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This pertains to the transcendental aspect of phenomenology.
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Hi,
In phenomenology, one employs the 'epoché' to 'bracket out' or suspend judgements about the external world, concentrating instead on subjective experience. During data analysis, this facilitates the isolation of phenomena for scrutiny, devoid of preconceptions or theoretical frameworks. This is in line with the transcendental aspect of phenomenology, which emphasises consciousness and subjective experience.
Hope this helps.
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My study is on the events of the historical change to HRM practices during and post COVID-19 respective organizations
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Qualitative designs are helpful for exploring dynamic and complex phenomena that is difficult to measured.
For instance, to examine effects of COVID-19 on HRM. focused on the experience and perceptions of individuals or groups who have faced COVID-19 challenges in their HMR examples managers, employees or customers, these qualitative designs can give rich insights into the challenges and opportunities created for HRM during COVID.
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What does the interpretivist paradigm have to do with phenomenology?
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Interpretivism is a paradigm and phenomenology is a design under qualitative methods. That is,
Paradigm: Interpretivism
Ontology: Subjective
Epistemology: Socially/individually constructed
Methodology: Qualitative
Design: Phenomenology
Instrument: Interview/observation where the researcher is interested in understanding the phenomenon from the voices of the participants
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Zero point length phenomenology has been started by Padmanabhan and Dawood Kothawala's papers.
Padmanabhan had concentrated on the Path integral and finding path integral with a zero point length.
"Physical Significance of Planck Length" (https://inspirehep.net/literature/228739)  is a an important paper.
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A COMMENT :
I think that we can convert the quantum gravity effects in zero point length approach to the classical one  by using some  transformations.
If we take a look at (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.5618.pdf) we can see that the definition of Qmetric in Eq.(6) is the core of the zero point approach to quantum gravity. 
I am afraid that everything that any quantum gravity effects here  can be removed by using  an inverse transformations.
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Comment on DSR:
We can convert some of the DSR theories to the normal special relativity by using some inverse transformations :
https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0602075 (Doubly Special Relativity: A New Relativity or Not? ).
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True Quantum gravity phenomenology:
I think that  the point that I mentioned here is the pathology of many approaches to the phenomenology of QG.
I feel that the physicists who are doing research in the phenomenology of QG, have obtained their  phenomenological models by using some fundamental hints. They want to give a special character to the quantum gravity scales manually.
In the DSR they want to put two fundamental constants the speed of light and the Planck length into special relativity.
In the zero point approach they want to exclude lengths  which are smaller than the Planck length from spacetime manually. However, we should be more conservative in this comment. 
In the zero point approach they want to exclude lengths  which are smaller than the Planck length from spacetime manually. However, we should be more conservative in this comment. 
It will be good to know everybody's views about these comments.
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I am the retird professor in psychology of Leiden University Dolph Kohnstamm.
Esearchgate is sending my Routledgebook Piaget: Chilfren and the class inclusion problem toANYONE IN THE WORLD WHO ASKS for it. Now,in return for that,I askredearchgate to send me all the chapters of the Routledgebook on Phenomenology.
Sincerely Yours. Prof. Em. Dolph Kohnstamm, Amsterdam
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I am getting a rate coefficient (Barts-Widom Phenomenological) to be zero for a unimolecular decomposition reaction. Similar reaction with another conformer of the same molecule gives some rate coefficient value. Kindly help.
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Thanks Akbar Ali Mohamad for your response. I have been checking for some of the above points you mentioned, still have not found any issue. However, some of the points are still to be checked thoroughly. Anyways thank you once again.
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In how many ways can we analyze data in a Phenomenological inquiry ? Can we go for descriptive Analysis of data ?
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Descriptive statistics gives a description of the data without any additional or predictive information. As for other data analysis methods, such as predictive, it is useful to predict and the possibility of generalizing the results.
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How do I justify the sample size in a phenomenology study design used in my Ph. D. Thesis?
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In qualitative phenomenology studies, the determination of sample size is not guided by statistical formulas but rather by the principles of data saturation, which refers to the point at which collecting additional data no longer provides new insights or information. Therefore, the most appropriate approach for calculating sample size in a qualitative phenomenology study is to continue data collection until data saturation is achieved. To justify the sample size in your Ph.D. thesis, you can provide a clear description of your data collection process, including the number of participants, the criteria used for participant selection, and a comprehensive explanation of how data saturation was reached. This demonstrates rigor and transparency in your research design, ensuring that your sample size is appropriate and aligns with the goals and objectives of your phenomenological study.
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In qualitative research can you mix a grounded theory and phenomenology approach together?
I'm doing an interview-based qualitative study on the totalitarian effects of the Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong and the ability of MNCs to continue operations in the region.
Any advice on which methodology to use?
Thank you
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Any piece of qualitative research that is exploratory will avoid seeing pre-conceived themes. Grounded theory is one specific approach to exploratory research, but it requires a number of careful procedures, starting with a continuing analysis of the data throughout the data collection. So, if you waited until you had finished your data collection before you started your data analysis, you did not do grounded theory.
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How do I justify the sample size in a phenomenology study design used in my PhD Thesis?
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Qualitative researchers are often allergic to the idea of sample size calculation. On the other hand, both from a sampling and from and ethical perspective you want to make sure that the sample doesn't have any important omissions. Whose voices are needed to make sure everyone is heard? So in my opinion it's not the size of the sample so much as the coverage of the study domain.
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Currently writing a paper about Hegel with particular reference to his 'Phenomenology of Spirit'. Just wondering if anyone could point me in the right direction with this? Really appreciated.
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Some years back I have expressed my views which I submit herewith for your perusal .''Besides with the help of Yoga we can control our other physical structure of body but with our brain thru centre force of our forehead giving the inspiring grace in the form of intuition & with the regular practice of Yoga ,our eyes may help us to visualize the cosmic atmosphere.
This is my personal opinion
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Phenomenological philosophy is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the study of conscious experience as it is subjectively perceived and understood by the individual. The term "phenomenology" comes from the Greek word "phainomenon," which means "appearance" or "manifestation." Phenomenology was first developed by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl in the early 20th century. Husserl sought to describe the fundamental structures of consciousness and the ways in which we experience the world around us. He believed that the subjective experience of the individual was the starting point for any philosophical inquiry, and that it was necessary to bracket or suspend our preconceived assumptions in order to arrive at a clear understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. Phenomenological philosophy has been influential in a number of fields, including psychology, sociology, and literary theory. It has also influenced other philosophers such as Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Jean-Paul Sartre. The phenomenological approach has been particularly useful in exploring questions related to the nature of perception, the relationship between mind and body, and the ways in which we experience time and space.
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Some years back I have expressed my views in this line which I submit herewith for your kind perusal .
''Philosophy is a way of our life ,helping us & to generate inner development of our MIND,& BRAIN with our faith & will power .This helps us to teach us a moral code of our life which depend on the environment of our family & surrounding to prepare us for the living of our life in action . Philosophy is a our thinking process ,our attitude of our mind which direct us to take the action of our day to day working of our life .Our life is very much interesting a gift of our creator but as we all have the resulting fruits of our action positive & negative of our previous lives ,this make us to live in the way whether positive or negative with the tune of our conscious & subconscious mind.
This is my personal opinion
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Hello,
I would be very grateful if you could guide me.
Is phenomenological reduction is in contrast with Hermeneutic (interpretive) phenomenology? I mean does using phenomenological reduction have no place in the interpretive approach?
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Phenomenological reduction and interpretive phenomenology are two different but related concepts in phenomenology. Phenomenological reduction, also known as epoche, is a methodological process used to bracket or suspend one's preconceptions and assumptions in order to approach the phenomenon being studied in a more open and objective way. This process aims to reveal the essence of the phenomenon as it appears in consciousness. Interpretive phenomenology, on the other hand, incorporates hermeneutic analysis in the process of understanding human experience. Hermeneutics is the theory and practice of interpretation, and interpretive phenomenology uses this approach to understand the meaning that individuals give to their experiences. While phenomenological reduction is often associated with descriptive phenomenology, it can also be used within interpretive phenomenology as a way of suspending preconceptions and allowing for a more open and nuanced analysis of the subjective experience being studied. Therefore, phenomenological reduction has a place in interpretive phenomenology, but it is not the only method used in this approach.
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Where is the basic difference of studying and reporting a 'Lived Experinence' through Narrative Study and Phenomenological study ?
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The basic difference between studying and reporting a 'Lived Experience' through Narrative Study and Phenomenological Study is in their approach to understanding and interpreting the experience.
Narrative Study focuses on the individual's subjective experience and how they make meaning of it through storytelling. Narrative inquiry involves collecting and analyzing personal stories or narratives of individuals to understand their lived experiences. Researchers who use narrative inquiry are interested in exploring the stories that people tell about their experiences and the meanings they attach to those experiences.
Phenomenological Study, on the other hand, aims to uncover the essential structures of the lived experience itself. It involves exploring how individuals experience and perceive the world around them, and how they make sense of these experiences. Phenomenological inquiry involves suspending preconceived ideas and focusing on the experience itself, as it is lived and described by the individual.
While both approaches involve exploring the lived experience of individuals, Narrative Study focuses on the personal stories people tell about their experiences, while Phenomenological Study focuses on the essence of the experience itself.
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What is the relationship between exploratory research and phenomenology?
Would it be correct to say that "explorative" concerns the research design and phenomenology is the basic attitude, or approach of the researcher?
I am doing a qualitative market research study that employs case studies. The (narrative) interviews are very open and pursue the purpose of re-experiencing a purchase action from the customers point of view in order to discover a certain market (FFE research).
I am looking forward to hear from somebody more experienced than me (it's my master thesis).
All the best and thank you,
Katharina
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Phenomenology does indeed emphasize lived experience, but so does nearly all qualitative research, and the same is true about hearing things from the participants' point of view with very little input or influence from the researcher.
I really think you need to read more about phenomenology before you say that you are following that perspective.
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If there is a study which combined GT with phenomenology, I would like to read it.
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GT is seldom paired with phenomenology because the two represent distinctly different research traditions. One key point is that phenomenological research approaches closely follow or another of several related philosophic traditions, while GT is neutral with regard to higher order theories. In additional, most phenomenological research proceeds by collecting data (usually a small number of intensive interviews) and then analyzing them, while GT combines analysis and data collection as a single process that alternates back and forth.
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Hi all,
I'm writing a thesis on the Chinese Communist Party and its totalitarianism/political action in Hong Kong and its effect on the ability of MNCs to effectively continue operations in the region.
I'm attempting to write the methodology section and am stuck on which approach to move forward with. The thesis is qualitative (using interviews) but am unsure whether a grounded theory, phenomenology or constructivist approach would be most suited... I've also been looking into using an integrated approach, combining a grounded theory and phenomenology approach to gain a more holistic understanding.
Would anyone be able to help on the matter? would appreciate it.
Thank you
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Janet Ogungbire ESTÁ CORRETA. PRIMEIRO ESCLAREÇA O QUE VC QUER SABER, SUAS PERGUNTAS PARA AJUDAR A CIÊNCIA, O MÉOTODO OU METOTODOLOGIA É "DEDUZIDO" DEPOIS. É A PESQUISA QUE PEDE QUAL MÉTODOS, E NÃO, O CONTRÁRIO
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In qualitative research, how would you integrate a grounded theory and phenomenology approach?
I know how to do a GT approach but find it difficult to integrate the two, I'll also be commending this with triangulation to further gain a holistic view. I'm using semi-structured interviews to research the impact of the Chinese political system on the ability of MNCs to effectively operate in Hong Kong.
would appreciate any help!
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ACHO QUE VC ESTÁ FAZENDO PESQUISA QUALITATIVA, COM ENTREVISTAS E O ASSUNTO É QUEM PEDE, EXIGE, DADOS ESTATÍSTICOS TAMBÉM VC PODE E DEVE MSITURAR AS DUAS COISAS E INCLUSIVE POR SEU CONHECIMENTO FENOMENOLÓGICO NA HORA E NAS HORAS TODAS PARA ANALISAR BEM AVALIAR RESULTADOS, QUALITATIVOS E QUANTITATIVOS, E SE NÃO DER CERTO, ESQUEÇA ESTA ABORDAGEM, ANALISE TUDO DE SUA CABEÇA, SUA EXPERIÊNCIA E ESQUEÇA, SE NÃO CABE, A FENOMENOLOGIA E SEUS DIFÍCEIS FILÓSOFOS.... ABS, SORTE ANDRÉ VALÉRIO SALES
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I know how to do a GT approach but finding it difficult to integrate the two. I'm using semi-structured interviews to research the impact of the Chinese political system on the ability of MNCs to effectively operate in Hong Kong.
would appreciate any help!
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I am confused by all your postings that want to combine various alternative approaches with Grounded Theory. GT by itself is hard enough, so why you want to make connections with other approaches that don't really fit with GT is not clear to me.
Can you give us some more information on why GT alone is not sufficient for what you are trying to accomplish?
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and how would I combine symbolic interactionism with grounded theory?
finally, for questions related to political systems affecting MNCs' ability to operate in regions, I'm planning on using a grounded theory approach but integrating it with either a symbolic interactionist approach or a phenomenology approach - I've been told a symbolic interactionist approach would be better... Any thoughts?
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Symbolic Interactionism as a theory, not a method. The original source for SI is George Herbert Mead's book, "Mind, Self, and Society."
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I'm writing a thesis related to political systems affecting MNCs' ability to operate in regions, I'm planning on using a grounded theory approach but integrating it with either a symbolic interactionist approach or a phenomenology approach - I've been told a symbolic interactionist approach would be better... Any thoughts?
furthermore, how would I go about combining a grounded theory approach and a symbolic interactionist approach?
Cheers!
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Anselm Strauss, one of the founders of Grounded Theory, was a Symbolic Interactionist, so many researchers who use GT also follow SI as their theoretical orientation. But as the name implies, SI is primarily about the effects of interaction between individuals, along with how inter-personal relationships affect issues such as identity.
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The qualitative research has multiple subjectivities. However, if we get the essence of the phenomena as in the transcendental phenomenology, can we say it being a single reality?
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In qualitative research, the goal is often to explore and understand the multiple subjectivities and perspectives of the participants. Therefore, it is not typically appropriate to reduce the findings to a single reality or essence that is completely independent of the individual experiences and perspectives of the participants.
Additionally, it is important to recognize that the researcher's own subjectivity and perspective can also influence the findings and interpretation of qualitative research. Therefore, it is important to be transparent about the researcher's perspective and acknowledge the potential limitations and biases in the findings. Overall, while transcendental phenomenology can be a useful approach for understanding the essential structures of subjective experience, it is important to recognize and respect the multiple subjectivities and perspectives of the participants in qualitative research.
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Student researcher here, our topic is about the experiences of Parentified Young adults and was initially thought it would take a qualitative phenomenological approach. Now, we were advised to make it into an IPA. Im wondering what are the diff between the two.
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IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) research and Qualitative Phenomenological research are two different approaches to qualitative research, and they have some similarities and differences.
IPA research is a qualitative research approach that aims to explore and understand the subjective experience of individuals. It involves interpreting the meanings that individuals attribute to their experiences and how these experiences affect their behavior, emotions, and thoughts. IPA research involves in-depth interviews with individuals, and the data are analyzed through a process of coding, categorization, and interpretation.
On the other hand, Qualitative Phenomenological research aims to describe and interpret the essence of a phenomenon as experienced by individuals. It involves exploring the subjective experiences of individuals through in-depth interviews, observations, and other qualitative data collection methods. The data are analyzed through a process of identifying patterns and themes that reflect the essence of the phenomenon.
While both approaches share the goal of understanding subjective experiences, there are some differences between them.
Firstly, IPA research focuses on how individuals make meaning of their experiences, while Qualitative Phenomenological research aims to describe the essence of a phenomenon.
Secondly, IPA research emphasizes the role of the researcher's interpretation in analyzing and interpreting data, while Qualitative Phenomenological research aims to be more objective in describing the phenomenon.
Thirdly, IPA research is often used in psychology and healthcare research, while Qualitative Phenomenological research has a broader range of applications, including social sciences, education, and business.
In summary, both IPA research and Qualitative Phenomenological research are valuable approaches to understanding subjective experiences, but they differ in their focus, methodology, and scope of application.
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Hi all,
I'm writing a thesis on the Chinese Communist Party and its totalitarianism/political action in Hong Kong and its effect on the ability of MNCs to effectively continue operations in the region.
I'm attempting to write the methodology section and am stuck on which approach to move forward with. The thesis is qualitative (using interviews) but am unsure whether a grounded theory, phenomenology or constructivist approach would be most suited... I've also been looking into using an integrated approach, combining a grounded theory and phenomenology approach to gain a more holistic understanding.
Would anyone be able to help on the matter? would appreciate it.
Thank you
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Grounded theory requires that you code your interviews while you are collecting them, so that both your coding process and your interview process evolve together throughout the research. So, if you have already done your interviews, that would not fit. But if you are just getting started, then I would highly recommend Kathy Charmaz's text book on Constructivist Grounded Theory (2014).
As for phenomenological approaches, these are usually deeply personal, so I doubt they would match a study of feelings about multi-national corporations.
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Phenomenology. Van Manen method of data analysis
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There are several research question and response forums that may be of interest to you, particularly if you are interested in phenomenology and Van Manen's method of analysis. Here are a few options that you might consider:
  1. The Qualitative Research Forum: This forum is hosted by the Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, and it provides a platform for researchers to discuss qualitative research methods, including phenomenological approaches.
  2. Phenomenology and Qualitative Research: This forum is hosted by the Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, and it focuses specifically on qualitative research methods and techniques in the field of psychology, including phenomenological approaches.
  3. ResearchGate: This is a general research forum that allows researchers to ask and answer questions, share research findings, and connect with other researchers. You can search for specific topics or methods, such as "phenomenology" or "Van Manen method," to find discussions that are relevant to your interests.
  4. LinkedIn: LinkedIn is a professional networking site that allows researchers to connect with one another and engage in discussions about research topics and methods. You can search for groups or communities that are focused on qualitative research, phenomenology, or Van Manen's method to find discussions that may be of interest to you.
  5. Reddit: Reddit is a general discussion forum that has many different subforums or "subreddits" on a wide range of topics. You can search for subreddits that are relevant to your research interests, such as "qualitative research" or "phenomenology," to find discussions and ask questions of other researchers.
It is worth noting that while these forums can be a useful source of information and guidance, it is important to carefully evaluate the quality and credibility of the information that you find, as not all discussions and responses may be based on rigorous research or reliable sources.
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The empirical procedure for the Qual part of the study is phenomenology (I'm a novice)
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Generally speaking, reflective statements are included in the Methods section. If you have separate Methods sections, then it sounds like if should go with the qualitative portion.
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Hi,
PhD candidate, needing support or general chats about using phenomenology (transcendental) for exploring lived experience of suicide and participation in suicide prevention.
Please reach out if you have experience to share!
Hayley
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My contribution is here on RG and can be used as an aspect of suicide prevention:
Miss B Pursues Death and Miss P Life in the Light of V. E. Frankl’s Existential Analysis/ Logotherapy
  • June 2015
  • OMEGA--Journal of Death and Dying 71(2):169-196
  • DOI:
  • 10.1177/0030222815570599
  • Project:
  • Moral issues in health care
  • 📷Béatrice Marianne Ewalds-Kvist
  • 📷Kim Lützén
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Hi all,
I am a student working towards gaining my integrated Master's degree (I have not conducted research prior to now). I am a novice to research so bear with me if my terminology isn't 100% accurate. I am conducting qualitative research to explore the experiences and perceptions of diagnostic radiography students in the communication of radiation risk. My question is: Is it correct to use interpretative phenomenology and thematic analysis for my methodology/approach/data analysis? I am conducting semi-structured qualitative interviews with 12 participants, so I hope this will be enough to reach data saturation. A follow-up question I have is whether it would be appropriate for me to use researcher reflexivity in this process as I am a diagnostic radiography student with my own preconceived opinions and experience on the phenomenon under study. Any help or direction for further readings would be greatly appreciated. Thank you!
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Kirsty - it really does depend on your actual adopted phenomenological philosophical school. Phenomenology is not general with general frameworks. For it to be effective - it needs to be specific to the task at hand. IPA is its own school - and has its own analytical style. Different schools lean towards other analytical frameworks i.e. Giorgi and Colaizzi - and there are instances where certain philosophers have their own frameworks i.e., van Manen.
You can't pre-predict saturation - but reasonable to suggest that 12 in-depth participant narratives might reach saturation.
Reflexivity, again, depends on the adopted school.
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Hello,
I am doing a qualitative study exploring early childhood educators attitudes and perceptions in museum education. My sample is N=10, data collection through semi structured interviews and thematic analysis. However, I am not using any of the qualitative approaches, e.g., narrative, action research, case study, ethnography, phenomenology or phenomenography. Can a new researcher do that? According to my tutor that is possible to not use any of these approaches, however after reading several books I understood that is essential a researcher to follow a approach.
Thank you!
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Dear Tsimoura, You must follow an approach, according to your objectives. If those that exist will not support you then you are creating a methodology within your own studio. But this research as I perceive it is a qualitative approach research. Best regards
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I am looking to conduct a qualitative study on the role of women's self esteem whilst they're at work. I know your research question should guide your design but I am struggling to choose which qualitative design to go for. I have researched qualitative research into the relationship of self esteem with other experiences and they seem to differ in design. T/A
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Phenomenology typically involves a very intense analysis of a relatively small number of cases, which lends itself to the study of highly meaningful aspects of lived experience. Both it and grounded theory tend to be highly exploratory, so if you have already done research in this area and have specific topics that you want to pursue, either of them could be inefficient for that purpose.
Instead, I think you should consider a simpler approach that begins with open-ended interviews and then uses thematic analysis. Is there some reason why you are limiting yourself to either phenomenology or grounded theory?
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I am doing hermeneutic phenomenological research. And I don't know how to design the interview guide. there is rarely literature about methods or strategies for developing this research instruments. do you have any kind of books or articles that can help me to know what aspects I should included in the interview guide or how to write questions?
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The guidance / illustrations as per the following publications may further help:
  • Bevan, M. T. (2014) A Method of Phenomenological Interviewing, Qualitative Health Research, 24, 1, pp. 136-144.
  • Groenewald, T. (2004) A Phenomenological Research Design Illustrated, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3, 1, pp. 1-26.
  • Kafle, N. P. (2011) Hermeneutic phenomenological research method simplified, Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 1, pp. 181-200.
  • Kakkori, L. (2009) Hermeneutics and phenomenology problems when applying hermeneutic phenomenological method in educational qualitative research, Paideusis, 18, 2, pp. 19-27.
  • Nigar, N. (2020) Hermeneutic phenomenological narrative enquiry: A qualitative study design, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10, 1, pp. 10-18.
  • Paterson, M. and Higgs, J. (2005) Using hermeneutics as a qualitative research approach in professional practice, The qualitative report, 10, 2, pp. 339-357.
  • van Manen, M. (2015) Hermeneutic Phenomenological Writing, in van Manen, M. (ed.) Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. Second ed. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 111-134.
  • Walker, W. (2011) Hermeneutic inquiry: Insights into the process of interviewing, Nurse researcher, 18, 2.
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See the corresponding blog at https://restframe.blogspot.com
The detection of the existence of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) from everywhere around in the universe has puzzled theorists. Not least because of the discovery of a Doppler effect in the data that can only be interpreted as direct related to the velocity and the direction of the motion of the solar system. But if it is correct we have to accept that there exist a rest frame in the universe. Actually we can determine the existence of absolute space and that is not in line with the “belief” of most of the theorists.
There is another method to verify the results: counting the numbers and measuring the brightness of galaxies from everywhere around. The first results – using visible light – were not convincing. But a couple of days ago The Astrophysical Journal Letters published a paper from Jeremy Darling with results that were obtained with the help of radio waves: “The Universe is Brighter in the Direction of Our Motion: Galaxy Counts and Fluxes are Consistent with the CMB Dipole” (https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6f08).
In other words, it is real. We can determine the existence of "absolute space". Moreover, we know from set theory (mathematics) that absolute space and phenomenological reality must share the same underlying properties otherwise we cannot detect the existence of absolute space. The consequence is that absolute space has a structure too, because phenomenological reality shows structure.
None of the grand theories in physics is founded on the structure of absolute space. Therefore we are facing a serious problem in respect to the foundations of theoretical physics (the conceptual framework of physics).
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As we know, Einstein stated that aether is no longer absolute and used geodesic, it depends on the presence of matter and changes.Empty space has nothing physical and the basis of mechanics is not compatible with it For a system that floats freely in space, its relative position, relative velocity, and rotation are considered And physically it can be considered a feature in itself that is not related to the system The theory of relativity solved this problem by creating a neutral electrical behavior. The point of mass is governed by the law of geodesy, according to which the effects of inertia and gravity are no longer considered separately.In doing so, it attached characteristics to the aether which vary from point to point, determining the metric and the dynamic behaviour of material points, and determined, in their turn, by physical factors, namely the distribution of mass/energy. Thus the aether of general relativity differs from those of classical mechanics and special relativity in that it is not ‘absolute’ but determined, in its locally variable characteristics, by ponderable matter.
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I am using a Phenomenological strategy with sample aged between 9-12.
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When researchers do review the literature and previous studies, they could find the interview questions that may modify into focus group interview questions. Otherwise, you may create new questions that be analysed and synthesised from the literature review. The consequence is to answer the research question by adopting thematic analysis or content analysis based on theories in particular fields.
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Narratives are methods/methodology and phenomenology is a philosophy. Still, how can they be more clearly differentiated?
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I am confused what research design should I use in my research paper.
Is it possible to have phenomenological study to answer the #1&2 research questions and case study for #3 research questions?
This is the title of my research paper: Development of Job Satisfaction in relation to Technostress among College Professors at Rizal Technological University during COVID-19 Pandemic
Here are the research questions:
1. What are the experiences and perceptions of the Professors about the development of job satisfaction in relation to technostress?
2. What is the most common suggestion for the development of job satisfaction in relation to technostress?
3.How effective are the given suggestions for the development of job satisfaction in relation to technostress?
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--how do you plan to measure "effectiveness" in research q 3#. ?
-- change in a particular behaviour/ change in attitude of subjects to a specific aspect in a questionnaire ?. that would be simple way of measuring it.
-- if opinion of subjects in an open ended interview is what you are considering, then yes thematic analysis of subject's responses in an semi-structured/ open interviews would be helpful.
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I am planning an explorative research study that deals with a health condition known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), which is on the rise in urban women. The objective is to uncover how women suffering from PCOS make sense of their condition and what is their lived experience through the condition.
To do this, I have decided to perform a phenomenological research study. I have two questions:
1. Do I follow Hermeneutic phenomenology (Van Manen's) or other types (Moustakas, etc.)?
2. Do I need to adopt a theoretical lens apriori or not?
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My suggestion is Gadamer, Truth and Method.
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You may simply suggest related books and articles, or discuss the issue.
Thanks.
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"Thinking in Parametric Phenomenology" is a paper by Sanguinetti and Kraus that connects phenomenology to architectural parametric design in particular. Hope you find it useful.
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I am currently working on some philosophical issues that today's neurotechnology can raise. My main field of research is the philosophy of technology (more specifically, phenomenology and postphenomenology). I will be very grateful for literature recommendations from experts in this field. Many thanks!
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Hi Dmytro,
a recent paper that I found very enlighting:
Steinert, S., Bublitz, C., Jox, R., & Friedrich, O. (2019). Doing things with thoughts: Brain-Computer Interfaces and disembodied agency. Philosophy & Technology, 32(3), 457–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0308-4
Also, consider reading "Hegel in A Wired Brain" by Zizek. It's a little bit erratic (typically Zizek) but provides an interesting and very broad perspective.
I am currently doing my PhD on the psychological dimensions of Human Enhancement etc. so feel free to get in touch. Maybe we can exchange some ideas
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Dear RG Professors, Researchers and Graduate Students:
Will be set up new sound (elastic transversal) [T100] velocity experiments regarding the time symmetry broken-state observed in the elastic constant C66=Cxyxy of Sr2RuO4?
I mean sound velocity experiments as accomplished by Prof. Lupien et al. (2001) because there are going strain related experiments, but no sound speed ones. This is not a question on shear related experiments only.
It is a more complicated question on the ---sound transversal elastic velocity ---which is theoretically given by the real part of the polarization operator. Please see the pdf slide attached below. Thanks to all in advance.
Time-reversal symmetry broken states discovered by mean of elastic constants experiments are of tentative relevance.
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A new version for our preprint concerning this thread has been published in arXiv and HAL. The unitary tight-binding limit is the one that helps us to see where are the nodes in Sr2RuO4 Referee comments are added.
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Modeling discussion
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TYPES OF MODELS:
1. A relationship fitted on a set of data (which is a zero grade model).
2. Empirical model (or systematics): A relationship fitted on the physical data of the target system or phenomenon. It describes behavior (and related mechanisms) of the target system in the limited sense.
3. Phenomenological model: A scientific representation of inter-related phenomena or a target system. It describes behavior of the target system and shines light on the mechanisms underlying the target behavior.
Steps/parts involved in the development of a phenomenological model:
(i) Physical/conceptual picture/understanding
(ii) Mathematical description of the behavior of the target system
(iii) Discussion of underlying mechanisms
Phenomenological models involve "abstraction and concreteness" followed by idealizations.
3. Theoretical model:
(i) A model of a system/phenomena based on the established theoretical facts.
(ii) A phenomenological model turns into a theoretical model after its formalization and major idealizations leading to a logical theoretical framework.
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I am seeking a clear answer about phenomenology analysis. When is the right time to start analysis in interpretive phenomenology. In qualitative studies, analysis is conducted simultaneously with data collection. Is it the same when we do phenomenology?
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Interesting question, related to phenomenology as a philosophical movement, research approach, research methodology and/or research technology. The latter two apply to data collection and analysis. So it all depends on the researcher and study, as to whether phenomenology is used in all above ways or a more narrow methodological way such as Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). It can also be argued/used as intervention. Heuristic phenomenology is valuable in various forms of Self-study
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i'd originally gone with phenomenology, however now unsure and have confused myself.
I'm conducting semi-structured interviews to explore and gather parent's experiences and views of how they have coped during covid-19 with their autistic children.
I want to gather their lived experiences, but as i will be comparing to relevant research and policy now thinking is it more grounded theory?
These are my research questions:
RQ1 What impact do parents of children with ASC think the COVID-19 pandemic/national lockdown has had on their children and family, particularly on outcomes such as behaviour, academic attainment and children’s social and emotional development?
RQ2 What are parent’s perceptions on the level of support received from schools in The UK for children with ASC, to help with their social, emotional, and physical wellbeing, alongside their academic attainment?
RQ3 What impact do parents believe this support has had on their child’s emotional, social and academic development? Are there any aspects that could be improved specifically for children with ASC?
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Basically, if confused, then one should also work at knowing oneself and one's strengths and limitations as well. So, in addition to the theme, field, research questions etc, one should play to one's strength. In general terms, this means if you enjoy an older approach, with more underpinning theory behind it, use phenomenology. If you prefer a neater, more structured approach, then you will probably resonate more with grounded theory. Whatever the choice, if this is also what you love, you will enjoy it more and do it better. This "advice" comes with acute consciousness that this is not a very academic way of advising. More academically, see following links:
Phenomenology Grounded theory Joumal of Advanced Nursing, 1992,17,1355-1360 j.1365-2648.1992.tb01859.x20161112-26618-s1w0cs-with-cover-page-v2.pdf
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I am currently doing a thesis using IPA for the lived experiences of student mothers. Can anyone share their ideas on how many respondents I need to have for the study? Thanks
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As indicated by some of the answers above, textbooks may give you some numbers, but they may not be very helpful if you do not grasp the thinking behind those numbers. To state that you ended up doing 17 interviews because some textbook said that it is within the range given in the that book. My advice is therefore that you make an effort to understand the concept of phenomenon better, so that you can focus on the quality of your interviews as a way of gaining the best possible insight into the phenomenon. In line with my interpretation of Steinar Kvale, you need to interview enough people to get a solid answer to your research question, one you can feel confident about and which will stand firm when your peers ask critical questions about your findings. Saturation is not really an issue in phenomenology, so you may want to look elsewhere, like Malterud et al. (2016) concept of Information power.
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I am a Master student with a medical background looking into students constructs of medical professionalism when they are taught a western curriculum in a non western culture. I have conducted twelve 1-hour individual semi-structured interviews where student's where given professional dilemmas. I explored how and why they would manage these dilemmas. I believe I have to conduct thematic analysis of this data?
My questions are
1) What methodololgy is best suited to analyse this data ?grounded theory ? Interpretive phenomenological analysis ? Giorgi's phenomomenological method?
2) What text is suitable to read for a beginner to give a broad overview of what may be the most appropriate methodology. I have tried to read SAGE handbook qualitative research Denzin, Lincoln. but dont find it an easy read for a beginner who is doing qualitative research for the first time
Any recommendations would be helpful
TIA
Tabraiz
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Besides, you could avail yourself of the assessment approaches and modalities tabulated by Tay et al. (2020), fully cited below, since your investigation applies to medical sciences.
Tay, K. T., Ng, S., Hee, J. M., Chia, E. W. Y., Vythilingam, D., Ong, Y. T., Chiam, M., Chin, A. M. C., Fong, W., Wijaya, L., Toh, Y. P., Mason, S., & Krishna, L. K. R. (2020). Assessing professionalism in medicine – a scoping review of assessment tools from 1990 to 2018. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 7, 2382120520955159. https://doi.org/10.1177/2382120520955159
Good luck,
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I am planning to do a qualitative inquiry using a phenomenological approach. The planned dissertation is about how first year qualified nurses are constructing their professional identity within governmental hospitals. As I am also a 12 year experienced nurse working in one of the local hospital, I was considering to eliminate the cohort which are allocated in my hospital setting. I wish to have an opinion. Should I include them or exclude them?
Jeanette
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Studies which are phenomenological or qualitative in nature ought not to be generalised. So selecting sample from a researcher’s own setting certainly would not be a problem. the selection of the sample would not influence the results of the study per se, however, the idea of generalisations has to be then investigated.
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I'm writing my masters dissertation proposal on the role of formal supervisors in the support and integration of international medical graduates into UK practice. I want to interview both supervisors and supervisees on their perspectives of the supervisors role and what experiences they have had good or bad around the relationship. I'm not sure this counts as a phenomena as such but it's also not theory generating as the aim is to produce insights into the perspectives of both sides into the role of the supervisor to ultimately make pragmatic suggestions on how this relationship could be done better all round. Would really appreciate some advice, many thanks!
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True about distinctiveness, only they also reported it was used as embedded method under IPA methodology successfully because it is a flexible method, i.e. the IPA philosophy informed the analytic procedures of RTA of choice:
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Where you don't intend to get in-depth personal accounts of experiences but simply want to get perceptions about the topic based on the experiences of participants and also what they have heard from others and not necessarily experienced? Comment what you think.
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The alternative to in-depth phenomenology is a shallower phenomenology. Depth is a function of how you frame your questions.
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I would like to choose a medical research topic, following phenomenological approach in qualitative research. Is there a minimum number set while selecting participants or can it be even two or three. Literature says from 2 to 10 participants are better. Please give your valuable opinion / suggestion
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I understand that Philosopher Rene Descartes initiated and discussed about mind body dualism and cognitive meditation in his philosophical work, and Husserl sought to explicate the origins of knowledge in the constitutive processes of consciousness. Thanks for bringing connections of both their work into phenomenology
Regards
Dr. Shobana G
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What is your attitude to paranormal and scientifically unexplained? For example, how do you rate alleged reports of extraterrestial reasonings on Earth, allegedly drawn by aliens on arable fields? How do you rate cases of UFO photography, allegedly found traces of ice man, photos of a plesiosaur allegedly inhabiting Loch Ness, etc.?
Do you think these unexplained phenomena should be researched and scientifically explained whether they are fakes and there is no point in researching such topics?
Please reply
I invite you to the discussion
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I enjoy it. Hence, the research.
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A phenomenological interview should be free-ranging in order to uncover the true experience of the respondent - BUT I wanted to stimulate the discussion and avoid uncomfortable pauses or me leading the discussion - by using flashcards with words or pictures on them. We were discussing a sensitive issue - appearance. Now I have to justify my method - and the deviation from 'classic' phenomenology. Does anyone have a reference that could help please? Or guide me to an author or book maybe? Many thanks.
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HI Amanda Bowden . I hope the following link could help:
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I am looking for some valid references for the appropriate sample size for doing a research study based on phenomenology.
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You will find a WIDE range of participants regarding phenomenological sample sizes. If you are conducting a dissertation, please check with your advisor. It is important to remember that quality is more important than quantity in phenomenology. As such a smaller number of participants is needed in order to truly delve deeply into investigating the phenomenon as experienced by the participants. A rich, thick description of the experience is needed and often needs more than one interview, which is another consideration to ponder. A final point is that oftentimes a single researcher would recruit fewer participants than a research team conducting a larger-scale study.
Here, you can find some recommendations on sample size (references are at the end of the post) and I have also included some websites to review:
1. greater than 6 (Morse, 1994)
2. 6-10 “interviewing each person many times” (Morse, 2000. p. 4)
3. up to 15 (Pietkiewicz & Smith, 2014)
4. 5-25 (Polkinghorne, 1989)
References
Morse, J. M. (1994). Critical issues in qualitative research methods. SAGE.
Morse, J. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 3-5.
Pietkiewicz, I., & Smith, J. A. (2014). A practical guide to using interpretive
phenomenological analysis in qualitative psychology. Psychological Journal,
20(1), 7-14.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1989). Phenomenological research methods. In R. S. Valle &
S. Halling (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological perspectives in psychology:
Exploring the breadth of human experience (pp. 41–60). Plenum Press.
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Dear researcher, I would like to ask about secondary informants in phenomenological qualitative research. Some of my friends said that qualitative phenomenological studies should not use secondary informants to support the data. would you please explain and recommend journals that discuss this. thankyou
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It sounds like you might be going through the options in Creswell and Poth's Five Traditions, which is not a useful way to design a study.
Instead, you should concentrate on your research questions, and then ask what would the appropriate ways to collect and analyze data for answering those questions.
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Hello,
I wonder if you would be kind enough to help me. I’m a second year Occupational Therapy student and i’m currently writing my dissertation proposal. I want to do a qualitative student on ‘OT students perceptions of spirituality in practice‘. What is their understanding of the term? Do they think it relevant to OT?Have they supported individuals with this aspect of their well being during their placements? Do they feel confident and well prepared to meet these needs? I’m a little unsure about methodology and data analysis. Would the phenomenological approach be best? Would Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) work with data from a focus group. I have read that IPA is not the norm for focus group data but that some see merit to this approach. I’m new to the world of research but very keen and excited to learn more. Thank you!
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Hi there,
I used IPA for my OT thesis as well. One thing to be aware of within the data analysis process is the requirement to analyze both within and across participants. With IPA it is really necessary to view each data set independently from others as you will bracket the information from previous data sets within your analysis of the next. You'll want to be sure that this adherence can be maintained within a focus group. I'll echo David - the Smith et al text is very helpful to a researcher new to IPA and I believe they do have a section within the text about different methods of data collection & interview styles. I wish you luck - congratulations on the progress you've made to becoming an OT; the finish line is in sight!
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I am currently working on a phenomenological study and I am wondering if it is enough to conduct only one interview session with the participants. I am trying to look for related literature for this, but sadly I have not yet found one.
Thank you for those who helped answer my previous question and thank you in advance for those who will help answer my question.
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Hi Vernel, interview each participant only once is my recommendation. As a dissertation mentor/committee member, I have found that students tend to add extra work and desire more than is required. You don't need second interviews or to have the participants "approve" what they said. They are recorded so they said it. Of course, you will be prepared and your interview questions will be field-tested in to ensure your questions are understood. A phenomenological interview will result in thick, rich description and should not fatigue your participants. Ask them all the same interview questions. Record them, transcribe, and then when you are finished, find common themes via coding. Don't make it more difficult than it needs to be.
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I am currently writing my dissertation on the experiences of healthcare professionals (HCPs) employee engagement and work-family experience during the COVID-19 pandemic through using a qualitative approach. I know there is the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, is there another way I can measure engagement through qualitative methods?
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Measuring engagement using a scale may give wrong notion as if you are going to employ the quantitative approach. Since, it is qualitative, the data that you have already got, I mean qualitative data, you can categorize based on some themes and sub-themes linking to you objectives/research questions. You need to have persuasive writing by strengthening you analysis with the words (quotation) from research participants. You can follow book of Creswell.
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i am post-graduate student who is currently studying qualitative research in detail. so i need some qualitative research articles particularly phenomenology research on the topic of educational leadership management.
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Hopefully the following papers could help:
  • Ajjawi, R. and Higgs, J. (2007) Using Hermeneutic Phenomenology to Investigate How Experienced Practitioners Learn to Communicate Clinical Reasoning, The Qualitative Report, 12, 4, pp. 612-638.
  • Bevan, M. T. (2014) A Method of Phenomenological Interviewing, Qualitative Health Research, 24, 1, pp. 136-144.
  • Dangal, M. R. and Joshi, R. (2020) Hermeneutic Phenomenology: Essence in Educational Research, Open Journal for Studies in Philosophy,, 4, 1, pp. 25-42.
  • Donalek, J. G. (2004) Phenomenology as a qualitative research method, Urologic nursing, 24, 6, pp. 516-517.
  • Gallagher, S. and Francesconi, D. (2012) Teaching phenomenology to qualitative researchers, cognitive scientists, and phenomenologists, Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 12, sup3, pp. 1-10.
  • Giorgi, A. (2012) Difficulties encountered in the application of the phenomenological method in the social sciences, Análise Psicológica, 24, 3, pp. 353-361.
  • Hycner, R. H. (1985) Some Guidelines for the Phenomenological Analysis of Interview Data, Human Studies, 8, 3, pp. 279-303.
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While doing phenomenological research, do I have to necessarily participate in the phenomenon?
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These links might be useful to you. Melvin Brandenburg's answer of November 9, 2020 is especially informative:
You might also look at this article in which Thomas Groenewald mentions some steps he undertook to minimize bias:
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I need this paper because I'm now trying to points out the element in Dooyeweerd's thought and compare it to his philosopical background, that is Edmund Husserl's phenomenology.
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I have writed one.
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I am currently making the chapter 3 of my study. My study will use phenomenological method of research and on my respondents, I would like to use only 10 participants. Will it be sufficient enough? Is there any study or article you know stating that 10 participants will be enough when conducting phenomenology? Thank you so much for the response. It would mean a lot to me.
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Despite Berry et al recommended 10 participants, namely: Phenomenology : Understanding the “Lived Experience”…..Participants must be individuals who have experienced the phenomenon and can articulate their experience in detail, reflecting on its personal meaning. Typically, up to 10 participants will provide in-depth data on the selected phenomenon (see: Berry et al, 2006, p. 302), I would suggest you refer to some more discussions/guidance/recommended publications as per the following link:
  • Berry, D. L., Maliski, S. L. and Ellis, W. J. (2006) Qualitative Research Techniques, in Penson, D.F. and Wei, J.T. (eds.) Clinical Research Methods for Surgeons. New Jersey: Humana Press Inc, Chapter 17, pp. 297-310.
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Hi all,
As part of my PhD research, I am investigating the culture and ethos of a particular group whilst also focusing on how lived experience and the backgrounds of my participants' influence their interpretations of the world and particular objects.
Initially, I was thinking of using Hermeneutic phenomenology as my theoretical perspective and ethnography as my methodology. However, given the nature of my research questions, methods that align more with phenomenology will be required to unearth lived experience.
I have found a few articles within the nursing discipline that use methods that align with both methodologies (phenomenology and ethnography), and then triangulate the data using both perspectives.
I would like to hear from others who have perhaps used a dual methodological approach or the views from others who believe the use of hermeneutic phenomenology and ethnography are a suitable/unsuitable combination in a singular piece of research.
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Hi Cordelia,
I went to a conference for qualitative research during my PhD studies. I was confused and apologetic about my multiple methods....I was told by someone there. "Stop apologizing for what you are doing....methods are designed to systematically produce findings. Do what you need to do and then defend it"..I have never forgotten this. I thought it was excellent advice...and now expect my students to do the same when they use 'mixed methods'
Your supervisors need however to be careful in choosing examiners. Traditionalists tend to defend their territory rather than look at the merits of something new. One of my examiners basically came just short of failing my PhD because he wanted me to have done something different. The other (international), concluded that the PhD should have been awarded on the methodology alone, never mind the resultant theoretical contributions.
So my advice is : Choose methods to suit the kind of knowledge that needs to be added to the "ology" [which I use loosely as the theoretical knowledge you are aiming for]. Defend it with sound philosophical reasons for the approach.
While you still have to defend the entire set of approach and methods you use and rationalize the overall methodology, the process of producing a PhD by paper, may make more sense for you....each paper is an analysis that has its own methodology.
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I’m doing a research paper for my dissertation focusing on that of experiences of thearpists Working with a specific client group. It’s a qualitative study using thematic analysis. I’m struggling to find examples of Hermenitics and phenomenology in a thematic analysis study and wanted to know if needed to discuss in write up?
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Your guiding methodology should shape how your research is structured and how you frame your own involvement within the sense making process. See Smith, Flowers and Larkin's book on Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis for related guidance.
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I am conducting a study about challenges faced by parents towards modular as a facilitator of their child in home learning. What is the ideal sample size of parents for an interview?
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The guidance as per the following papers and link (see some more discussions and recommended papers) may further help:
  • Coelho, A., Parola, V., Escobar-Bravo, M. and Apóstolo, J. (2016) Comfort experience in palliative care: a phenomenological study, BMC palliative care, 15, 1, pp. 71-79.
  • Groenewald, T. (2004) A Phenomenological Research Design Illustrated, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3, 1, pp. 1-26.
  • Marshall, B., Cardon, P., Poddar, A. and Fontenot, R. (2013) Does sample size matter in qualitative research?: A review of qualitative interviews in IS research, Journal of Computer Information Systems, 54, 1, pp. 11-22.
  • Sim, J., Saunders, B., Waterfield, J. and Kingstone, T. (2018) Can sample size in qualitative research be determined a priori?, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 21, 5, pp. 619-634.
  • Wilson, A. (2015) A guide to phenomenological research, Nursing Standard, 29, 34, pp. 38-43.
  • How do you determine the cut off point for sample size in phenomenology? : https://www.researchgate.net/post/How-do-you-determine-the-cut-off-point-for-sample-size-in-phenomenology
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I am conducting a study about the lived experiences of parents in home learning specifically modular learning. We followed the transcendental phenomenology of Moustakas. Is there also a specific validity and reliability procedure in this kind of research and proponent? Thank you.
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I do not know about Moustakas' approach, but the concepts of validity and reliability are often controversial in qualitative research in general and phenomenology in particular. The issue is that the concepts of validity and reliability come from qualitative research, and may have limited value in understanding the quality of qualitative research, let alone in-depth accounts of lived experience.
Can you say more about what you are asking this question?
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I am conducting a phenomenological research about the lived experiences of parents towards modular learning. Is "Triangulation" an appropriate validity strategy? Or what is the appropriate validity strategy for this study?
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Hello
It depends on data and groups. Of course you can do it.
Best regards
Ph.D. Ingrid del Valle García Carreño
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I writing a research abt ethnobotany. And someone asked me what kind of qualitative method that I used for this research. I've been browsing, the kind of qualitative methods are ethnography, case studies, phenomenology etc. Can I answer that the kind of qualitative method that I used in this research is ethnography? Or it just ethnobotany? I'm lil bit confused
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There are a great many traditions/approaches in qualitative research, not just five. Ethnography is certainly a well known way to do research on culture, but you could also rely on semi-structured interviews without doing "participant observation."
Can you tell us more about your research questions and goals?
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Hello!! I am a first-year Ph.D. student, planning to conduct my dissertation using a mixed-method (phenomenology and comparative cross-sectional study). looking at the difference in the world view between the two methods, what challenges can I anticipate while doing my dissertation. In addition, are there any mechanisms to mitigate the problem?
Thank you!!
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Rather than worrying about abstract philosophical issues like Ontology and Epistemology, I would concentrate on one of the key issues in mixed methods: how will you integrate the findings from your two different method?.
All too often, I see mixed methods studies that: 1) ask a simple quantitative question (i.e., test a single basic hypothesis); 2) do a disconnected study of a related qualitative issue (typically with a thematic analysis); and 3) report the results separately. Sso, strat by planning to do better than that.
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I'm thinking about a turn from my ethnographic approach to a phenomenological approach in the study of sustainability and forest preservation. However, I didn't find any good manual to design and implement this research topic from the phenomenology tradition. any recommendations or advice?
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Hopefully the following publications could help, namely: Tilley’s fundamental principles of a phenomenological approach to landscape (see: Tilley, 2004, pp. 29-30).
  • Nazir, J. (2016) Using phenomenology to conduct environmental education research: Experience and issues, The Journal of Environmental Education, 47, 3, pp. 179-190.
  • Patra, R. (2014) Environmental sustainability: Ethical issues, International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 1, 8, pp. 35-40.
  • Tilley, C. (2004) The Materiality of Stone: Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology. New York, NY: Berg.
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What can make a study covered under the Phenomenological approach? It would be helpful if you could suggest sources that could help bring clarity to this query. I'm also looking for any researchers who have worked in this domain and could share out of their experiences.
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The following publications may further help:
  • Berrios, G. E. (1989) What is phenomenology? A review, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 82, 7, pp. 425-428.
  • Bevan, M. T. (2014) A Method of Phenomenological Interviewing, Qualitative Health Research, 24, 1, pp. 136-144.
  • Chan, Z. C. Y., Fung, Y. L. and Chien, W. T. (2013) Bracketing in phenomenology: Only undertaken in the data collection and analysis process, The Qualitative Report, 19, 30, pp. 1-9.
  • Churchill, S. D. and Wertz, F. J. (1985) An introduction to phenomenological psychological for consumer research: historical, conceptual, and methodological foundations, in Hirschman, E.C. and Holbrook, M.B. (eds.) Advances in Consumer Research. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, pp. 550-555.
  • Cope, J. (2005) Researching Entrepreneurship through Phenomenological Inquiry: Philosophical and Methodological Issues, International Small Business Journal, 23, 2, pp. 163-189.
  • Cronin, C. and Lowes, J. (2015) Brief Encounters with Qualitative Methods in Health Research: Phenomenology and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, The Cumbria Partnership Journal of Research, Practice and Learning, 5, 1, pp. 8-12.
  • Donalek, J. G. (2004) Phenomenology as a qualitative research method, Urologic nursing, 24, 6, pp. 516-517.
  • Gallagher, S. and Francesconi, D. (2012) Teaching phenomenology to qualitative researchers, cognitive scientists, and phenomenologists, Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 12, sup3, pp. 1-10.
  • Hycner, R. H. (1985) Some Guidelines for the Phenomenological Analysis of Interview Data, Human Studies, 8, 3, pp. 279-303.
  • LeVasseur, J., J. (2003) The problem of bracketing in phenomenology, Qualitative Health Research, 13, 3, pp. 408-420.
  • Østergaard, E., Dahlin, B. and Hugo, A. (2008) Doing phenomenology in science education: A research review, Studies in Science Education, 44, 2, pp. 93-121.
  • van Manen, M. (1984) Practicing phenomenological writing, Phenomenology + Pedagogy, 2, 1, pp. 36-72.
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What are the main differences between the narrative approach and the phenomenology approach in qualitative research?
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Please read the model SciCBN UGE I/II and correlate in dialogs. Wonderful to see you are of Virginia, the place of one founding group member. Please ask your network to engage in that and the "new Magna Carta" that now has quite a few revisions not posted and circulated elsewhere. Also please consider making representations to that phenomenology and the user un-friendlyness and intelligence of even basic computer programs asking the same questions.
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If it should be a phenomenology study, can the study comprise participants through open-ended survey questions rather than a face-to-face approach?
I knew that questions on opinions often belong to qualitative questions, but if open-ended survey questions will be the only available way for the researcher, will the study be purely qualitative study or a mixed method?
Thank you
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It might be perceived as mixed method
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Hi there
I have read that there is a minimum requirement for 5 participants in this type of research. My research is in the context of education and technology and I want to know about students' experiences in using mobile technology for study. If the number of participants is low (5), must all participants be from the same class? Or is it acceptable that they are from the same level of study (Foundation), same university and academic year, but different class groups?
I am finding it very difficult to collect data during Covid restrictions and have had to change from my original plan of classroom observations.
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Peace, mercy, and blessings of God be upon you ... And yet very interested in these subjects, which are related to educational technology, because I am a specialist in methods of teaching science and we have technology. As for the frequent use of mobile phones by students, they are very interested only for those who have a financial possibility to buy it. Mobile .. Did you put the paragraphs of the questionnaire or what about your research?
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I have just started to read about phenomenology and hence quite a beginner. I have observed hospital interactions between doctors and patients, noted down the conversations, added the non-verbal cues & my reflexivity to them, & then analyzed the data later.
My question is- Can data collected through participant observation alone, be analyzed through the Interpretative phenomenology approach (IPA)? As IPA interprets the 'lived' experiences of participants, here will my observation and participants' interaction with each other qualify as co-creation of knowledge? While I am observing real-time consultations, aren't we both immersed in the stories and narratives around the lived experience of the participants? Is there any article or book on this topic? I have not found any as yet on the internet. Any lead will be highly appreciated.
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Yes, it is possible. Smith, Flowers and Larkin (2009) mention a combination of observational methods and IPA work. An example is the study by Larkin, Griffiths (2002). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16066350211866
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I am hearing impaired, and I am working on my pre-proposal for my dissertation. I am shying away from interviews because of my disability, but I realized there is no way around it. So far, I will be conducting interviews, collecting photo narratives, and .... that is where I am stuck. I can't do focus- group because that is too many people to have to talk at once. Help please, any tips or ideas would be great!
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Hi Cynthia, this is a difficult question to answer without knowing your research topic. However, what comes to my mind is the use of non-verbal techniques such as observation, reflective essays (or accounts), diaries, photo essays or photo novela, some projective techniques such as sentence or story completion, word or/and image association (or picture response) and the collage and drawing techniques. Otherwise you may also find a lot of secondary data online (text and images) which may be combined (or triangulated) with other types of data... there are many options actually... all good wishes. Xavier
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Good day, we are conducting a research about the lived experiences of students in a particular university who are currently doing online classes due to the pandemic. We would like to ask how many participants are usually needed in this type of study?
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There are different recommendations, but phenomenological can be done with as few as two (if the phenomena is esoteric and has few participants), and probably as high as ???, though more than 20 would be onerous. Many people have good answers, but empirically 4-5 could be enough as a minimum, and generally, after 12, one should be close to saturation, as one should have a homogeneous sample. These answers are rules of thumb, and Creswell also weighs in. Guest and Johnson seem very persuasive. Also, what does one mean by saturation? Data? Theoretical? Descriptive? The meaning can be different to different people, and there is the danger one only sees what one wants to see.
Look at the following:
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Frels, R. K., & Hwang, E. (2016). Mapping Saldaña's coding methods onto the literature review process. Journal of Educational Issues, 2(1), 130−150. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v2i1.8931
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability, Field Methods, 18, 59-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
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I am having a hard time with my dissertation pre-proposal (super long story, but I have no help). If I use the Mixed Method, will my research design will be both phenomenological and descriptive (qualitative design and quantitative design)? I am beyond stressed; my brain is malfunctioning.
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