, intellectual property rights and patents. The ancient seers of Yoga never claimed patents(not even signing their names, preferring to remain anonymous)and gave the science to all the children of mankind, saying that they themselves received it, proclaiming 'Loka Samastha Sukhinoh Bhavanthu"! May All Worlds be Happy! This is long before any religion even came into the picture.
Yoga is 'open source', but please don't misinterpret and use it to misguide humanity to make your own living. Using wisely, responsibly, remaining true to its actual content is a way of showing respect to the 'original' giver.
2. It is not based on the Patanjali Yoga Sutras. Patanjali is a seer who organised & codified the science into sutras, terse aphorsims, in the recent past, recognising that in the age of Kali, man's limited intelligence is liable to lose the science altogether. It is not even known if he is a human being as he is usually depicted with the lower half of his body coiled like a snake(pic). The snake is a representation of Time in Yoga. He is also known as the Lord of Time. In the Bhagavad Gita(circa 3200 BC), Krishna states that the ancient science was lost many times in the hoary past and every time He descends to deliver the same science to Man to subjugate evil. The science of Yoga is the original 'Operations manual' of man. It is the 'Science of Man'. We descended from a source and the way back to the source is Yoga. The path and the goal is Yoga. 
Hatha Yoga Pradipika is a recent (15th century )abridged work that lays emphasis on the physical posture part so that the main goal of Yoga is achieved without bodily interference.
3. I would rather not comment on the level of absurdity Yoga has been misinterpreted by commercial interests in America. Cherry-picking is both harmful and counterproductive. What would happen if the government let people cherry pick the American constitution and interpret it according to their own comfort zone?
4. There's no mud slinging going on here, only concern that the 'adulterated ' version may become 'mainstream' and the truth lost forever. Blowback effect ?
5.On the contrary, this is an attempt to prevent people from getting hurt by clearing the air. Are you stating that the "Ignorance is Bliss" mode, status quo, is Ok? Am I throwing a spanner in the well oiled sham?
Regards
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I am trying to find exactly how the brain is affected by exercise and if beneficial why this would help improve learning for students. 
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Let me add a really good review on the relationship of different types of exercise on cognition:
Voelcker-Rehage, C., & Niemann, C. (2013). Structural and functional brain changes related to different types of physical activity across the life span. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(9 Pt B), 2268–95. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.028
Here is another reference directly related to your question (neroplasticity):
Colcombe, S. J., Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P., McAuley, E., Cohen, N. J., … Elavsky, S. (2004). Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(9), 3316–21. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400266101
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Unlike regular jobs, MNC companies are running 24 hours a day where workers are appointed in different shifts (3 shift for 8 hours each). Due to odd working hours, many workers cannot participate in physical exercise or sporting activities, especially those who have night shifts. Lack of physical exercise may lead to a serious health issues in workers of all age categories. Is it necessary to allot time for physical activity in between working hours at a fitness unit of company to maintain or improve the physical fitness of workers?
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Dear @Ratan, I think that it is better for MNCs to have fitness program for the workers; this is for the benefits of the company; the workers become more productive and committed to their work.
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There is not much conclusive evidence of introducing weight/resistance training to children before puberty. It is important to facilitate bone growth at the same time risk of damaging the growing growth plates
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Intense strength training and plyometrics are ususlly posponded at the end of growth age. However researchers found that there is no particular aversion against the use of strength training in children provided that they have medical clearance, trained by a qualified professional and gradual overload. Several benifits of strength training were also documented s/a improved motor skill and body composition, increased bone health etc. So it seems that strength training may be safe and benificial in children
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Is there a big relationship between dynamic and static flexibility?
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It’s absolutely necessary. As you know dynamic stretching works by the practitioner gently propelling their muscles towards their maximum range of motion, static stretching has been used throughout the years for two main reasons: injury prevention and performance enhancement, so this matter has been irresolvable during the last generations.
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How could (the molecular effects of) physical exercise be simulated in a microglial cell culture model?
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I would not believe that an in vitro model of exercise would be valid. What you can do it validate the immunomodulatory potential of factors that you identify are altered by exercise in vivo. As Thomas rightly points out, we do not know how exercise 'works' in the brain, although neurotrophins certainly play a big role. I would consider what hypothesis you want to test with an in vitro system and decide with your 'reviewers hat' on, whether it can ever be convincingly achieved in vitro. Good luck !