Pharmacology - Science topic

Traditional Medical Research

I am a rheumatologist. Would be more than interested to be a part of any project involving Musculoskeletal disorders

1.1. Collect relevant pathway information from public databases or literature.

1.2. Create an Excel sheet with the following columns: * Pathway ID (unique identifier for each pathway) * Pathway Name (name of the pathway) * Reactome ID (Reactome pathway ID, if available) * Gene Ontology (GO) Terms (associated GO terms for each pathway) * Genes (list of genes associated with each pathway) * Proteins (list of proteins associated with each pathway) * Interactions (list of protein-protein interactions within each pathway) 1.3. Ensure that the gene and protein names are in the format recognized by Cytoscape (e.g., Homo sapiens Gene Symbol, UniProt Accession). 1.4. Remove any duplicate rows or irrelevant data.

2.1. Convert the Excel sheet into a tab-delimited text file. 2.2. Use a tool such as Biopython or R to remove any inconsistencies in the data, e.g., missing values, incorrect formatting. 2.3. Perform gene name conversion, if necessary, using tools like GeneCyc or UniProt. 2.4. Normalize gene and protein names to their standardized forms.

3.1. Open Cytoscape and create a new project. 3.2. Import the preprocessed data into Cytoscape via the "File" menu > "Import" > "Network" > "From Text File." 3.3. Select the appropriate file type (e.g., Tab Delimited) and provide the path to the text file containing the pathway data. 3.4. In the import dialog box, select the columns corresponding to the pathway ID, gene/protein names, and interactions. 3.5. Choose the interaction type (e.g., protein-protein interactions) and specify any additional parameters, such as self-interactions or duplicates. 3.6. Click "Finish" to import the data and build the initial network.

4.1. Visualize the network using Cytoscape's layout algorithms, such as Force-Directed Layout or Spring-Electrical Layout. 4.2. Manually curate the network by removing any errors, artifacts, or redundant edges. 4.3. Add additional information to the network, such as gene expression data or functional enrichment analysis results. 4.4. Apply filters to focus on specific subnetworks or pathways.

5.1. Use Cytoscape's built-in tools to analyze the network, such as degree distribution, clustering coefficient, and shortest paths. 5.2. Utilize third-party plugins, such as CytoNCA or CytoMine, for advanced network analysis tasks, including network centrality, module detection, and visualization. 5.3. Integrate external data sources, such as gene expression profiles or drug targets, to gain further insights into the biological context of the target-pathway network.

6.1. Generate high-quality images of the target-pathway network using Cytoscape's visualization options, such as node coloring, edge labeling, and layout selection. 6.2. Create reports summarizing the network properties, gene/protein lists, and interaction patterns. 6.3. Share the results with colleagues or collaborators through various formats, such as PDF, PNG, or SVG files.

By following these steps, you can effectively construct and analyze a target-pathway network using Cytoscape, providing valuable insights into the complex interactions between therapeutic targets and their surrounding biological pathways.

All the best

Identifying a cell line that expresses VEGFR3 exclusively or with very low expression of VEGFR2 and VEGFR1 can be challenging, as many cell lines express multiple Vegf receptors. However, here are some approaches to help you identify suitable cell lines:

1. Cell surface protein expression analysis: Use flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy to analyze the cell surface expression of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 in various cell lines. This will help you identify cell lines with high expression of VEGFR3 and low expression of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2.

2. qRT-PCR analysis: Perform quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 in different cell lines. This will give you an idea about the relative expression levels of these receptors in each cell line.

3. Database mining: Utilize online databases such as ArrayExpress, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), or Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) to explore gene expression profiles of various cell lines. You can use tools like GEO2R or limma to compare the expression levels of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 across different cell lines.

4. Knockdown or knockout experiments: Consider performing knockdown or knockout experiments using CRISPR-Cas9 or shRNAs to specifically silence VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in cell lines that express these receptors. This will allow you to evaluate the effect of VEGFR3 expression in the absence of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2.

5. Use cell lines with known VEGF-A/VEGFR interactions: Some cancer cell lines, such as HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) and HMVEC (human microvascular endothelial cells), are known to express high levels of VEGFR3 and have been shown to interact with VEGF-A. You may also consider using cell lines that have been engineered to overexpress VEGFR3.

6. Screening assays: Develop or utilize existing screening assays that measure the binding affinity of your peptide to VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3. This will enable you to identify cell lines with high binding affinity for your peptide, indicating strong expression of VEGFR3 and potentially low expression of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2.

7. Combinatorial approaches: Combine the above approaches to increase the confidence in identifying cell lines that meet your criteria. For example, you could first narrow down your options by analyzing gene expression profiles from online databases, followed by validating the expression levels using qRT-PCR or flow cytometry.

8. Validation with orthogonal methods: Once you have identified potential cell lines, validate their expression profiles using orthogonal methods such as western blotting or immunofluorescence staining. This will provide further confirmation of VEGFR expression levels and help rule out any discrepancies due to technical variations.

9. Test your peptide: Finally, test the binding specificity of your peptide on the shortlisted cell lines using techniques such as flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, or surface plasmon resonance. This will help you determine the most suitable cell line(s) for your studies.

Remember that it is crucial to carefully evaluate and validate the expression profiles of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 in the selected cell lines to ensure the accuracy and reliability of your results.

What are the limitations to pharmacological pre-operative anxiety? why do people prefer non pharmacological pre operative anxiety theraphy to its parmarchological counterparts

Pharmacological pre-operative anxiety interventions, such as benzodiazepines and opioids, have several limitations. Here are some of the reasons why non-pharmacological interventions may be preferred over pharmacological ones:

1. Potential for dependence and addiction: Benzodiazepines and opioids can be habit-forming, and patients may develop physical dependence or addiction after prolonged use. This can lead to withdrawal symptoms when the medication is stopped, which can complicate post-operative recovery.

2. Cognitive impairment: Benzodiazepines can cause cognitive impairment, including memory loss, confusion, and difficulty concentrating. These effects can persist even after surgery, which can impact a patient's ability to follow post-operative instructions and recover effectively.

3. Respiratory depression: Opioids can slow down breathing rates, leading to respiratory depression, especially when combined with other medications or in patients with pre-existing respiratory conditions. This can be life-threatening in extreme cases.

4. Cardiovascular instability: Both benzodiazepines and opioids can cause cardiovascular instability, including hypotension, bradycardia, and arrhythmias. This can be particularly problematic during surgery, where maintaining stable vital signs is critical.

5. Interaction with anesthesia: Pharmacological pre-operative anxiety interventions can interact with anesthesia, affecting the efficacy and safety of both drugs. For instance, benzodiazepines can enhance the sedative properties of anesthetics, while opioids can potentiate their analgesic effects.

6. Side effects: Both classes of medications can cause a range of side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and dizziness. These side effects can negatively impact a patient's comfort level and post-operative recovery.

7. Cost: Pharmacological interventions can be expensive, especially when compared to non-pharmacological alternatives. The cost of medications, combined with the potential risks and limited benefits, may make non-pharmacological interventions more attractive to patients and healthcare providers.

8. Limited evidence: While there is some evidence supporting the use of pharmacological pre-operative anxiety interventions, the quality and consistency of this evidence are not always robust. Non-pharmacological interventions, on the other hand, have a stronger evidence base and are generally considered more effective in reducing pre-operative anxiety.

Non-pharmacological pre-operative anxiety interventions offer several advantages over pharmacological approaches. They include:

1. No risk of dependence or addiction: Non-pharmacological interventions do not carry the same risk of dependence or addiction as pharmacological treatments.

2. Fewer side effects: Non-pharmacological interventions typically have fewer side effects than medications, making them better tolerated by patients.

3. Improved cognitive function: Non-pharmacological interventions, such as relaxation techniques and psychological support, can actually improve cognitive function and reduce mental fogginess, unlike benzodiazepines, which can impair cognition.

4. Better long-term outcomes: By addressing the root causes of anxiety rather than just masking symptoms, non-pharmacological interventions can lead to better long-term outcomes for patients.

5. Patient empowerment: Non-pharmacological interventions often involve teaching patients skills they can use independently, empowering them to take control of their anxiety management and become less reliant on medications.

6. Reduced healthcare costs: As non-pharmacological interventions do not require prescribing medications, they can be less costly than pharmacological approaches.

7. Stronger evidence base: Non-pharmacological interventions have a robust evidence base, with numerous studies demonstrating their effectiveness in reducing pre-operative anxiety and improving post-operative outcomes.

In summary, while pharmacological pre-operative anxiety interventions have a role in certain situations, non-pharmacological interventions are generally preferred due to their lower risk profile, improved cognitive function, better long-term outcomes, patient empowerment, reduced healthcare costs, and stronger evidence base.

Propranolol as a beta-blocker drug , sometimes it can be prescribed for the prevention of migraines. Propranolol act by preventing vasodilation and stabilizing serotonin levels. If patient benefits propranolol well, therefore migraine attacks will be shorter in duration, less intense, and less frequent.

In the field of pharmacology and toxicology research, there are several innovative methodologies and experimental models being investigated to comprehensively evaluate the long-term consequences and potential hazards associated with the use of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, or environmental exposures. These approaches aim to enhance our understanding of the effects of these substances on human health and provide more accurate assessments of their risks. Some of these methodologies and models include:

These methodologies and experimental models collectively contribute to the advancement of pharmacology and toxicology research, enabling a more comprehensive evaluation of the long-term consequences and potential hazards associated with the use of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, or environmental exposures. By integrating these innovative approaches into research practices, scientists can improve risk assessment strategies and enhance our understanding of the impacts of various substances on human health.

Tween 80 is an ester formed from the reaction of polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid. Though the reaction product is neutral, a small amount of sulfuric acid is sometimes used to catalyze esterification reactions such as the one that forms Tween 80. Is it possible that Tween 80 contains a small amount of residual sulfuric acid from the reaction that produces it? This would account for the decreasing pH as you increase the concentration of Tween 80.

1. Storage conditions: The fact that you have been storing the kit in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Celsius is a good practice. Proper storage can help prolong the shelf life of the kit.

2. Kit integrity: Assess the physical condition of the components in the kit. Check for any signs of contamination, discoloration, or changes in texture. If the reagents appear normal and undamaged, it is a positive indication.

3. Controls: Run positive and negative controls alongside your experimental samples. Using samples with known positive and negative staining will help you assess the performance of the kit. If the controls yield the expected results, it suggests that the kit is still functional.

4. Pilot experiment: Consider performing a small pilot experiment using the expired kit. This will help you determine if the kit still produces reliable and reproducible results. If the staining appears strong and specific with low background, it indicates that the kit is likely still functional.

It depends on the stability of the materials. If they are stable enough, you can freeze them. Be sure to seal the materials thoroughly to prevent ice sublimation. When you thaw them out, make sure to mix them completely, since separation of solutes can occur during freezing.

Dear Shopnil Akash ,

Network pharmacology, a systematic analytical method, can analyze the interaction network of multiple factors such as drugs, protein target, diseases, and genes.

Regards,

Shafagat

The most commonly used stable cell lines for cell-based assays are HeLa, CHO, and HEK293. All three cell lines are derived from cancer cells and are easily manipulated in the laboratory. They also have a long lifespan and can be used for multiple assays. Additionally, these cell lines are very robust, meaning they can withstand environmental changes without losing their ability to grow and reproduce.

• British Journal of Pharmacology • European Journal of Pharmacology • British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology • Pharmaceutical Research • BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology • Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology • Current Drug Metabolism • International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics • Drug Metabolism Reviews • Clinical Pharmacokinetics • Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics • Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology • Molecular Pharmaceutics • European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics • Journal of Clinical Pharmacology • Pharmacological Reviews • Pharmacology & Therapeutics • Drug Metabolism and Disposition • Drug Discovery Today • Biochemical Pharmacology • Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics • Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology • International Journal of Pharmaceutics • Molecular Pharmacology • European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences • Neuropharmacology • European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences • Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences • Molecular Pharmaceutics • AAPS Journal • Drug and Alcohol Dependence • International Journal of Toxicology • Xenobiotica • Analytical and Bioanaly

1. Network-based drug–target interaction prediction: Using machine learning and network-based approaches to predict drug–target interactions.

2. Pathway-based drug–target interaction prediction: Using machine learning and pathway-based approaches to predict drug–target interactions.

3. Network pharmacology-based drug repurposing: Developing a network pharmacology-based approach to identify novel indications for existing drugs.

4. Network pharmacology-based drug combination analysis: Developing a network pharmacology-based approach to identify synergistic drug combinations.

5. Data integration for network pharmacology: Developing methods for integrating heterogeneous data sources for network pharmacology applications.

Greetings Ali Safaa

To solve for molarity (M) in the equation:

ppm = M x m.wt x 1000

We can rearrange the equation as follows:

M = ppm / (m.wt x 1000)

So if you have a solution with a concentration of 50 ug/ml and you want to know the molarity, you would first need to know the molecular weight of the solute. Let's say the molecular weight is 100 g/mol.

50 ug/ml x 1000 = 50,000 ppm

M = 50,000 ppm / (100 g/mol x 1000)

M = 0.5 M

Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.5 M.

It is important to note that ug/ml and ppm are not equivalent units of measurement. Ug/ml is a unit of concentration based on mass per volume, while ppm is a unit of concentration based on the number of parts per million. To convert from ug/ml to ppm, you would need to know the density of the solution and the molecular weight of the solute.

How can I measure TNF in the brain after inflammation?

There are several resources available for pharmacology cell-based assays, including scientific journals, textbooks, and online databases. Some good resources to consider include the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Journal of Pharmacology, and Molecular Pharmacology. You can also look for textbooks on pharmacology and cell-based assays such as "Cell-Based Assays for High-Throughput Screening: Methods and Protocols" by Wei Zheng.

As for your second question regarding the % of inhibition in cAMP inhibitory assay, the percentage of inhibition in a cAMP inhibitory assay can vary depending on the specific assay being performed, the compound being tested, and the experimental conditions. It is important to establish a baseline or control value for the assay before testing compounds, and to analyze the results using appropriate statistical methods. Generally, a higher percentage of inhibition indicates a stronger inhibitory effect on cAMP signaling, but it is important to interpret the results in the context of the specific assay and experimental design.

Best Regards

Based on the information you provided, I can suggest the following possible solutions for your problems:

Problem 1:

Problem 2:

I hope these suggestions are helpful. If you have any further questions or concerns, please let me know.

The difference between assessing EC50 in the presence of physiological levels of human serum albumin and alpha1 acid glycoprotein vs. % human serum is that the former takes into account the effects of specific serum proteins on the activity of the drug, while the latter does not.

When examining the in vitro antiviral activity of a drug in the presence of a series of dilutions of human serum up to 40 percent, the % human serum approach only considers the overall effect of the serum on the drug activity, without distinguishing between the effects of different serum proteins. This approach can provide a general idea of how the drug behaves in the presence of serum, but it may not reflect the actual physiological conditions in which the drug will be used.

On the other hand, determining the EC50 values in the presence of physiological concentrations of α-acidic glycoprotein and human serum albumin provides more specific information about how these serum proteins may affect the activity of the drug. Both α-acidic glycoprotein and human serum albumin can bind to drugs and affect their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Therefore, by examining the EC50 values in the presence of these specific serum proteins, it may be possible to gain a better understanding of how the drug will behave in vivo, and to optimize its dosing and administration for maximum efficacy.

Establishing a chronic oral dosing regimen with methylphenidate in mice that mimics the exposure seen in humans following continuous dosing with extended-release formulations can be challenging due to the differences in metabolic rate between humans and rodents. However, some researchers have attempted to develop such protocols. Here are a few suggestions:

Overall, establishing a chronic dosing regimen with methylphenidate in mice that mimics the exposure seen in humans can be challenging, but with careful consideration of the factors mentioned above, it is possible to develop an appropriate protocol.

A feasibility study is an important step in the early stages of translational research and can help to determine the potential success of a proposed intervention or study. However, a feasibility study should not be considered as proof of concept research.

Proof of concept research typically refers to studies that provide preliminary evidence that an intervention or approach is likely to be effective. These studies are often conducted in animal models or in vitro before moving on to clinical trials in humans. In contrast, a feasibility study is focused on testing the feasibility of conducting a larger study and collecting preliminary data on the potential effectiveness of an intervention.

In a feasibility study, the focus should be on evaluating the feasibility of the study design, recruitment strategies, and data collection methods. Some key components of a feasibility study may include:

Overall, a feasibility study should be designed to provide preliminary data on the feasibility of a proposed intervention and to identify potential issues that may need to be addressed before moving on to a larger study. While it may provide some preliminary evidence of the potential efficacy or effectiveness of the intervention, it should not be considered as definitive proof of concept research.

A feasibility study can be considered as an early stage of research that is designed to test the feasibility of a new intervention or to determine the best way to conduct a larger study. A comparative study, such as comparing botulinum toxin type A and dry needling, can be considered as a feasibility study if the main goal is to assess the feasibility of conducting a larger study that would compare these treatments.

In terms of outcomes and measurements, a feasibility study should focus on evaluating the feasibility of the study design, recruitment strategies, and data collection methods. Some possible outcomes and measurements to consider in a feasibility study comparing botulinum toxin type A and dry needling for spasticity reduction in stroke patients could include:

It is important to note that a feasibility study is not designed to provide definitive evidence of the efficacy or effectiveness of an intervention. Rather, it is designed to test the feasibility of the study design and to provide preliminary data on the potential efficacy or effectiveness of the intervention.

There are several pharmacological agents that can be used to selectively identify D2-MSNs in the striatum. One commonly used method is to use a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist and a dopamine D2 receptor agonist to differentially modulate the excitability of the two subtypes of MSNs.

Specifically, you can use the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 to block the activity of D1 receptors on D1-MSNs, while leaving the D2 receptors on D2-MSNs intact. At the same time, you can use the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole to selectively activate D2 receptors on D2-MSNs, while leaving the D1 receptors on D1-MSNs unstimulated.

The changes in excitability of D2-MSNs can be measured using either voltage-clamp or current-clamp recordings, depending on the experimental setup and the research question. If you are interested in studying the effects of these pharmacological agents on the synaptic currents or potentials in D2-MSNs, voltage-clamp recordings may be more appropriate. On the other hand, if you are interested in studying the changes in the firing patterns or action potentials of D2-MSNs, current-clamp recordings may be more useful.

In either case, the key is to carefully monitor the effects of SCH 23390 and quinpirole on the activity of the MSNs, and to compare the responses of the neurons to these agents in the presence and absence of the drugs. This will allow you to identify and confirm the identity of D2-MSNs in your recordings.

Alendronate:

Paclitaxel:

Thiophene:

Thiophene can be dissolved in various solvents including ethanol, ether, benzene, and toluene. The solubility of thiophene in water is very low (0.052 g/L at room temperature) and it is generally not recommended to dissolve it in water. To dissolve thiophene, it can be added to the solvent slowly with stirring and heating may also be necessary to increase solubility. It is important to handle thiophene with care as it is flammable and toxic.

The accuracy, precision, and recall values of Swiss Target Prediction, TCMSP, Genecard, and Disgenet databases may vary depending on the specific use case, dataset, and evaluation criteria. These values can be determined by comparing the predicted targets or interactions with experimentally validated targets or interactions.

To give you an idea of the performance of these databases, here are some reported values from studies that have evaluated their performance:

It is important to note that these values may not be generalizable to all use cases and datasets, and that the performance of these databases may also depend on the specific algorithm and parameters used for target prediction. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the performance of these databases for each specific use case and dataset.

SPSS, revware, cochrane etc.

Yes. Naturopathy and phytopharmacology, for example, make great sense, especially as balancing treatments and therapies.

Yes @Daniil you can do email me

hello mr Abhishek Raj how about your long term stability ? and what kind of primary packaging did you use for HQ cream. i have this problem too, but before this case, i dont have any complain about turning brown

David Salehi Thank you for your recommendations. I will certainly have a look at them.

Master of Pharmacy ( Pharmacology) at GLA university and I am working on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Levoamlodipine is an enantiomer of amlodipine. It is also represent as S(-)Amlodipine and it is a racemic mixture of S and R enantiomers. Pharmacologically half dose of Levoamlodipine is equivalent to Amlodipine. Levoamlodipine is more pure than Amlodipine and have less side effects due to better impurity control.

Commercially it is cost saving .The only major problem of S(-) Amlodipine is its lower melting point as compare to Amlodipine which creates sticking issue during the compression process.

You may submit your article in "Frontiers in Natural Products".

This might help!

Thanks, Adam L Vanwert for sharing the link. The website looks interesting.

Kindly convey my regards to Dr. Kalunde, if you are in touch with him.

There are lots of very fast journals, but many are start ups, (some may even be scams) many also have a low or no impact factor. That's not really a deterrent for me, as long as they appear in data bases and searches, that's all that matters, it eventually be found. However, if you are trying to build a career, the journal's impact factor is import, and its also import if you want you work to be quickly discovered. Depending on your department/funding, publication costs may be a factor, and they can be 2-3 thousand dollars. I was involved in research, mainly at the laboratory bench, for many decades and I get continual solicitations to submit articles. A few days ago I got a solicitation from

http://www.jbiology.org/submit?id=18000

so they are likely short an article or two, so it may be relatively easy to get a paper out through them at present. If they are desperate you can frequently negotiate the publication costs. Good luck.

thank you so much

The words selectivity, specificity, and sensitivity (derived from Latin seligere, specificus, sensitivus), can be confusing terms as they are often used synonymously in the medical literature. However, they should not be used

interchangeably as each represents a different phenomenon.

Reference:

Mencher, S. K., & Wang, L. G. (2005). Promiscuous drugs compared to selective drugs (promiscuity can be a virtue). BMC clinical pharmacology, 5(1), 1-7.

…and the e-mail address? No website link is suspicious.

As far as I can see there is no journal called “Annals of Pharmacology”. There are titles beginning with this, like for example:

-Annals of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics (ISSN 2573-6051) http://www.remedypublications.com/annals-of-pharmacology-and-pharmaceutics-home.php Among the many red flags is the fact that this publisher “Remedy Publications” is mentioned in the Beall’s list https://beallslist.net

-Annals of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (ISSN 2766-7472)

https://www.directivepublications.org/annals-of-pharmacology-and-pharmaceutical-sciences/Publisher is not included in the Beall’s list (yet), most likely because they are too new. One of the red flags is the (fake) contact info and the so-called US origin with virtual no American in the editorial board.

-Annals of Pharmacology andPharmacotherapeutics http://www.medtextpublications.com/annals-of-pharmacology-and-pharmacotherapeutics-home.php Among the many red flags this publisher “ Medtext Publications” is mentioned in the updated version of the Beall’s list https://beallslist.net/#update

So, indeed most likely predatory.

Best regards.

Andrew Sutton You are welcome!

Hi, Dr. Faraz Khurshid the technique used in your study was fine, do we search for advance one?

Use Reactome platform,

https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#TOOL=AT

Because this situation is in the tight-binding regime, you should use the tight-binding equation for the equilibrium calculation.

fraction of enzyme with ligand bound=

[(K_d + R_t +L_t) - square root((K_d + P_t +L_t)^2 - 4R_tL_t)]/(2R_t)

where R_t is the receptor protein concentration and L_t is the ligand concentration (^2 means squared)

For example, if K_d=0.168 µM, R_t=14 µM and L_t=28 µM, the fraction of occupied receptor is 0.988.

Andreia Ascenso, Emine Dilek Özyılmaz - You can find the DDSolver at

Maria Vassaki, as DDSolver is an excel add-in, it can be added to any version of Excel. If you have Excel in your mac machine, you can use DDsolver.

Emma Jackson Yes, I did try the nanodrop also and got a linear curve. Yes, I agree, I don't think the nanodrop provides reliable values since variation between readings can be high. Greiner sells some plates adequate for reading at the UV range. We ordered this ones: https://shop.gbo.com/en/row/products/bioscience/microplates/uv-star-microplates/96-well-uv-star-microplate/655801.html

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicolog 13.820 Q1

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS 12.310 Q1

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 8.739 Q1

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTIC 6.875 Q1

BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY 5.858 Q1

Frontiers in Pharmacology 5.810 Q1

Nalidixic acid - A NSAID grs of drugs or pain killer .REF : en.wikipedia.org ( Image Source ) .

intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and intradermal (ID) routes.

Check https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26795754/

Hi Hanna Caiola

Long term storage of bicuculline should be at -20 ^oC and this will only be useable for approximately 1-2 years. 4-AP should also be stored at -20 ^oC for long term and will only be useable for approximately 6-12 months.

Therefore, you should discard the old solutions and order fresh products.

(An tip for identifying shelf life is to look at the stability and storage section in the product information sheet for each product)

Hope this helps!

Dear Dr Usman Mohammed,

You will find in this attached some articles with several approaches used to isolate polymorphic variants of the UGT1A9 gene from blood.

Please, choose the one that suits the most with your available reagents / chemicals.

Best wishes,

Sabri

Prostatic abscess is a rare urological disease. Patients with prostatic abscess and those with PCa can have similar presentation, such as LUTS, lymphadenopathy and abnormal PSA values.

USG-guided needle aspiration maybe an option of treatment for prostatic abscess, but TURP should be considered in patients with complicated abscess or suspected prostatic carcinoma.

If the histopathology result shows PCa, staging and risk stratification should be done for the treatment decision… “Shared-decision making” for PCa mgt

Dear Muhammad Ejaz thank you again for sharing this very interesting technical question with the RG community. Just in case that the issue is still of importance to you, I just came aross two more potentially useful literature references which might help you in your analysis. Please have a look at these articles:

and

Both papers are review articles. Unfortunately they have not yet been posted as public full texts on RG. Please check if you can access them through your institution. At least the author of the first article has an RG profile (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vinod-Kumar-143). Thus you can easily contact this author via RG and request the full text of the review directly from him.

Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

China is the best choice, there are vast opportunities for the young

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May; 2018(5): CD010558.

Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults

Monitoring Editor: Sharea Ijaz,📷 Philippa Davies, Catherine J Williams, David Kessler, Glyn Lewis, Nicola Wiles, and Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group

Thank you Deepti Madam

I am interested...Kindly contact me after two weeks...

Dear all thank you for replying. I have got the solution of the problem which I was looking for. Appreciate your prompt responses

i think the safe (non-toxic) dose is 100 mg/kg.Reference article is attached

There are many inhibitors, with references, listed here:

I will try to explain. A receptor might or not allow the binding of a ligand, but maybe this binding depends on circumstances, like feedback regulation, inhibition or changes in structure. this change in structure permits the ligand to bind to the receptor. This working systems means when the ligand is present, the recpetor has changed shape, and is why the ligand sticks to it. Of course, it might depend on the regulation system, and not all receptors chose the same system. The energy demands is an important factor. Maybe it is not necesary. Sometimes it works constitutively.

For example, drugs. Drugs are substances which imitate molecular shapes to which the normal ligand will bind to. This means as it is similar it will confuse the receptor and take it as its normal ligand. The effects of the drug are as it is.

The enzyme or the receptor, might have several forms of regulation, the turning off of a receptor, might mean the turning on of another receptor or the turning on of the molecule. I will try to stick to receptors. Maybe you are describing allosteric regulation, but you are right when you say recpetors could be enzymes. The mechanism of action could be similar to MM, Michaelis Menten.

Maybe a receptor will change shape. But this does not mean the recpetor has to change shape for the same ligand. It might be by the regulation or the circumstance. The ligand is still the same.

For example, insulin, has to go through several activation stages, before it is activated. The hornone insulin is activated by enzymes. In this case, I am trying to say the ligand is inactivated.

The sodium potassium channel translocates, but only when the ions are present. Aquaporins need to be activated for it to allow the passage of water.

unless you mean why every movement is done by a receptor, this means, it may just diffuse through the membrane

In agreement with Pranita Kamble Waghmare, the Oxygen axis after oxygen binding with heme is at an angle while Carbon monoxide binds to free heme with the CO axis perpendicular to the plane of the porphyrin ring via carbon-Iron bonding. So, the two oxygen atoms in oxygen exhibit steric hindrances on each other. In which case, CO doesn't experience the same.

This perpendicular orientation is favorable for Hb binding.

Check https://www.ijddr.in/drug-development/role-of-natural-products-in-drug-discovery-process.php?aid=5524

Thanks you, Dr. Miky Timothy

by measurment lipid panel in blood cholesterol,HDL,LDL,TG

Depended on the pharmacokinetic of the drug. A concentration of the drug achieved peripherally.

New and Important references on Implantable Pumps out in 2020 & 2021. One new book to come out in September 2021. Re-sharing Open Access Publication <Microdosing for drug delivery application—A review> Final Version. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical Volume 330, 15 October 2021, 112820 https://lnkd.in/gnvnwr5 A review of peristaltic micropumps Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Volume 326, 1 August 2021, 112602 https://lnkd.in/gGh4ZSR Intelligent automated drug administration and therapy: future of healthcare. Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res. (2021). https://lnkd.in/gDKMUie Chapter 7 - Implantable drug delivery devices Drug Delivery Devices and Therapeutic Systems Developments in Biomedical Engineering and Bioelectronics 2021, Pages 129-156 https://lnkd.in/gw5RsTj Implantable Technologies: Peptides and Small Molecules Drug Delivery Editor: Ved Srivastava. https://lnkd.in/gTapPCS Royal Society of Chemistry. Copyright year 2022 Print ISBN           978-1-83916-222-0 Join Dr. Christian Schnell in his upcoming webinar on <Programmable pumps for compounds delivery in oncology research: implication for refinement and reduction of animal use.> https://bit.ly/3sWgYRh

Hi

"enantioselective pharmacokinetics" please check the keyword in google or NCBI.

geometrical isomers have different physicochemical characteristics for example pKa, the same problem cover diastereoisomers.

D-dopa is less absorbed than L-dopa

D-methotrexate is less absorbed than L-methotrexate

cis - lycopene is absorbed to a greater extent than trans - lycopene

L - cephalexin inhibits the absorption of D - cephalexin from the gut

R-methadone has a greater volume of distribution than S-methadone

R - (-) - disopyramide binds less to blood proteins than S - (+) - disopyramide

Cis-cis - mivacurium has a larger volume of distribution than cis-trans, trans-trans

S - propranolol binds more strongly (competes) with plasma proteins than R - propranolol

R - sulbenicillin binds to plasma proteins weaker than S - sulbenicillin

R - latamoxsef binds to plasma proteins more strongly than S - latamoxsef

R-carbenicillin binds to plasma proteins more strongly than S-carbenicillin