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Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology - Science topic

Dry Powder Inhalers, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Particle engineeing techniques, Formulation processing and development, Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology, physicochemical characterization, controlled drug release, Crystal growth and design, Powder Technology & material sience, Oral drug delivery, Spray drying & freeze drying, Solid State, Nanoparticle particle engineeing, Targeted delivery systems, Particular interactions in pharmaceutical dosage forms, Drug Delivery
Questions related to Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology
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Hallo all,
I would like to coat a tablet. I tried it with wax, which is dissolved in triglyceride, but the end product was too waxy! Could you pls give me suggestions?
Thanks in advance
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Coating a tablet with a lipid-based material like wax dissolved in triglyceride can indeed result in a waxy texture. To refine your approach, you might consider alternative coating materials or adjustments to your process to achieve a more desirable end product. Perform small level experiment with different materials and methods in small quantities to evaluate performance. Check the coated tablets for texture, hardness, and finish. Ensure the coating remains intact under storage conditions.
Suggestions for Improving Tablet Coating:
1. Modify the Lipid Coating Formulation
  • Blend Waxes: Mix wax with less waxy lipids, such as phospholipids or MCT, to reduce the waxy feel.
  • Use Emulsifiers: Incorporate emulsifiers like lecithin to enhance smoothness and uniformity.
  • Reduce Wax Concentration: Lower the percentage of wax in the solution to make the coating thinner and less waxy.
2. Adjust Process Parameters
  • Spray Application: Use a fluid bed coater or pan coater to apply the coating evenly in thin layers.
  • Drying Conditions: Ensure proper drying with controlled heat or airflow to prevent excessive buildup of wax.
  • Solution Temperature: Maintain the solution temperature to avoid premature solidification of wax.
3. Consider Functional Coatings
  • Barrier Coating: Apply a thin polymer base coat before the wax coating to minimize waxy texture while retaining functionality.
  • Taste Masking: Add flavoring agents or a secondary smooth coating over the wax.
4. Test Different Lipid Systems
  • Use Glycerides with Higher HLB: Choose lipid systems with higher HLB to reduce waxiness.
  • Use Structured Lipids: Try structured triglycerides that provide controlled melting and less waxy residues.
5. Apply a Dual Coating System
  • First Layer: Use a water-based polymer to create a smooth surface.
  • Second Layer: Apply a very thin layer of the wax coating for moisture protection or desired functionality.
6. Switch to Alternate Coating Materials
  • Film-forming Polymers: Use polymers like HPMC, EC, or PVA. These create a smooth, non-waxy coating.
  • Aqueous Coatings: Formulate water-based dispersions of coating materials like Eudragit or cellulose derivatives.
  • Enteric Coatings: Use materials like CAP if you want delayed-release properties.
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Hallo,
I have a glucose syrup with sugar, I wann to mix them with heating up to 115 c. Then I have to cool it until 95 c and add another mix with stable temp. I use for that purpose a hot plate. My question is: how to control the temp of the mixture at 95 c during this process? Taking in our consideration that 95 c is the temp of the liquid not the surface of the hot plate.
Thanks in advance
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You can use the hot plate with a temperature probe.
If you do not have it, what you can do is gradually heat up your solution until it reaches 95 °C and record what is the temperature of a hot plate in that moment. You do this in a separate experiment of course. For this you only need a simple thermometer.
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Normally, a plant species need to have a scientific name as a prerequisite to be able to publish its newly discovered medicinal properties. However, in my situation, this specific plant has a common name widely known by the locals and lacks a scientific name. I'm curious if the publication of findings on an unidentified plant's medicinal properties is acceptable and justifiable?
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Hello Le; Subir offers good advice. I'd add to that by suggesting that you find a botanist to collaborate with on the project. That way you will produce a good description of the species as well as the medicinal contribution.
Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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I am a Ph.D. candidate at China Medical University. We are conducting a project to develop a methodological quality assessment tool for health economic evaluation alongside pragmatic clinical trials. We sincerely invite scholars who are interested in health economic evaluation to participate in this survey. Your insights and participation in this survey would be invaluable to this study. This survey does not take more than fifteen minutes of your time. If you would like to participate, please click on the link below: https://qualtricsxmyzlnhzhd5.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0BWiD2usi20hmui. This link will redirect to the Qualtrics platform. For questions, please contact me at 2022110055@cmu.edu.cn or songrm97@gmail.com. Thank you for your time and consideration. Song Ruomeng, Ph.D. candidate China Medical University, China
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In the US, there have been many quality measures developed but with varying levels of confidence and reliability. Once a quality measure is developed and accepted, it continues to exist even when there are better measures that should replace it. The result is a growing list of measures that seem to be given equal weight in many applications. We need to develop a system that weights these measures according to their reliability. For example, the statistical significance of findings and sample size should be weighting factors. Reproducibility of results should be a big factor. You get the idea and that's all I have to offer.
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Your project presents a comprehensive exploration of the concept of reincarnation, blending insights from various disciplines including philosophy, hard sciences, engineering, and softer sciences. The structured approach, delineated in the table of contents, facilitates a thorough examination of the topic, guiding readers through different layers of analysis.
However, it's crucial to ensure that each section contributes cohesively to the overarching argument. While the incorporation of differential equations adds an intriguing dimension to the discourse, it's essential to elucidate its relevance and application within the context of reincarnation.
Moreover, attributing the belief in reincarnation solely to white supremacy is a bold assertion that warrants meticulous substantiation. Providing concrete evidence and nuanced reasoning to support this claim will enhance the credibility of your argument and foster deeper engagement with your thesis.
Furthermore, the inclusion of suggestions for fostering social justice through specific metaphysical frameworks, such as a Universalist Christian Heaven, adds depth to the discussion. Nonetheless, ensuring clarity and feasibility in implementing these suggestions will be paramount for their effectiveness.
Overall, your project exhibits a commendable interdisciplinary approach and ambitious scope. By refining your argumentation, providing robust evidence, and ensuring clarity in your proposals, you can elevate the discourse and foster meaningful dialogue on the improbable belief in reincarnation and its societal implications.
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I am a newly hired microbiologist at a pharmaceutical factory that produces non-sterile drugs (cream, syrup, lotion). Since this is not my main specialty, I am learning some microbiology laboratory techniques by researching and experiencing, there is a subject I would like to consult.
I regularly analyze the purified water used in production, I use the membrane filtration method for this job. The problem is that I am not sure whether the media I use are suitable for this job, and the microbiology SOP files are missing on this subject, I need to update them.
As a result of my research in the relevant pharmacopoeias (EP, USP), I found that it is recommended to use R2A agar for microbiological analysis of purified water. However, I'm not sure that the contamination of purified water can only be measured with R2A agar, and even if I carried out this analysis with R2A alone, I don't know how to identify many microorganisms in one agar plate (E.coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis) that multiply afterwards. However, looking at the analysis notebook, the microbiologist hired before me used the following media to secure the job: TSA, SDA, MCA, MSA, CA, R2A. As it is known that except TSA and R2A, other agars are selective media for a specific type of bacteria, this approach seems correct, but is it normal to use so many media in practice? Can't this job be done with less?
Although this information is not given in detail in the pharmacopoeias. Apart from the information I gained, I also learned that each laboratory can create its own analysis method, but I don't have enough experience to create a method myself and I'm the only microbiologist in this factory. It would be very useful for me if microbiologists experienced in the pharmaceutical sector could give their valuable opinion on this subject, thank you.
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In the microbiological analysis of purified water, the choice of media depends on the specific microorganisms you want to detect and quantify. Experienced microbiologists typically use a combination of selective and differential media to isolate and identify various types of microorganisms commonly found in water samples. Here are some commonly used media:
  1. R2A Agar: This is a general-purpose medium used for the enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria, including those with low nutrient requirements or that are stressed.
  2. Plate Count Agar (PCA): PCA is a general-purpose medium used for the enumeration of mesophilic bacteria. It supports the growth of a wide range of organisms.
  3. m-FC Agar (Membrane-Filterable Coliform Medium): This medium is used for the detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria, which are indicators of fecal contamination.
  4. m-Endo Agar: m-Endo Agar is used for the detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria as well, but it also differentiates between coliforms and non-coliforms based on colony color.
  5. XLD Agar (Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate Agar): XLD agar is used for the detection and isolation of Salmonella and Shigella species, common waterborne pathogens.
  6. VRBD Agar (Violet Red Bile Dextrose Agar): VRBD agar is another medium used for the detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria.
  7. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar: This medium is selective for fungi and yeasts, which may be present in water samples.
  8. Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose (TCBS) Agar: TCBS agar is used for the isolation and differentiation of Vibrio species, including Vibrio cholerae, which can be found in contaminated water sources.
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Recommended Topics
  • Assessing learning outcomes /assessment strategies in health professions education;
  • Bridging the gap between academia and professionals;
  • Case Based/Problem Based/Project Based Learning in health professions education;
  • Comparative analysis of teaching pedagogies;
  • Competency-based training for the modern health workforce;
  • Curricula design and accreditation;
  • E-learning innovations in health professions education;
  • Evolution of health professions roles in the changing healthcare landscape;
  • Future trends in health professions education;
  • Inclusion, diversity and accessibility in health professions graduate programs;
  • Integrating digital health technologies into curricula;
  • Integrating evidence-based practice education in health professions curricula;
  • International perspectives on health professions education;
  • Lifelong learning for health professionals;
  • Perspectives on learning and teaching in health professions education;
  • Simulation based learning;
  • The impact of undergraduate interventions on patient outcomes;
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I like your "Future trends in health professions education" chapter because the education of a healthcare professional is of foremost relevance in his or her functioning as that professional. And the future should rely on the past to mold the techniques in schooling. I wish you success in your chapter-writing as some of my published papers have been referenced in chapters in books. Good luck!
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Is there a technological niche in pharmaceutical research that makes NQR or NMR the only measurement methods practically applicable?
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Your work is really very interesting and useful .
my sincere congratulations!!
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I am looking for a plain/empty gel system, which we can directly buy and load the drug for the purpose of transdermal delivery. Your kind help will be appreciated.
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You can try customized molds to fabricate hydrogel microneedles for transdermal drug delivery.Many hydrogels are commercially available.
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Which dissertations, articles describe the selection of materials, products using quality by design and life cycle assessment? Thank you!
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Quality by Design (QbD) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are two methodologies that can be used to improve the quality and sustainability of products and processes in various industries. Here are some examples of how these methodologies can be applied in practice and some resources that provide more information on the topic:
QbD can be used in the pharmaceutical industry to design and develop drug products that meet predefined quality attributes. The QbD approach involves identifying and controlling critical quality attributes (CQAs) throughout the product lifecycle, from development to manufacturing and distribution. Some resources on this topic include:
"Quality by Design for Biopharmaceuticals: Principles and Case Studies" by Anurag S. Rathore and Rohin Mhatre, which provides an overview of QbD concepts and case studies in the biopharmaceutical industry.
"Implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) in the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Systematic Review" by Naresh Kumar, which reviews the literature on QbD implementation in the pharmaceutical industry and identifies key success factors and challenges.
LCA can be used to evaluate the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout their entire lifecycle, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal. LCA can help identify opportunities for improving the environmental performance of products and processes. Some resources on this topic include:
"Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment" by Mary Ann Curran, which provides an overview of LCA concepts and methodology.
"Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice" by Michael Hauschild and Ralph Rosenbaum, which provides a comprehensive guide to LCA methodology and applications.
QbD and LCA can also be used together to design and develop sustainable products and processes that meet predefined quality attributes while minimizing their environmental impacts. Some resources on this topic include:
"A Review of Quality-by-Design and Life Cycle Assessment Concepts in the Pharmaceutical Industry" by Saeed Shojaee and Seyed Mohammad Razavi, which discusses the integration of QbD and LCA in the pharmaceutical industry.
"Quality-by-Design and Life Cycle Assessment for Sustainable Chemical Processes" by Damien Landesmann, which provides a framework for integrating QbD and LCA in the chemical industry.
Overall, the application of QbD and LCA in product and process design can help improve the quality and sustainability of products while minimizing their environmental impacts. There are many resources available on these topics, and the examples provided above are just a few to get started.
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I am working on a chiral N-Boc-3-heteroarene(imidazole derivative) substituted piperidine derivative, and we observed a slight drop of optical purity after removal of the Boc in HCl/dioxane(2M).
Considering acidic condition is stable for alpha-H of EWG, what else may be the cause for this racemization?
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Without more details of the structure, it is hard to say. But things to consider: your 3 substituted piperidine actually has 2 stereogenic centers. N1 and C3. N1 can readily invert and may be in equilibrium between 2 forms. Removal of the Boc may alter the equilibrium.
there can be other acid catalyzed isomerizations but without the detailed structure it is hard to know if they are relevant.
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Usually we express FRAP results in µm Fe(II)/gm of extract using FeSO4 standard curve. How to convert these readings in percentage values?
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did you find the answer?
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Drugs Informations
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Alendronate:
  • Chemical Structure: Alendronate is a bisphosphonate with the chemical name [4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene]bisphosphonic acid. Its chemical formula is C4H13NO7P2 and its molecular weight is 249.1 g/mol.
  • Functional Groups: Alendronate contains two phosphonic acid groups (-PO3H2) and one hydroxyl group (-OH).
  • Drug Class: Alendronate is a medication used to treat osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone. It is classified as a bisphosphonate drug.
Paclitaxel:
  • Chemical Structure: Paclitaxel is a natural product with the chemical name (2aR,4S,4aS,6R,9S,11S,12S,12aR,12bS)-12b-(acetyloxy)-12-(benzoyloxy)-2a,3,4,4a,5,6,9,10,11,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4,6,11-trihydroxy-4a,8,13,13-tetramethyl-5-oxo-7,11-methano-1H-cyclodeca[3,4]benz[1,2-b]oxet-9-yl (2R,3S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate. Its chemical formula is C47H51NO14 and its molecular weight is 853.9 g/mol.
  • Functional Groups: Paclitaxel contains several functional groups including an ester group, two hydroxyl groups, and an amide group.
  • Drug Class: Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer including breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. It is classified as a taxane drug.
Thiophene:
Thiophene can be dissolved in various solvents including ethanol, ether, benzene, and toluene. The solubility of thiophene in water is very low (0.052 g/L at room temperature) and it is generally not recommended to dissolve it in water. To dissolve thiophene, it can be added to the solvent slowly with stirring and heating may also be necessary to increase solubility. It is important to handle thiophene with care as it is flammable and toxic.
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Is it possible for a drug that it's duration of action time be bigger than it's clearance time?
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Yes, surely. It depends on the mechanism of action. The simplest example is ASA and the inhibition of platelets. The ASA is gone in hours (salicylic acid), the inhibition of platelets lasts for days because it`s irreversible.
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Hello! What are the oldest literary sources you know that would mention pharmaceutical salts? I am aware of the first cocrystal [benzoquinone + hydroquinone] (1:1) investigated in 1844, but I could not find any mention of the first (or even the first described) pharmaceutical salt (Wohler, F. Untersuchungen über das Chinon / F. Wohler // Ann. Chem. Pharm. – 1844. – V. 51. – P. 145-163). If you know of such sources, please share them. Thanks in advance
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Interesting situation. As soon as I write a question here, I immediately find the answer. Here are some papers on pharmaceutical salts (responding to my comment above): 1) 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120993; 2) 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102913
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Is it necessary to carry out validation tests on model mixtures prepared using both substances, or is it enough to use one substance for testing?
What validation tests should be carried out for an "alternative" substance only? If there is a quantitative method: what validation tests should be checked, for example?
Is it necessary to use a risk-based approach to determine validation tests when registering a new alternative substance during revalidation?
I'm really looking forward to your response, thank You for your attention!
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Of course you will have to perform a QA audit of the new manufacturer's facility, but you could have a limited method validation (which should include specificity, linearity (which you could derive the LOD and LOQ), repeatability... Don't be surprised if the impurity profile is different since it is dependent on the manufacturing process. You should also put the finished drug product that is using the new manufacturer's API, on stability.
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I am trying with GC-FID.
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Hi Raju,
I know this is after a quite long time but would it be possible to share your GC method to determine white petrolatum, this would be very helpful. You can directly share your method copy/article to sathish.tanneru@gmail.com.
I appreciate your assistance in advance.
thank you
Sathish
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I want to separate the bacterial/fungal cells from the growth medium loaded with ointment/cream. Please, anyone, share the techniques to separate cells alone after treatment with the drug
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Gold standard method to separate the bacterial cells from a high viscous test material is membrane filtration method. You can use this method to separate the bacterial cells from ointments after completing the test protocols. Load the membrane filtration apparatus with 0.2 or 0.45 micron membrane filter. Add your test material and rinse with 250-500 mL sterile water based on the viscosity of your formulation. Transfer the membrane filter to the surface dried growth media for viable cells counting and you can directly separate the cells on membrane filter for isolating the intracellular proteins of microbial cells.
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We are trying to determine the UV-visible spectrum for some hydroethanolic herbal extracts but we keep getting negative reading, we tried dissolving the samples in different solvents, distilled water, 5% propylene glycol and 10% propylene glycol, but the results are always negative, what could be the reason? and is there a solution for this problem?
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Hope u have this at back of ur mind: "Chromophore"
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I'm trying to conduct a Microbial Limit Test (MLT) on a material which is highly viscous in aqueous solutions (similar to CMC and xanthan gum), and when diluting the sample in a 1:10 dilution (In peptone water) I'm practically ending up with just a lump in the bottle. Is there any way that I can still make a 1:10 dilution without this happening?
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you are welcome@Suhil Suliman
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By counting people; quantifying them; creating norms (stating what is a normal perception, normal memory, normal daily function); correlating data about them; and by medicalizing, biologizing, genericizing, and bureaucratizing individuals, are we creating new kinds of patients?
Afterall, when “autistics,” “hoarders,” “obese,” or “paranoid schizophrenics” emerge as new subjects, so do new types of experts identifying, assessing, and treating them.”
“Hacking argues that the human sciences are not necessarily revealing new illnesses that are then given names; instead, they are driven by “engines of discovery” and involve a process of “making up people.”
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Once upon a time, an old man revealed to his grandson one vital truth:
- In every person there is a struggle, very similar to the struggle of two wolves. One wolf represents evil: envy, jealousy, regret, selfishness, ambition, lies. The other wolf represents goodness: peace, love, hope, truth, kindness and loyalty.
The grandson, touched to the depths of his soul by the words of his grandfather, thought, and then asked:
Which wolf wins at the end?
The old man smiled and replied:
The wolf you feed always wins.
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I am here for specific answers or a list of investigation tools to determine the newly developed drugs/inhibitors/medicines.
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I want to do liposomes release profile, I was wondering if I can use dialysis bags as I already have them cut of 12 kda instead of using dialysis tubes as I have seen everyone is using that.
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Hi Bayan Rashad abu ras Yes, you can use dialysis bags to check the release kinetics. You can try Amicon 10 kDa filters. This should retain your liposomes.
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I have tried to dissolve the 0.286 gm indomethacin in 8 ml of Dmso [(100mM)] but it did not dissolve completely. I had put in a shaker overnight. then I incubated it at 75 C for 10 minutes and then sonicate for around 10 minutes but still, it did not dissolve.
and then i had disolve 71.56mg in 10 ml of ethyl alcohol [(20mM)] and still it did not disolve.
please suggest any idea????
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I would try diluting it down to 6.5 mg/mL absolute ethanol, in keeping with Malcolm's suggestion.
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I have herbal extracts obtained by maceration in 80% ethanol that are desired to be evaluated for their wound healing activity using excision and incision wound model on albino rats.
Although the extracts are prepared using the same solvent they have different solubility profile in water (some form clear solution while others results in a homogeneous suspension).
We intend to formulate the extracts into a semisolid dermal preparation using either aqueous cream base or simple ointment base as they are the most frequently used bases with the least intrinsic efficacy.
Is there a suitable method to measure and compare the release of the extracts from the aqueous cream base and the simple ointment base in order to evaluate their suitability.
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Dear Jun,
yes, there are methods.Just read the attached article.
regards
Horst Liebl
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We know, that we can use only validated methods for comparative studies. In our lab we have performed the validation of the dissolution method for the specific medicine. In the comparative study we used several different media, these media did not participate in our validation, exept the one for quality control. Does it mean that we have to perform full validation procedures in each media additionally?
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Interesting question. I agree with Andrei Blasko and Saeed Ayaz Khan . However, you did not mean a regular analytical method validation. You are dealing with dissolution kinetics. The dissolution itself will depend on the physicochemical parameters you used, so the kinetics.
You find in the literature different behavior of the same AFI, for instance losartan, in several mediums, pH, ionic strength, and solvation conditions. Therefore several other surface and chemical interactions may influence the kinetics, not the determination method itself.
For your safety, check the validation with the already used media. The kinetics of significant different media will change. Therefore, the dissolution kinetics may have different parameters that may affect or not the determination method.
Best regards,
WNM
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In recent years, advancement of AI technologies brought a wide spectrum of applications in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical industry. From Computer Vision enabled by Deep Learning algorithms to AI aided Drug Discovery and Drug Repurposing. What's your opinion on the impacts of AI on Healthcare industry in the future?
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It puts consumers in control of health and well-being. Additionally, AI increases the ability for healthcare professionals to better understand the day-to-day patterns and needs of the people they care for, and with that understanding they are able to provide better feedback, guidance and support for staying healthy.
Regards,
Shafagat
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In the structure of many drugs, there is a carboxylic group
What is the significance of this group? Why should it exist in the structure of a drug?
Do you know any article or book or reference about this subject?
Thanks a lot
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Nalidixic acid - A NSAID grs of drugs or pain killer .REF : en.wikipedia.org ( Image Source ) .
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Probiotics can be used as dietary supplements or drugs to treat diseases. The genetically modified probiotics will offer much more beneficial features than the wild type probiotics. Does FDA approve genetically modified probiotics? When do you think they will approve? What scientific questions do we need to resolve before FDA can approve? Can we use genetically modified probiotics as dietary supplements without FDA approval?
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The GM probiotics, like other GMO, have both their pros and cons depending on the method (s) used to make them.
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Hi Everyone
I have calculated the effect of a drug on the inactivation of a protein at different temperatures using unpaired experiments. The drug has a significant effect (p<0.00001) on the function of the protein at all tested temperatures (12C, 25C and 37C). The temperature itself has an effect on the function of the protein. This data and many related experiments indicate the effect of the drug is strongest at 25C. However, I want to find a good statistical model to confirm that the effect of drug on the protein is temperature dependant and peaks at 25C. I was thinking about ANCOVA and Two way ANOVA but both do not seem to be intended to test a hypothesis like this.
Please note that none of the data sets are paired. These are all independent samples. And finding the optimum temperature for the drug effect is not my main aim. I want to confirm whether the temperature has an effect on the drug response
Has anyone encountered a problem like this before? What procedures did you take to properly test the hypothesis? Any recommendation/advice is most welcome
Thank you :)
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With the data you have, probably you want to keep the 2-way anova design with interaction, and then use the lsmeans or emmeans procedure appropriate for that model that your software provides to determine if groups (e.g. levels of the Temperature x Treatment interaction) are significantly different.
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Recent research suggests that beta blockers are useful in fighting the corona virus. what is the acual mechanism of action?
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Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase is an enzyme in some bacteria that is responsible for the resistance to penicillin antibiotics. Due to the rise in antibiotic resistance, the enzyme has caught my attention in research. However, the cost of the test kits for the enzyme is a factor I am yet to know before undergoing the research. It is for this reason that this question was asked. I am a young scholar pursuing a B.Sc in microbiology. I will highly appreciate any effort made for research simplicity and continuity.
Your contributions will mean a lot to me.
Thank you in anticipation
Daniel Agurokpon
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The phenotypic double disc method, as mentioned by others, maybe the cheapest method. Follow guidelines such as those by CLSI and EUCAST.
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Hello, can anyone please named few potential drug delivery technologies that you think are novel and unique. Our comapny is looking to buy few drug delivery technologies that can serve us to compete for now and few next years. Suggestions are highly appreciated. Thanks in advance.
Regards
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Current trend is Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems like nanogels, Hydrogels for wound healing, surgical sprays, Monoclonal antibodies are in high demand in this covid state and many companies are even having patents.
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The API (i.e. loteprednol etabonate )has poor solubility in water but has excellent solubility in Transcutol P which serves as cosurfactant in my microemulsion formulation. But when I added water in finished formulation, the drug substance precipitated. I was preplexed. Could you help me understand the problem? I also gave a glance at google scholar search results, and could not find any research on loteprednol etabonate microemulsion or nanoemulsion. Would you be so kind as to help me get some? Thank you very much.
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Aloke Purkait 1:1 API:alcohol?
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Hi,
I am to go for ligand based pharmacophore design, before going to start I need some basic knowledge about pharmacophore design like ligand based vs structure based, preliminary requirements or requisition to develop ligand based pharmacophore, data set preparation, features selection, validation of developed pharmacophore and software which can use for pharmacophore design. 
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Basic requirements to go for ligand based pharmacophore design is that the ligand must contain the reactive group/s essential for bonding.
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Does Big Pharma play too big a role in directing and funding Global reasearch?
Should academics be banned from ANY interaction with Big Pharma?
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I think we've seen this problem in this pandemic, big pharma are funding and controlling journals today, and academics are turning to them because the salaries are much higher and the funding is always available.
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It is often required to use solid reagent for analytical analysis within their shelf-life period, however, some suppliers can't provide a specified expiry date (they provide sometimes only the release test date)?
my question then, is about how to process (set appropriate release test) in order to be conform to the quality of solid reagent?
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A bacteria grew on macconkey, they were white and round colonies, oxidase negative, catalase positive, nonlactose fermenter but when I did gram staining it appeared as gram negative cocci sometimes in chains and others as a diplococci. It was isolated from xanthan gum powder used to manufacture drugs. Any idea what ir could be or what I can do to identify it?
Oh it also grew on Oxoids Brillance Salmonella agar forming pink colonies which also rules out salmonella the thing is that that agar has novobiocine and cefsulodine as antibiotics so that bacteria must be resistant to both at least at the concentrations in the agar, and the and gram staining gave the same result as the macconkey. Also before plating in both agars 10g of the xanthan gum were enriched on triptic soy broth for 24h at 37C
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PCR identification of microorganisms
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How can we find the patent number of NDA and ANDA?
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/ provide application number but there is no patent number. Can anyone please help?
Thank you
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Hi
I think the story is a little bit more complicated because for one product dozens of patents have to be checked (different for the active substance, for dosage, formulation etc etc). This is a very complicated process that is usually carried out by an experienced patent attorney. Information on patents is not included in the submission.
Best regards
Tomasz
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Different methods were used to prepare enteric-coated granules. For example, you manufacture granules first and then coated them with Eudragit polymer by fludized bed .
But I want to know how to prepare enteric-coated granules directly by wet granualtion if you do not have access to other granulation equipment or your excepients/drugs are expensive.
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You can also run an in situ coating at the end of the particle preparation!
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In connection with the development of technology, the current technological revolution, which Industry 4.0 information processing technologies find application in the development of medicine?
Please reply
Best wishes
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Dear P. K. Farayibi,
Yes, it is correct ICT information technologies turned out to be very helpful in the development of both specific techniques and medical instruments, e.g. in improving surgery, creating implants (3D printing) and also in improving organizational issues, digitization of databases containing patient data and remote systems patient registration via the Internet. Especially the latter issue proved to be very helpful during the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic.
Thank you, Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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I have decided to examine the effect of potassium nitrate on certain disease symptom. Unfortunately, there are a few companies which produce potassium nitrate capsules and their capsules are not pure potassium nitrate and some sort of vitamins are added to them which can interfere with my results.
Potassium nitrate is readily available in form of powder. I wanted to know that is that possible that I simply put a desired amount of potassium nitrate powder in empty capsules and give them to patients to use them? I have this questions since capsules usually have excipients such as silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, etc.
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How Baldelli says, check the toxicity. Nitrate is extraordinary odidazing and irritangt.
The reason because capsules carry more products are (between others) 3. Is the quantity is very small you can easily make a mistake in the weight, for this the product is diluted in a solid excipient and the quantity to put is bigger (less mistake). Second if you use a automatic machine to fill the capsules you need a phisical properties for the solid, so you must add more excipients in order to be sure the solid flow correctly, etc, etc. If you fill the capsules one to one by hand, weighing individually, this is no necessary. The third is that the product can be harmless if it contacts gastric or esophagical mucose, so again is diluted with sokid product to be sure it dissolves and no remain in the mucose.
Galenic its no simply, so be sure what you are doing with a so dangerous product.
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Hello everyone,
How can performed DOP test for return/exhaust HEPA filters in the clean room? Because it can not be done by scan method for the leak test.
What will you suggest?
Are there standards or guidelines in this regard?
thanks.
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Depending on the HEPA position there are multiple options, which also depend on the Different hepa filter housing designs. There is a standard ISO16170, which describes criteria for representative challenge and sampling, which is very useful.
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Hello all 
I am working on drug molecule cilnidipine
trying to develop dissolution medium for in vitro release of my formulation
can anyone help me with the idea how to do it?
 i have tried following disso mediums but none of them show peak of my drug
0.1 N HCl
Phosphate buffer pH 6.8
Acetate buffer pH 4.8
Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with 0.1 % tween 80
0.4 % SLS in deionized water
also can anyone tell me about authenticity of using methanolic buffer / solution as dissolution medium?
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Can anyone help me regarding how I can make a formula of Cilnidipine Tablets meeting dissolution as per JP monograph.
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With the appearance of COVID-19 vaccines on the market, many available choices are there.
Which one is good?
Which one is safest?
Which one is most expensive?
Which one is easiest to store?
How many doses are required?
Other than intramuscular injection, any other forms?
How to check immune response after?
Do we need post-injection blood test?
Do we need annual booster dose?
Do we need new vaccines every year by prediction as if flu vaccines?
Any contraindications?
Any allergy from vaccination?
Do we need to mask after injection?
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Agreed with dear Arvind Singh
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Dear all,
I would like to develop a method (UPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of sildenafil (viagra) and its metabolite N-desmethyl sildenafil in plasma using protein precipitation as extraction method. I have read that Incurred Samples Reanalysis for N-desmethyl sildenafil has shown 20 to 50% increase in the concentration compared to initial concentration (The concentration of sildenafil was found to be matching). In addition, I have read that you can solve this issue working on ice. I was wondering if somebody with experience in this ananysis could give me and explanation.
Thanks for yuor time!!
Best wishes,
Kika
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This is not at all related to extraction method.....
Recently, I also faced the same issue. My method is LLE. Almost all the values for N-Desmethyl Sildenafil fails to meet the ISR criteria whereas 100% values are within acceptance for Sildenafil. After investigation, it was discovered that metabolite is not stable at ambient temperature in incurred sample. In ice cold water bath (below 10°C) there is no conversion.
No stability related issue was identified during method validation. The reason could be other fragile metabolite in incurred samples which is getting converted to N-desmethyl sildenafil at ambient temperature resulting in enhancement in metabolite concentration. The reaction/conversion stop when we use controlled temperature.
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Sometimes the actual size of the ampoule or vial is too small, so the labeling of the high concentration electrolyte (high alert) becomes difficult and covers the vital information including the expiry date.
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If the vials/ampoules are too small to label something simple like putting them into an alternative container that you can label easily may help. That way important information on the vial/ampoule will not be obscured. 
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Greetings
Which of the following majors is more suitable for studying at international universities for the master's degree in chemistry? Please apply the following items in your final answer: 1- Average income after graduation in the United States or Europe and 2- Ease of admission to international universities 3- Number of jobs available after graduation 4- working in the field of medicine and pharmacology etc.
  • Medicinal chemistry
  • Organic chemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Nano Chemistry
  • Analytical chemistry
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Hi
As for your Expectation, Analytical Chemistry will be the best option.
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology all need Analytical Chemistry - tough than other subjects.
Next Organic Chemistry
Study Analytical Chemistry and contact me for better position in US
Best Regards
- Saranya Bharathi
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Microplastics are environmental nuisance due to their ability to adsorb pollutants on the surface and carry contaminants to a long distance conveyed by air, water and soil. Therefore, contaminants are often found at a place which is not a source of such pollutants. Particle shape and size contribute to the transport pattern of microplastics borne contaminants in the environment. The concern is is mainly for the combined toxicity with the transport of hydrophobic organic compounds, heavy metals and pharmaceutically produced compounds. The absence of regulatory limits of microplastics in a watershed has made the problem acute in waterbodies. I am wondering if microplastics can be controlled in a watershed, if so, how.
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I think maybe by using a technic to isolate this particul from water .
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Hello everyone,
By searching the half-life of vasopressin, it appears that there are huge fluctuations between studies... Some demonstrate that, in blood, the half-life is about 2-3 min whereas other found more than 20min...
Does anyone know the "accepted" time of vasopressin half-life in blood?
Also, does anyone know the half-life within the brain?
Thank you for your help,
Sincerely,
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Thank you Gürhan for the references
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  • What is the time taken for steady state to be established in adults for ( Mycophenolate mofetil ) ?
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Please bear in mind that there is a large interindividual variability in the bioavailability and therefore the plasma concentration of parent mycophenolate and active metabolite. The variation can b as large as 30%. You may consider checking the plasma concentration in critical cases.
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Patient diagnosed with intractable major depression. Olanzapine treatment caused severe drug-induced Parkinsonian symptoms. Olanzapine discontinued 18 months ago and patient recovered from DIP. What alternative medication would you recommend?
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one could take advantage from tricyclic antidepressant: used cautiously, these old but still valuable drugs might be especially useful in case of Parkinson(ism)
regards, MC
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The nanotechnology is an increasing field of science with novel applications to many sectors, what are the current applications of the nanotechnology in the drug delivery and pharmaceutical technology?
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Please find the attached article which may satisfy your question.
Regards
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The same route of administration, dosage form, and the strength of the biological product ?
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If developed to the standards of the FDA, and EMA, the answer is 100% "yes." Products with the same structure and function will have the same effect. Head-to--head comparisons of reference and biosimilars are required at multiple levels to confirm the match in clinically important parameters. That having been said, there are products available in less developed countries that claim to be biosimilars but are not developed to the same standards and may not match the structure of the reference. Some of these products are still OK in terms of safety and efficacy (although I would not call them "biosimilars"), but others less so.
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Morbidity and mortality from invasive fungal infections remain unacceptably high, I really want to know why vaccines are not developed for fungal diseases, lack of scientific proficiency or ignorance?
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Michael Dare Asemoloye Factors which greatly limits the generation of fungal vaccines are,
1. Human commensal nature of fungi,
2. Capacity of fungi to establish clinical latency (Candida, Cryptococcus etc.),
3. Potential high costs in preparing the vaccines,
4. Mostly immunocompromised individuals are susceptible to fungal infections,
5. Vaccine against commensal organisms ( Candida, etc.) becomes a challenge as autoimmunity against the organism develops.
Despite these factors, many fungal vaccines are in development stages.
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With acceptable hardness and friability.
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Dear sir,
for paracetamol tablet you need 2.5-3.5% moisture in granules and optimized granules fine ratio. if higher % of fines present in blend, tablet will fail in friability test.
in paracetamol tablets optimal LOD is 2.5-3.5%, when we take batch with starch and pvp k-30 paste. if you take gelatin and starch as a binder then optimal LOD will change from 2-3%.
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I am trying to make a tablet formula for an active ingredient with a very light and airy structure, similar to fumed silicon dioxide. My constraints are that the tablet needs to be small with as high a percentage of active ingredient as possible.
I have tried several formulations using microcrystalline cellulose and dicalcium phosphate, but the issue is that the tablet comes out too soft. Using any reasonable amount of active ingredient (reasonable meaning greater than 20%) I can crack the tablet in half with my fingernail. The mixture is ultimately too light, and I physically can not put enough powder into the well of my tablet press in order to get a good, solid compression.
Is there any excipient I can add or any technique I can use that will create a good tablet in this instance?
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why dont you try dry-granulation technique??
beside that you have to check the % of the binder being used
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COVID-19 is severely affecting the whole world economy, and different countries suffered from different financial recession. Many human activities are affected, and the modern way of living is completely uprooted.
Will Governmental research grants be expected to drop sharply after COVID-19?
How about those financial support by pharmaceutical companies?
Is charity organization donations grants also experience a significant drop after COVID-19?
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This reminds me of the research field development after the World War.
Good view point!
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In my country, general practitioners also provide (sell) the medicine. What do you think of this practice? Please share your views concerning the advantages or disadvantages of this practice.
Do you know of places where it started like this; and then changed so that only pharmacists can dispense medicine? Thanks.
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In the first place they are most trusted by locals. The medicine is usually effective but d problem is often with the posology. Every practitioner gives as per their knowledge which limits sustainability.
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Dear colleagues,
I've been working on some lipid extraction analysis with QDa HPLC.
I start with some biological samples that are spiked with a different final concentrations of a lipid mix (consisted of few known lipids), thus to see what is the minimal concentration (and the recovery %) of the lipids that can be detected. In parallel, I use a freshly prepared calibration curve (0;0.5;1;2;4;6;8;10;20).
The problem is that I am not sure of the way I analyze my data, because in some samples I see clear peaks (of up to the ^6-7 intensity), yet, in my excel calculations I get very low or non-existing concentrations, like the extraction was not successful at all. For ex., I have clear peaks and higher calculated concentrations for samples with 50ug/ml final conc; but for samples with 100ug/ml I only have clear peaks with higher intensity, yet the calculations and recovery % show very low/non-existent values.
The way I analyze my data is the following:
1) Use calibration curve (slope&intercept) to calculate the concentration of my samples;
2) I tried to normalize for the blanks (for ex. if I have some very low signal in some of the blank samples)
3) I tried to normalize for the dilution factor (if diluted 10 times, multiple the concentration calculation by 10).
I believe there is a problem with the calibration curve cause a) R= 0.95-8 (approximately)
b) because of the slope or intercept, I get a lot of negative values in my sample conc. calculations.
I already checked the calculations multiple times and I am using a precise automatic pipette, so I really don't understand what the problem might be. Knowing how simple Cal.curve preparation and calculation is, I feel very frustrated that I cannot get proper values every time I do the analysis.
Do you maybe have any suggestions/comment/advice on a proper calculation, on how the slope&intercept affect my concentration and the calibration curve problem?
Thanks in advance,
Margarita
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When you are analyse your linear range and calibration range you have to check your column. I guess your column is not correspond for your data!!!
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How do I convert the absorbance values I have from dissolution into percentage cumulative drug release?
Also how do I measure the solubility of ibuprofen in water experimentally?
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Dear all, Thanks to Tiffany Tang I am attaching a revised version of the original Excel workbook which contained an error in the calculation of the "%Cumulative Dissolution" (column G). Sorry about the inconvenience,
Regards, Luis
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I am actually working on pharmaceutical formulations with thermoplastic polymers such as "copovidone or Kollidon VA64 and active ingredients like "Paracetamol". When i was running DSC with pure polymers, i used to do heat-cool-heat cycle (25-250 at 10°C/ min) in order to obtain the glass transition temperature (103 °C). Now, I am producing extrudates of KVA64 with Paracetamol and I am trying to determine solid state change of the Paracetamol (which is crystalline and have melting peak at 170°C) and check if I obtained a solid amorphous dispersion. However, by applying the heat-cool-heat cycle method to the physical mixture or the extrudates, i only fitnd in the 2nd heat a glass transition temperature without the melting peak characteristic of the Paracetamol even though on XRD there a some cristalline peaks. I think during the 1st heating, I amorphized the Paracetamol within the copovidone and the 2nd heating displays the thermal profile of this in-situ solid amorphous dispersion and not my original product. Could you suggest me some solutions to this issue? Thanks in advance
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Looking at these DSC records I would say that there is practically no crystalline paracetamol in extrudate or physical mixsture, it seems that paracetamol is soluble in KVA. Maybe there are some traces of crystalline phase which can be detected by XRPD.
If KVA64 and paracetamol form solution (they clearly do) and crystalline paracetamol is present, then the melting point of paracetamol in mixture should be shifted to lower temperatures (Van't Hoff equation).
Since I don't see any melting, I would say that paracetamol is in glassy state. It forms a solution with KVA64 during the first heating of the physical mixture. When cooled down, the mixture does not crystallize and amorphous paracetamol is obtained.
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We have produced a systematic review protocol according to COCHRANE guidelines for the investigation of the cost-effectiveness of a pharmaceutical technology in the clinical practice.
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It is more advantageous to submit to the Cochrane Library
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Many of the colors used to chromosome staining are alkaline colors (for example carmine). Are colors that have acidic properties also capable of chromosome staining?
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Acidic stains can be used to stain the protein exactly.
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We always hear that herbal medicines don't have side effects beacuse they are natural. However, the synthetic drugs are associated with a lot of side effects. How true is this statement?
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Herbal medicines may produce negative effects such as allergic reactions, rashes, asthma, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea that can range from mild to severe.
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The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6° F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly been doubled in the last 50 years. Temperatures are certain to go up further and may lead to fast genetic mutations in some pathogenic microbes to become accustomed to the new climate and proliferate resistant gene distribution over geographies. In addition, the overuses of antibiotics is also triggering the issues at a great step. Near about 10 most deadly bacterial pathogens have already been registered as antibiotic-resistant. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of them, that has already been created a huge challenge to overcome in their own right and will only become harder to control as their resistance to antibiotics grows. The development of new antibiotics is slow and difficult work but bacterial resistance is decreasing our arsenal of existing drugs posing a catastrophic threat as ordinary infections become untreatable.
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Addressing the global shortage of, and access to, medicines and vaccines
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I'm looking at the effect of cannabidiol on a certain process in cells. In my first trial, cannabidiol had a small effect. In my second trial, the same concentration had a much larger effect.
One explanation that can account for this difference is that the concentration in the first trial might have been done incorrectly and was actually lower than the second trial. I still have samples of the dilutions I made (in DMSO). Is there a way to check what the concentration is in my solutions to be sure they are the same?
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Dear Chloe, I faced with a phenomenon - a drug with a single concentration induced different cellular responses. The error was in a slightly different concentration of the cells themselves. It is always worthwhile to calculate the specific concentration, mol / cell. successful experiments!
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Dear Sir/Madam, I invited as a guest editor from high quality journals to handle special issues. If anyone can prepare a review similar to my review papers, particularly about a natural product in cancer prevention with focus on the structure activity relationship and mechanism of action, please kindly let me know to send an official letter. At this stage you should just send the title, authors and affiliation and abstract. Please kindly let me know as soon as you can. The suggested deadline for sending review is about 3 month. Best wishes, Suggeted topic: Genotoxicity of different agents and possble protection. Reducing side effects of radiotherapy and chomotherapy. Next generation of cancer therapy; Natural products. Natural products as novel therapeutic compounds. Radiation protection.
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What is names of the journals
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Dear researchers,
What are the detection methods for Estrogen hormone in the aqueous solution?
Can we use the UV-visible spectroscopy for Estrogen hormone (E1, E2 or EE2) detection? What is the suitable wavelength?
Best regards
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Is it possible for a person to crush a sustained release tablet for fast action?
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What a lot of parrots in here. Not one person has given a detailed explanation of what happens to the dose on crushing for the purpose of rapid release.
What would be the effective dose then, and why would it necessarily be dangerous?
Mostly the responses on here could have just as easily have been read off the packet.
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I am interested to have some cases/examples where scientists come out with an efficient drug against a disease marker (successful clinical trials), although at the end they realized that the cost of developing and marketing that drug was too high to be afforded and covered by most of health insurance systems therefore they decided to quit the project without providing this drug to patients who needed it. Or cases when the project was stopped because at certain point the scientists realized that the cost of production of the drug was very high and the number of patients to whom this drug was targeted wasn't big enough to cover the research/development costs (orphan drug). I know that this is not common because usually no one would do a research without predicting the financial aspect that's why I am asking for your help, if you ever encountered such a case.
I need this information to moderate a debate about biotechnology and society, so if you have another interesting topic, I would really appreciate your suggestions.
Thanks in advance!
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A big issue in antibiotic drug research and development these days has to do with the economics of introducing a novel antibiotic into the market when cheap generics are already available. The new drug may be better in some sense (e.g. fewer bacterial strains are resistant to it, or it is less toxic than the older drugs), but the hospitals won't use it very much because it is more expensive, and they won't be able to get sufficiently reimbursed by the insurance companies. Or antibiotic stewardship dictates that the new drug should be "saved" for use only when the cheaper drugs fail. As a result, companies that have completed the clinical trials and manufactured the drug can't sell enough to cover their costs. For some small companies recently, this has caused severe, even terminal, financial hardship. There is legislation pending in the US Congress to try to address this issue, because it is stifling the discovery, development, and use of new antibiotics to address the issue of drug resistant bacteria.
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I want to do GPT, how can i get the microbial culture with not more than 100 CFU/ml without Kit?
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Question is unclear?
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I am synthesizing the compound 1 by using chan-lam reaction as the figure showing. However, the conversion yield of ortho fluoroboronic acid (less than 20% on LC/MS) is much lower than the para fluoroboronic, which is very strange since the boronic acid is a nucleophile reagent and the F is ortho/para activated substituent and smaller than H in size.
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Hi;
Steric hindrance (the reaction site is blocked by F and B(OH)2 groups forming part of the molecule).
Best regards
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It is safe to use PHB for oral dosage form and what about its drug release behavior or mechanism?
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so it may be used for drug delivery applications too.
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Hi All,
Thank you for all your support.
Thank you chandra mohan , Christian Janiesch and Ramin Sedaghat.
Looking for more published projects where students can get benefited by referring these documents.
Please share the docs directly into genotech.in@gmail.com or reply me here.
Regards,
Ranjan
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Hello, there were many aspects in microbiology which need more detail study till now we have information only about 5% of total biodiversity of microorganisms. So 95% is future work!
Good luck!
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XRD peaks of drug in drug-loaded nano-particles are not shown. Do you know why?
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Dear then must occur structural changes in your loaded drug, or may their amount will very less and their peak will not appeared.
You can also check it from the TEM & HR-TEM also
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Our research project is the production of probiotic pills from native strains. What is the best method?...
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