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Phenology - Science topic

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Need Answer with Publication or Research references
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Dear colleagues,
The registration for the next International Plant Cold Hardiness Seminar is now open. If you intend to join us, please register under:
Even if you are not willing to come, could you please help us to spread the information to anyone who may be interested in the effect of frost on plants from any perspective (eg. physics of ice formation, cellular and molecular response to cold, shift in distribution due to cold temperature, yield loss due to freezing events) in your own community (lab, country, discipline)?
Many thanks,
Guillaume Charrier for the IPCHS organizing committee
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🌱🔬 Join us for a unique educational experience just before the 13th International Plant Cold Hardiness Seminar (IPCHS)! 🌿❄️ From 20-23 August, we're hosting a Research School in Clermont-ferrand designed to provide an immersive educational journey for those who want to delve deeper into cold hardiness. This exceptional opportunity offers a comprehensive understanding of frost's impact on plants from various angles, including the physics of ice formation, frost damage, and factors influencing cold hardiness. Expect expert-led lectures and hands-on practical sessions! The preliminary program is now available, visit the IPCHS website: https://lnkd.in/d9i4XdzR Reserve your place by registering here: https://lnkd.in/dfjSceAM Even if you're unable to attend, your support in spreading the word within your network would be greatly appreciated. Questions? Feel free to DM us! 📩
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Model canola phenology with climate
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Thanks very much, Mansoor
Your comprehensive answer has put me on the right track.
Kind regards
Dries
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Hello,
I am in search of a reviewer of the English language in Algiers for my scientific article entitled "Prediction model of a given phenological stage: case of flowering in the common walnut Juglans regia L" that I want to publish.
Thanks,
Ammaria
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I am willing to contribute a review.
Regards
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I have 15 years panel or longitudinal data (measure of monthly vegetation indices across months and over years). I want to try both multivariate timeseries (tried the sktime kmeans clustering) as well as simplified k-means. The question is with regards to variables for the simplified k-means.
I have simplified the data by taking mean and standard deviation of all 12 months (e.g. Jan_Mean, Feb_mean,....Dec_mean & Jan_sd, Feb_sd,.... Dec_sd - total 24 variables). The simplified data resembles to that of multivariate timeseries.
My aim is to cluster the areas which have similar growing conditions. I am using k-means for the same. However, the new data structure have a high correlation coefficient between months and this expected because of the Phenology (Plant growth starts when temperature reaches >=6 degrees in Spring and reaches its peak in July and then goes down by the end of the year). I dont want to lose the importance of each month.
However, k-means has difficulty managing columns with a high correlation coefficient, as it gives more weight to those columns. This can be corrected by substituting Mahalanobis distance for Euclidean distance, but due to the complexity of the calculation, I cannot employ this solution. Therefore, I require your help in addressing the correlation issue so that I can reduce correlation and use the default distance.
I have attempted to aggregate the months by developing seasons/Phenology (by taking the mean and standard deviation) - despite this, there is still a high correlation between some seasons, whereas the correlation between the majority of seasons is moderate (>0.7).
Can I take a month difference (current-previous) to significantly minimize the correlation?
As the data is of the panel form, I would also like to include within-year variations (annual mean and standard deviation e.g. Year2001_mean, Year2002_mean,.....)?
I sincerely need your advice.
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You cannot simply the data like that. You must analyse all of the raw data in one big table to include all possible interactions :)
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I have several hundred frass samples collected over the spring season to estimate woodland caterpillar phenology - should they be oven-dried to remove moisture content before sorting frass vs non-frass (leaf litter etc) and taking measurement of frass mass? If so, what temperature and how long? Literature varies between not dried at all, air-dried, and oven drying for durations 6hr, 24hr, 48hr at temps 50-70 degrees C
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Usually 50 to 70 C until there is no further change in weight :)
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Are there international projects where you can research birds and share data, create joint articles? For example, it concerns phenology, bird nesting which is inhabited by artificial nests box or hollows?
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Never collaborate or share data because it will be stolen and you will lose control of the study. Try to publish on your own and then your articles will be more creative and elegant and keep your data confidential, even from supervisors, until after publication in HI journals :)
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Hi everyone ,
The journal 'Plant Science'' asks me to suggest potential reviewers for the submission of my research paper and provide the specific reasons for my suggestion in the comments box for each person.
Please help me convince the editorial board to express the interest of my work which revolves around the implementation of a measurement method to remotely predict the phenological stages of species of economic interest.
It should be noted that the editor may not use your suggestions, but your help is appreciated and can speed up the selection of appropriate reviewers. Won't I risk putting the title and summary of my work on site?
Sincerely.
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Firstly, it's great that Plant Science has invited you to suggest potential reviewers for your submission, as this is an opportunity to ensure that experts in your field are reviewing your work and can provide constructive feedback. To suggest potential reviewers, here are some steps that can help convince the editorial board to express interest in your work:
Identify experts in your field: Make a list of researchers whose work is relevant to your own and who have published on similar topics.
Determine their suitability as reviewers: Check their recent publications and academic positions to ensure that they have the relevant expertise and can provide an informed opinion.
Craft a persuasive argument: In the comments box for each person, provide a clear and concise summary of your work and explain how it fits with the reviewer's expertise. Also, highlight the significance of your research and how it contributes to the field.
Avoid revealing confidential information: You don't need to reveal the title or summary of your work to suggest potential reviewers. You can instead provide a general description of your work and explain why the potential reviewer would be a good fit.
By following these steps, you can help ensure that the appropriate reviewers are selected for your work, and demonstrate the significance of your research to the editorial board. Additionally, it's important to keep in mind that your suggested reviewers may not be selected, as the final decision rests with the editor.
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I need research articles evidences on applications of pf plant phenology.
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In addition, you may take a look at the link below.
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Biogeography theory predicts that species will either migrate, adapt, or go extint under environmental change. Due to limited mobility in plants, their options are limited to adaptation, including phenological changes, which has been observed for many plants. So, do we have adequate data to be able to identify traits that confer plants the ability to shift their regeneration or flowering phenologies due to climate change? Could you please mention those traits and provide links to papers with empirical evidence. Thank you!
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I never said seed dispersal is a response to climate possible change :)
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Previous studies usually explain variations in plant phenology in response to climate change using environmental factors (such as, temperature, moisture, photoperiod and nutrient, etc.). Nevertheless, current phenology models are still lack of key mechanisms to be more realistic. Actually, plant phenology is a complex process, in which biotic factors (always be ignored, such as species traits and interactions) could also have important roles in regulating phenology dynamics under natural conditions ( König et al., 2018; Li et al., 2020; Sun and Frelich, 2011). However, whether the relationships between phenology and species traits still exist under climate change is critical for the mechanistic understanding and robust predictions of plant phenology under future climate change scenarios. Therefore, I am trying to design a manipulative experiment to explore the relationships between plant phenology and species traits and quantify the contributions of species traits and environmental factors to changes in phenology under an experimental warming gradient in a temperate grassland. Do you have any ideas and comments on this project? Your comments will be greatly appreciated.
Sun SC, Frelich LE (2011) Flowering phenology and height growth pattern are associated with maximum plant height, relative growth rate and stem tissue mass density in herbaceous grassland species. Journal of Ecology 99, 991-1000.
König P, Tautenhahn S, Cornelissen JHC, et al. (2018) Advances in flowering phenology across the Northern Hemisphere are explained by functional traits. Global Ecology and Biogeography 27, 310-321.
Li DJ, Barve N, Brenskelle L, et al. (2020) Climate, urbanization, and species traits interactively drive flowering duration. Global Change Biology doi: 10.1111/gcb.15461.
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I recently worked on this topic. I test the effect of temperature raise on seedlings' emergence from seed banks in a semi-arid environment and related to the edge effect. If you are interested please let me know. Zhenxing Zhou
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I would like someone to help me to interpret, in a simple and clear way, the results of the ANOVA test of the attached image.
Stages 0, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8: are phenological stages of the crop in days of duration.
GDD are: Growing Degree Days.
Regards
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Thank you very much for your reply.
Regards
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I need some data to build apple phenology model for Japan. Any apple phenology data (even for other countries) are greatly appreciated! I need location latitude/longitude, apple variety/maturity rating, observation dates and observed growth stages.
Thanks much!
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In this work there are phenological data for at least three apple varieties in Spain. The paper is not in English, but in Spanish.
Best regards.
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We are currently working with plant phenology.
We built a linear mixed model for each species group (A Vs B) present in the study area.
We set Mean phenology as the response variable (mean phenology state for each plot ( there are 3 on each locality) is calculated by the mean phenological state from the 12 subplots into each plot is divided. from 1-6, the higher the number the more advanced the cycle) while Days From Snowmelt (The sum of days from snowmelt to the visit day along the summer) is the independent variable. Year and plot nested within the locality are set as random factors.
Once the model is built and revised, we want to predict the mean phenological phase for each species group (A vS B) along the growing season which we divided into 10 DFSM values (10,20,30,50,60,70,80,90,100). i.e, we want to predict a mean phenological state for each DFSM value (10-100).
We did that by the following steps:
##
predict(M1ponderat,newdata=data.frame(DFSM=c(10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100)), re.form=~0) predFunCong <- function(M1ponderat) { predict(M1ponderat,newdata=data.frame(DFSM=c(10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100)), re.form=~0) } bbCong <- bootMer(M1ponderat,nsim=1000,FUN=predFunCong, use.u = FALSE) predCong <- bbCong$t quantile(predCong[,1], c(0.05,0.50,0.95)) quantile(predCong[,2], c(0.05,0.50,0.95)) quantile(predCong[,3], c(0.05,0.50,0.95)) quantile(predCong[,4], c(0.05,0.50,0.95)) quantile(predCong[,5], c(0.05,0.50,0.95)) quantile(predCong[,6], c(0.05,0.50,0.95)) quantile(predCong[,7], c(0.05,0.50,0.95)) quantile(predCong[,8], c(0.05,0.50,0.95)) quantile(predCong[,9], c(0.05,0.50,0.95)) quantile(predCong[,10], c(0.05,0.50,0.95))
##
Now the question is, How can I test statistical differences between predictions from each group at the same DFSM level? (i.e, groupA at 10 DFSM VS groupB at 10 DFSM,... groupA at 20 DFSM VS groupB at 20 DFSM,... groupA at 30 DFSM VS groupB at 30 DFSM...nDFSM)
I tried running a rnorm() setting the mean obtained for each group and each DFSM level so I can get a decent data representation and then run a simple ANOVA to compare means. But the problem is that the differences between groups at the same DFSM levels predictions are always significant. The reason is that I think that the difference within groups is so little because of the way that I obtained the mean values, that it will always show the difference between groups A and B.
Any suggerences will be welcome. Thank you so much.
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Best,
Cássio
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I using origin pro software to make graphs but i unable to prepare the cited graph in origin.
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To Abdul Hadi: I do not have Origin pro software...
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Emergence
Branching
Ear formation
Flowering
Grain filling stage
Dear connection
Kindly let me know when the above stages will start in days
Variety duration- 90 days
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Steps that I need:
1. EVI L8 time series reduced by montly median values;
2. Fit a curve using Savitsky-Golay, Whitakker or Harmonic model;
3 - Extract phenometrics, for example, SOS (start of the growing season) and EOS (end of the growing season).
Do someone knows how to perform these steps using Google Earh Engine?
Thanks
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  • Hello. Think the paper entitled 'Spatiotemporal image fusion in Google Earth Engine for annual estimates of land surface phenology in a heterogenous landscape' (Nietupski et al 2021), which contains GEE codes, may be adapted to the problem.
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In most of the existing cotton crop simulation models, the phenological events or developmental rate processes are not parameterized as a function of CO2. I wanted to investigate this since it will impact model results in case if the phonology is affected by atmospheric CO2 levels.
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Well,I was trying to extract phenology parameters by timesat-3.3. However , there are 3 types of land cover, and their numbers of seasons in 1 year are different. And I input the Globe30 data to TIMESAT to divide different land cover type, but the software return an error, say”read end of file ,unit30000,D:\timesat\globe30.tif”
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Oh, I’ve known it. That just because the number of columns is different with the time series data.
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I am trying to find a simple method to calculate degree-day accumulation for the small tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae). The development of this species is not directly related to the ambient temperature (Bryant et al. 1997).
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I have not studied this issue.
All best wishes for your continuing successes,
Prof.Dr.Otar Shainidze
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When a Maize plant is given normal condition for growth development, stand & establishment, it grows without tillering. But, when it get infected by any infestans for eg, Stem borer or FAW that infestes on Plant whorl making it unable to grow any further tall.
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Dear Radhakrishna Bhandari Modern maize (Zea mays L.) has descended from teosinte (Zea maxicana L.) possibly through a macromutation with pleiotropic effects including preclusion of tillering habit. In cases of early pathogen infection, insect induced or physical damage, "tillering" genes get activated in order to sustain pertetuity of the modern maize. To my opinion, such a phenomenon in modern maize is the relic of tillering ability of its ancestral species.
Best wishes, AKC
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I intend to study the relation between the beginning of the flowering season for different wooden plant species and the meteorological conditions over the years. For that I need to identify those periods from satellite imagery.
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You can use Landsat-8.
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I am working on my thesis and am trying to find a suitable way to analyze plant phenology data. I want to analyze the effect of different long term treatments on the average flowering time of tallgrass prairie angiosperms. Specifically I am analyzing the effect of frequency of treatment and season of treatment on plant flowering times. My treatments are annual burn, quadrennial burn, annual mow, and quadrennial mow. Each of these treatments were carried out in either spring, summer, or fall in different plots with three replicate plots for each season. Including the three control treatments where no burning or mowing was carried out I sampled a total of 39 plots. I recorded data roughly twice a week through the entire growing season in 2020 where I recorded the species flowering in each plot and a rough estimate of the number of flowers for each species within each plot. I would also like to find a way to compare the biodiversity between different treatment groups. I can calculate the Shannon Weiner index based on the maximum number of flowers for each species that appear in the plots but I am unsure as to how I can do a comparison between all of the treatments at once to provide a clearer picture. I will attach a copy of my excel spreadsheet containing my sampling data for the year, hopefully that will provide a clearer understanding of what I am attempting to accomplish with this study. If anybody on this site has experience analyzing plant phenology samples I welcome your input. Thank you for taking the time to answer my question.
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To get the overall picture of your result, you may be needed to make pivot table using your data in excel sheet.
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I usually find it confusing when I see the comparison of varieties suitable for different locations, having different days to flowering and days to maturity, different plant heights, very old vs latest and then concluding only on NUE parameters.
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Maybe this paper can help you. It's about NUE
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Dear all,  
I am currently a guest editor for the special issue "Mediterranean Olive Trees and Olive Oil under Climate Change", which will be published by the journal Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395, 2019 JCR impact factor = 2.259, Quartile 1).
The deadline is June 2021. Please feel free to contact me if you are interested and also feel free to disseminate this message in your groups.
Yours sincerely,
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Bon courage et bonne chance Olfa
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Many field experiments particularly for crop plants faces challenges from sowing to germination to phenology up until yield. Too much a few of these challenges includes birds infestation, microbial reactions on seed, pest infestation and other abiotic stress.
To this effect most experimental unit looses alot of plant stands. When do we then consider this plots a missing plot in Soybean and Groundnut and at what density? Possible articles please...
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At what density can a particular genotype in a unit of interest be considered a missing plot for data quality reasons.
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I came out to realize that a person who is enlisted as an author of some publications that I am the REAL AUTHOR, is marked instead of me. How do I change that?
Example:
Standardized sampling plan for Aphis gossypii based on the cotton cultivar, plant phenology and crop size
  • March 2019
  • Journal of Applied Entomology
  • DOI:
  • 10.1111/jen.12639
  • Lab:
  • Carlos Alberto Domingues da Silva's Lab
  • 📷Tamíris Alves de Araújo
  • 📷Lucia Avelino
  • 📷Nilson Rodrigues Silva
  • 📷Cristina S. Bastos
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How it is possible?
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There are different phenological stages exist of crop from growing stage to emergence , tillering,flowering,grain setting to maturity. How to determine the duration of each stage if we have total growing days e.g if I have total 150 days of wheat crop and I want to find duration of each growing stages. Moreover there are four growth stages according to FAO like initial,development,mid and late stages. How we can map these four stages with phenological stages?
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Hi Gitika
There exist several different systems for the classification of growth stages. I would recommend to use the BBCH scale (Lancashire et al., 1991; Annals of Applied Biology), which is a uniformed version of the code for cereals by Zadoks et al (1974; Weed Research). This system allows you to classify the growth stages relatively easy and accurately in the field (see DOI: 10.5073/20180906-074619 for detailed information on several crops). To answer your question on how to get the duration of specific phenological stages: First of all you need to frequently rate the growth stage of your crop. The frequency of your rating is mainly determined by the accuracy you want to obtain, the current growth stage and the environmental conditions. From these ratings you then infer the phenological phase you are interested in. For example in wheat, the vegetative phase would be between BBCH 01 and BBCH 31, the reproductive phase between BBCH 31 and BBCH 65 etc.. So your duration would be the difference in days between those growth stages. It is recommended to use growing-degree-days / thermal time (°Cd) rather than calendar days to measure the duration of phenological stages. These are corrected for temperature effects, which affect phenology depending on your environment. Thus it is easier to compare data from different locations or years.
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how to note Phenological stages of wheat for making graph and tables for research paper ?please help
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You can note the following Phenological traits in maize
1- days to emergence
2-days to booting
3- days to 5% or 50% heading
4-days to pollen shedding
5-days to grain filling
6-days to physiological maturity
All should be calculated from date of sowing
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I have built a phylogenetic tree using categorical functional traits, such as pollination and dispersion syndromes, phenology, etc. Now, I can see the dicotomies and the points in which the plant species diverge, lineages, and so on. However, the interpretation itself seems to be a little tricky because I want to go with quantitative and qualitative discussion but don't know where to start from.
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@Rutger A. Vos
First of all, thank you very much for your help. This answer solved many of my conflicts. I'll try to make the analysis again, taking into account these suggestions. I was particularly intrigued by the non-evolutive meaning of the tree, but now you clarified it way better. I appreciate your attention and support. Have a great day!
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In general, plants host endophytes (bacteria and fungi) depending on phenological conditions.
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) has been widely recognized to be associated with endophytes and especially fungal species.
I am wondering if there are nettle leaves without any endophytic colonization?
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we've alreday isolated endophytes from diverse spontaneaous plant species, we found very interesting bacterial endophytes from Urtica urens. See (Krimi et al., 2016). Good luck!
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I am trying to pick a platform to be used for web/mobile based entry, management, storage and sharing of the data coming form biodiversity surveys (i.e. occupancy, density, phenology, etc.). Could anyone recommend an existing tool that may serve this purpose?
Thank you in advance.
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Hi Tigran,
I can just confirm the answers of my successors regarding your question. GBIF is certainly the best tool in this regard offering I guess even DOI numbers for your published data set(s). Other tools and rather specific for your purpose are only normal cloud services (GoogleDrive, JustCloud,...).
What may be interesting for you is however TRY data base
run by a consortia of different research institutions.
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Hello everyone,
I am trying to process MODIS images from a study area, I want to extract phenology metrics and I have seen that the most used software is TIMESAT. I have already extracted phenological metrics from certain pixels but I want to do it in a full image. It is possible to automate the process in TIMESAT to extract the information of the metrics? Or anyone knows other software where I can do that?
Thanks in advance
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Thank you R. Hadria, I will do it right away.
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On the basis of Phenology, Morphology and Molecular leve.
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I have been looking for information about the duration of the activity of pollinators after they emerge. I am aware that this will vary among species. However, there may be some average value.
I have found a lot of information about phenological decoupling but non of them specify (or at least I have not found it) what is the length of the activity period in the case of insect pollinators.
Can anyone help me?
Thanks in advance
:)
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En el caso de las abejas meliferas las obreras que son las polinizadoras, ellas viven durante aproximadamente de 4 a 6 semanas, pero en los trópicos y subtropicos estas sobreviven gracias a su sociabilidad, por lo que ellas están polinizando siempre y cuando las poblaciones de abejas, con las nuevas generaciones en los apiarios tengan reservas de miel y polen, con poblaciones de abejas obreras, y que existan flores que tengan néctar y polen para la sobrevivencias de las abejas, o sea la relación planta-abeja.
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Tree phenology generally refer to calendar of events taking place in life history of a tree. It includes from leaves emergence to fruit or seed setting all for a silviculturist. I want to focus on phenology of flowering and fruiting of trees vis and vis seed quality, determination of seed maturity indices and finally impact on viability/ seed germination. Is there any such studies or corelation has been develop for tropical trees specially Anthocephalus cadamba syn. Neolamarckia cadamba . If such studies carried out any other tree species are also welcome to share.
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I think that Phenological studies in trees must be done every season by Foretsry department. The data could indicate several informations about climate change, impact of environmental conditions...
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Many of my friends are advocating to use high tech approaches, at great expense, versus local field assistants. For example, the use of drones to monitor phenology, rather than have a person walk through the forest and look. A local assistant will see things like aborted fruits, or which animal is eating the fruit, or if fruits have lots of insect damage. Local assistants add to local conservation efforts and build linkages between researchers and the community. So the question is, why are people flocking to high tech approaches, when in, my humble opinion, the data is worse and the values for conservation is poor.
Thanks for your thoughts.
Colin
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This is partly driven by the need for novelty to publish in high-impact journals, but there are also other possible advantages of high-tech approaches. First, you can standardize them. If you have done phenological observations yourself, you will know that however hard you try to formalize what you do there is always a subjective element. Change the observer and you get a 'step' in the results. Standardizing across sites so you can compare them is even more difficult. Secondly, the view of a drone flying over the canopy can potentially be used to calibrate satellite observations, leading eventually to the 'holy grail' of canopy phenology studies: 24-7 global phenology monitoring. This is what the Earth System Models used to model global climate really need. If you have the funding and people, do both, since no tech approach is as good as human vision and the brain that interprets it, and what happens under the canopy is at least as important for reproductive phenology.
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I am interested in taking tissue samples of chilli plant at suitable stages.
Please guide.
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@Manoj Kumar Dabi,
Please take a look at the attached article.
Regards
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Epigenetics is the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. Genetics involve with change of DNA sequence. Then what is more effecting.....
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Thank you.
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  • Where can I download the phenological products of usgs?
  • What other phenological products are available for download ?
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You can check phenology observational data from National Phenology Network:
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I want explore the consolidated plan rather to ameliorate discussion on age of tree, produce of tree that drain nutrients etc. The dose and its time of application is very important, consider the phenological phases of tree.
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Mango trees require regular applications of nitrogen fertilizer to promote healthy growth flushes and flower production. ... Sandy soils require more fertilizer than loam or clay. Fertilizer may be a 1:1:1 or 1:2:2 N-P-K ratio formulations, such as 14-14-14 or 10-20-20 N-P-K.
Manures and fertilizers may be applied in September – October. Fertilizers are applied 45 to 90 cm away from the trunk up to the peripheral leaf drip and incorporated
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We need a list of species associated with functional traits that allow us to characterize the functional diversity and its possible relationships with different phenological events of each group.
Thank you very much in advance !!
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Hi everyone.
I am looking for remote-sensing product that would give the date (day of year) freezup and breakup for pixels (~5 km resolution) in the Arctic. Before calculating it myself, I would like to know if such product is already available.
Cheers,
Phil
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Thank you
Guillermo Auad
I will have a good look at this article. Thanks again.
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The package bipartite in R is extremely useful for those of us who study plant-animal interactions. The plotweb function gives you a visual representation of two sets of species that interact, such as plants and pollinators. I am attaching an example of my study area, published in Gonzalez O, Loiselle BA. (2016) Species interactions in an Andean bird–flowering plant network: phenology is more important than abundance or morphology. PeerJ 4:e2789 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2789
I want to order the species by the number of interations, from high to low in this graph. If you can share me the piece of code that is needed to do so, I will be very grateful.
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Dear Oscar Gonzalez, you can use sortweb(data, sort.order="dec") function before you using plotweb() function.
e.g.,
data(Safariland)
plotweb(sortweb(Safariland, sort.order="dec"), method="normal") # Decreasing
plotweb(sortweb(Safariland, sort.order="inc"), method="normal") # Increasing
Hai-Dong
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I would like to classify cropping system based on phenological pattern using a Raster Stack.
Recently, I have known that there are several methods can be used for classifying cropping system and land use such as Support Vector Machines, Random Forest etc.
Could anybody help me to apply it into a raster stack using R language?
Thanks.
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That is what we exactly did in our paper. Get back to me if you encounter any issues.
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In our department we are currently developing approaches to derive vegetation parameters across large areas from mostly optical dataset (Sentinel-2 and Landsat).
However, a commonly faced challenge is to derive some sort of mosaics that allows the application of a regression or classification algorithm across large areas without a substantial part of the investigated areas being affected by artefacts caused for example by clouds, phenological differences, shadows, etc.
I am aware of algorithms like STAR-FM (combining Landsat and MODIS) and some other Landsat-interpolation approaches (e.g., applying the Google Earth Engine to calculate median values for a certain time period etc.).
However, the options for Sentinel-2 are still sparse and many of the existing algorithms seem to be not readily available on open-source platforms (STAR-FM might be an exception).
So my question: What kind of appraoches do you use for large-scale applications of optical satellite data like Landsat and Sentinel? Anyone aware of some interesting new approaches currently being developed?
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Hi,
I think we rather succeeded i doing so with Sentinel2 data, using a good atmospheric correction and cloud detection software (MAJA), and a monthly synthesis software based on a weighted average method (WASP). It works well over land at least in summer (a few issues to solve over water). WASP and MAJA are available.
More info :
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We want to measure the influence of climate change on the growth, phenology and yield of diverse genotypes of wheat, while using modified sowing dates. But what kinds of parameter should taken to ascertain the effects of climate variability ?
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To quantify the impacts of climate variability on growth, you can measure root-shoot ratio (RSR), relative growth rate (RGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA), plant height, and number of tillers per plant.
For phenology suggested parameters are days to flowering, day to maturity, floret primodium initiation, anthesis date, duration from emergence to anthesis, duration from sowing to maturity, and growing degree days for yield you can measure number of spikes per plant, number of spikelets per spike, number of spikes per square metre, spike length (cm), number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, harvest index, grain yield per plant and seed index.
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I am doing crop system classification for paddy field.
I recently employed MODIS products (MOD13Q1) and used R software for building the algorithm.
I know some method such as Empirical Mode Decomposition and Linear Mixture Model, but I don't have any idea how to apply it into algorithm based on RASTER STACK TIME SERIES using R.
I will be glad if you can share your knowledge about that.
Great thanks!
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you can use these method or time series NDVI layer stacking for crop classification using unsupervised classification
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I am doing analysis of MODIS data in order to build yield model from the Vegetation Indices.
Recently, I used R since I have found it's been used widely by many research regarding time series Remote Sensing.
I found several packages, but it was still confusing me, "what should I do first with my Raster data downloaded from USGS?" before I use the packages to analysis my stack of data.
If you have some best practice tutorial, I will be glad if you can share it to me!
Many thanks!
Regards.
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You need to know the seasonal transition parameters in order to extract phenology data out of remote sensing time-series data. I recommend you yo check TIMESAT (http://web.nateko.lu.se/timesat/timesat.asp) for the extraction of these parameters which are mainly: beginning of season, end of season,length of season, time of middle of season, maximum value, amplitude etc. You can model the same approach or try different fittings for your time series data with R but the main idea is explained briefly in the software manual.
After extracting phenological data you can build your own model between yield and vegetation indices.
You can also check our study, performed with Landsat data, which is not totally aiming yield prediction but stating that the use of phenological data for agricultural applications helps to improve accuracy:
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a. plant first day of green up stage and last day of complete leaf coloring stage?
b. Relationship between plant phenology, biodiversity and biomass of plant species?
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I want fit a beta growth model like  Wang and Engel, 1998 (DOI: 10.1016/S0308-521X(98)00028-6) to simulate phenology of  mung bean (Vigna radiata). How to determine the days required to attain a phenophase after getting models parameters from a non linear fit?
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Phenological development means Growth stages calculated by the formula Tmax + Tmin/2-BT,
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I have 7 images in 2D from different angles of a plant. To measure the plant growth, I need to create the 3D version of them to treat all in Matlab by using graph cut techniques in 3D. (I have many different phenological phases of the plant in images) I have attached the examples of the pictures. Could you please recommend any free tool or an algorithm to apply like using SIFT and processing some other methods in cascade etc.? Thank you for your reply in advance.
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This is an image-based 3D reconstruction problem. You can search SFM (Structure from motion) or MVS (multi view stereo) to get more information.
There are free softwares like VisualSFM and OpenMVG can do the job.
Free online platform like Altizure (https://www.altizure.com/).
Also in matlab you can find similar function like
But 7 images may not enough for the whole plant reconstruction. It is better to have 60% overlap between each two images. Hope you get a good result.
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Does the cumulative (day degree) of a plant consider mean temperatures or maximum temperatures?
Est-ce que le cumul (degré jour) d’une plante prend en considération les températures moyennes ou les températures maximales ?
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Cumulative temperature is expressed in degree-hours or degree-days. For each day, degree-hours are determined as the product of the length of time, in hours, during which temperatures are above the standard, and the amount, in degrees, by which the mean temperature of the period exceeds the standard. Division of the resulting degree-hour value by 24 gives a value in degree-days. Summation of either over the period of interest creates the accumulated temperature.
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We want to correlate in situ phenological data of growth with images from pheno-cam and with satellite images in small territories as patches of shrublands
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Dear Andrés,
There is nothing to prevent you from correlating any two datasets. So the immediate answer to your question is: yes, it is possible. The main issue is to establish whether the numerical result makes sense.
A pheno-cam typically generates Red-Green-Blue (RGB) images, like any digital camera (including those available on smartphones), and often also include a near-infrared (NIR) spectral band.
These devices may be quite convenient to visually monitor the evolution of vegetation over some period of time, but don't be fooled by the hype and marketing that surrounds those equipments: their outputs are not physical measurements, only qualitative images!
What I mean is that those cameras rarely come with a detailed description of their spectral responses, of the relevant point-spread function, of the characteristics of the optics (e.g., various types of aberration or geometric distortion), or of their spectral and radiometric calibration. Yes, you might be able to retrieve numerical values for the individual channels, but considering those as precise and accurate measurements comparable to those obtained from a properly characterized spaceborne instrument would, in most cases, be grossly misleading.
Second, such cameras generate very different observations than a typical space-based instrument. Some of the key differences include:
- the ground area actually monitored, which is most often tiny for the pheno-cam, compared with that observed from space. Do you have protocols and reliable methods to deal with those spatial scale issues?
- the level of detail in the images of both devices is very different. How will you address the spatial resolution issues?
- most of the pheno-cams deployed in the field are configured to acquire large collections of pictures throughout periods that last from days to seasons or perhaps years, while satellite observations are rarely obtained more than once a day (at the spatial scale and resolution of interest here), and always within a short range of local times. Which data sets will you be comparing?
- it is highly unlikely that the spectral response of your pheno-cam matches that of any particular spaceborne instrument. How will you deal with differences in spectral sensitivity between those devices?
- both types of instruments acquire their data from very different observation angles: the pheno-cam mostly from angles closer to the horizon and the satellite device from angles mostly closer to nadir. Do you have the tools and techniques required to document the reflectance anisotropy of your environment in such a way that you can meaningfully compare both data sets?
- how will you ascertain the maintenance of your pheno-cam during the period of observation, to clean the instrument and in particular the optics? The longer that period, the more likely birds and insects will make that device part of their home environment... Which brings another related issue: how can you guarantee that your instrument is stable in time? To what extent are the images acquired sensitive to ambient temperature or humidity, for instance? How, or to what extent, can you guarantee that those images are even numerically comparable with each other over the duration of the acquisition?
- the pheno-cam, being close to the land surface, will generally be able to observe more or less continuously the environment of interest, except if there is a dense low-level fog or perhaps very intense precipitation event. Remote sensing observations of the surface will not be possible, or reliable, when there are clouds or dense aerosols in he scene. You can filter out these events, but the question remains as to how you are going to address the issue of separating the radiometric contributions of the surface and of the atmosphere in both measurements, even and especially when both are technically available.
The point of raising these issues is not to discourage you form using a pheno-cam, but to make you aware of the complexity of doing hard-core quantitative science with those observations. Again, it is trivial to install such a device, collect large amounts of images, and visualize apparent changes. Those steps may be useful to stimulate questions or to raise awareness about changes that occur on time scales different from what one would normally experience by looking at the environment on a particular day. But that's a far cry from conducting a scientific experiment. Similarly, it is easy to feed two datasets into a computer program and generate a correlation coefficient, but the proper interpretation of such a result in a scientific context would be impossible without carefully considering issues such as those mentioned above.
I suggest you pay great attention to the specification of the goals and purposes of your investigation, to think carefully about the probable contributions of the various information sources you are planning to use, to setup clear and well documented protocols for the data acquisition from each of these sources, and to associate appropriate models and analysis procedures to manipulate these data in a meaningful way. The deployment of a particular statistical tool should be congruent with the intrinsic characteristics of your inputs and the nature of your desired outputs. Or, to come back to your initial question: what are you expecting to do with such a correlation coefficient?
Good luck in your research. Michel.
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I have counted numbers of individual of different species which have divided into eight different phenological states. Now I want to calculate diversity indices, should I need to add all stages of phenology of given date?
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I agree with Andrew. It is not possible.
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I am looking for some information on the use of degree-day based stage-structured insect phenology model using SAS. Such models use degree-day requirements for insect growth alongside field collected data on insect phenology. Because the field data represent different overlapping stages/instars in the field at the same time, these are stage-structured data. I want to know if it is possible to write such models using SAS. Any advise on coding such models in SAS is appreciated. Thanks in advance.
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Thank you for your response and for the link. The information is definitely good but I am specifically looking for stage structured models and codes in SAS than general degree day info. Thanks though for your input. 
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Climate change is recognized to affect marine organism phenology. But what about fishing activities? Did anyone read any article dealing with the effects of fishing activities on marine organisms phenology (shift in reproduction period, migration season...)?
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Dear all,
Thanks a lot for your answer and sorry for the delay of mine, I wanted to take the time to read carefully all the literature you sent in order to answer you as precisely as possible.
# To J.M. Zorrilla: First, I would like to thank you for your article recommendation. However I did not found the answer to my question in these papers. I detail why below:
1. Brown et al 2016: focus on the climate change and the methodology to use for predicting species spatial change
2. Hobday & Pecl 2014: focus on climate change (ocean warming, pH, oxygenation) nothing about the effect of fishing on marine organism phenology (reproduction time, migration time...).
3. Jennings & Kaiser 1998: Really interesting article (my holy article :D) but the fact that I did not find anything about the effect of fishing on phenology decided me to send this present message :)
4. Halpern et al 2008: Nothing on phenology (again change in reproduction time, migration time...).
I try to read these articles as careful as possible, but J.M. did I miss something about phenology? Basically I am wondering if fishing activities can shift the period of reproduction or migration of aquatic species? Any guess ?
# To Tariq H. Y. Al-Maliky
I am certainly aware that fishing activities may change "marine life", but my questions was focus on the effect of fishing activities on phenology
Again thank you very much for your help !
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This year the "Kanikonna" - scientific name "Cassia fistula" has blossomed so early unlike in normal years as like in the month of April, Vishu Festival which is the beginning of Kerala New Year.  The traditional knowledge of indigenous people says that it is connected to the incoming drought or wet situation that may occur but this say is  without any scientific basis., I wish to get some information from those who have done any similarity studies on this aspect..
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 Dear
in your observed tree it may be a falling fruit (fruit senescence),  because some species retain fruiting still the next flowering season sets OR - It depends on frequency of rainfall pattern and temperature, you must have data of leafing, flowering and fruiting, it may be because of intermittent rainfall, some species respond to leaf and flower bud but they may fail to set  fruiting due (lack of pollinator) 
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The authors of “Seasonal changes of physiological parameters in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) buds“ (Scientia Horticulturae 172 (2014) 183–190) used data (biochemical analyses of sweet cherry buds with a temporal resolution of 1 week) to confirm their hypothesis that the date of the first peak (maximum) of the ABA concentration in winter (see their Fig. 2 A) is related with the “release of endodormancy”. Unfortunately, they did not explain sufficiently how they tested if this date really coincide with the “real” release date and how the “real” release date was identified, respectively. I assume that they determined this “real” release date as the first date after that some (or all? This was not described!) buds of twigs, which were cut at this date, were able to reach the beginning of blossom under controlled conditions in a climate chamber.
Because of the temporal resolution of 1 week, there could be a random difference of some days between the “ABA-date” (peak of ABA) and the “climate chamber date”. Probably this difference will be increased by uncertainties in the determination of the “climate chamber date” and other unpredictabilities. Let us assume that the standard deviation s (of the yearly data, not of the mean values) of this date-difference is about 5 days (5 d), and that the difference is normal distributed with zero mean and that the data of different winters are statistically independent. In this case the 95% “confidence” interval (:=Conf95) for the mean difference is +/- t(0.975, n-1)*s/SQRT(n) (n=number of years; t(0.975, f) = 97.5% t-quantile with f degrees of freedom). For n=2 (the number of years used in the article) we get Conf95 = +/- 12.7 * 5 d/SQRT(2) = +/- 45 d. This means that the year to year deviations of both dates (even of the means over the n years) could be very large and the good coincidence in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 could have been achieved by pure accident.
Therefore the conclusion that the ABA-peak defines the end of endodormancy is unreasonable. The authors had better waited until spring 2014 to involve a third year in order to decrease the uncertainty [see attached figure; with n=3 the Conf95 reduces to +/- 12.5 d (better but is yet very wide!), provided that s remains as small as 5 days].
For the validation of chilling models also more then two years of data are required. For a successful comparison of two models, more than 5 (probably 10 and more) years are necessary. See my OpenReview of the present article.
By the way: There are a number of important publications dealing with this group of themes which are not mentioned in this article. These articles advocate different or even contrary hypotheses concerning the role of ABA for the release of dormancy. These articles are:
Chao WS, Foley ME, Horvath DP, Anderson JV (2007) Signals regulating dormancy in vegetative buds. Int J Plant Dev Biol 1:49–56.
Faust M, Erez A, Rowland LJ, Wang SY, Norman HA (1997) Bud dormancy in perennial fruit trees: physiological basis for dormancy induction, maintenance, and release. HortScience 32:623–629.
Rinne P, Hänninen H, Kaikuranta P, Jalonen JE, Repo T (1997) Freezing exposure releases bud dormancy in Betula pubescens and B. pendula. Plant Cell Environ 20:1199–1204.
Horvath D (2010) Bud dormancy and growth. In: Pua EC, Davey MR (eds) Plant developmental biology—biotechnological perspectives.
Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 53–70.
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Does anybody have an idea about root phenology of rice?
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use scaner to get the root image and then analyze it using a softwere, such as WinRHIZO 
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effects of industrial water pollution on the phenology, yield and production of rice pakistan papers
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Interesting. It has relation with the occurrence of agriculture drought (extent, severity) as well, as both - rainfall patterns and penology changes. Besides, microbial (soil) activities and population also changes. This calls for more detailed ecological studies for managing drought risk as well (in South Asia) 
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I want to know about the coding methods for analyzing phenological changes, which is applied in Indian Himalayan Biodiversity
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Thank you all..
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What is the zero temperature for the development of plants, for the different phenological stages?
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An example might be the date when the trees in an orchard will have flowers that will be fully opened. This means a lot if you have to consider the best day to spray against a specific fungi, for example.
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Trees are very scarce in arid regions and more or less restricted to water catchment areas. What are the most important parameters that should be studied, specially in remote areas and difficult to access periodically.
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During phenol equilibration hydroquinoline is added as an indicator. But what is the role of mercaptoethanol here?
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Betamercaptoethanol  has long been used  as a reducing agent such as an  denaturing  agent  for proteins by breaking the disulfide bonds between the cysteine residues and for removing the tanins and polyphenols  & in the DNA isolations . 
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I am asking for plant reproductive phenophase synchronization.
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Thanks Ramirez for your article  and infomraiotn
sena
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Hi,
I needed to prepare water saturated phenol for RNA extraction. I did as following: liquefy crystal phenol at 60oC, then add 100ml of liquefied phenol to beaker and followed by adding equal volume of DEPC-treated water, and mixed it by stir-bar. After waiting about 40min, I see three layers, the lowest is transparent, the more upper (middle) is milky, and the higest is transparent. I pipetted off two the uppers and repeated with second adding of equal volume of the lowest. After mixing and wating about 40 min, I could not see phenol phase. What did I do wrongly ? I think crystal phenol is in good condition.
One more, the water saturated phenol will used for RNA extraction. I did not treat container with DEPC , just autoclaved them. Is it safe for RNA working ?
P/S: I am a beginner, and poor for taking such experiment!
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Could anyone please suggest me a suitable protocol for determining SCFA ,amino acids,Bile acid, phenolics, sterols , indoles and heterocyclic amines in Human fecal samples using UHPLC-MS and GC-MS?I want to study the effect of different dietary habits on these metabolites.Can I use  same method for different biofluids?For example,The method tested on urine can exactly be applied on fecal samples?
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Hi Abhishek,
This paper may be of help to aid your comparison of methodologies.
Regards,
Chigozie
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For small scale areas you can reach your goal at least for certain plants with a simple regression model. For larger areas like big countries or continents I still don't have a proper solution. My models include linear and squared elevation, latitude, distance from sea etc., but the deviations are still to high. I've tried also some kriging methods but also without success. The uneven distribution of observation points is another problem - in certain regions I have mean distances of a few kilometers and others with more than 100km. I'm sure there are many smart ideas available.
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Yes it does.
Thanks very much. I will get back with you if I have new thoughts.
Regards
Alain
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I'm working on forest phenology-climate change relation in Yunnan, China. From literature review, I knew that in tropics and semi-arid areas rainfall controls vegetation phenology, but could'nt find any models on what degree to affect daily precipitation on vegetation phenology.
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Dear
Phenology is area, species and environmental factor specific, hence you can analyse seasonality for your data and even it differs annually.  Refer - LPC Morellato and Zar 
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Hi all, I would like to ask if there is any current database for plant phenology information, particularly in Southeast Asia? Thanks!
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You might find some older, qualitative data on masting in SE Asia here: http://lists.phylodiversity.net/pipermail/mastwatch-phylodiversity.net/
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These will be used in cold, boreal conditions. Thanks!
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You need to use Quick or permanent slides
1. Grade lens 10X or 7X
2. objective lens 4 to 40 X or more 100X
3. Micro metric slides
Then you can detect the size, thickness and arrangement of cells in their tissues and neighboring tissues   
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We are investigating climate impacts on sugar maples (and other maple species) in the production of maple syrup. This process is very dependent on climate, requiring freezing night temperatures, and thawing day temperatures. We would like to request large volumes of data from people who are tapping the trees across its range in North America (Eastern Canada to Southern Appalachians). I'm trying to determine the best online platform where people can contribute multiple fields of data. 
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In addition to the above answers, you might see if you are able to create a project through the Zooniverse platform (https://www.zooniverse.org/), as they now have a "build your own project" feature. It is doesn't fit your needs, perhaps contact the developers,whom are located in the US and UK from my understanding. Alternatively, you could explore if local NGOs or museums would have interest in your project and helping you develop your own database that citizen scientists can contribute. An Australian example of a project collective supported by a museum is the Bowerbird project (bowerbirds famously collect things for the nesting sites, so the project name is metaphorical rather than literal: http://www.bowerbird.org.au/). It might also be worth checking SciStarter (http://scistarter.com/index.html), which is a project finder, to see if anyone else is doing a similar project you could collaborate with.
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Besides the study published by Chapotin et al. (2003. Plant Cell Environm), I am searching another publications focused on succulent flowers, especially in physiological terms. However, any other kind of work would also be useful (floral biology, pollination, herbivory, phenology, taxonomy...). 
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Look up the literature on the pollination of Rafflesia (American Journal of Botany?).  What about succulent inflorescences?  There's a lot of literature on pollination in Araceae. and most insect-pollinated species are associated with a highly succulent spadix, right?  If you are going to look up ajclepiads in South Africa it's my impression that Hoya spp. from Asia are even more succulent.  
Also, would you regard some eumagnoliids and ANITA group families (Magnolia, Anona, Degenaria, Zygogynum, Winterys. Nymphaea, Nuphard, Schizandra, etc.) as succulent based on  their fleshy tepals and turgid ovaries?  There's a lot of literature on their pollination systems.  Once again, many epidendroid and cypripedioid orchids are treated as succulent flowers due to their thick, long-lived perianth segments that retain water due to increased, internal vascularization and heavy, external cutinization. That's supposed to be the main reason why they tend to out-live flowers of other taxa in the same habit (see attached).
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Phenology and soil nutrients
Literature with this topic just reach few...
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Thanks your answer, Dr. Srivastava. Your answer gave me some enlightenment.
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I am looking at effects of insecticide application on forest arthropods and would like to test the influence of various species traits (e.g. phenology, voltinism, dispersal ability, feeding type, habitat stratum...) on these impacts. I am looking for such information for various groups of temperate forest arthropods with an emphasis on Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. Thank you!
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Dear Thiago and Jean-François,
First thank you very much for your answers. I am going to dig in these databases now.
The second database is available using this link: http://biotraits.ucla.edu/
Access to the data is available from the associated publication (link right below the title in the pdf reader).
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I have come across sugarcane model from Brazil, which I could not download, although I have copy of this model paper published
Our interests are phenology prediction, biomass growth rates over a period of time, partitioning into plant parts, water-nitrogen stress effects, quality in terms of culturable sugar (CCS) (simple model)
Model like QUEFTS to be modified for inclusion of Fe, Mn, B effects alongwith NPK (another vision)
Phenology prediction like Sinclair approach 
regards
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Thanks Jacob, Brazil group is working on the sugarcane model, now again I will have to search the link and then pass it on to you shortly
regards
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I have came across some publications about CERES, AFRCWHEAT2, WE models. But other crop models, for example STICS and APSIM, have also module for phenology simulation. Is there a nice review about this topic?
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Hi: The precision of phenology prediction is dependent on both, model structure and the data base and the method of parameterization. We published a paper on wheat phenology simulation using a quite large data base for the parametrization.
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I'm working with the science department of the Leysin American School in Switzerland. We're setting up a long-term project for students to monitor landscape changes (particularly ecology) to observe species movements and phenology as the climate changes. We hope this will be a decades-long study that educates students at the same time. We're looking for advice, resources, and potential collaborators.
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You may use also: NADIG: Die Orthopteren. In :NADIG - SCHWEIZER - TREPP: Die Verbreitung der Heuschrecken auf einem Diagonalprofil durch den Alpen. Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubünden, N.F. 106, 2. Teil, 227-380.
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Who knows references of monographs of the field of phenology? I was wondering whether there are overviews written in the spirit of Schnelle (1955), Lieht (1974), Schwartz (2003) and Hudson and Keatley (2010) that lie undiscovered in personal archives and libraries.
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Dear This, I am not aware of further phonological archives in Belgium. I wish you success in your work. Best regards, Gaston R. Demarée
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I found many indices measuring flowering synchrony among individuals of one species, but, I am looking for an indice that quantifies flowering synchrony among species. Thank you.
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You could think in time as a resource and use a overlap index to estimate synchrony between species. The index range from 0 (no overlap) up to 1 (total overlap). The species are lines in your dataset and months are the columns, inside cells you can have the percentage of individual activity per month. 
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I am interested in accurate research works that show upper and lower thresholds of temperature and/or rainfall that influence the growth in forest tree species in Europe. Changing climate conditions are expected to highly influence tree species distribution and phenology; thresholds provide relevant information for an understanding of these phenomena. 
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First of all, thank you for spending time to answer. The issue is more complicate than it may seen at first glance. Fast dying out as a consequence of extreme climate conditions is difficult to analyse because it can be an exceptional event to which add various different biological, site, soil, and possibly management factors. I would call it a 'catastrophic' or 'shock' event. However, events like this have always occurred and are 'part' of climate variability.   What I mean instead is, the thresholds for tree growth above and below which growth starts to increase or reduce as a main trend. For example - and roughly - two weeks of average daily temperature above 9 degrees without any occurrence of daily temperature  below 0 degrees  are considered by some authors an approximate threshold for the start of silver fir growth in spring in Italy. 
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In the distributed eco-hydrological model, such as Rhessys, Topog, Macaque, VIC, VIP, BEPS-TerrainLab, SWAT, tRIBS-VEGIE, and so on, how do they decide the start and end of growing season or other growing states?
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ECOHYDROLOGICAL MODELS COUPLE THE WATER BALANCE AND e.g., THE GROWTH RATES OF TREES. THE LINK IS IN THE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RATE AND/OR IN THE SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT AVAILABLE FOR TREE GROWTH. MOST OF THESE MODELS ARE LOCAL IN NATURE SINCE THESE MODELS ARE HIGHLY SENSITIVE TO THE  BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.
REGARDS
J. NAVAR, Ph.D 
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There are many phenology models, each of them need threshold to decide the phenology event should occur or not. The threshold often set by emprical and differs between PFTs or vegetation types. In a distribute ecohydrology model, the temperature and soil moisture and other variables vary among grids, so do these thresholds also need to vary among grids? 
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     Thanks for all your reply! All of your answers give me useful information. I just add some additional information as follows:
     I want to simulate the interactions between water and plant growth in a watershed with several different land uses, use a distribute ecohydrological model. In such model constructure, the study area is divided into many grids. Every  grid has its own data to describe the meteorology, topography and so on. Phenology palys an important role in this simulation.
      For different plant species, the thresholds may be different. But if a  plant species covers majority of the watershed, should the threshold specified for this plant type varies among different locations?   
     Best regards!
Wei
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How I can determine the crop phenology and intercepted photosythetically active radiation (PAR) from remote sensing? what would be the procedure, can anyone help me?
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Dear Alamgir,
You will find the answer to your question, including data, products, publications and algorithms, on the following web site:
Let me know if you need anything else. Good luck! Michel.
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There are different phenology models based on different conditions or their combinations, such as temperature, VPD, soil moisture, photoperiod and so on. In a watershed, when conduct ecohydrology simulation, phenology plays an important role because it represent the vegetation dynamic. In a distribute ecohydrology model, the limiting resource is different among locatinos, does it need different phenology appoaches among different grids to discribe this difference?
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The size of the watershed and the slope of the watershed would determine if phenology is needed on a different grid. Relatively flat watersheds would have slightly varying differences in vegetation phenology whereas relatively steep watersheds would have widely varying vegetation phenology due to changes in air and soil temperature and light availability. 
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There are many phenolgy models, most of them are designed for arid and semi-arid regions, where the most limiting factor is soil water, so none of them consider the soil fertile influence. Whether or not the nurient content should be consider when simulating the phenology and how to consider this condtion?
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I think you would consider fertility the same way you would consider anything else...test it by attempting to keep the other major factors constant and varying the nutrient fertility.  
I have looked a bit at the phenology of breadfruit in Hawaii, where we have very broad ranges of rainfall, elevation (i.e. temperature) and lava flow age (i.e. soil nutrients).  The nutrients seem to affect the large scale timing (i.e. the age of a tree that it starts fruiting) but not the short scale timing (i.e. the time of year the tree fruits). From what Iʻve seen the temperature and rainfall have a much more substantial impact than to soil nutrients.  If you are interested in looking at this more in depth we are in the process of establishing a new phenology project.  I would be interested in talking and seeing if there is some potential collaboration opportunities.
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I need calibration inputs for agromet model. 
Thank you!!
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Thanks Ritodhi. Could you pl. send your mail id so that I may send it to Scientists who are working now in the Himalayas. Probably, they could assist you! Regards, Ranjan
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I would like to have an equation to estimate rice biomass from LAI at different phenological stages.
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I think remote sensing with hyperspectral data and gground based LAI and biomass have been done in several issues. You ay check references of Michio Shibayama, National Inst. of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba city Japan. saluti, GB
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I need saplings of the above mentioned trees to carry out my phenological experiment. I would be very thankful for any help.
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Grazie mille
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Under ME, dispersal rates are high enough to alter population abundances regardless of patch suitability, therefore maladapted species may be more prone to appear under MEs, and these maldapted species may be less likely to reach or to express, phenologically, good adaptations (such as maturity, flowering or fruits).
Whereas in species-sorting species it will be adapted to preferred habitat.
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Sorry,  Sanchez,
I have not enough data about your question? good luck.
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I need to know when the maximum growth of hypopharyngeal glands is seen in honeybee phenology?
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The hypopharyngeal glands reach their maximum size and weight when the honeybees are 8–12 days old (Crailsheim and Stolberg 1989; Knecht and Kaatz 1990; Lass and Crailsheim 1996; Hrassnigg and Crailsheim 1998). When honeybees are older than 12 days, the HPGs decrease in size (Fluri et al. 1982; Deseyn and
Billen 2005).
Kind regards
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I'm working on leaf phenology by using GLASS01A01 LAI product. I need some daily meteorological data (specially temperature, precipitation) to understand the relationship between leaf phenometrics (phenological trasition dates and some quantities such as base level and seasonal amplitude of LAI etc.). Unfortunately, so far I didn't find any satisfactory high-resolution daily precipitation products for China or East Asia during after 2000. Would anyone kindly introduce me good precipitation data product?
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Hi there Kwangchoi,
High Res precipitation data are produced by the Chinese Meteorological Survey in Beijing based on geo-stationnary brightness temperature observations. You should have access as a CAS member, no? The datasets are produced for the complete Chinese territory. Have a look at:
And contact the administration, to get access to MEASURED and remotely sensed precipitation data. Better than modeled ones, I figger. By the way these data are half-hourly and not daily or 8-daily as with MODIS.
Success,
Frank
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My research is to study responses of fruit flies to increasing temperature, aiming at disclose life strategies that organisms would employ to survive global warming.
Now I have two healthy Drosophila melanogaster strains: Canton-S and Oregon-R, which are widely used in various research.
My concern is whether I need to mix this two strains (with wild collected individuals or other wild-type strains) to establish a population with relatively higher genetic variation, or I could even use a full-sib line. For the two kinds of fundamental experimental set-up, I think the result would be significantly different. But for the former choice, how many strains should I mix? And why should I mix such a certain number of strains?
Could you give me some suggestions or papers regarding this issue?
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We did similar experiments, but with a different species (Chironomus riparius)- We created inbred as well as admixed, outcrossed strains and exposed them to elevated temperatures for several generations (paper in prep.). Similar studies we did for chemical stress with differing test designs. In order to answer your question, I need to understand better what exactly you want to test. What is your questions you want to answer?
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I have tried Phenology Modelling platform (PMP 5.5) software, facing errors while running the data. Is there any other alternate way to fit Extended BBCH scale for mango and weather parameters into any such models.
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You have to know the structure of the equation which u want.  Software such as SPSS is convenient and universally accepted.  You can try that
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Phenology of trees is strongly driven by environmental factors which influence the overall vigor and vitality of trees. Some phenological phases like Fruit development are very susceptible to stress. Would it be useful to create a method for tree vitality assessment through the phenological activity of a tree?
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Dear Ladislav, 
As you said, phenology of trees is strongly driven by environmental factors. Thus, the onset and duration of phenophases depends more on environmental factors than on the vitality status of the tree. This is true that flowering and fruit maturation can affect tree fitness (ie. the genetic contribution of a given individual to the next generation ~the offspring) but probably not the vitality per se. This could be quite complex, for instance the timing of bud burst is a crucial phenological event in temperate trees because young leaves are very sensitive to frost. Yet, seedlings and saplings that flush earliest will be selected if no late spring frosts occur (they are more competitive for light and water availability regarding neighbour plants and canopy closure), whereas they will be damaged and counter selected if during a couple of years severe late frosts occur. Perhaps, the amount and size of seeds produced might be a good proxy for tree fitness.
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I have used Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method for total phenolics (gallic acid as standard) and AlCl3 method for total flavonoid (catachin as standard) count estimation. In each method I have used 1 ml of sample having concentration of 1 mg/ml. how to calculate mg of GAE in case of total phenolic and mg Catachin equivalent in case of total flavonoids per 100g of dry weight of sample.  
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HPLC is the method of choice, not colorimetric determinations, which are prone to interference (Folin Ciocalteu measures reducing power and responds to ascorbic acid for sure, probably to sugars, etc, see a.o. George et al., JAFC 53 (2005) 1370-1373 . I have yet to see a convincing publication for the specificity (and homogeneity of response of the various flavonoids) of the Al method for flavonoids. Even the pH differential method for anthocyanins is prone to interference by tannins. You must be aware that some journals reject articles that only use colorimetric determinations, specially Folin.