Photovoltaics - Science topic

I have a project titled: (Development of zero-dimensional energy model of photovoltaic panels). Where should I start?

Piotr Olczak

Skin and proximity effect losses are higher at higher frequencies and as a result, produce more resistive loss or heat, and in turn, gassing. In fact, there are higher frequencies flowing into these transformers due to applying more switching components for such applications which leads to higher skin and proximity effect losses.

Piotr Olczak This articles might be useful

I agree with Adam B Shapiro.

Dear Prof Julia Martínez-Fernández

You could check this article, it has been discussed the environmental effects of Floating photovoltaic systems

Dear Paweł Machał :

I agree with Sir. Md Morshed Alam . You could use a deep learning classifier (MLP, LSTM, DNN, etc.) to forecast the generation and consumption of power for the next day ahead. This would give you a higher level of accuracy in your predictions.

Regards;

Ehtisham

Thank you for the document. My answer is currently outside your problematic. I was looking at the analysis of the performance and lifetime of all the components of a cell.

Best wishes...

Hello dear Saad Benslimane,

I would suggest you the attached paper : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117308523

I hope this helps you!

You've already figured out how to convert between radiometric and photometric units, which is often a point of confusion. That's a good start. So let's stick with radiometric units in specifying the characteristics of an LED. There are three quantities to consider (along with their photometric counterparts). First is radiant intensity R, measured in Watts / steradian (corresponding to photometric luminous intensity, lumen / sr). Then there's irradiance E, measured in Watts / m^2 (corresponding to illuminance in lm / m^2). And finally, there's radiance L, measured in Watts / m^2-steradian (corresponding to luminance in lm /m^2-steradian). LED manufacturers who are careful with their spec sheets, like Osram for example, usually spec their products carefully in terms of radiant intensity, e.g., 1.2 W/sr at 1A drive current measured on-axis over a small solid angle, e.g., 0.1sr. They also describe the divergence pattern that gives the half angle of the emission. You can convert from radiant intensity R to irradiance E at distance d (in meters) assuming that the emitter is a point source using E = R / d^2. That's a useful thing to use if you want to know the irradiance (W / m^2) on a target due to a given LED. Radiance can be used to discuss eye-safety since it measures the power per emitter area that ends up going into a given solid angle. Therefore, an LED with wide divergence and one with the same power per area at the emitter aperture but narrow divergence will have different radiance (narrow divergence -> higher radiance) and different effect on your eyes. Finally, you can integrate the total power over a sphere using the divergence pattern given by the manufacturer to understand the radiant intensity at a given angle into a given (reference) solid angle. Use polar coordinates to stay sane. That will ensure that the total radiant power (total optical power) is the sum of the power at each angle. Do this as a check. At that point, you will understand the emission of your LED and you can use E = R / d^2 to figure out what the irradiance (power per area) at any angle relative to the center axis will be. Hope this helps. See also, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Units_of_photometry and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometry for reference on units.

Dear Hamidreza and Nikolay Pavlov

After some research, i realized the answer for my question above.

Responsivity is indeed independent of whether i keep optical power a constant or photon density a constant.

@ Nikolay Pavlov : I am using the photodetector in reverse bias mode (-3 V) , so recombination effect can be neglected.

Hello dear Athil Al-Ezzi

fellow this 1D model of the si-solar cell step by step, it is very helpful

Dear

The biggest problem with the development of photovoltaics, but also with the development of energy based on wind farms and other zero-emission energy sources, is the still low efficiency of the energy storage technology and imperfect disposal and recycling systems for waste generated from used batteries. The issue of energy storage is a key limitation in the development of renewable energy sources in a situation of instability, cyclicality and daily, seasonal and climatic variability of energy source factors, i.e. solar and wind energy. On the other hand, the need to improve the disposal and recycling systems of waste generated from used batteries is determined by maintaining high standards of environmental protection and reducing the level of emissions to the natural environment of various types of non-biodegradable pollutants, harmful and poisonous to living organisms.

Best regards,

Dariusz

Dear Dr Younis

Find attached:

1-(1) (PDF) Spatial Management for Solar and Wind Energy in Kuwait (researchgate.net)

2-(1) (PDF) Cost and effect of native vegetation change on aeolian sand, dust, microclimate and sustainable energy in Kuwait (researchgate.net)

regards

Ali Al-Dousari

Dear Abdul Quader ,

The band bending occurs as a consequence of formation of electrostatic field in the material. Both the conduction band edges are affected by the electrostatic potential variations in the materials.

If one has two semiconductor materials with different fermi levels at equilibrium and the one brings them into intimate contact then a band bending will occur in the interface region of the two materials. It is the consequence of the formation of the built in electric field. This electric field can be changes by an external applied voltage on the junction such that one can increase or decrease the band bending at the interface. In case of forward bias the bedding will decrease and in case of reverse biasing the bending will increase.

In order to calculate the band ending you have to understand its origin.

Please follow the book:

Best wishes

Block-chain technology facilitates energy sales transactions directly, within seconds, which in other cases requires a central intermediary. The energy industry has been consistently catalyzed by innovations including rooftop solar, electric vehicles, and smart metering . Besides this, by allowing consumers to make better use of their distributed energy resources, the model makes renewable energy more accessible. Block-chain can provide consumers greater efficiency and control over their energy sources. Additionally, an immutable ledger provides secure and real-time updates of energy usage data. Various types of energy data include market prices, marginal costs, energy law compliance, and fuel prices and the use of block-chain technology can, for example, be applied to electricity recharging terminals, to allow the recording of electricity transactions and their accounting follow-up in complete transparency and without possible error. Several initiatives are currently emerging.

The following link is also very useful: https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/wind-energy-implications-of-large-scale-deployment

"Solar Energy Engineering Processes and Systems " by Soteris A. Kalogirou is an optional book and it has a good flow through the chapters. Try it! Kunaifi Kunaifi

The open circuit voltage is independent on the ohmic series resistance. Only nonlinear resistances can decrease the apparent open circuit voltage.

We investigated the effect ohmic and nonlinear series resistance. Please I would like that you refer to the publication in the link:

Best wishes

You may check the following paper:

Hussein A. Kazem, Miqdam T. Chaichan, Ali H. A. Alwaeli, K Sopian, “A review of dust accumulation and cleaning methods for solar photovoltaic systems”, Elsevier-Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 276, December 2020, pp. 123187.

Dear Hanieh Mohebi ,

I would like to pay your attention to our complete optical electrical and thermal properties of our module which is composed of thee plates. One supporting the solar cells the glass cover and the metal sheet backplate. You can solve for any other module structure following the optical , thermal and electrical model used in the solution.

The papers are found in the link:

Best wishes

Dear Belkacem Abdellaziz :

The short-circuit current (ISC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF), and solar energy conversion efficiency () are the basic characteristics of a solar cell. For ideal solar cells, the effects of diode saturation current density and ISC on VOC, FF, and are investigated.

An I-V curve measurement is performed by applying a series of voltages to the device. At each voltage, the current flowing through the device is measured. The supplied voltage is measured by a voltmeter connected in parallel to the device, and the current is measured by an ammeter connected in series.

Pls have a look at the following links for further studies.

Best Regards;

Ehtisham

Hi Asmat, could you post a picture of the UPS spectrum in question? There are a number of issues that could be the source of your issue. For example, have you collected a UPS spectrum of Au recently using the same parameters you collected your spectrum with? If the photoelectron onset is not calibrated to zero for gold it will offset all measurements. Another issue could be your choice of cutoff energy, so seeing how you did that would be helpful. Finally, do you know if your sample was charging before running UPS? Charging of the sample can really throw off your measurements.

Dear sir,

Thank you for the message, Pro. Noubeil Guermat

Dear Izzah Mardhiah ,

The commertial pv construction of the modules is all solid sate such that the solar cells are firmly bonded to the gals superstrate. Accordingly, one can not repair them. Only when their get inoperative they recycles by crushing then together and converting them to powder that can be used in building materials.

I tried to find a solution to this problem by introducing a repairable modules. But nobody payed attention to them.

I would like that you follow these types of modules in the links:

Best wishes

The data now probably make much more sense in a IV curve.

For the physics going on with your material, if you have access to them, I recommend you to check

Semiconductor Device Fundamentals by Robert F. Pierret

and/or

Physics of Semiconductor Devices by Sze & Ng

the best answer to this question is simply all of them are good.

Let me explain. Each algorithm has a preference according to the situation and the problem we want to solve. For example, at the uniformed irradiance level, you only need the conventional method like P and O, because they have excellent efficiency in the simple PV curve.

If you face a simple partial shading condition, you need to use the meta-heuristic algorithm. I think every algorithm gives an excellent efficiency in this case.

With Complex partial shading, you need to use an algorithm that has a good balance between exploration and exploitation phases, to make sure the algorithm covers all the PV curve search space.

So a good example for a complex shading condition is the Slime mould optimization and also the grey wolf optimization.

Dear Vimukkthi Vithanage

Take a look at this site

Best regards

Parween R Kareem

These articles might be an asset, take a look:

1.

2. https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-photovoltaic-cell-basics

3.

Dear Qudrat Ullah Khan و

Adding to the answer of the colleague Frank, there is a good paper about the stabilization of FAPbI3 crystal. Please follow the paper in the link:

Best wishes

Dear Fadhil M. Oleiwi ,

I would like to share my articles be using the HOMER Pro:

Dear Niva Jayswal , you can install the solar PV MPPT charge controller to be achieved for maximum power operation in solar panels.

In my opinion, in the first couple of years, the hybridization option and global FPV potential to meet the global electricity demand will rise up the FPV projects worldwide. While in the rest years, solving the land-scarcity issue for solar installation and better socio-environmental effect will be the main drivers to make FPV a pivotal of the annual solar capacity addition in this sector.

Dear Hamed Hanifi

welcome!

It is the firs time that I read your comment on my post on your question.

I think such projects as Desertec are very required and strategic. However they need intensive cooperation and transparency in dealing with the project as well as fairly distributing its benefits to all partners.

I would like that you read the essay in the link:https://www.ecomena.org/desertec/

Best wishes

Dear Hamed Hanifi

Take a look at this paper

Best regards

Dear Bazlul Karim ,

welcome!

Th two photo excitation is thought to generate and electron hole pairs by photons simultaneously on the materials. The two photons will be absorbed simultaneously and generate an electron hole pair. The most important thing is that the two photons have larger wavelength than the one photon method such that they can penetrate deeper in the volume of the material far from the surface.

Therefore they will recombine in the volume rather than in the surface orf near the surface as the one more energetic photons.

In both cases the one measures the life time by the photoconductive decay.

For the photocondcutive deacy experiment please follow the references:

For the generation of the two photons and applying it to measure the bulk lifetime please follow the reference:https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02098

Best wishes

Georgi Hristov Yordanov Yes, your assumptions are correct. We have some good results also but we get curve similar to this.

I agree there is severe shunting, how can I avoid this thing in order to have ideal IV Curve? Am i doing anything wrong while fabricating the device?

Dear Mominul Hasan ,

The continuous normal incidence on a flat surface is the highest power recieved from the sun radiation. Therefore the solar panels are made to track the sun to maximize the sun radiation incident on them. If the flat plate is horizontal it will receive only the horizontal components of the incident solar radiation which is I cos theta where theta is the incidence angle of the radiation with the vertical direction to the horizontal plane.

I is the intensity of the incident radiation.

Best wishes

Dear L. H. Omari

Manufacturing materials may not be readily available in some technologies.

1 Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) and Micro-Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is frequently utilized in thin-film solar cells for a variety of reasons.

2. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS).

3. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe).

Kind Regards

In Addition, you can find issues related to other aspects of this structure in my article titled " ".

I will be looking forward to hearing your thoughts.

BR - Hesam

Dear António Martins ,

I did not use such software but I think it contains the required data to assess the output electrical energy from any PV system provided one has the standard test conditions of the solar panels, the variation of the conversion efficiency with irradiance and temperature. I see that researchers used this software to predict the generated electricity from the PV stations in different geographical locations on the earth. You need only to verify how far the predictions are close to the reality.

Best wishes

Dear Chandrasekar Karuppaiah ,

Solar cell means one builds a battery cell using this device. The photovoltaic is a name which reflects the principle of operation of the device where the incident photons on such converter output an electric voltage or an electromotive force.

In the level of the basic converter one normally uses solar cells.

When one build an array one normally speaks of PV system or PV generator.

Best wishes

Dear Rajasekhar Reddy,

In my opinion, the photovoltaic painting technology, Solar Paint Technology based on the so-called Solar paint, also known as photovoltaic paint, is a revolutionary innovative solution. If it could be implemented on a large scale and popularized, then the buildings would be able to absorb sunlight through the side walls of buildings and convert solar energy into electricity. I wish you success in developing and implementing this technology. It can be an important element of the pro-environmental transformation of the energy sector and the development of green, sustainable agglomerations.

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Pleasure Naveed ur Rehman

Good Day.

Dear Steven Benjamins ,

The paper in this link treats the light polarization by uncoated and coated surfaces mimicking the solar cells surfaces and studies its effect on the its water insects: http://real.mtak.hu/49328/1/SzazD_etal_KriskaG_JIC_ms.pdf

Best wishes

I would rather think more of transient absorption. The former is highly liable to surrounding medium and the crystal surface nature, while the later reflects only the occupancy of the ground state levels.

Dear Alan,

Hope your are well!

Thank you for the word crocodile connector. The word crocodile is misspelled. I corrected it the text. Crocodile is a type of pressure contact similar to crocodile mouth. If you look at the pictures brought by Rajiv Daxini you can see such crocodile connectors.

Best wishes

Dear Babak Allahverdinejad

In a boost converter, the output voltage is always higher than the input voltage. A schematic of a boost power stage is shown in Figure 1. (a) When the switch is closed, current flows through the inductor in the clockwise direction and the inductor stores some energy by generating a magnetic field. Apparently, same applies to PC.

Kind Regards

Dear Suman Miah ,

Thank you very much for the comment. In order to see how one determines the ideality factor experimentally please follow the paper:

This paper contains a complete experimental procedure to determine all SPICE parameters of the solar cell.

Best wishes

Dear Miguel Angel Sevillano-Bendezú ,

welcome!

The number of cell in the tandem module is 180 cell. So, in order to get the the the characteristics of one cell you need only to scale the characteristics of the voltga eof the module by 180.

You will get the one cell I-V curve. Then you extract the parameters from this single characteristics.

The other method is to obtain the parameters of one cell from the whole tandem module assuming Ns= 180.

For more information please refer to the book chapter:

Best wishes

Dear Atul Kumar ,

If you find that your youtube is useful as a training materials for SCAPS- 1D then you can collaborate with the founders of such simulation software at Gent university to add it as a training material for the software as many researchers ask about an easy to understand tutorials.

Best wishes

Dear Naveed ur Rehman ,

Really it is a good research idea is to maximize the recieved solar radiation under with the minimum horizontal area. There are places where the land are not easily available. But in Egypt we do not have such constraints. We have extended Sahara around the Nile delta and valley.

But this can be argument against your study , since the reducing the field will also reduce the cost of cabling and installations.

Best wishes

Dear Miguel Angel Sevillano-Bendezú ,

In agreement with Dounia Chlyeh ,The series or parallel connection on the solar cell depends on the ratings of the load. It is defined by the load voltage and the load current. To increase the voltage one has has to increase the number of solar cells connected in series and then the current requirement is satisfied by connecting the series strings in parallel.

However to make the building of the PV generators is an easy and redundant process one divides the array into modules. The modules or panels have standard sizes that is ramped with time. from 80watt peak power up to 240 watt.

The voltage of the modules is matched to the commercial chemical batteries as 12V and 24V and 36V.So the factory deliver panels and the customer build his system according to the requirement of his loads.

Consider also possibilities to synthetize the dye right on the surface where you want it. This can be surface of TiO2 particles in suspension, or a ready porous layer of titanium dioxide. For the latter ALD (atomic layer deposition) technology probably might be used, proponents of it often say that ALD can be used to make any layers.

Please see the following links

Dear Sally Afram ,

I did not use this software but I may give you some tips helping you to advance in your research:

Search the literature of this specific application of the soft ware.

Make a physical model or your system and see whether the software is able to solve it or not.

If not then you can go for to build a behavioral model of the cooling system according to the experimental results given in the literature which means you have to build a relation between the the water spray per unit area, the water temperature and the the change in the temperature of the solar cell.

Then you can use your model to solve your problem.

You must know that this problem is a heat transfer problem.

Best wishes

To start the optimization, initially you may consider few recent literatures to get an idea about a range of additive concentration. You may add particular amount of additives from a stock solution to a precursor solution of perovskite. For polymeric additives, the concentration may be required very less amount (0.1-1 mg/ml) and for small molecules it may be in the range of 1-10 mg/ml. So u can fabricate few opto-electronic devices (Photovoltaic/LEDs etc) and analyze the morphology of the perosvskite materials with wider range of additive concentration to select the optimum one with highest performance.

Excellent question flagged here. Would be eager to know more.

Boukhalfa,

you can look at the photovoltaic simulation study:

Dear Dr. Guust Nolet ,

a solar panel is made up of many silicon solar cells that are all interconnected. While the panels themselves are very durable, the silicon solar cells are made of very thin wafers, usually around 0.20mm thick. Although they have some ability to flex, they can suffer from pressure/stress-induced cracks that are so small they are impossible to see with the naked eye. These are known as micro cracks and are one of the main sources of malfunctioning or even inactive cells. Micro cracks are nearly impossible to avoid and how your panels react to these cracks is very important.

For more details, please see the source:

-Can Solar Panels Break? By Positive Energy Solar (2017)

Available at: https://www.positiveenergysolar.com/blog/2017/may/can-solar-panels-break-/

I suggest you also to have a look at the following paper:

-Effect of Pressing Pressure on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells

Lei Shi, Meng Zhang,Yongyoon Cho, Trevor L. Young, Dian Wang, Haimang Yi, Jincheol Kim, Shujuan Huang, and Anita W. Y. Ho-Baillie

ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2(4) (2019)

Available, as full text, on RG at: ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/331884746_The_Effect_of_Pressing_Pressure_on_the_Performance_of_Perovskite_Solar_Cells

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Dear Madhav Kumar ,

You have three main parameters to maximize in order to maximize the power conversion efficiency PCE of the solar cell.

It is so that the PCE= Isc. Voc . FF/ Incident solar radiation AM1.5

So, as you see the three factors are the short circuit current Isc,

the open circuit voltage Voc and the fill factor.

On has to adjust the physical and the technological parameters of the solar cell to achieve the maximum of the three quantities.

One has to make the absorber thickness at least equal to the absorption depth of the highest radiation wavelength so d>= 1/alph(almbdamax)

where alpha is the absorption coefficient,

The thickness d must also made at the same tome less than the diffusion length of the minority carriers L; so, d<=L

One has to minimize the reverse situation current Is of the dark current to achieve the highest Voc such that:

Voc= nVt ln Isc/Is

Is is minimized by reducing the injection across the junction and the minority carrier life time through out the device.

In order to increase the fill factor one has to reduce the shunt resistance Rs and increase the shunt resistance Rsh.

In this way one gets the highest efficiency.

For more information about building the solar cell to achieve the highest efficiency please refer to the book chapter:

Best wishes

Dear Abdul Sattar ,

one of the most used electrolyte is I−/I3 − . Please for more details please follow the paper in the link:file:///C:/Users/Dell/Downloads/materials-12-01998.pdf

Best wishes

Dear Chenjin Lu ,

While reviewing my answer of your question and after gaining more insight in the operation of solar cells, I came to an other factor which may affect the performance of the solar cells because of the recombination at the interface between the metal and semicondcutor.

It is so that the photo generated electrons and holes will be separated and collected by the built in electric field in the junction space charge region. If there are recombination centers at the interface they will cause the recombination of electrons and holes inside this region. This effect will be more pronounced when the interface recombination centers increase and the electric field decrease. So, this effect is basically nonlinear. In sense the collected photocurrent will decrease by more forward biasing of the junction.

I analyzed this effect in details in the paper at the link:

Best wishes

this results means contacts might not be exactly

Dear Simon Roa ,

Welcome,

You can cooperate with Dr. Walaa Abdelaziz. She is my coworker and she applied the SCAPS-1D to solve organic solar cells.

Please see the papers in the links:

and the paper:

She is a member of the researchgate and you can message her. I will notify her to reply you on the research gate.

Best wishes

I have the same version that you have

The person must have a newer version

I'm so sorry

Hi, This paper may help you:

An approach to the simulation of PCMs in building applications using TRNSYS

Dear Abdul Sattar ,

It is so that it is required to keep all solar cell layers free from contamination. So, when pulling up the Kapton tape some adhesive residual must remains sticking on the surface. These residuals must be completely eliminated by selective chemical etching. In the sense you have to use selective etching materials for the adhesive residuals only.

It you could not find any selective etching solution then you have to use other method.

For example you can deposit your layer on the whole surface and then remove the unwanted areas of the intended layer by a photolithographic and selective etching step. Such step is used routinely in the fabrication of integrated circuits and electron devices.

My answer is a conceptual answer that may guide you to solve your problem.

best wishes

Hello Mihai, first of all thank you for the solution.

I have kept R12 and R13 values as it is in the datasheet.

I am using (+-)5 volts for TLO32, so the output is scaled to (+-)2.5V (According to TLO32 datasheet) and not 10 V. I am trying with trial and error method for resistors 27, 28. Please can you help me with this resistor values?

In the following metastudy (in german) it is stated for one area (Turnow-Prellack) that European nightjar was recorded breeding in the border areas of the solarpark. The circumference and the adjacent pine forests were used in an intensity four to eight times higher than the inner zone of the parc by hoopoe, wood lark, wheatear, tawny pipit, great grey shrike and nightjar

If you have more information on that topic, please let me know.