Pharmaceutics - Science topic

The concept of the "creative class," proposed by Richard Florida, refers to a group of highly educated individuals with skills in areas such as science, technology, art, design, and communication, who possess great capacity for innovation and the development of new ideas. This concept can have a significant impact on pharmacy, especially in the development of digital health solutions, in several ways:

Innovation and Creative Thinking: The creative class is known for its ability to think outside the box and generate innovative solutions. In the context of pharmacy, this can lead to the development of new digital platforms, such as health monitoring apps, more efficient electronic prescription systems, or artificial intelligence tools to personalize pharmaceutical treatments.

Integration of Emerging Technologies: Members of the creative class are adept at integrating new technologies across different sectors. In the pharmaceutical field, this could lead to the implementation of technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain to improve patient data management, optimize the production and distribution of medications, or create new models for pharmacist-patient interaction.

User Experience (UX) Design: Professionals in the creative class, especially those in design and communication, place a strong emphasis on user experience (UX). This is crucial for developing digital health solutions, such as telemedicine apps, digital pharmacies, and medication management systems, which need to be intuitive and user-friendly to ensure patient adherence and the success of the solution.

Personalization of Care and Products: The creative class tends to develop solutions that cater to the individual needs of users. In digital pharmacy, this could translate into the creation of apps that personalize the patient experience, such as systems that recommend medications based on medical history or purchasing behavior, or programs that automatically monitor and adjust medication dosages.

Multidisciplinary Collaboration: The creative class values collaboration among professionals from diverse fields. In digital pharmacy, this could lead to partnerships between pharmacists, software engineers, designers, doctors, and other specialists to create innovative solutions that address healthcare demands more comprehensively and effectively.

In summary, the "creative class" can accelerate the development of innovative digital solutions in pharmacy, improving the quality of care, enhancing treatment personalization, and fostering a more collaborative and innovative environment within the healthcare sector.

Dear Doctor

Go To

[Drug abuse has a high prevalence worldwide and causes many health-related disorders. There are limited human exposure studies on establishing lead exposure levels and their propensity for drug addiction. In the present study, blood samples were tested for lead (Pb) concentrations in illicit drug users together with the related symptoms in comparison with control group of non-drug users. The study was performed on 250 volunteers divided equally in four drug groups, namely, opioids, hashish, methadone, and methamphetamine, and one control group of non-drug users. Participants were recruited from drug addiction clinics and camps in Kashan city, Iran, who were using drugs continuously for more than 1 year. Control group was recruited from companions of the patients with no drug use history. In the investigated groups of drug users, the highest blood-lead level (BLL) concentrations were observed in the opioid group (mean 37.57 µg/dL) with almost 3.7 times higher than in the control group (mean 3.39 µg/dL). In the methamphetamine group, type of occupation had the significant association with BLL concentrations. The positive correlation was revealed in the opioid and methadone groups for BLL concentrations and the duration of drug usage. In the opioid group, the highest BLL concentrations were observed among users who used both methods of drug use: smoking and eating. Also, several behavioral and life-style factors were identified which influence the blood-lead concentration in the drug users. The results of our study revealed that the BLL concentrations in investigated drug users’ groups were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.001). That can be related with the Pb contents in illicitly used drugs. Apart other adverse health effects, long-term illicit drug use might cause to lead poisoning.]

Mutoya Nicholus Tarakaramarao Challa thanks for your interest can i get your email so we can be in touch

Dear friend Mohammad Abou Chakra

It's possible that the differences you're seeing between the former and current parameter files for beta-cyclodextrin could be due to updates or improvements made to the force field or parameterization methods used by Charmm-gui since your friend's work was published. Another possibility is that there may be small differences in the input structures or simulation parameters used that could account for the differences in the resulting parameter files.

Without more specific information about the versions of Charmm-gui or the force field parameters used to generate the former and current parameter files, it's difficult to say for certain what might be causing the inconsistency you're seeing.

One thing you could try is to compare the force field parameters and charges for the specific atoms in question between the former and current parameter files and see if there are any obvious differences. You could also try contacting the Charmm-gui support team or consulting the Charmm-gui documentation to see if there have been any updates or changes to the force field parameters or parameterization methods that might account for the differences you're seeing.

Dear Somdatta Ghosh ,

The publisher behind the journal “Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research” is (https://www.auctoresonline.org ) a publisher that is mentioned in the updated version of the Beall’s list (https://beallslist.net/#update ). This is a red flag and by itself not enough to say predatory or not but there are more red flags:

-Indexing info (https://www.auctoresonline.org/journals/pharmaceutics-and-pharmacology-research ) is full of so-called misleading metrics (https://beallslist.net/misleading-metrics/ ) such as CiteFactor, DRJI, ISI international etc. often used by predatory journals/publishers

-Prominently mentioned PubMed indexed papers is misleading since every paper published by an author with a NIH grant is indexed there regardless of the journal

-APC (https://www.auctoresonline.org/article-processing-charges ) is too high for a basically none indexed journal

-Contact info is fake or at best a virtual office (Delaware is notorious for this)

I would say too many issues, better avoid.

Best regards.

Hope u have this at back of ur mind: "Chromophore"

herbal Novel drug delivery systems

And also think about medical devices like stents : DES, coated with anti inflammatory drugs

It is worthy.

You can also run an in situ coating at the end of the particle preparation!

If you are not able to get free sample you can directly contact with drug suppliers and ask for a quotation. There are many drug suppliers to provide.

Please, Madam, I did not get your point. How it works that babel?

Selection can be based on the facility available for doing research, basic requirement of university and expectation of research guide.

Best way is to find out the information from university website (for Ph.D. scholar's topic) and/or published paper with name of approved guide which can give idea about area of interest of guide.

Thanks

Dear Sejad Ayyoubi , not explicitly, as far as I am aware of. However, it will report the estimates for the fitted model and therefore you will have the estimate for k (d%=100*(1-exp(-kt))). Check at "Dissolution data modeling" and then choose one of the first-order model options.

Kind regards, Luis

I agree Muhammad, if you draw a diagrammatic representation of a tablet or capsule they do look like a matrix system and reservoir system respectively but as you understand these terms have been coined for controlled release products that use non-dissolving or slow-dissolving materials for the matrix/capsule while standard tablets and capsules are commonly referred to as immediate release dosage forms and these dissolve to release their active contents in minutes.

Dear Tarun

We should select PG and PhD projects very carefully. First of all, there should be basic facilities regarding the work selected. You can outsource some testing from other institutes. Secondly, you should choose suitable drug moiety for delivery. Now , choose suitable delivery system for selected moiety. Objective or rationale of work should be clear. Complete the work including preparation, characterisation and evaluation of system.

Gud luck!

Please see the short instruction film about SPE recorded by Agilent Technologies:

Best regards,

Mateusz

Antibiotics nano formulation for increased bioavailability and less dose.

Or any targeted drug delivery system.

Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology - Elsevier

Its a wonderful initiative.

Clinical Pharmacist is an active member of healthcare team providing direct patient care. American College of Clinical Pharmacy describes role of a Clinical Pharmacist as working directly with physicians, other health professionals, and patients to ensure that the medications prescribed for patients contribute to the best possible health outcomes. This role provides opportunity for a Clinical Pharmacist to apply core of pharmacy in patient care.

The active ingredient in Proviron is Mesterolone which is used mainly in the treatment of low testosterone levels. Ideally, you want to find a supplier for the active ingredient on it own and not as a tablet. There are many suppliers online that you can buy from. Once you get it, then bearing in mind that it is steroid then a cream or an ointment would the way to go. The choice between them depends of the site of application and the clinical indication.

If you insist on using a ready made dosage form of your active to make the topical formulation (rather than sourcing and acquiring the active a s a powder in the pure form) then an injectable proviron would be a better option than a tablet.

Any journal that is not an "open access" journal.

For any market

I reckon that the following approach shoud be

1) temperature 37 +/- 0,5

2) volume should be not more 100 ml

3) medium should be with pH of saliva probably 5.0-7.0

4) rate of stirring should be not 50 or 100 rotations

I think Diclofenac potassium is not at all a drug of choice for oral intake to give relief from pain. It is generally used at local application as a pain reliever due to probable toxicity in oral use.

Paracetamol is the drug of choice for oral use to relief pain, as far my knowledge goes. As the Pain center and Thermo-regulatory center are staying very near in Hypothalamus, interaction in effects are seen in almost all the drugs used in related purposes.

I want a new and unique topic?

Thank you for your recommendation.

No, I think you must put the amount of dry powder equivalent to a unit dose into the basket of the USP 1 Dissolution apparatus, and count the time since you immerse the basket into the dissolution médium. You can performa dissolution profile taking samples at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes and see the results to determine which is the correct time in which the drug is disolved in the medium more than 80%.

Another option is to prepare the oral suspensión as is indicated in the label and take an aliquot of the prepared suspension equivalent to the unit dose, pour into the vessel with dissolution media in Apparatus 2 (palets) and count the time from the moment of addition. You can try both and see wich is the procedure that best fit your needs.

According to USP,  For oral formulations dissolution should be performed in a medium having pH range 1.2 - 6.5 and to 7.5 only for modified release substance. For poorly soluble drug, medium may contain a percentage of a surfactant (1% w/v) (polysorbate 80, SLS or lauryl dimethyl amine oxide). The medium should be deaerated by heating, filtration or by applying vacuum.  The sink condition must be maintained for which the quantity of dissolution should not be less than 3 times that required to form a saturated solution of the drug substance and if required volume of the medium can be raised to 2L or 4L using large vessels. For Reference

For Reference Please refer USP

Thank you all for your guidance. Have gone through these literature... found some very useful, but there is lack of guidelines related to botanicals...  hope will find them soon.

Regards,

Satya 

incorporate some ester linkage between the copolymers that will allow the fast degradation 

thank you..

This probably depends somewhat on your customers needs and usage of the materials you sell and then also on your own stock levels (ie how much stock you still carry and want to be able to sell to customers a year after you manufacture it.

Expiry or retest dates are both valid ways to advise customers of material shelf life but the stated shelf life should be accompanied by storage condition instructions. (e.g. keep dry and store below 25oC)

If your purpose in retesting after two years is to be able to sell more material from an older manufacture lot to customers who are happy with a 1 year shelf life then what you describe is an applicable procedure.

Chemical suppliers that we deal with will not offer us, the customer, a new CoA for the material upon retest in their factory probably because they cannot be sure we have correctly stored the material.  Customers may be able to conduct their own material retest if they want to extend the shelf life of the material in their own business use.

If you accumulate data over time that justifies reissuing another 2 year expiry I would suggest that is probably something you should consider doing.  However, if 1 year shelf life is acceptable to most of your clients then a 1 year expiry or retest date would be acceptable.

Hope these thoughts help.

Kind regards, Colin

What Calistus said is one option-making a solid dispersion of the powder in an inert polymer like PEG or waxes / acrylic polymers. 

The other method is Microencapsulation of the water-sensitive powder by suitable methods  like solvent evaporation, Wurster process, Spray drying. Check out the suitable polymer and method to be used. 

Provided the storage conditions are adequate and controlled and you already know that the shelf life of the drug product (i.e. capsules filled with excipients and drug substance) under certain conditions is 2 years, if you produce capsules with starting materials that are within each respective shelf life the shelf life of the drug product is, as you mention, 2 years.Of course what Ashish wrote is always valid.

Dear Stephan, this article, which I enclose, is not on the drug combinations in oncology. However, it addresses the issues of effectiveness, ethics and costs related to the introduction of new oncology drugs. I hope it will be useful to you.

Best regards, Maurizio

Firstly, you have to ensure your Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient are still in the assay requirements range... for some raw materials that past it's expired date, you have to re-test it... 

If the assay is still in range (see the monograph instead the references such as USP/BP/EP) you may use that raw materials for production/manufacturing process...

Zhuo X, Gu J, Zhang Q , et al: Biotransformation of coumarin by rodent and human cytochromes P-450: metabolic basis of tissue-selective toxicity in olfactory mucosa of rats and mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288:463, 1999.

Hope it helps.

You can easily check whether BSA binds to the surface by running a BSA solution over it. Increasing rRU's mean binding. 

Can you block with BSA during coupling? First inject your receptor and then BSA? 

1) If the dose of cyclosporine is low (5-10 mg), then make sustained release delivery....sustained delivery minimize variation

2) If dose is high, govern the dissolution by formulation property but not due to bile salts..e.g. solid dispersion with Lutrol polymers

3) Change absorption window

Add some absorbent material, e.g., silicon dioxide or starch, 2-20% by weightof the matrix

Dear Sir. Concerning your issue about the UPLC method for analysis of permeated insulin. The chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous analysis of human insulin and its main decomposition product using isocratic RP-HPLC/UV, a column type RP-C18 (100 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm particle size, and pore size 130 Å) was used. o-Nitrophenol was used as internal standard. The eluent consists of 62% KH2PO4 buffer (0.1 M), 26% ACN, and 12% MeOH. The final pH was adjusted to 3.1. The eluent was pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the effluent was monitored using DAD detector at 214 nm. The method produces a linear response over the concentration range of 0.0106 to 0.6810 mg/mL with detection limit of 0.0029 mg/mL. Considering the specifications of this method, the system was found to be suitable for rapid, direct routine analysis and stability studies of insulin. The following below links may help you in your analysis:

Thanks

A simple and cheap technique is to buy a microscope slide with a measurement grid on it. Place your sample on the grid and take a picture. A picture is worth a 1000 numbers. Often times managers will "get" a picture, but if you give them histograms, statistics, etc, they will argue the significance of the insignificant for hours. To understand particle size distribution you need to have a command of the log-normal distribution function. Not many people have this skill. Your manager probably understands normal distribution. That can almost be dangerous because the two don't translate. I've done PSD by laser diffraction and microscopy for years. My opinion is that microscopy supports instrumental methods, not the other way around.  Let me know how things work out.

Thank you, I'll look into it

Liu,

You can search on following websites

Dear Josh,

A double-blind, randomized crossover study in 28 asthmatic patients assessed the relative therapeutic index for inhaled formoterol and salbutamol. Pre-drug administration FEV1 (mean 2.08 l) was 49–93% of predicted and reversibility 16–82% after inhalation of salbutamol. Patients inhaled single doses of formoterol (Oxis®) (4.5, 18 and 54 μg, delivered doses) via Turbuhaler, salbutamol (Ventolin>®) (200 and 1800 μg) via pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) and placebo at intervals of 48 h or more. Individual maximum FEV1 and minimum S-K+ were calculated. Relative local (maximum FEV1) and systemic (minimum S-K+) dose potencies, and their ratio, the relative therapeutic index, were estimated using a non-linear mixed effect model. The drug effects were well tolerated and dose dependent. A log-linear approximation was used to describe the bronchodilatory effect, whereas a sigmoid approximation was more apt to describe the decrease in serum potassium concentration. A bivariate dose–response model based on these principles was fitted simultaneously to all data. The mean relative therapeutic index between formoterol 4.5–54 μg given via Turbuhaler and salbutamol 200–1800 μg given via pMDI was estimated to be 2.5 in favour of formoterol; this trend was not statistically significant.

To view the full publication, please use the following link:

Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;58(4):S61-7.

Assessment of a relative therapeutic index between inhaled formoterol and salbuterol in asthma patients.

Rosenborg J1, Larsson P, Rott Z, Böcskei C, Poczi M, Juhász G.

Author information

 

Abstract

To quantify the relation between local and systemic magnitudes of effects of inhaled formoterol and salbutamol.

Twenty-eight stable asthmatic patients completed this double-blind, randomised crossover study. Pre-drug administration FEV1 (mean 2.08 L) was 49-93% of predicted and reversibility 16-82% after inhalation of salbutanmol. Patients inhaled three single doses of formoterol fumarate dihydrate (Oxis) (delivered doses of 4.5, 18 and 54 microg) via Turbuhaler, two single doses of salbutamol (200 and 1800 microg) via a pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) and placebo at intervals of 48 h or more. Individual maximum FEV1 and minimum S-K+ were calculated. A classic sigmoid model of log-dose response was used to discriminate pharmacologically between formoterol and salbutamol. Relative local (maximum FEV1) and systemic (minimum S-KC) dose potencies, and their ratio, the relative therapeutic index, were estimated using an on-linear mixed effect model.

The drug effects were well tolerated and dose dependent The bronchodilating effect was on a part of the dose response curve that could be well approximated by a log-linear function, the serum potassium suppressing effect sometimes was not (the lowest doses differed only marginally from placebo). Thus, a log-linear approximation was used to describe bronchodilation, whereas a sigmoid approximation was more apt to describe the decrease in serum potassium concentration. A bivariate dose-response model based on these principles was fitted simultaneously to all data. The mean relative therapeutic index was estimated to be 2.5 (95%confidence interval: 0.9-6.5).

The mean relative therapeutic index between formoterol (Oxis) 4.5-54 microg given via Turbuhaler and salbutamol 200-1800 microg given via pMDI was estimated to 2.5 in favour of formoterol; this trend was not statistically significant.

Hoping this will be helpful,

Rafik

Generally we use ~1-2 gm of sample at 105° C for 10 min in industry.  Temperature (60/105/150° C) and time (5/10/..../30 min) selection depends on the sample property that influence the LOD. Effect of temperature and time on the sample LOD has to be  studied in order to get the constant LOD (as Dr. John Hatten rightly said), basing on this study minimum temperature and time are to be selected that gives constant LOD.

@Samina Nasrin

In actual fact, it is not a rule nor is it advisable to give an extract, that is being tested based on traditional use, via i.p. route. Unless, it is a substance being developed to be administered via the i.p. route. Otherwise, the rule is to prepare and apply the extract in a way very similar to how it is used in the traditional medicine

Short answer:  You can prescribe any antacid or acid-reducer (PPI) with any NSAID.  Any combination of these will be 'safe'.

Long answer:  If your patient is already taking an NSAID and/or must take one long-term, start with a chewable antacid such as TUMS. If this doesn't work, try the following, in order of preference, lowest dose first, and increase to effectiveness:

Mylanta / Gaviscon / Maalox liquid  (NEVER use pepto-bismol or other salycilate)

bicarbonate

sucralafate - RX only, not an antacid, only a 'protective'

Pepcid (famotidine)

Zantac (ranitidine)

Prilosec (omeprazole)

Protonix (pantoprazole) - RX only but cheap

Prevacid (lansoprazole)

Nexium (esomeprazole) - OTC but expensive

Kapidex / Dexilant (dexlansoprazole) - most expensive

misoprostol / diclofenac - combination RX only drug

change NSAID to topical diclofenac

Even longer answer: PPI are almost too effective at reducing stomach acid, which is necessary for digestion and activation of some pro-drugs and dissolution of some vitamins.  Food without acid delays gastric emptying times, rots in the stomach, irritates the stomach lining, grows H.pylori, and triggers MORE indigestion and heartburn. The ultimate issue is protecting the _lining_ of the stomach from thinning due to COX-1 inhibition. A PPI may actually make ulcers WORSE by letting food rot in the stomach and physically irritate a thin stomach lining. In this respect, an H2 antagonist / antihistamine like famotidine/ ranitidine may be safer and more effective to relieve heartburn / indigestion in a patient taking NSAID chronically. The H2-antagonists allow some acid, can be taken at bedtime to focus on nocturnal GERD (which can cause asthma).

Your patient may be better served to find other options for chronic pain or inflammation besides an NSAID, or change their diet to promote better GI health rather than just simply take away all their stomach acid.  Have them eat less meat, eat meat that isn't charred or black (causes inflammation and cancer), more vegetables, take probiotics, don't eat late at night, low fat, less spicy or acidic food (juice, tomato sauces), less alcohol or at least no alcohol with supper or later.   Have your 1 glass of red wine with lunch, instead. Drink plenty of water during daytime. Less fried foods (they promote GI inflammation), and less processed foods.

Use Pro Lipo Neo (Lecithin derived) to prepare hydrophylic API Liposomal.

Please see its brochure

Dear Rishabh,

The factors need to be consider are dependent on the formulation type as well as processing step. All the factors which can effect the intermediate as finished product quality should be considered for hold time study in a particular processing step. Finally the quality of the intermediate or finished product should be assured with relevent test.

Regards

Srimanta 

As Rafik rightly mentioned is correct.

-Cost to Develop New Pharmaceutical Drug Now Exceeds $2.5B

A benchmark report estimates that the cost of bringing a drug to market has more than doubled in the past 10 years.

But, the which required to bring a new bio pharmaceutical drug is also to be considered.

Mohmamad.

A scroll pump would be the ideal choice - more expensive than a rotary pump, but one then doesn't need to be concerned with regular oil changes.

All the major players (Pfeiffer et al.) make them.

Alkaloids form a group of nitrogen containing toxic compounds which have many types of pharmacological activities 

Since shelf life is determined by testing in the original container, the stability can be impacted as soon as the medicine is taken from the original container, eg highly hygrosopic medicines, soluble medicines, etc. Since generics will have different excipients (and therefore stability), I would imagine that a general rule relating to the active ingredient may not suffice. The only source of information I can think of is stability testing undertaken by the pharma company, which they are often hesitant to provide because it is not in line with their regulatory approval. There are usually local regulations which govern packaging of dosage administration aids, so they will be a good starting point. Also need to think about method of repackaging and timeframe in repackaged aid.

if you take any type of solvent has its own effect on analyte physically and chemically, you can avoid maximum by choosing fixed wavelength of analyte, you can run spectrophotometry for its identification, even though it is unknown compound

Although your question looks quite simple it is actually quite complex.

Quite a lot of medications can be withdrawn abruptly but they may come with some minor or major physiological effects. These effects may be due to one of several possibilities I have listed just a few examples:

**The body being used to a certain level of therapy for a condition and now not getting it meaning the condition is noticed again. The simple example here is chronic paracetamol use in Osteo arthritis. If it was suddenly stopped I don’t think you would get true withdrawals from this but the patient would definitely notice the increase in pain. So it would be interpreted as withdrawal but it probably isn’t really classed as a clinical withdrawal.

**Many blood pressure medications can be stopped suddenly if needed (usually if they suddenly become hypotensive) but they also usually have quite a pronounced rebound hypertension effect. I also don’t think that this is classed as a true clinical withdrawal.

**Medications such as antidepressant, benzodiazepine, and opioid pain medication (And many more) have what I would call a true clinical withdrawal effect. This is where the patient, over time, develops a physical or psychological dependence on the drug. When these medications are stopped the withdrawal effects are more than just symptoms related to the disease state that they are used to treat. These effects can be quite varying and can be very severe and intolerable for the patient in some cases.

 

I guess it depends how we interpret the question. As all medications cause an effect on the body and if stopped they will no longer cause that effect, if the effect in question can be felt by the patient this can often be mistaken as withdrawal.

Just because a medication may cause some withdrawal does not exclude sudden stoppage. We have to decide if the need for suddenly stopping a medication outweighs any possible withdrawal issues. That is probably the more important point. It can be a case by case situation.

This is all just in my humble opinion.

Hello! 

I have the same question now.. Did you find your answear?

Hi

following link will help you:

https://www.caymanchem.com/pdfs/70685.pdf 

Adding to gelatin capsule is not a solution to overcome hygroscopicity. However application of moisture barrier coating to tablet prepared in controlled environment may be a possible solution for any hygroscopic drug.

solid dispersion may help to convert the ritonavir into amorphous so there are many methods for solid dispersion such as hot melt, kneading, solvent evaporation method etc so if you go through this it will help to solve the problem hope so

I give Tablet. Artane 2mg twice a day, can step up to three times a day (max 6mg). Daily dose is not so effective. One can see the secretions lesser and wound more dry within Day 3 of administration. If for some reason this is not enough, I inject Botox into the salivary gland. Hope this helps, thank you.

Casein is rather very difficult to dissolve in water. However, it can be dissolved in water plus 10mM Calcium chloride....by stirring and then heating the solution till about 50 degree celcius. Should dissolve in about 30 mins. If not... then adding just about 2 drops of a 100mM NaOH solution into in. Continue stirring for about 15 more minutes and it will dissolve.

I think this problem is the same as normal liquid-liquid miscibility measurement. For refrigerants with oil we use DIN 51514. In http://www.r744.com/assets/link/FUCHS_Puhl_VDA%20Winter%20Meeting%202009.pdf at page 14 you see four ampoules filled with a mixture of two liquids in the right upper corner. The ampoules will be heated and cooled in a thermostat and observed visually. The clouding by changing from one phase to two phases is the miscibility temperature. This is what you can do. For liquids it is better to go from one phase to two phase, instead from two phase to one phase like suggested for solids.

A second method to measure the solubility is measuring the vapor pressure of the solutions. Solutions existing of solvent and dissolved substances with lower vapor pressure (also lower humidity) show better solubility of the dissolved substances than such with higher vapor pressure. If you measure the temperature-pressure dependency of a defined mixture you will observe a  change in the slope lg(p) ~ 1/T going from one phase into two phase.

It may be also possible to see a thermal effect of demixing at DSC by heating and cooling the mixtures.

Kind Regards

Steffen.

Thank You everyone :D

According to me the color used for this purpose has been approved by concern authority followed by many tests. Depending upon the person to person, if someone have allergy by specific chemicals which may be present in that color it will show adverse effect.

Hola Ramón, 

The stabolity problem should be by oxidation or hydrolysis. 

To avoid oxidation you can buble your DMSO stock solution with Nitrogen, to eliminate the air and store in vials that close really well, using also parafilm arounf the cap. 

To know if your compound is working, first you have to assay your strains with fresh prepared solution. Then you can start using your stock solution and check if after a cycle of freeze-thawing keep providing the same result. 

Additionally, you cam check if it is stable running  a TLC or  HPLC or GC( depending the polarity and the MW of the compound)

The impurities in Pharmaceuticals are regulated by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Because many solvents pose a major risk to human health, national and international regulatory bodies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) require analysis for residual solvents in pharmaceutical drug substances, excipients and final products. In herbals,residual solvents may results from their use as an extraction solvent in liquid extracts and tinctures or when added as a diluents to liquid pharmaceutical preparation.

Considering the figures you put in, yes this variation is accepted. However, as Mahrath mentioned: It depends on the vibrational excitation of the compound and this will certainly come down to its dependence on the nature of the bonds you have in your sample.

Here i have enclosed articles for your concern.

Hello,

you might find this article of interest for you.

Good Luck

Briefly, mixtures of surfactant (Span 40 or Span 60) and cholesterol, in different molar ratios, viz. 7:4, 7:6 and 7:7, were accurately measured into along necked quick fit round-bottom flask and dissolved in 9ml of a chloroform/methanol mixture (2:1, v/v).

The organic solvents were slowly evaporated under reduced pressure, using a rotary evaporator (Janke and Kunkel, model RVO5-ST, IKA Laboratories, Staufen, Germany) at 60 ◦C such that a thin dry film of the components was formed on the inner wall of the rotating flask. The film was redissolved in 12 ml ether

and a solution containing 20 mg drug in 4ml acetone together with 6ml phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) was added. The mixture was sonicated for 2 min, swirled by hand, and resonicated again for another 2 min in a bath sonicator. The resultant opalescent dispersion was rotary evaporated to disrupt the gel formed immediately. Following addition of 10 ml phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4); rotary evaporation was

continued for an additional 15 min duration to ensure the removal of residual diethyl ether. The niosomal suspension was left to mature overnight at 4 ◦C.

I hope you'll find it useful.

This link may be useful

Yes, they do change the blending property owing to their bulk property such as crystallinity, polymorphism etc.

The major difference I mean the water solubility. Although of the two are flourinated derivatives of methyl predinsolone, but their solubilities in water are not identical. A steric effect may be the reason of this difference where water molecules being less able to move close to the 17-OH group in case of dexamethasone than betamethasone. This case is called isomeric solubility like in case of o,m, p dihydroxy benzene where p form is the most stable form so it has the lowest solubility in water but the ortho form may lead to formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond causing less liability of OH group to water molecules. So, we can see the difference in solubility between them where they are 4, 9, 0.6 mole/dm3 for o, m, p respectively.

Although dosage form and drug delivery system can be used interchangeably, dosage form is often used to refer to the physical appearance of drug like tablets, capsules, syrups, ointment and creams whereas the drug delivery system is often used to refer to the way dosage form releases the drug and delivers it to the target organ, tissue, cell or even cellular organelle.

For example, OROS system of nifedipine (Procardia tablet by Pfizer)

dosage form is tablet but OROS system is the drug delivery system where the drug is released through laser drilled orifice in the semipermeable membrane either by the action of osmotic effect of KCL pushing layer or effervescent pushing layer.

Hi, pls find some references, hope they help you.

I also want to know who can provide such software or calculation help.

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