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compared with other forms of psychotherapy, how effective is it?
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The methods employed primarily by Gestalt psychotherapy are effective because the client or patient and the therapist are present together, and the therapeutic field between them, which is created out of their phenomenological connection allows for resistances, transferential and pathological symptoms to be contextually addressed in the immediate. Rather than an "I and It" structure, the "I and Thou" (Martin Buber) infers the phenomenological (Husserl, Merleau-Ponty)and existential humanism (Jean-Paul Sartre) necessary for the therapist to be with the client or patient and support them in/with their presence. Embodiment of both therapist and client is necessary to have this phenomenological field be manifested and/or persist in the session.
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I am working on scale development in behavioral finance by undertaking a mixed-method approach using the exploratory sequential design. The phenomenon has diverse meanings in existing literature (some measuring it in terms of behavior while others use combinations of dimensions such as knowledge and access). I am unclear about its definition, so I want to explore the perspectives about the concept and what components participants feel it includes by taking a phenomenological approach.
My notation for research design is qual→ QUAN→ QUAN. Please guide me as if my approach is right. Do I need to go in so much depth as my main aim is to develop and validate the scale and not undertake a qualitative approach? I just need to take a qualitative viewpoint to support my framework or to guide the initial items bank and dimensions I created using a literature review. Second, if not then is it still remains a mixed-method design? and if yes, then guide me as to how much the sample size should be? I referred to Creswell & Poth's (2018) Qualitative inquiry research design, which says 3-10 (Dukes, 1984) or 5-25 (Polkinghorne, 1989). I am confused, so please if you have any concrete reference, suggest here.
Thanks in advance to the reviewers!
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David Coker I disagree with your estimates for sample size, which might be appropriate for a full-scale, stand-alone qualitative study, but are too high for a survey development process. There is a reason why such studies are summarized qual --> QUAN in mixed methods, because the "small quan" is given the specific purpose of creating items that meet the needs of quantitative study that drives the design as a whole.
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What is recommended as a strong and current reference of qualitative phenomenological analysis ?
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Hi Laura, It depends on whose phenomenological approach you are using in your project. There are different forms of phenomenology: descriptive, interpretive/hermeneutics, and transcendental. Also, whether bracketing off personal experiences or making them essentially part of your analysis is another key. Nonetheless, the gurus in the field I know about include Max van Manen, Jonathan Alan Smith, and Cheryl Tatano Beck. You can look these scholars up and their phenomenological papers.
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In my qualitative study, I am trying to avoid the traditional belief that types of qualitative research design are just grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, case study, historical, and narrative designs. I am of the view that the 'unstructured interviews' I conducted can be mentioned as my research design. However, the key methods undertaken were 'in-depth interviews' and 'focus group discussions. My confusion now is whether the mention of 'unstructured interview design' in the work can cover the two methods.
I will appreciate your contributions. Also, please add references. Thanks.
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Yes, the limited list of research traditions that you list describe does indeed omit what is undoubtedly the most common set of methods for doing qualitative research, which is unstructured (or semi-structured) interviewing followed by thematic analysis.
But "traditions" are not the same as "designs," so you certainly can describe your design as based on unstructured interviewing. In general, things like focus groups are methods while research designs cover how you will use your methods, but this distinction often breaks down in practice.
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When do we select the interpretative phenomenological analysis over the phenomenology?
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Thank you very much for your recommendation!
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One example article attached
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Given the wide variety of approaches that make up qualitative research, I personally do not find check lists such as COREQ to be useful. And I would be especially surprised if they took into account the specific requirements of phenomenology or narrative research. For example, phenomenology often uses intense analysis of very small samples, and a narrative study might rely on an in-depth analysis of a single narrative.
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I am looking for appropriate questions for interview in phenomenology?
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You might look at the Beck's book, Introduction to Phenomenology: Focus on Methodology. She describes several current variations on descriptive phenomenology.
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Aware that the kinship of the elements in the question above depends on the research question, I would like to know what is the best approach when investigating a novel phenomenon. Thank you.
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One of the key elements of Grounded Theory is that data collection and analysis proceed together, so that as you collect each round of data, you stop and do preliminary analysis that guides the next round of data collection. If you can meet that standard, then I would recommend GT as a method for exploring a novel phenomenon.
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The fact that a feature is of a complementary distribution does not seem to be a sufficient reason to discard the feature as irrelevant; especially as they seem phenomenologically relevant.
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That indeed does seem to be the case. Thank you for your answer!
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I have written a dissertation on secondary trauma and its impact on educators and mental health professionals working in public high schools. One of my committee members disagrees with the fact that I have stated it is a phenomenological case study and suggested changing it to grounded theory. Upon reviewing his recommendation further, I see aspects of both. May I include both in my design and then use both a conceptual and theoretical framework?
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Phenomenology has its own set of emphases and restrictions. In particular, the only version of phenomenology I know that relies on coding is Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, so you might look at that before making a commitment.
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The Anthropic Notion of Existence and Being-Becoming in Heidegger: Heidegger’s continuous engagement with ‘nothingness’ in his works has not been about the non-existence of anything specific or the whole of what we call Reality or of its To Be. [-----] Heraclitus never had a notion of becoming that makes everything to escape into absolute nothingness; Parmenides never dissociated from human beings’ notion of being the apparent becoming. Apparent becoming, he thought, is a contradiction to his concept of being. Heidegger depended much on his re-interpretations of Heraclitus and Parmenides. None of them shewed away from Heidegger’s thought whatever is existent or seemingly existent into any absolute becoming or absolute seeming of becoming or absolute nothingness that would reduce the stuff of everything into a nothing in existence.
What Went Wrong in Heidegger's Thought: For the above reasons, within the ‘becoming’ that meant continuous activity, and beyond the ‘being’ that often presented the sense of permanence, Heidegger (1) did not think of the metaphysical approval of ontological commitments behind notions, thoughts, feelings, etc., sought a non-traditional notion of existence that he thought is discourse-bound and language-bound which thus became an anthropic notion of Being without commonalities with other existents, and (2), did not possess methods of dissociating (a) mere subjective and intersubjective objectivity from (b) subjectively and intersubjectively obtained objectivity via objectuality in discourse. Thus, he ended up holding only the (a) above and laughably anthropologized philosophy, science, and human institutions through a sense of superiority of the merely anthropically Being-thinking humans over all others. His politically overshadowing such a notion of Being-thinking humans by a vague identification of it with the Hitler race was naturally a gimmick to use the opportunity to save and elevate himself and his thought and additionally obtain a long opportunity to laugh privately of his own professor.
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Sure: QUOTE Kasmier writes that, "For Husserl, the real unity of things is unaffected by the forming and manipulating of them in thought. For example. I can count things but their internal and external relations do not alter. I can judge about you, but you are not thereby affected. At best, all we might say is that you are being related by me to other things, but this is no feature to be found in you or between you and myself. Categorial formations do not remove or glue unites and parts in any real sense. The same is meant to apply to comparison and categorial identification. The objects compared are not affected in any real way by the acts of mind that compare, and subsume them." ENDQUOTE
The Cartesianism is contained in the "the real unity of things is unaffected by the forming and manipulating of them in thought." And it is exactly *this* that Husserl 'casts into doubt' (this new 'bracketing' method), in his Cartesian Meditations, returning to what since Kant had been called 'Transzendentalphilosophie'. Wittgenstein does something similar in the 'linguistic turn', which is to reject that 'the real unity of things ...' bit, regarding this as a bit of scholastic metaphysics that needs to be overcome ...
The term in Habermas (in Knowledge and Human Interests), for the same, is the 'objectifying stance'. (Grundeinstellung zur Welt.) The point about this is, historically, psychologically, anthropologically, there are others. (The practical stance, the intersubjective stance.) (The ones we're in when we're reflecting about these things.)
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Hello, RG family. My PhD dissertation is a phenomenological study on “Foreign market network and internationalization of Western businesses”. I intend to explore the common lived experiences of Western businesses as they build foreign market network for international expansion. But I’m confused about the research objectives:
Should I adapt my research objectives with similar research on this subject? What if there is no similar study relevant to my chosen research design?
How exactly can I craft research aims and objectives in a phenomenological qualitative study like this?
Your valuable inputs are very well appreciated as usual ✅✅💯💯 Thank you for your contribution.
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Edim Eka James I look forward to learning from the contributors here. Cheers.
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Hello,
Im conducting a qualitative piece of research which ive positioned within a phenomenological grounding. I’m also utilising IPA as the framework for my data analysis. However, I’ve been asked to detail my analytical framework separate this to but I’m struggling to understand the difference between this and my data analysis approach. Any help would be greatly appreciated?
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Sorry for accidentally deleting the information. Here it is again:
Let's break down the concepts of the analytical framework and data analysis approach in the context of your qualitative phenomenological research using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).
Analytical Framework:
-Definition:
The analytical framework is the overarching theoretical and conceptual structure that guides your study. It sets the stage for how you approach your research questions and interpret your findings.
-Purpose:
It provides a lens through which you view and understand your research. In phenomenological research, your analytical framework is grounded in phenomenology, emphasizing the exploration of individuals' lived experiences.
-Components:
It encompasses the philosophical underpinnings, theoretical perspectives, and broader concepts that shape your research design. For your study, the analytical framework is rooted in phenomenology, focusing on the essence of experiences.
-Influence on Research Design:
Your analytical framework informs the formulation of research questions, the selection of participants, and the overall design of your study. It answers the "why" of your research.
Data Analysis Approach (IPA):
-Definition:
The data analysis approach is a more specific and detailed aspect of your research process. It involves the systematic examination of your qualitative data to identify patterns, themes, and meanings.
-Purpose:
It is the methodological technique you use to analyze and interpret the qualitative data you've collected. In your case, you've chosen Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as your data analysis approach.
-Components:
IPA involves a detailed and iterative process of analyzing textual data, such as interview transcripts, to identify emergent themes. It emphasizes the interpretation of participants' lived experiences and perceptions.
-Influence on Data Interpretation:
Your data analysis approach guides how you make sense of the rich, qualitative data you've gathered. It helps you uncover the underlying meanings and patterns in participants' narratives.
Key Difference:
-Scope:
· The analytical framework is broad and conceptual, setting the philosophical and theoretical foundation for your entire study.
· The data analysis approach is more specific and methodological, focusing on the techniques used to analyze and interpret the collected data.
-Timing:
· The analytical framework is established at the beginning of your research and influences the entire study.
· The data analysis approach comes into play after data collection and informs how you process and interpret the gathered information.
The analytical framework is like the big-picture guide for your entire research, while the data analysis approach is the specific method you use to analyze and interpret the detailed qualitative data within that broader framework. The two are interrelated, with the analytical framework influencing the overall design, and the data analysis approach guiding the processing and interpretation of your collected data.
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My research design is phenomenology. Good! I conducted 33 in-depth interviews (IDI) and 11 focus group discussions in the field. A total of 95 people participated in the FGD. I have no plan to do a mixed-methods study, so there is no need for quantification. However, I have been told to present the percentages of the number of participants who said what and what. Is the calculation of percentages normal in this type of work? If normal, how do I go about it?
I will appreciate your response. I will also be happy if your responses come with some references where this kind of situation has been presented. Thanks.
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No, it is not generally preferred to use percentages or counts with qualitative data. In particular, this kind of interview is not like a quantitative survey where everyone is asked the exactly the same questions with exactly the same response options. So, if someone did not mention something, you have no idea what they would have said.
In particular, counting is not consistent with a phenomenological approach, where the goal its to generate depth and detail on the lived experience of the participants.
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Hello RG Family! In my transition to qualitative research, I’m confronted with the challenge of validating qualitative interviews.
From my knowledge of quantitative research, I’m well aware that Principal Component Analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha methods are popular for validity and reliability of Likert-scaled questionnaires. But in the case of qualitative interviews, the arena is different. That’s why I need your help.
From your wealth of experience with qualitative research, please describe the most effective methods for carrying out validity and reliability of qualitative interviews. And which software is suitable for this procedure?
Your contributions will be immensely appreciated. Thank you.
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In quantitative research, reliability and validity apply to concerns about measurement, but in qualitative research we do not measure anything, so reliability and validity are not nearly as relevant. Indeed, many qualitative researchers refuse to accept this terminology and you may find yourself in trouble with reviewers if you do use it.
The basic reasoning behind this is that qualitative research is inherently subjective and interpretive, so there is no reason to expect another researcher to come to the same conclusions. Commonly used alternatives (especially to validity) are trustworthiness and credibility.
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My design of study is interpretative phenomenology ( study on experiences of operating room staff in robotic assisted surgeries). Could I use thematic analysis or IPA? As my design is Interpretative phenomenology, is it mandatory that I should use IPA?
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There are several approaches to what is known as Interpretive Phenomenology besides J. Smith's IPA , and I recommend the methods-oriented summaries in Beck's book, Introduction to Phenomenally: Focus on Methodology.
What IPA and Thematic Analysis have in common is an emphasis on coding, which you will not find in most approaches to Interpretive Phenomenology.
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Is it usual to use the closed ended questions in a Google sheet before carrying out semi-structured interviews for collecting data in a phenomenological study?
If it is possible how can it be analyzed, which comes first?
Can you please suggest me such researches if there are any?
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Yes, you can use the questionnaire with closed questions
But this depends on your goal and the information you want to collect from participants.
A questionnaire containing closed questions can be analyzed as follows:
First, descriptive statistics
Secondly, validity and consistency
Third, you can analyze relationships and make comparisons
But it is important to build a questionnaire that you have a clear goal about the information you want to collect
An exploratory study is considered an added value if it is available. An exploratory study that relies on interviews and open-ended questions to build closed-ended question options in your questionnaire.
Best wishes
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Can Interpretative Phenomenology be used as a methodology if we are using a theoretical framework which is based on social capital theory and social network theory to understand collaborative relationships and networks?
Can Phenomenology be mixed with another methodology (such as the social network analysis[Qual or Quan])?
Thank you friends for your views.
Adjodha
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If your collaborative relationships involve in-depth and ongoing connections, then a phenomenological approach might be appropriate. Keep in mind that J. Smith and company typically suggest 5-7 interviews with an intense analysis of each.
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Hi, I am Giselle.
I am studying for a Master's in Sociology of Health at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México and looking for a panel of experts in qualitative instruments, phenomenological interviews, and agoraphobia from a social perspective (desirable requirement).
If you are interested in joining you would have to send me a message with your email to send you an invitation letter to get your evaluation opinion on a letterhead sheet with your signature and designation.
Thank you for considering my request.
Sincerely
Giselle.
I attached the file to this question.
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Kurt Engelhart email: kengelhart@igc.org
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This pertains to the transcendental aspect of phenomenology.
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Hi,
In phenomenology, one employs the 'epoché' to 'bracket out' or suspend judgements about the external world, concentrating instead on subjective experience. During data analysis, this facilitates the isolation of phenomena for scrutiny, devoid of preconceptions or theoretical frameworks. This is in line with the transcendental aspect of phenomenology, which emphasises consciousness and subjective experience.
Hope this helps.
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My study is on the events of the historical change to HRM practices during and post COVID-19 respective organizations
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Qualitative designs are helpful for exploring dynamic and complex phenomena that is difficult to measured.
For instance, to examine effects of COVID-19 on HRM. focused on the experience and perceptions of individuals or groups who have faced COVID-19 challenges in their HMR examples managers, employees or customers, these qualitative designs can give rich insights into the challenges and opportunities created for HRM during COVID.
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What does the interpretivist paradigm have to do with phenomenology?
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Interpretivism is a paradigm and phenomenology is a design under qualitative methods. That is,
Paradigm: Interpretivism
Ontology: Subjective
Epistemology: Socially/individually constructed
Methodology: Qualitative
Design: Phenomenology
Instrument: Interview/observation where the researcher is interested in understanding the phenomenon from the voices of the participants
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Zero point length phenomenology has been started by Padmanabhan and Dawood Kothawala's papers.
Padmanabhan had concentrated on the Path integral and finding path integral with a zero point length.
"Physical Significance of Planck Length" (https://inspirehep.net/literature/228739)  is a an important paper.
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A COMMENT :
I think that we can convert the quantum gravity effects in zero point length approach to the classical one  by using some  transformations.
If we take a look at (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.5618.pdf) we can see that the definition of Qmetric in Eq.(6) is the core of the zero point approach to quantum gravity. 
I am afraid that everything that any quantum gravity effects here  can be removed by using  an inverse transformations.
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Comment on DSR:
We can convert some of the DSR theories to the normal special relativity by using some inverse transformations :
https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0602075 (Doubly Special Relativity: A New Relativity or Not? ).
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True Quantum gravity phenomenology:
I think that  the point that I mentioned here is the pathology of many approaches to the phenomenology of QG.
I feel that the physicists who are doing research in the phenomenology of QG, have obtained their  phenomenological models by using some fundamental hints. They want to give a special character to the quantum gravity scales manually.
In the DSR they want to put two fundamental constants the speed of light and the Planck length into special relativity.
In the zero point approach they want to exclude lengths  which are smaller than the Planck length from spacetime manually. However, we should be more conservative in this comment. 
In the zero point approach they want to exclude lengths  which are smaller than the Planck length from spacetime manually. However, we should be more conservative in this comment. 
It will be good to know everybody's views about these comments.
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I am the retird professor in psychology of Leiden University Dolph Kohnstamm.
Esearchgate is sending my Routledgebook Piaget: Chilfren and the class inclusion problem toANYONE IN THE WORLD WHO ASKS for it. Now,in return for that,I askredearchgate to send me all the chapters of the Routledgebook on Phenomenology.
Sincerely Yours. Prof. Em. Dolph Kohnstamm, Amsterdam
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I am getting a rate coefficient (Barts-Widom Phenomenological) to be zero for a unimolecular decomposition reaction. Similar reaction with another conformer of the same molecule gives some rate coefficient value. Kindly help.
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Thanks Akbar Ali Mohamad for your response. I have been checking for some of the above points you mentioned, still have not found any issue. However, some of the points are still to be checked thoroughly. Anyways thank you once again.
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In how many ways can we analyze data in a Phenomenological inquiry ? Can we go for descriptive Analysis of data ?
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Descriptive statistics gives a description of the data without any additional or predictive information. As for other data analysis methods, such as predictive, it is useful to predict and the possibility of generalizing the results.
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In qualitative research can you mix a grounded theory and phenomenology approach together?
I'm doing an interview-based qualitative study on the totalitarian effects of the Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong and the ability of MNCs to continue operations in the region.
Any advice on which methodology to use?
Thank you
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Any piece of qualitative research that is exploratory will avoid seeing pre-conceived themes. Grounded theory is one specific approach to exploratory research, but it requires a number of careful procedures, starting with a continuing analysis of the data throughout the data collection. So, if you waited until you had finished your data collection before you started your data analysis, you did not do grounded theory.
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How do I justify the sample size in a phenomenology study design used in my PhD Thesis?
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Qualitative researchers are often allergic to the idea of sample size calculation. On the other hand, both from a sampling and from and ethical perspective you want to make sure that the sample doesn't have any important omissions. Whose voices are needed to make sure everyone is heard? So in my opinion it's not the size of the sample so much as the coverage of the study domain.
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Currently writing a paper about Hegel with particular reference to his 'Phenomenology of Spirit'. Just wondering if anyone could point me in the right direction with this? Really appreciated.
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Some years back I have expressed my views which I submit herewith for your perusal .''Besides with the help of Yoga we can control our other physical structure of body but with our brain thru centre force of our forehead giving the inspiring grace in the form of intuition & with the regular practice of Yoga ,our eyes may help us to visualize the cosmic atmosphere.
This is my personal opinion
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Phenomenological philosophy is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the study of conscious experience as it is subjectively perceived and understood by the individual. The term "phenomenology" comes from the Greek word "phainomenon," which means "appearance" or "manifestation." Phenomenology was first developed by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl in the early 20th century. Husserl sought to describe the fundamental structures of consciousness and the ways in which we experience the world around us. He believed that the subjective experience of the individual was the starting point for any philosophical inquiry, and that it was necessary to bracket or suspend our preconceived assumptions in order to arrive at a clear understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. Phenomenological philosophy has been influential in a number of fields, including psychology, sociology, and literary theory. It has also influenced other philosophers such as Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Jean-Paul Sartre. The phenomenological approach has been particularly useful in exploring questions related to the nature of perception, the relationship between mind and body, and the ways in which we experience time and space.
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Some years back I have expressed my views in this line which I submit herewith for your kind perusal .
''Philosophy is a way of our life ,helping us & to generate inner development of our MIND,& BRAIN with our faith & will power .This helps us to teach us a moral code of our life which depend on the environment of our family & surrounding to prepare us for the living of our life in action . Philosophy is a our thinking process ,our attitude of our mind which direct us to take the action of our day to day working of our life .Our life is very much interesting a gift of our creator but as we all have the resulting fruits of our action positive & negative of our previous lives ,this make us to live in the way whether positive or negative with the tune of our conscious & subconscious mind.
This is my personal opinion
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Hello,
I would be very grateful if you could guide me.
Is phenomenological reduction is in contrast with Hermeneutic (interpretive) phenomenology? I mean does using phenomenological reduction have no place in the interpretive approach?
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Phenomenological reduction and interpretive phenomenology are two different but related concepts in phenomenology. Phenomenological reduction, also known as epoche, is a methodological process used to bracket or suspend one's preconceptions and assumptions in order to approach the phenomenon being studied in a more open and objective way. This process aims to reveal the essence of the phenomenon as it appears in consciousness. Interpretive phenomenology, on the other hand, incorporates hermeneutic analysis in the process of understanding human experience. Hermeneutics is the theory and practice of interpretation, and interpretive phenomenology uses this approach to understand the meaning that individuals give to their experiences. While phenomenological reduction is often associated with descriptive phenomenology, it can also be used within interpretive phenomenology as a way of suspending preconceptions and allowing for a more open and nuanced analysis of the subjective experience being studied. Therefore, phenomenological reduction has a place in interpretive phenomenology, but it is not the only method used in this approach.
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Where is the basic difference of studying and reporting a 'Lived Experinence' through Narrative Study and Phenomenological study ?
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The basic difference between studying and reporting a 'Lived Experience' through Narrative Study and Phenomenological Study is in their approach to understanding and interpreting the experience.
Narrative Study focuses on the individual's subjective experience and how they make meaning of it through storytelling. Narrative inquiry involves collecting and analyzing personal stories or narratives of individuals to understand their lived experiences. Researchers who use narrative inquiry are interested in exploring the stories that people tell about their experiences and the meanings they attach to those experiences.
Phenomenological Study, on the other hand, aims to uncover the essential structures of the lived experience itself. It involves exploring how individuals experience and perceive the world around them, and how they make sense of these experiences. Phenomenological inquiry involves suspending preconceived ideas and focusing on the experience itself, as it is lived and described by the individual.
While both approaches involve exploring the lived experience of individuals, Narrative Study focuses on the personal stories people tell about their experiences, while Phenomenological Study focuses on the essence of the experience itself.
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What is the relationship between exploratory research and phenomenology?
Would it be correct to say that "explorative" concerns the research design and phenomenology is the basic attitude, or approach of the researcher?
I am doing a qualitative market research study that employs case studies. The (narrative) interviews are very open and pursue the purpose of re-experiencing a purchase action from the customers point of view in order to discover a certain market (FFE research).
I am looking forward to hear from somebody more experienced than me (it's my master thesis).
All the best and thank you,
Katharina
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Phenomenology does indeed emphasize lived experience, but so does nearly all qualitative research, and the same is true about hearing things from the participants' point of view with very little input or influence from the researcher.
I really think you need to read more about phenomenology before you say that you are following that perspective.
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If there is a study which combined GT with phenomenology, I would like to read it.
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GT is seldom paired with phenomenology because the two represent distinctly different research traditions. One key point is that phenomenological research approaches closely follow or another of several related philosophic traditions, while GT is neutral with regard to higher order theories. In additional, most phenomenological research proceeds by collecting data (usually a small number of intensive interviews) and then analyzing them, while GT combines analysis and data collection as a single process that alternates back and forth.
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Hi all,
I'm writing a thesis on the Chinese Communist Party and its totalitarianism/political action in Hong Kong and its effect on the ability of MNCs to effectively continue operations in the region.
I'm attempting to write the methodology section and am stuck on which approach to move forward with. The thesis is qualitative (using interviews) but am unsure whether a grounded theory, phenomenology or constructivist approach would be most suited... I've also been looking into using an integrated approach, combining a grounded theory and phenomenology approach to gain a more holistic understanding.
Would anyone be able to help on the matter? would appreciate it.
Thank you
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Janet Ogungbire ESTÁ CORRETA. PRIMEIRO ESCLAREÇA O QUE VC QUER SABER, SUAS PERGUNTAS PARA AJUDAR A CIÊNCIA, O MÉOTODO OU METOTODOLOGIA É "DEDUZIDO" DEPOIS. É A PESQUISA QUE PEDE QUAL MÉTODOS, E NÃO, O CONTRÁRIO
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In qualitative research, how would you integrate a grounded theory and phenomenology approach?
I know how to do a GT approach but find it difficult to integrate the two, I'll also be commending this with triangulation to further gain a holistic view. I'm using semi-structured interviews to research the impact of the Chinese political system on the ability of MNCs to effectively operate in Hong Kong.
would appreciate any help!
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ACHO QUE VC ESTÁ FAZENDO PESQUISA QUALITATIVA, COM ENTREVISTAS E O ASSUNTO É QUEM PEDE, EXIGE, DADOS ESTATÍSTICOS TAMBÉM VC PODE E DEVE MSITURAR AS DUAS COISAS E INCLUSIVE POR SEU CONHECIMENTO FENOMENOLÓGICO NA HORA E NAS HORAS TODAS PARA ANALISAR BEM AVALIAR RESULTADOS, QUALITATIVOS E QUANTITATIVOS, E SE NÃO DER CERTO, ESQUEÇA ESTA ABORDAGEM, ANALISE TUDO DE SUA CABEÇA, SUA EXPERIÊNCIA E ESQUEÇA, SE NÃO CABE, A FENOMENOLOGIA E SEUS DIFÍCEIS FILÓSOFOS.... ABS, SORTE ANDRÉ VALÉRIO SALES
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I know how to do a GT approach but finding it difficult to integrate the two. I'm using semi-structured interviews to research the impact of the Chinese political system on the ability of MNCs to effectively operate in Hong Kong.
would appreciate any help!
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I am confused by all your postings that want to combine various alternative approaches with Grounded Theory. GT by itself is hard enough, so why you want to make connections with other approaches that don't really fit with GT is not clear to me.
Can you give us some more information on why GT alone is not sufficient for what you are trying to accomplish?
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and how would I combine symbolic interactionism with grounded theory?
finally, for questions related to political systems affecting MNCs' ability to operate in regions, I'm planning on using a grounded theory approach but integrating it with either a symbolic interactionist approach or a phenomenology approach - I've been told a symbolic interactionist approach would be better... Any thoughts?
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Symbolic Interactionism as a theory, not a method. The original source for SI is George Herbert Mead's book, "Mind, Self, and Society."
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I'm writing a thesis related to political systems affecting MNCs' ability to operate in regions, I'm planning on using a grounded theory approach but integrating it with either a symbolic interactionist approach or a phenomenology approach - I've been told a symbolic interactionist approach would be better... Any thoughts?
furthermore, how would I go about combining a grounded theory approach and a symbolic interactionist approach?
Cheers!
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Anselm Strauss, one of the founders of Grounded Theory, was a Symbolic Interactionist, so many researchers who use GT also follow SI as their theoretical orientation. But as the name implies, SI is primarily about the effects of interaction between individuals, along with how inter-personal relationships affect issues such as identity.
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The qualitative research has multiple subjectivities. However, if we get the essence of the phenomena as in the transcendental phenomenology, can we say it being a single reality?
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In qualitative research, the goal is often to explore and understand the multiple subjectivities and perspectives of the participants. Therefore, it is not typically appropriate to reduce the findings to a single reality or essence that is completely independent of the individual experiences and perspectives of the participants.
Additionally, it is important to recognize that the researcher's own subjectivity and perspective can also influence the findings and interpretation of qualitative research. Therefore, it is important to be transparent about the researcher's perspective and acknowledge the potential limitations and biases in the findings. Overall, while transcendental phenomenology can be a useful approach for understanding the essential structures of subjective experience, it is important to recognize and respect the multiple subjectivities and perspectives of the participants in qualitative research.
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Student researcher here, our topic is about the experiences of Parentified Young adults and was initially thought it would take a qualitative phenomenological approach. Now, we were advised to make it into an IPA. Im wondering what are the diff between the two.
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IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) research and Qualitative Phenomenological research are two different approaches to qualitative research, and they have some similarities and differences.
IPA research is a qualitative research approach that aims to explore and understand the subjective experience of individuals. It involves interpreting the meanings that individuals attribute to their experiences and how these experiences affect their behavior, emotions, and thoughts. IPA research involves in-depth interviews with individuals, and the data are analyzed through a process of coding, categorization, and interpretation.
On the other hand, Qualitative Phenomenological research aims to describe and interpret the essence of a phenomenon as experienced by individuals. It involves exploring the subjective experiences of individuals through in-depth interviews, observations, and other qualitative data collection methods. The data are analyzed through a process of identifying patterns and themes that reflect the essence of the phenomenon.
While both approaches share the goal of understanding subjective experiences, there are some differences between them.
Firstly, IPA research focuses on how individuals make meaning of their experiences, while Qualitative Phenomenological research aims to describe the essence of a phenomenon.
Secondly, IPA research emphasizes the role of the researcher's interpretation in analyzing and interpreting data, while Qualitative Phenomenological research aims to be more objective in describing the phenomenon.
Thirdly, IPA research is often used in psychology and healthcare research, while Qualitative Phenomenological research has a broader range of applications, including social sciences, education, and business.
In summary, both IPA research and Qualitative Phenomenological research are valuable approaches to understanding subjective experiences, but they differ in their focus, methodology, and scope of application.
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Hi all,
I'm writing a thesis on the Chinese Communist Party and its totalitarianism/political action in Hong Kong and its effect on the ability of MNCs to effectively continue operations in the region.
I'm attempting to write the methodology section and am stuck on which approach to move forward with. The thesis is qualitative (using interviews) but am unsure whether a grounded theory, phenomenology or constructivist approach would be most suited... I've also been looking into using an integrated approach, combining a grounded theory and phenomenology approach to gain a more holistic understanding.
Would anyone be able to help on the matter? would appreciate it.
Thank you
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Grounded theory requires that you code your interviews while you are collecting them, so that both your coding process and your interview process evolve together throughout the research. So, if you have already done your interviews, that would not fit. But if you are just getting started, then I would highly recommend Kathy Charmaz's text book on Constructivist Grounded Theory (2014).
As for phenomenological approaches, these are usually deeply personal, so I doubt they would match a study of feelings about multi-national corporations.
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Phenomenology. Van Manen method of data analysis
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There are several research question and response forums that may be of interest to you, particularly if you are interested in phenomenology and Van Manen's method of analysis. Here are a few options that you might consider:
  1. The Qualitative Research Forum: This forum is hosted by the Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, and it provides a platform for researchers to discuss qualitative research methods, including phenomenological approaches.
  2. Phenomenology and Qualitative Research: This forum is hosted by the Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, and it focuses specifically on qualitative research methods and techniques in the field of psychology, including phenomenological approaches.
  3. ResearchGate: This is a general research forum that allows researchers to ask and answer questions, share research findings, and connect with other researchers. You can search for specific topics or methods, such as "phenomenology" or "Van Manen method," to find discussions that are relevant to your interests.
  4. LinkedIn: LinkedIn is a professional networking site that allows researchers to connect with one another and engage in discussions about research topics and methods. You can search for groups or communities that are focused on qualitative research, phenomenology, or Van Manen's method to find discussions that may be of interest to you.
  5. Reddit: Reddit is a general discussion forum that has many different subforums or "subreddits" on a wide range of topics. You can search for subreddits that are relevant to your research interests, such as "qualitative research" or "phenomenology," to find discussions and ask questions of other researchers.
It is worth noting that while these forums can be a useful source of information and guidance, it is important to carefully evaluate the quality and credibility of the information that you find, as not all discussions and responses may be based on rigorous research or reliable sources.
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The empirical procedure for the Qual part of the study is phenomenology (I'm a novice)
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Generally speaking, reflective statements are included in the Methods section. If you have separate Methods sections, then it sounds like if should go with the qualitative portion.
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Hi,
PhD candidate, needing support or general chats about using phenomenology (transcendental) for exploring lived experience of suicide and participation in suicide prevention.
Please reach out if you have experience to share!
Hayley
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My contribution is here on RG and can be used as an aspect of suicide prevention:
Miss B Pursues Death and Miss P Life in the Light of V. E. Frankl’s Existential Analysis/ Logotherapy
  • June 2015
  • OMEGA--Journal of Death and Dying 71(2):169-196
  • DOI:
  • 10.1177/0030222815570599
  • Project:
  • Moral issues in health care
  • 📷Béatrice Marianne Ewalds-Kvist
  • 📷Kim Lützén
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Hi all,
I am a student working towards gaining my integrated Master's degree (I have not conducted research prior to now). I am a novice to research so bear with me if my terminology isn't 100% accurate. I am conducting qualitative research to explore the experiences and perceptions of diagnostic radiography students in the communication of radiation risk. My question is: Is it correct to use interpretative phenomenology and thematic analysis for my methodology/approach/data analysis? I am conducting semi-structured qualitative interviews with 12 participants, so I hope this will be enough to reach data saturation. A follow-up question I have is whether it would be appropriate for me to use researcher reflexivity in this process as I am a diagnostic radiography student with my own preconceived opinions and experience on the phenomenon under study. Any help or direction for further readings would be greatly appreciated. Thank you!
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Kirsty - it really does depend on your actual adopted phenomenological philosophical school. Phenomenology is not general with general frameworks. For it to be effective - it needs to be specific to the task at hand. IPA is its own school - and has its own analytical style. Different schools lean towards other analytical frameworks i.e. Giorgi and Colaizzi - and there are instances where certain philosophers have their own frameworks i.e., van Manen.
You can't pre-predict saturation - but reasonable to suggest that 12 in-depth participant narratives might reach saturation.
Reflexivity, again, depends on the adopted school.
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Hello,
I am doing a qualitative study exploring early childhood educators attitudes and perceptions in museum education. My sample is N=10, data collection through semi structured interviews and thematic analysis. However, I am not using any of the qualitative approaches, e.g., narrative, action research, case study, ethnography, phenomenology or phenomenography. Can a new researcher do that? According to my tutor that is possible to not use any of these approaches, however after reading several books I understood that is essential a researcher to follow a approach.
Thank you!
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Dear Tsimoura, You must follow an approach, according to your objectives. If those that exist will not support you then you are creating a methodology within your own studio. But this research as I perceive it is a qualitative approach research. Best regards
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I am looking to conduct a qualitative study on the role of women's self esteem whilst they're at work. I know your research question should guide your design but I am struggling to choose which qualitative design to go for. I have researched qualitative research into the relationship of self esteem with other experiences and they seem to differ in design. T/A
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Phenomenology typically involves a very intense analysis of a relatively small number of cases, which lends itself to the study of highly meaningful aspects of lived experience. Both it and grounded theory tend to be highly exploratory, so if you have already done research in this area and have specific topics that you want to pursue, either of them could be inefficient for that purpose.
Instead, I think you should consider a simpler approach that begins with open-ended interviews and then uses thematic analysis. Is there some reason why you are limiting yourself to either phenomenology or grounded theory?
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I am doing hermeneutic phenomenological research. And I don't know how to design the interview guide. there is rarely literature about methods or strategies for developing this research instruments. do you have any kind of books or articles that can help me to know what aspects I should included in the interview guide or how to write questions?
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The guidance / illustrations as per the following publications may further help:
  • Bevan, M. T. (2014) A Method of Phenomenological Interviewing, Qualitative Health Research, 24, 1, pp. 136-144.
  • Groenewald, T. (2004) A Phenomenological Research Design Illustrated, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3, 1, pp. 1-26.
  • Kafle, N. P. (2011) Hermeneutic phenomenological research method simplified, Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 1, pp. 181-200.
  • Kakkori, L. (2009) Hermeneutics and phenomenology problems when applying hermeneutic phenomenological method in educational qualitative research, Paideusis, 18, 2, pp. 19-27.
  • Nigar, N. (2020) Hermeneutic phenomenological narrative enquiry: A qualitative study design, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10, 1, pp. 10-18.
  • Paterson, M. and Higgs, J. (2005) Using hermeneutics as a qualitative research approach in professional practice, The qualitative report, 10, 2, pp. 339-357.
  • van Manen, M. (2015) Hermeneutic Phenomenological Writing, in van Manen, M. (ed.) Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. Second ed. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 111-134.
  • Walker, W. (2011) Hermeneutic inquiry: Insights into the process of interviewing, Nurse researcher, 18, 2.
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I am using a Phenomenological strategy with sample aged between 9-12.
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When researchers do review the literature and previous studies, they could find the interview questions that may modify into focus group interview questions. Otherwise, you may create new questions that be analysed and synthesised from the literature review. The consequence is to answer the research question by adopting thematic analysis or content analysis based on theories in particular fields.
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Narratives are methods/methodology and phenomenology is a philosophy. Still, how can they be more clearly differentiated?
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I am confused what research design should I use in my research paper.
Is it possible to have phenomenological study to answer the #1&2 research questions and case study for #3 research questions?
This is the title of my research paper: Development of Job Satisfaction in relation to Technostress among College Professors at Rizal Technological University during COVID-19 Pandemic
Here are the research questions:
1. What are the experiences and perceptions of the Professors about the development of job satisfaction in relation to technostress?
2. What is the most common suggestion for the development of job satisfaction in relation to technostress?
3.How effective are the given suggestions for the development of job satisfaction in relation to technostress?
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--how do you plan to measure "effectiveness" in research q 3#. ?
-- change in a particular behaviour/ change in attitude of subjects to a specific aspect in a questionnaire ?. that would be simple way of measuring it.
-- if opinion of subjects in an open ended interview is what you are considering, then yes thematic analysis of subject's responses in an semi-structured/ open interviews would be helpful.
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I am planning an explorative research study that deals with a health condition known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), which is on the rise in urban women. The objective is to uncover how women suffering from PCOS make sense of their condition and what is their lived experience through the condition.
To do this, I have decided to perform a phenomenological research study. I have two questions:
1. Do I follow Hermeneutic phenomenology (Van Manen's) or other types (Moustakas, etc.)?
2. Do I need to adopt a theoretical lens apriori or not?
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My suggestion is Gadamer, Truth and Method.
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You may simply suggest related books and articles, or discuss the issue.
Thanks.
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"Thinking in Parametric Phenomenology" is a paper by Sanguinetti and Kraus that connects phenomenology to architectural parametric design in particular. Hope you find it useful.
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I am currently working on some philosophical issues that today's neurotechnology can raise. My main field of research is the philosophy of technology (more specifically, phenomenology and postphenomenology). I will be very grateful for literature recommendations from experts in this field. Many thanks!
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Hi Dmytro,
a recent paper that I found very enlighting:
Steinert, S., Bublitz, C., Jox, R., & Friedrich, O. (2019). Doing things with thoughts: Brain-Computer Interfaces and disembodied agency. Philosophy & Technology, 32(3), 457–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0308-4
Also, consider reading "Hegel in A Wired Brain" by Zizek. It's a little bit erratic (typically Zizek) but provides an interesting and very broad perspective.
I am currently doing my PhD on the psychological dimensions of Human Enhancement etc. so feel free to get in touch. Maybe we can exchange some ideas
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Dear RG Professors, Researchers and Graduate Students:
Will be set up new sound (elastic transversal) [T100] velocity experiments regarding the time symmetry broken-state observed in the elastic constant C66=Cxyxy of Sr2RuO4?
I mean sound velocity experiments as accomplished by Prof. Lupien et al. (2001) because there are going strain related experiments, but no sound speed ones. This is not a question on shear related experiments only.
It is a more complicated question on the ---sound transversal elastic velocity ---which is theoretically given by the real part of the polarization operator. Please see the pdf slide attached below. Thanks to all in advance.
Time-reversal symmetry broken states discovered by mean of elastic constants experiments are of tentative relevance.
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A new version for our preprint concerning this thread has been published in arXiv and HAL. The unitary tight-binding limit is the one that helps us to see where are the nodes in Sr2RuO4 Referee comments are added.
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Modeling discussion
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TYPES OF MODELS:
1. A relationship fitted on a set of data (which is a zero grade model).
2. Empirical model (or systematics): A relationship fitted on the physical data of the target system or phenomenon. It describes behavior (and related mechanisms) of the target system in the limited sense.
3. Phenomenological model: A scientific representation of inter-related phenomena or a target system. It describes behavior of the target system and shines light on the mechanisms underlying the target behavior.
Steps/parts involved in the development of a phenomenological model:
(i) Physical/conceptual picture/understanding
(ii) Mathematical description of the behavior of the target system
(iii) Discussion of underlying mechanisms
Phenomenological models involve "abstraction and concreteness" followed by idealizations.
3. Theoretical model:
(i) A model of a system/phenomena based on the established theoretical facts.
(ii) A phenomenological model turns into a theoretical model after its formalization and major idealizations leading to a logical theoretical framework.
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I am seeking a clear answer about phenomenology analysis. When is the right time to start analysis in interpretive phenomenology. In qualitative studies, analysis is conducted simultaneously with data collection. Is it the same when we do phenomenology?
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Interesting question, related to phenomenology as a philosophical movement, research approach, research methodology and/or research technology. The latter two apply to data collection and analysis. So it all depends on the researcher and study, as to whether phenomenology is used in all above ways or a more narrow methodological way such as Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). It can also be argued/used as intervention. Heuristic phenomenology is valuable in various forms of Self-study
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i'd originally gone with phenomenology, however now unsure and have confused myself.
I'm conducting semi-structured interviews to explore and gather parent's experiences and views of how they have coped during covid-19 with their autistic children.
I want to gather their lived experiences, but as i will be comparing to relevant research and policy now thinking is it more grounded theory?
These are my research questions:
RQ1 What impact do parents of children with ASC think the COVID-19 pandemic/national lockdown has had on their children and family, particularly on outcomes such as behaviour, academic attainment and children’s social and emotional development?
RQ2 What are parent’s perceptions on the level of support received from schools in The UK for children with ASC, to help with their social, emotional, and physical wellbeing, alongside their academic attainment?
RQ3 What impact do parents believe this support has had on their child’s emotional, social and academic development? Are there any aspects that could be improved specifically for children with ASC?
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Basically, if confused, then one should also work at knowing oneself and one's strengths and limitations as well. So, in addition to the theme, field, research questions etc, one should play to one's strength. In general terms, this means if you enjoy an older approach, with more underpinning theory behind it, use phenomenology. If you prefer a neater, more structured approach, then you will probably resonate more with grounded theory. Whatever the choice, if this is also what you love, you will enjoy it more and do it better. This "advice" comes with acute consciousness that this is not a very academic way of advising. More academically, see following links:
Phenomenology Grounded theory Joumal of Advanced Nursing, 1992,17,1355-1360 j.1365-2648.1992.tb01859.x20161112-26618-s1w0cs-with-cover-page-v2.pdf
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I am currently doing a thesis using IPA for the lived experiences of student mothers. Can anyone share their ideas on how many respondents I need to have for the study? Thanks
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As indicated by some of the answers above, textbooks may give you some numbers, but they may not be very helpful if you do not grasp the thinking behind those numbers. To state that you ended up doing 17 interviews because some textbook said that it is within the range given in the that book. My advice is therefore that you make an effort to understand the concept of phenomenon better, so that you can focus on the quality of your interviews as a way of gaining the best possible insight into the phenomenon. In line with my interpretation of Steinar Kvale, you need to interview enough people to get a solid answer to your research question, one you can feel confident about and which will stand firm when your peers ask critical questions about your findings. Saturation is not really an issue in phenomenology, so you may want to look elsewhere, like Malterud et al. (2016) concept of Information power.
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I am a Master student with a medical background looking into students constructs of medical professionalism when they are taught a western curriculum in a non western culture. I have conducted twelve 1-hour individual semi-structured interviews where student's where given professional dilemmas. I explored how and why they would manage these dilemmas. I believe I have to conduct thematic analysis of this data?
My questions are
1) What methodololgy is best suited to analyse this data ?grounded theory ? Interpretive phenomenological analysis ? Giorgi's phenomomenological method?
2) What text is suitable to read for a beginner to give a broad overview of what may be the most appropriate methodology. I have tried to read SAGE handbook qualitative research Denzin, Lincoln. but dont find it an easy read for a beginner who is doing qualitative research for the first time
Any recommendations would be helpful
TIA
Tabraiz
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Besides, you could avail yourself of the assessment approaches and modalities tabulated by Tay et al. (2020), fully cited below, since your investigation applies to medical sciences.
Tay, K. T., Ng, S., Hee, J. M., Chia, E. W. Y., Vythilingam, D., Ong, Y. T., Chiam, M., Chin, A. M. C., Fong, W., Wijaya, L., Toh, Y. P., Mason, S., & Krishna, L. K. R. (2020). Assessing professionalism in medicine – a scoping review of assessment tools from 1990 to 2018. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 7, 2382120520955159. https://doi.org/10.1177/2382120520955159
Good luck,
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I'm writing my masters dissertation proposal on the role of formal supervisors in the support and integration of international medical graduates into UK practice. I want to interview both supervisors and supervisees on their perspectives of the supervisors role and what experiences they have had good or bad around the relationship. I'm not sure this counts as a phenomena as such but it's also not theory generating as the aim is to produce insights into the perspectives of both sides into the role of the supervisor to ultimately make pragmatic suggestions on how this relationship could be done better all round. Would really appreciate some advice, many thanks!
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True about distinctiveness, only they also reported it was used as embedded method under IPA methodology successfully because it is a flexible method, i.e. the IPA philosophy informed the analytic procedures of RTA of choice:
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Where you don't intend to get in-depth personal accounts of experiences but simply want to get perceptions about the topic based on the experiences of participants and also what they have heard from others and not necessarily experienced? Comment what you think.
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The alternative to in-depth phenomenology is a shallower phenomenology. Depth is a function of how you frame your questions.
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I would like to choose a medical research topic, following phenomenological approach in qualitative research. Is there a minimum number set while selecting participants or can it be even two or three. Literature says from 2 to 10 participants are better. Please give your valuable opinion / suggestion
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I understand that Philosopher Rene Descartes initiated and discussed about mind body dualism and cognitive meditation in his philosophical work, and Husserl sought to explicate the origins of knowledge in the constitutive processes of consciousness. Thanks for bringing connections of both their work into phenomenology
Regards
Dr. Shobana G
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What is your attitude to paranormal and scientifically unexplained? For example, how do you rate alleged reports of extraterrestial reasonings on Earth, allegedly drawn by aliens on arable fields? How do you rate cases of UFO photography, allegedly found traces of ice man, photos of a plesiosaur allegedly inhabiting Loch Ness, etc.?
Do you think these unexplained phenomena should be researched and scientifically explained whether they are fakes and there is no point in researching such topics?
Please reply
I invite you to the discussion
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I enjoy it. Hence, the research.
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A phenomenological interview should be free-ranging in order to uncover the true experience of the respondent - BUT I wanted to stimulate the discussion and avoid uncomfortable pauses or me leading the discussion - by using flashcards with words or pictures on them. We were discussing a sensitive issue - appearance. Now I have to justify my method - and the deviation from 'classic' phenomenology. Does anyone have a reference that could help please? Or guide me to an author or book maybe? Many thanks.
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HI Amanda Bowden . I hope the following link could help:
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I am looking for some valid references for the appropriate sample size for doing a research study based on phenomenology.
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8-15. Since 1965.
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Dear researcher, I would like to ask about secondary informants in phenomenological qualitative research. Some of my friends said that qualitative phenomenological studies should not use secondary informants to support the data. would you please explain and recommend journals that discuss this. thankyou
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It sounds like you might be going through the options in Creswell and Poth's Five Traditions, which is not a useful way to design a study.
Instead, you should concentrate on your research questions, and then ask what would the appropriate ways to collect and analyze data for answering those questions.
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Hello,
I wonder if you would be kind enough to help me. I’m a second year Occupational Therapy student and i’m currently writing my dissertation proposal. I want to do a qualitative student on ‘OT students perceptions of spirituality in practice‘. What is their understanding of the term? Do they think it relevant to OT?Have they supported individuals with this aspect of their well being during their placements? Do they feel confident and well prepared to meet these needs? I’m a little unsure about methodology and data analysis. Would the phenomenological approach be best? Would Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) work with data from a focus group. I have read that IPA is not the norm for focus group data but that some see merit to this approach. I’m new to the world of research but very keen and excited to learn more. Thank you!
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Hi there,
I used IPA for my OT thesis as well. One thing to be aware of within the data analysis process is the requirement to analyze both within and across participants. With IPA it is really necessary to view each data set independently from others as you will bracket the information from previous data sets within your analysis of the next. You'll want to be sure that this adherence can be maintained within a focus group. I'll echo David - the Smith et al text is very helpful to a researcher new to IPA and I believe they do have a section within the text about different methods of data collection & interview styles. I wish you luck - congratulations on the progress you've made to becoming an OT; the finish line is in sight!
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I am currently working on a phenomenological study and I am wondering if it is enough to conduct only one interview session with the participants. I am trying to look for related literature for this, but sadly I have not yet found one.
Thank you for those who helped answer my previous question and thank you in advance for those who will help answer my question.
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Hi Vernel, interview each participant only once is my recommendation. As a dissertation mentor/committee member, I have found that students tend to add extra work and desire more than is required. You don't need second interviews or to have the participants "approve" what they said. They are recorded so they said it. Of course, you will be prepared and your interview questions will be field-tested in to ensure your questions are understood. A phenomenological interview will result in thick, rich description and should not fatigue your participants. Ask them all the same interview questions. Record them, transcribe, and then when you are finished, find common themes via coding. Don't make it more difficult than it needs to be.
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I am currently writing my dissertation on the experiences of healthcare professionals (HCPs) employee engagement and work-family experience during the COVID-19 pandemic through using a qualitative approach. I know there is the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, is there another way I can measure engagement through qualitative methods?
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Measuring engagement using a scale may give wrong notion as if you are going to employ the quantitative approach. Since, it is qualitative, the data that you have already got, I mean qualitative data, you can categorize based on some themes and sub-themes linking to you objectives/research questions. You need to have persuasive writing by strengthening you analysis with the words (quotation) from research participants. You can follow book of Creswell.
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i am post-graduate student who is currently studying qualitative research in detail. so i need some qualitative research articles particularly phenomenology research on the topic of educational leadership management.
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Hopefully the following papers could help:
  • Ajjawi, R. and Higgs, J. (2007) Using Hermeneutic Phenomenology to Investigate How Experienced Practitioners Learn to Communicate Clinical Reasoning, The Qualitative Report, 12, 4, pp. 612-638.
  • Bevan, M. T. (2014) A Method of Phenomenological Interviewing, Qualitative Health Research, 24, 1, pp. 136-144.
  • Dangal, M. R. and Joshi, R. (2020) Hermeneutic Phenomenology: Essence in Educational Research, Open Journal for Studies in Philosophy,, 4, 1, pp. 25-42.
  • Donalek, J. G. (2004) Phenomenology as a qualitative research method, Urologic nursing, 24, 6, pp. 516-517.
  • Gallagher, S. and Francesconi, D. (2012) Teaching phenomenology to qualitative researchers, cognitive scientists, and phenomenologists, Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 12, sup3, pp. 1-10.
  • Giorgi, A. (2012) Difficulties encountered in the application of the phenomenological method in the social sciences, Análise Psicológica, 24, 3, pp. 353-361.
  • Hycner, R. H. (1985) Some Guidelines for the Phenomenological Analysis of Interview Data, Human Studies, 8, 3, pp. 279-303.
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While doing phenomenological research, do I have to necessarily participate in the phenomenon?
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These links might be useful to you. Melvin Brandenburg's answer of November 9, 2020 is especially informative:
You might also look at this article in which Thomas Groenewald mentions some steps he undertook to minimize bias:
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I need this paper because I'm now trying to points out the element in Dooyeweerd's thought and compare it to his philosopical background, that is Edmund Husserl's phenomenology.
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I have writed one.
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I am currently making the chapter 3 of my study. My study will use phenomenological method of research and on my respondents, I would like to use only 10 participants. Will it be sufficient enough? Is there any study or article you know stating that 10 participants will be enough when conducting phenomenology? Thank you so much for the response. It would mean a lot to me.
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