Photosynthesis - Science topic

Sana Ahmed

I appreciate that producer communities can significantly contribute to reducing CO2 levels. Some of the strategies they can employ include: Sustainable agriculture: By applying techniques such as crop rotation, organic production and agroecology, producers can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which helps reduce CO2 emissions.

Increasing reliability and efficiency: The introduction of environmental technologies and more efficient processing methods can reduce energy consumption and, therefore, CO2 emissions. Waste reduction: Manufacturers can work to minimize waste through recycling and reuse, thereby reducing the need for new resources and energy.

Plant trees and green spaces: Investing in afforestation projects and maintaining green spaces can help absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. Localization of production: Supporting local markets and short supply chains reduces the need for transport, which is a large source of CO2.

Promoting awareness of climate change and sustainable practices among producers can lead to wider adoption of environmentally friendly methods.

While catalase is not directly part of the photosynthetic pathway, it plays a crucial supportive role by protecting the photosynthetic machinery from oxidative damage, thus ensuring that photosynthesis can proceed efficiently. Its function in breaking down hydrogen peroxide is essential for maintaining the health and efficiency of the cells where photosynthesis takes place.

Hey there Que Ho! I'm glad you're interested in optimizing your wastewater treatment process. Establishing the molecular equation of biomass can be quite beneficial for understanding its composition and potential applications.

One common technique for determining the molecular formula of biomass is elemental analysis. This involves measuring the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen (CHNSO) present in the biomass sample. From these percentages, you Que Ho can calculate the empirical formula of the biomass.

To get started, you'll Que Ho need access to an elemental analyzer, which can accurately measure the elemental composition of the biomass. Once you have the percentages of each element, you Que Ho can use them to calculate the empirical formula.

Here's a basic outline of the process:

1. Collect a representative sample of your biomass.

2. Prepare the sample for elemental analysis according to the analyzer's specifications.

3. Analyze the sample using the elemental analyzer to determine the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.

4. Calculate the empirical formula based on the elemental percentages obtained.

Keep in mind that elemental analysis provides the empirical formula, which gives you Que Ho the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in the molecule. For a more precise molecular formula, additional techniques such as mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy may be required.

Interesting articles to read:

As for relevant papers, I recommend looking into research articles on biomass characterization and elemental analysis techniques. You Que Ho might find papers discussing specific methodologies or case studies related to biomass composition analysis.

Feel free to reach out if you Que Ho need more detailed guidance or have any other questions. Happy experimenting!

To simulate the effects of plant photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration on indoor temperature and humidity using numerical simulation, you would typically follow these steps:

1. **Model Development**: Develop a numerical model that represents the indoor environment, including temperature and humidity dynamics. This model should also incorporate equations describing plant photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration processes.

2. **Parameterization**: Define parameters for the plant physiology, such as photosynthetic rates, respiration rates, and transpiration rates, based on experimental data or literature values.

3. **Integration**: Integrate the equations representing plant physiology into the indoor environment model. This could involve coupling the equations governing plant processes with those describing indoor temperature and humidity dynamics.

4. **Validation**: Validate the model by comparing simulation results with experimental data or observations from indoor environments where plants are present. This ensures that the model accurately captures the interactions between plant physiology and indoor environmental conditions.

5. **Scenario Analysis**: Use the validated model to conduct scenario analyses, such as varying plant densities, species compositions, environmental conditions, or management practices, to assess their impacts on indoor temperature and humidity.

6. **Sensitivity Analysis**: Perform sensitivity analyses to identify key parameters or processes that significantly influence indoor temperature and humidity dynamics in the presence of plants.

7. **Optimization**: Explore optimization techniques to identify optimal conditions for indoor environments with regard to temperature, humidity, and plant growth, considering constraints such as space limitations or resource availability.

By following these steps, you can use numerical simulation to study the effects of plant physiology on indoor temperature and humidity, allowing for better understanding and management of indoor environments with vegetation.

Dear Jakub Hryc In the similar question asked here https://www.reddit.com/r/botany/comments/17p1ehs/change_lipid_component_from_galactolipids_to/ there is a good reference to https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article/59/6/1128/4990989?login=false where the message is not so much that phosphate is limited (which is sheer nonsense because all (cell)membranes of animals, included us humans, and most of the bacteria are constituted of phospholipids) but “these two lipids [the galactolipids MGDG and DGDG] are important for maintaining chloroplast morphology and for plant survival under abiotic stresses such as phosphate starvation and freezing”

Best regards.

According to jacksofscience.com and chem.libretexts.org, photosynthesis is an endothermic process. This means it requires an input of energy to occur. In photosynthesis, plants use sunlight energy to synthesize glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Absorbing sunlight energy and converting it into chemical energy requires an input of energy. This makes photosynthesis an endothermic process. The specific light-dependent reactions where water is split to release oxygen require photon energy from sunlight to proceed. This absorbs energy. The Calvin cycle reactions where CO2 is converted to sugar also require energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are generated during the light reactions. The total of all the chemical reactions in photosynthesis stores more energy in molecules like glucose than what you start with in CO2 and H2O. This net storage requires energy input. So, in summary, photosynthesis requires sunlight energy absorption and transformation to occur, making it an endothermic, energy-consuming process.

Javad Fardaei: Hi Mr. Fardaei, thank you very much for your insight. However, I think quantum mechanics doesn't necessarily refer to the "mechanical" behaviour of atoms. I believe it refers to the various branches of physics and how they apply to subatomic occurrences. But I do understand where you are coming from and will take your advice into consideration.

Taichi Sugiyama , thank you for the link.

Yes, so-called "C2 photosynthesis" it is a new approach related to the fact, that through photorespiration a part of the captured carbon dioxide pool is incorporated into plant photosynthetic metabolism. See e.g.

The name is a little bit confusing, however... In biological sciences, we have lots of abbreviations, acronyms etc. They overlap sometimes, which brings a little mess.

Best regards,

Renata

There is some evidence to suggest that the growth of cyanobacteria undergoes complete cessation under conditions of extremely high light intensity, depending on the species and strain of cyanobacteria, the duration and frequency of exposure, and the availability of nutrients.

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms that can adapt to various light conditions by adjusting their photosynthetic apparatus and metabolism. However, when the light intensity exceeds their capacity for light harvesting and utilization, they can experience photoinhibition, oxidative stress, and damage to their photosystems and other cellular components (1),(2).

Some studies have reported that cyanobacterial growth can be completely halted at very high light intensities, such as those exceeding 1000 μmol(photons) m-2s-1. For example, a study by Muhetaer et al. (2020) found that two cyanobacteria species, Pseudanabaena galeata and Microcystis aeruginosa, showed a significant decline in growth rate and biomass production when exposed to 600 μmol(photons) m-2s-1 for two or eight days (3). Another study by Yoshikawa et al. (2021) found that the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 showed a complete cessation of growth when exposed to 2000 μmol(photons) m-2s-1 for 24 hours (4).

However, other studies have shown that cyanobacterial growth can be maintained or even enhanced at high light intensities, depending on the acclimation and adaptation mechanisms of the cyanobacteria. For instance, a study by Silveira et al. (2019) found that the cyanobacterium Microcystis wesenbergii showed an increased growth rate and toxin production when exposed to 1000 μmol(photons) m-2s-1 for 12 days (5).

The response of cyanobacterial growth to high light intensity may also depend on the availability of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which are essential for photosynthesis and cellular metabolism. Some studies have suggested that nutrient limitation can exacerbate the negative effects of high light intensity on cyanobacterial growth, while nutrient enrichment can mitigate or reverse them (5).

Therefore, the answer to your question may vary depending on the specific conditions and parameters of your experiment. However, based on the available literature, it seems possible that the growth of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 can be completely halted at very high light intensities, such as those exceeding 1000 μmol(photons) m-2s-1, especially if the exposure period is long or repeated, and if the nutrient supply is low or limiting.

(1) Light intensity and spectral distribution affect chytrid infection of .... https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/light-intensity-and-spectral-distribution-affect-chytrid-infection-of-cyanobacteria-via-modulation-of-host-fitness/D491C209ABF241D5A5D28DBDBDFE0FA9.

(2) Enhancing photosynthesis at high light levels by adaptive ... - Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00904-2.

(3) Effects of Light Intensity and Exposure Period on the Growth and Stress .... https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/2/407.

(4) Mutations in hik26 and slr1916 lead to high-light stress tolerance in .... https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-01875-y.

(5) Effects of light intensity and nutrients (N and P) on growth, toxin .... https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10750-021-04649-z.

Decreased concentrations of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) are observed with an increasing nitrogen supply. Your research is correct :)

See: https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmch210

Linsheng Wu It is a really important and interesting question. From my opinion, it depends on the drought condition. The results may be different for mild and servere droughts. You mentioned crops, but there are many cultivars. Some of them are susceptible, and some are resistant to water shortage. And the duration, the time of the drought may also alter the result. So I think it is hard to draw a general conclusion. I have a similar question, but I would state it like this: how does the relationship between phiF and phiP (and their diurnal patterns) change as the environment gets dryer? I think the work of Prof. van der Tol (2014) gives us a nice answer. But there are still problems remained, because the droughts involve mutiple factors and changes in both environment and plant.

Extensive work has been done and published in this field. That is not to say it's unchallengeable!

So, I see you have posted a number of questions recently to ResearchGate, a professional website for research scientists. The wording of your questions appears to be copied from exams. If so, stop this right now. It an inappropriate use of this webpage and counts as plagiarism/academic misconduct.

In my opinion Cynodon dectylin is the most common plant.

The following link is also very useful RG link:

To optimise most plant growth it is recommended that they receive 500–1000 µmols of PAR light for every m² (PPFD). Less than this and growth rates will be low :)

There may not be direct to the point, however, I advice you read the following articles.

Thank you!

Senescence is the final stage of plant development and is characterized by a series of programmed disassembly and degenerative events. As leaves age, chloroplast degeneration is initiated, paralleled by catabolism of macromolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. The released nutrients are exported to other developing organs, such as new buds, young leaves, flowers or seeds, which leads to increased reproductive success.

However, during photosynthesis, excess natural or artificial light can cause photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts. It has been shown that chlorophagy, the intracellular destruction of chloroplasts, is induced by exposure to UV-B irradiation (280–315 nm) and high light. Researchers have also demonstrated that entire photo-damaged chloroplasts are transported to the plant cell vacuole for destruction.

i sorry i am not measure chlorophyll in the leaf but i measured

chlorophyll/unit photosynthesis/unit chlorophyll, in coral reef only

Hello Nisma,

Put very simply, “photosynthesis” consists of two, linked groups of processes – the “photo” part and “synthesis” part. Photo reactions go from the absorption of light and the mechanisms for converting the energy into `high-energy’ compounds such as ATP and NADPH which are used in the assimilation of CO2 and NO3 and “synthesis” of carbohydrates and amino acids.

Analyzing the responses of these two processes in relation to the available light energy (light response curves) is required in order to understand the mechanisms of the whole, combined process. The two are not in any way the same, and they respond differently to conditions inside and outside the plant. How they are linked is also complex quantitatively. An example is the effects of leaf and cell water deficit on the two. Water deficit in the chloroplast does not much affect light energy capture and electron transport continues as the cell loses water, but because the stomata tend to close CO2 supply is restricted. So the electrons and NADPH (called reductant) are not used in CO2 assimilation. Energy builds up and highly energetic oxygen radicals are formed, damaging the photosynthetic apparatus. Extremely important damage is done to the mechanism for synthesis of ATP. ATP synthesis slows, inhibiting CO2 assimilation yet further. These processes are the `stomatal’ and `metabolic’ limitations discussed in my papers several years ago. Decreased ATP affects all cell processes either directly or indirectly and this has provided the key to understanding why water deficit (drought) has such profound effects on plants.

Analyzing both the response, to light intensity, of energy use by fluorescence and CO2 assimilation by gas exchange methods enabled the processes to be related and understood. This had not been possible earlier and depended on the technology to combine the two types of light response curves. Hope this helps.

Some references, available on ResearchGate, are:

Tezara, W., Mitchell, V. J., Driscoll, S. P. and Lawlor, D. W. 1999. Water stress inhibits plant photosynthesis by decreasing coupling factor and ATP. Nature. 401 (6756), pp. 914-917. https://doi.org/10.1038/44842

,

David W Lawlor, ( 2002) Limitation to Photosynthesis in Water‐stressed Leaves: Stomata vs. Metabolism and the Role of ATP Annals of Botany, Volume 89, Issue 7, , Pages 871–885,

David W Lawlor , Wilmer Tezara (2009)

Causes of decreased photosynthetic rate and metabolic capacity in water-deficient leaf cells: a critical evaluation of mechanisms and integration of processes. Ann Bot 103(4):561-79.

doi: 10.1093/aob/mcn244. Epub 2009 Jan 19.

With the data of each variables, PCA can give good results

when I was a student, we were taught that it was about 1%

Please have a look at some of these PDFs...

Stomatal parts are the ones through where the photosynthesis gas for exchange passes, and defintely if the density of the stomata bodies/pores increase per given area of leaf, then there will be an increase on photosynthesis.

Despite having the same roots of origin, namely quantum superposition, coherence and entanglement are conceptually different.

Philipp Girr Thanks, you made my day.

Also, kindly check:

Emerging approaches to measure photosynthesis from the leaf to the ecosystem:

Pollution (addition of gases into the air from human activities, such as carbon dioxide) is the main cause of climate change today.

Trees absorb some of the CO2 from the air, but people have been cutting down trees for all kinds of reasons, such as building roads, houses, etc. Therefore, unless you plant more trees and some are doing that, the CO2 builds up in the atmosphere and has the tendency to absorb heat that is being sent back into space. Instead of going to space this (outgoing) heat stays in the air and warms up the air (global warming).

Electrophoresis results are at best semi-quantitative. Starting with loading errors and gel-to-gel variability, there are many things that can go wrong. As with all dye-binding assays, colour yield depends on protein. If you have standards (in the same gel!), you'd at least get an idea what the error margins are.

If the staining is not too strong (in the linear range of the densitometer), you could scan the gels and integrate the peaks. Laser-based densitometers are better at this than simple scanners, because of a larger linear range (up to 4 AU). Even better results may come from fluorescent dyes like RuBPS and fluorescent scanners, simply because fluorescence starts from zero, whilst in absorbance you measure the small difference of two large numbers.

You could also cut out the bands, elute the bound dye and determine that photometrically.

Try BiGGR

dynamicFBA

fbar

sybilDynFBA

Have fun and Happy Research!

I recommend a paper "Photosynthesis research a model of bridge fundamental sciences , translational products and socio-economic considerations in agriculture". Journal Experimental Botany, 2020

Successes....

Please take a look at the following useful RG links.

Hi Johanna

Leaf temperature usually depends on both air temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Increasing air VPD with a good watering will lead to lower leaf temperature compared to air. It also depends on the boundary layer, but as Licor leaf chamber has a mixing fan it will blow away the boundary layer which leads to decrease in leaf temperature. If the mixing fan can be turned off, then do it first.

Then try to decrease VPD by increasing humidity of the chamber by controlling air flow rate, or of it has a humidity control, then use it.

These two methods can increase leaf temperature to a higher level. Increasing light intensity also can lead to temperature increase, but use sunlight if you can, as its wavelength temperature is significantly higher than Licor's light.

If you couldn't reach higher levels you have to give a water stress to the plant so that it decrease the transpiration rate.

All of these will finally lead to significant damage to the photosynthetic apparatus (when temperature increases above ~37 (depending on the species), so you can't hold it for long. Attached photo shows what happens to the leaf when it is kept in high temperature for too long (thermal degradation of chlorophyll), which I experienced in a branch enclosure system.

Hope it helps

Ehsan

Dear Dr Azad,

There are a few more aspects if I look at the answers given. Not all wavelengths are absorbed with the same efficiency. Green light is in this respect the least efficient. Several scientists have proposed that due to this inefficiency green light can penetrate deeper in a leaf and drive photosynthesis there. At the same time blue light is known to be absorbed by phototropins that can drive chloroplast movements and thereby affect the light absorption profile of a leaf on a minutes time scale. Red light does not do this. Phytochromes that are sensitive to red and far-red light are known to affect plant morphogenesis, etc. In other words, your question depends on the time scale considered.

Dear Namitha L H

Light, its intensity and quality, are factors that affect the concentration of different chlorophylls, especially the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b. Plants that get abundant sunlight have less overall chlorophyll concentration and higher amounts of chlorophyll a than chlorophyll b. Plants that grow under shade, like those in densely forested areas, have a high overall chlorophyll concentration, but have more chlorophyll b than chlorophyll a.

Hybrid plants of maize, pearl millets and sorghum have more tolerance to shading stress (due to increased plant density) than those of open-pollinated varieties.

Under similar growing conditions, I did never emprically observe any difference in color intensity of leaves of hybrid and open-pollinated varieties of these crops. Therefore, dark green leaves appear to be a consequence of shading effect. I agree with J.D. Franco-Navarro and Francisca Higueras-Fredes

Best wishes, AKC

Are you looking for photosynthetic ability of periphyton microbes..??. If so , , why not to compare with rhzisosphere microbes as well...

فتوسنتزمتر

I think that changing the C3 plants to C4 will require large genetic and physiological resources to make the most of the unit of land and water in the long term, but it is possible in the short term to do some easy and simple methods for this purpose, which is to growing C3 plants with C4 in the same land

CID Photosynthesis System

Dear Stefano,

On the one hand, the manufacturer should provide the PAR value emitted by the diode. On the other hand, you can visit colleague at the nearest physics / optics department and ask for an exact measurement for your instrument. You can also try to measure with an ordinary PAR meter, although the measurement will be probably burdened with a significant error. Either way, if you measure a value above 3000 everything is ok.

Plants have evolved in sunlight (~2000 PAR), so 3000 and more are likely to saturate the photosynthetic apparatus.

Many Icfre institutions also have PP systems. You may contact them for more info.

In order for cosmic rays to arrive at the surface of the earth, you have to get rid of the solar wind (which blocks cosmic rays) something not likely to happen.

Plants utilize light as a source of information in photomorphogenesis and of free energy in photosynthesis, two processes that are interrelated in that the former serves to increase the efficiency with which plants can perform the latter. Only one pigment involved in photomorphogenesis has been identified unequivocally, namely phytochrome. The thrust of this proposal is to investigate this pigment and its mode(s) of action in photosynthetically competent plants. Our long term objective is to characterize phytochrome and its functions in photosynthetically competent plants from molecular, biochemical and cellular perspectives. It is anticipated that others will continue to contribute indirectly to these efforts at the physiological level. The ultimate goal will be to develop this information from a comparative perspective in order to learn whether the different phytochromes have significantly different physicochemical properties, whether they fulfill independent functions and if so what these different functions are, and how each of the different phytochromes acts at primary molecular and cellular levels.

Dear Riya Mehrotra,

Hi, SEM is often used to view the surface characteristics and properties of organs. You must use TEM to view intracellular organelles.

Best regards,

Saeed

Thank you for the response. Yes, we are using a CO2 cartridge and it helps. We do not have a LED light source and hence this was the main reason for the variation. We are in the process of procuring the light source.

Recent findings in my lab showed that optical sensors measuring chlorophyl concentration give better results relative to indices such as NDVI. Chlorphyl concentration measurmements were comparable to fAPAR ( Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation) measurements.

Eva Maleckova

What is you actually want to do?

Because in your question it seems you want to do a lot of things which does not seem to be done as one thing.

1. How to identify differences across a big number of long protein alignments?

>> Do you mean difference within one alignment (single protein), or differences across different alignments (several proteins)?

2. You are also thinking about finding new genes, that is a bit different approach.

If you can enlist exacly what you want to do, it would be easier to answer.

Dear Sirs, if you agree with a contribution on this forum you can show your appreciation by recommending an answer or a question.

Now please stop diluting actual information with your spam answers.

No. Maybe uplland rices resistance to Pyricularia leaf blight. But on soybeans I know many geens to target. Sorry.

Dear Yoslen

Chlorophyll mainly determines the photosynthetic rate and primary productivity in plant. Chlorophyll content will be changed with the change of external environment, which could further lead to the photosynthetic capacity change. Therefore, chlorophyll content could be used as an important diagnostic indicator for plant growth study. The assessments of chlorophyll contents are based on the extraction of chlorophyll with solvents from the destructive leaf followed by spectrophotometric determination.

Li, Y., Sun, Y., Jiang, J. et al. Spectroscopic determination of leaf chlorophyll content and color for genetic selection on Sassafras tzumu. Plant Methods 15, 73 (2019).

Take a look at the article:

http://www.paper.edu.cn/scholar/showpdf/OUT2EN4IOTD0kxeQh

Pleas read the paper " Photosystem I, when excited in the chlorophyll Q y absorption band, feeds on negative entropy

Could you please look at this website:

Best regards,

Quynh Nguyen

Hy dear Habib Athar

you can use of this article and words that i sent for you.

Thank you.

Hi

In the attached article, you can get some good information on comparing photosynthesis of C3, C4 and CAM plants.

If the size of a small water system (confinement) coincides with that of a semiconductor, then the photocatalytic decomposition of water is enhanced. Quantum entanglement seems to be happening. This is the subject of our patent application.

Dear Vjacheslav Fisenko,

In our region (drylands), we found that the results of the MSAVI2 and GDVI indices are working better than the NDVI.

Good luck and best regards.

We had a similar problem. We ended up having a tiny break in the thermocouple wire which was used to measure leaf temperature. We ended up swapping it out and the problem was fixed right away. But Joshua is right, contact support, they will know exactly what to do

Hello dear ,

I think that is troposphere

Dear Samiksha,

during winter months when the water column is oxic, Fe oxide reduction only occurs in the strongly reducing sediment column. Reduced Fe(II) diffuses to the sediment-water interface where it is immediately oxidized to Fe oxide. As a result, there is no buildup of dissolved Fe in the water column during winter. In early summer the lake becomes thermally stratified. As summer progresses, oxygen is consumed by biological processes and the bottom waters become anoxic. Reductive dissolution of Fe oxide continues to occur in the sediments. Fe(II) diffuses into the anoxic bottom water and is oxidized at the oxycline forming a peak in particulate Fe in the water column. Below the oxycline, where the water is strongly reducing, dissolved Fe(II) is stabilized and its concentration increases with time. In early winter, mixing processes re-oxygenate the entire water column and Fe(II) is rapidly oxidized and precipitated.

Here is a classic work on the subject by Mortimer: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2256395?origin=crossref&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

After creating an account (free), you can read the article for free.

With best regards,

Johannes

With rise in temperature the productivity of C₄ plants would increase, while those of C₃ plants would decrease due to increase in rate of 'photorespiration'. Thus plants with C₄ pathway of photosynthesis would be benefited from climate change.

Some more alternatives below. I have used a custom-made solution for measuring gas exchange in shoot apex in cucumber and tomato plants. Maybe relevant! Good luck!

Besides other parameters mentioned by Kathryn, did you look at stomatal density?

Hi, here is R code for building a loop which fits a light curve model (Platt et al. 1980) to the data, extracts the coefficients into a data frame and plots the results into tiff files (one file for each fitted curve) using "phytotools" package mentioned above. This is largely based on the code examples provided by the authors of the phytotools package. One should be able to fit the other models in the package also by modifying the plot and fitting sections of the script (model equations I think are specified in phytotools documentation). This is a bit late answer but I'll upload it in any case if someone still finds this useful.

In general crop rotation reduces the green house gasses, for example corn rotate with soyabean or wheat is found to be very effective in reducing GHG.

I think GC-MASS teqniqu may be useful.

Thank you very much Drs for your valuable contributions. I greatly appreciate it.

If I assume biostimulants as osmoprotectants, then effect shall be as under.These osmoprotectants such as glycine betaine,Thio urea and Salicylic Acid help to trap harmful radicles produced in plants in response to water or heat stress.These chemicals temporarily squeeze these harmful ions but this effect prevails only for short duration droughts but not useful under prolonged stress conditions.

I have worked with Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. As for me tobacco is more easy culture to grow and work with. But for arabidopsis there is full genome and special resourse about genes and etc https://www.arabidopsis.org/

You can use GraphPadPrism (PC & Mac), but it is not free (perhaps now there is a free lite version, at least they have a demo; see https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/).

So after some experimenting I discovered that an incubation time of at least one hour was necessary to see results. After that, fluorescence didn't show any further change. I'm leaving this answer for any who has the same question I did.

It more complex then rate perse. When algae (or any living organism) assimilate nutrients they convert simple, small molecules (here NH3 and PO4) to large complex molecules (proteins, nucleic acids etc), and finally to new cells. The absorption on the alginate is a much simpler process. Furthermore, given the above the alginate (or any other absorbing material) will reach saturation much faster as there is no conversion. Thus the rate of alginate (absorption) + micro-algae (assimilation) will be much faster.

And two small correction:

(i) Photosynthesis of micro-algae does not assimilate NO3 or PO4 directly. It provide the cells with a carbon source. The oxygen produced by the water splitting in the photosynthetic could result in oxidation of NO3 to nitrate though.

(ii) The process does no have to go "absorption in alginate --> assimilation". Depending how you make them the alginate beads can be pretty pours.

The figure roughly calculated in our paper Larkum, Ritchie and Raven 2018 is around 16. This based on how much ATP & NADPH2 is needed to fix CO2 and that PS bacteria have only one photosystem and the roundabout way PS bacteria have to make the ATP + plus NADPH2 required.

The measurements needed have largely not been seriously attempted for about 50y.

Dear

Gergino Chounna Yemele read below the attached file which title is "Mathematical modelling of natural and artificial photosynthesis "