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Passivation - Science topic

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Short circuit current density and efficiency are increased and it can be explained using the suppression of recombination.
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Imalka Jayawardena Is it due to energy band alignment mismatches??
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Suggest the best tags
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Dear Doctor
Go To
UHF RFID for Jewelry Business
Krison Supboon and Daranee Hormdee
2011
[Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is revolutionizing the way products and goods can be tracked and traced. Various owners of major businesses have realized the potential of RFID technology including that of jewelry business. The benefits of RFID that bring to jewelry business include shortened inventory cycle, an intelligent marketing tool involving Customer Relation Management (CRM), and heightened security internally and externally. Due to beliefs and previous evidences on multiple ID detection and its performance in proximity to metal, High Frequency (HF) RFID usually is the choice for jewelry business. This paper presents the result of various experiments to exhibit that UHF RFID could be the better solution for jewelry business, especially on the last advantage regarding security.
Conclusions UHF RFID technology offers unique possibilities to the challenges facing the jewelry industry. Being capable of handling simultaneous multi-scan capabilities, better than HF or LF, means jewelers will not be manually accounting for each jewelry item one piece or a small number of pieces at a time. With RFID in place, batches of jewelry items can be scanned and detected all at once. The convenience the technology offers also implies the feasibility of running close to real-time monitoring of jewelry goods everyday of the week, thereby heightening security throughout. With longer reading distance, UHF RFID coupled with powerful jewelry software solutions, promises to slash operating costs of jewelry business through canceling "waste" from theft and loss via a smart RFID gate. Furthermore a well designed RFID jewelry solution opens new opportunities into gathering customer trending for a jewelry retail business. With such real time data, the jewelry business owner can "adjust" his retail space and be rewarded with improved sales.]
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entry exit points with single antennas are to be used for directional tag reading
as metallic environment is considered all tags are read by all the antennas
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A Review of Tags Anti-Collision Identification Methods Used in RFID Technology
Ling Wang, Zhongqiang Luo, Ruiming Guo and Yongqi Li
Electronics 2023, 12(17), 3644; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12173644
[Abstract
With radio frequency identification (RFID) becoming a popular wireless technology, more and more relevant applications are emerging. Therefore, anti-collision algorithms, which determine the time to tag identification and the accuracy of identification, have become very important in RFID systems. This paper presents the algorithms of ALOHA for randomness, the binary tree algorithm for determinism, and a hybrid anti-collision algorithm that combines these two algorithms. To compensate for the low throughput of traditional algorithms, RFID anti-collision algorithms based on blind source separation (BSS) are described, as the tag signals of RFID systems conform to the basic assumptions of the independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm. In the determined case, the ICA algorithm-based RFID anti-collision method is described. In the under-determined case, a combination of tag grouping with a blind separation algorithm and constrained non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is used to separate the multi-tag mixing problem.]
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Fuller, Russell J; Han, Bing; Tung, Yining, 2010, “Thinking about Indices and "Passive" versus Active Management”, Journal of Portfolio Management 36(4), pp. 35-47.
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Il s’agit simplement d’améliorer les techniques d’indexation utilisées pour prédire les mouvements du marché. Il s’agit essentiellement d’utiliser une mesure plus fine, dite « active », par rapport à la gestion « passive » qui prévaut (en utilisant des indices dérivés ou des indices avec un délai plus long entre la génération et l’utilisation).
This is simply improving on indexing techniques used in predicting market movements. Basically, using a finer metric “active” compared to the prevalent “passive” management (using derivative indices, or those with a larger lag time from generation to use).
Here are some other abstracts:
Thinking about Indices and “Passive” versus Active Management
  • July 2010 The Journal of Portfolio Management 36(4):35-47
  • DOI: 10.3905/jpm.2010.36.4.035
  • Russell J. Fuller, , Bing Han, Yining Tung
ABSTRACT
In this article,we have suggested that the investment community (practitioners and academics) needs to think more about indexing, a multi-trillion-dollar investment practice.Some questions and issues we have raised include the following: • What are the active decisions that must be made to construct a paper index? • Between an indexed portfolio and the benchmark (i.e., the paper index) being mimicked, approximately how much is the shortfall in returns due to the actual transaction costs associated with creating the indexed portfolio? • What are actual investors attempting to accomplish when their portfolios are indexed? • Can the method of indexing a portfolio to a capweighted paper index be improved? Our estimate of the shortfall for an indexed largecap portfolio is 2 to 4 bps depending on the transaction costs of trading.We showed how the returns of portfolios that are indexed to cap-weighted paper indices can be improved by approximately 25 to 30 bps, depending upon transaction costs,using only the market value information that a passive indexer would have.We showed how this is possible through the use of common sense security analysis principles proposed by Graham and Dodd long before passive indexing became such a huge industry. Perhaps the most controversial point presented in this article is that there is no such thing as true passive investing. What is commonly referred to as passive indexing is really just an active strategy in which many active decisions are simply outsourced to those who construct the paper index, or benchmark, and to the market place, which sets the prices that determine the critical variable used in the indexing process-the estimate of market values.
Alternate Abstract:
Trillions of dollars are indexed to various benchmarks, which the authors refer to as paper indices. Paper indices are based on a surprisingly large number of arbitrary, active decisions that are made by the organizations that sponsor them. Fuller, Han, and Tung investigate the importance of these active decisions on benchmark returns by constructing their own paper index, allowing them to estimate the amount of shortfall relative to their index that an indexer would incur due to transaction costs related to mimicking the index. The estimated shortfall is 2 to 4 basis points a year, depending upon the assumptions made regarding transaction costs. The authors also show that traditional indexing, relative to the benchmark they constructed, can be improved—using only market value data available to any indexer—by about 25 to 30 basis points a year after transaction costs. The authors conclude that no investment strategy is passive. Although the strategy of traditional indexing has a number of attractive attributes, it is not passive in the sense that the word passive is commonly used.
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When constructing a building (In our case in the Netherlands) you can use horizontal fixed louvres paralell to the plane of the window to provide shading. The question is what the optimal angle for the louvres is as a function of latitude and exposition of the facade. I have found some references for angles in Australia based on allowing mid-winter sun entry, but not the method to calculate them.
Also, the spacing between louvres could be considered.
Thanks!
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Designing fixed horizontal louvres to optimize shading involves careful consideration of your building's latitude and the orientation of its façades. In the Netherlands, located at approximately 52°N latitude, the sun's path varies significantly between seasons, influencing the ideal louvre angle and spacing.
Determining the Optimal Louvre Angle:
The primary goal is to block high-angle summer sun while permitting lower-angle winter sun to enter, enhancing passive solar heating. To achieve this, calculate the sun's altitude at solar noon during the summer and winter solstices:
  • Summer Solstice (June 21): Sun altitude ≈ 61.5° (calculated as 90° – latitude + 23.5°)
  • Winter Solstice (December 21): Sun altitude ≈ 14.5° (calculated as 90° – latitude – 23.5°)
For a south-facing façade, set the louvres at an angle slightly less than the summer solstice sun altitude (e.g., 55°–60°) to block high summer sun while allowing winter sun to penetrate. Adjust angles for other orientations accordingly, considering the sun's path and desired shading.
Calculating Louvre Spacing:
The spacing between louvres (S) depends on the louvre depth (D) and the desired shading angle (θ). Use the following relationship:
S=D×tan⁡(θ)S = D \times \tan(\theta)S=D×tan(θ)
Where:
  • D = Depth of the louvre
  • θ = Desired shading angle (e.g., the sun's altitude angle you wish to block)
For instance, with a louvre depth of 0.5 meters and a desired shading angle of 60°:
S=0.5×tan⁡(60°)≈0.5×1.732=0.866 metersS = 0.5 \times \tan(60°) \approx 0.5 \times 1.732 = 0.866 \text{ meters}S=0.5×tan(60°)≈0.5×1.732=0.866 meters
This spacing ensures effective shading at the specified angle.
Additional Considerations:
  • Façade Orientation: South-facing façades benefit most from horizontal louvres. For east or west orientations, consider vertical louvres or a combination to address low-angle sun exposure.
  • Adjustability: Fixed louvres are designed for specific conditions. Incorporating adjustable louvres can provide flexibility to adapt to varying sun angles throughout the year.
  • Local Climate: Consider the Netherlands' temperate climate, balancing shading to prevent overheating in summer while allowing solar gain in winter.
For precise calculations tailored to your specific project, tools like the Insol Louvre Shading Calculator can be valuable. This tool allows you to input parameters such as latitude, louvre dimensions, and façade orientation to assess shading performance throughout the year.
Insolvency NZ
By carefully calculating louvre angles and spacing based on your building's latitude and façade orientation, you can enhance energy efficiency and occupant comfort through effective passive solar design.
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Kindly asking. Due to the passivation of the alloy, the potential and current of the alloy in ECN monitoring have the same trend of change, resulting in almost no change in Rn value. Is this reasonable?
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I hope this message finds you Blade Tomas well! I wanted to share some insights on using electrochemical noise (ECN) to monitor the passivation and corrosion behavior of alloys in solution. From what I’ve observed, during the passivation process, the current and potential trends in ECN often show correlated changes. This is primarily due to the formation of a stable passive film, which leads to minimal variations in the noise resistance (Rn). Essentially, when both parameters shift in unison, it suggests that the system is in a steady, passivated state. Thus, a lack of significant change in Rn can be interpreted as an indication of stable passivation rather than active corrosion processes.
However, it’s important to consider that this observation can vary depending on the sensitivity of the setup. If localized breakdown events, like pitting, occur within the passive state, they might cause deviations in the ECN signals, which could complicate the interpretation of the data.
I’m curious about your thoughts on this. Specifically, how do you Blade Tomas think changes in solution composition or temperature might impact the reliability of ECN for studying passivation behavior? I’d love to hear your insights!
Looking forward to your response!
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Interested in learning about media power and the role of the media system, have a look at my latest article:
#mediapower #discourse analysis
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تحليل المحتوى وليس تحليل الخطاب. محتوى الإعلام صار وسيلة قبل أن يكون خطاب، فالوسائل تحمل محتويات تنتظر التحليل أكثر من احتياج اللفظ للمعاينة والمعالجة.
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The Cr nanolayer (formed by the PVD method) is resistant to strong acidic solutions (i.e., H2SO4, HCl, ...), however, the bulk Cr metal dissolves slowly. I think maybe this is because of the passive layer on the nanolayer. If it is true, is there any chemical procedure to dissolve the passive layers?
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Chromium carbide is light, so it is possible that your coating is indeed chromium, but with a fairly thick oxide film on top that gives it a dark color. The thicker oxide film may explain why the reaction with hydrochloric acid does not start immediately.
Chromium is a very active metal that reacts quickly with sulfuric and hydrochloric acid when the oxide film is destroyed. It is not even necessary to destroy the oxide film mechanically to initiate the reaction of chromium with acids. In hydrochloric acid, this film dissolves slowly at normal temperature, and in sulfuric acid - when heated to at least 60°C.
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How can I define Planetary motion in ABAQUS CAE, how define motion of three rollers around a central axis and passive rotation about their own axis?
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To define planetary motion in ABAQUS CAE, particularly for modeling the motion of three rollers around a central axis with passive rotation about their own axes, you can follow these steps:
### Step-by-Step Guide
1. **Create the Geometry**:
- Define the geometry of the central axis and the three rollers in the Part module.
- Create a central shaft and three rollers as separate parts.
2. **Assembly**:
- Assemble the parts to position the rollers around the central shaft in the Assembly module.
3. **Define Reference Points and Coordinate Systems**:
- Create reference points at the center of each roller and the central axis.
- Define local coordinate systems at these reference points to facilitate the definition of motion constraints.
4. **Define Constraints**:
- **Central Axis Rotation**: Apply a rotational boundary condition to the central axis reference point.
- Go to the Load module, create a new boundary condition, and select the rotational DOF for the central axis reference point.
- **Planetary Motion**:
- Use a *KINEMATIC COUPLING* to define the motion of the rollers around the central axis.
- Create a coupling constraint that connects each roller reference point to the central axis reference point with the appropriate kinematic constraints.
- **Passive Rotation**:
- Define a second kinematic coupling for each roller to allow rotation around their own axes.
- This can be done by coupling the rotational degree of freedom of the roller's local coordinate system to allow free rotation.
5. **Apply Loads and Boundary Conditions**:
- Define the necessary loads and boundary conditions for the central shaft to impart the desired rotational motion.
- Ensure that the rollers are free to rotate about their own axes by not constraining their local rotational DOF excessively.
6. **Mesh the Model**:
- Mesh the parts appropriately, ensuring that the mesh is fine enough to capture the interactions between the rollers and the central shaft.
7. **Define Interaction Properties**:
- Define contact properties between the rollers and the central shaft if they are in contact.
- Ensure that the contact interactions allow for realistic rolling behavior.
8. **Run the Simulation**:
- Set up the analysis steps to capture the motion.
- Submit the job and analyze the results.
### Example of Applying Kinematic Coupling
1. **Create Reference Points**:
- Create a reference point at the center of the central shaft.
- Create reference points at the center of each roller.
2. **Define Kinematic Coupling for Central Rotation**:
- In the Interaction module, create a kinematic coupling constraint.
- Select the reference point of the central shaft as the control point.
- Select the nodes or surfaces on the rollers that should follow the central rotation.
3. **Allow Passive Rotation**:
- Define another kinematic coupling for each roller to allow for passive rotation.
- Use the local coordinate systems defined earlier to ensure the correct rotational DOF is free.
### Considerations
- **Material Properties**: Ensure that the material properties of the rollers and the central shaft are defined correctly.
- **Friction**: If the rollers are in contact with the central shaft, define the friction properties appropriately to simulate rolling friction.
- **Validation**: Validate your model by checking if the rollers exhibit the expected planetary motion and passive rotation.
### References
- **ABAQUS Documentation**: Always refer to the latest ABAQUS documentation for detailed commands and options. The documentation can provide specific details on kinematic couplings, boundary conditions, and contact interactions.
- **ABAQUS Tutorials**: Online tutorials and forums can provide practical examples and community support.
These steps should help you set up and define the planetary motion and passive rotation of the rollers in ABAQUS CAE.
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Hi everyone
I'm trying to fabricate perovskite on FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/Li-TFSi.
After fabricate perovskite, some crystals coming.
And after that, passivation with OAI. Also coming some holes with washing scratch(?).
Is it because of Perovskite? or other reasons.
If someone know these problem, please help me.
Picture is after perovksite, and after passivation
Thank you very much.
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It is either contamination on the surface of FTO or the organic of pvk is too much,
for the 1st thing, UV-Ozone 10-15 min, or Plasma treatment. for the 2nd try to minimize the organic concentration by 10% then compare the results.
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I want to add silicon diooxide layer in my solar cell Struture as passivation layer. I am using Silvaco Tcad Softwere.
code that I write as follow
Region num = 7 x.min=0 x.max=1 y.min=0.5 y.max=0.6 mat=Sio2
material mat= Sio2 sopra=Sio2.nk mc=0.42 mv=0.16
Only adding this layer cel desnot show any output.
I dont know what to do next?
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I am trying to simulate solar cell with oxide layer I am using self consistent model like model QTUNNSC but not working. I used other models also but not work. is there any thing that i need to add my code ?
Thanks in advance.
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hey, when i read some papers and books about corrosions of metal materials, there are some descriptions like "The 400-series stainless steels will pit in propionic acid solutions, probably because of borderline passivity....", "Field experience has been that type 304 demonstrates borderline passivity above 80% and is not suitable for such service.".
I don't know the meaning of borderline passivity?
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Borderline passivity is an unstable state where any surface disturbance can destabilize the passive film.
Likely within active-passive transition state, but only slightly tilted to passive state. A little disturbance and it becomes active from passive.
Hope you know active-passive-transpassive states of corrosion
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Dear all,
We recently conducted a study to enhance the performance of Triple Cation perovskite-based solar cell devices in both outdoor and indoor conditions. By employing various passivation layers on the absorber layer surface, we achieved promising results. However, despite repeated measurements at different conditions and setups, and in different labs, our photoluminescence (PL) intensity peaks trend do not align with the performance trend of devices with different passivation layers—except for the Reference case without any passivation layer. Specifically, we measured PL signals for both "glass/ETL/Perovskite" and "glass/ETL/Perovskite/passivation layer" samples.
I would greatly appreciate any guidance on factors to consider in order to reconcile our results with our expected outcomes.
Thanks and regards,
Usman Ali Shah
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You didn't clearly state what your concerns were: PL intensity? PL peak position?
To be more relevant to your solar cell performance, you would want to compare the PL spectra excited with around 1-sun equivalent power density (around 0.1 W/cm^2). This is fairly low for PL. If you could get decent signal, your sample is pretty good, i.e., with low SRH centers.
See this paper for comparison between different halide perovskites and with GaAs and ZnTe:
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BBB we know prevent bacterial & viruses crossing but how Drug can pass through BBB & what is the role of Passive transport in it. Kindly explain it Diagrammatically preferably.
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The transport routes across the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) is through passive diffusion, passive solute carrier (SLC) mediated delivery, receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) and adsorptive-mediated transcytosis (AMT) occurring in both directions from blood to brain and from brain to blood.
The highly lipophilic compounds with small molecular sizes (<400Da), such as opioids and diazepam, can permeate the BBB through transcellular passive diffusion, which is considered as the main route by which compounds can permeate the BBB. An increase in drug lipophilicity may result in a proportionally higher BBB permeation rate. Therefore, many drug delivery strategies focus on an increase in lipophilicity of the CNS drugs.
So, in general, molecules that passively diffuse across the BBB have a MW < 400 Da, and the number of hydrogen bond donors is less than 8. Many molecules that cross the membrane by passive transport are subsequently transported back to the vascular system by efflux pumps.
The diagrammatic representation is given in the below attached paper. See fig 2.
Currently, almost all drugs for the brain in clinical practice are lipid soluble small molecules with a MW <400 Da. These drugs fit the dual criteria for lipid-mediated free diffusion across the BBB, which are:
(1) MW <400 Da threshold and
(2) high lipid solubility, which is equivalent to low hydrogen bonding.
Nevertheless, large molecule drugs can be reengineered with molecular Trojan horse delivery systems to access receptor-mediated transport (RMT) systems within the BBB. Peptide and antisense radiopharmaceuticals may be made brain-penetrating with the combined use of RMT-based delivery systems and avidin–biotin technology. Having the knowledge of the endogenous carrier-mediated transport (CMT) and RMT systems expressed at the BBB, one may be able to find new solutions to the problem of BBB drug transport.
You may want to refer to the article attached below for more information. See Fig1.
Best.
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I am working on Condensation of plasmid DNA(pDNA) by using PEI passivated Carbon dots (CDs). To verify whether PEI-CD is complexing , I am measuring zeta potential of pDNA-CD complex. But the results are not convincing. Is there any specific protocol for measuring the zeta of DNA?
Any insights in this regard is appreciated
Thank You
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Dear friend Sunil Vasu
Hey there Sunil Vasu! Now, let's dive into the world of measuring zeta potential for your pDNA-CD complex. I am on the case!
To measure the zeta potential of isolated plasmid DNA, including the complex with PEI passivated Carbon dots (CDs), you'll want to follow a well-optimized protocol. Here are some general steps:
1. **Sample Preparation:**
- Ensure your plasmid DNA is isolated and purified.
- Prepare your PEI-CD complex according to your experimental design.
2. **Instrument Setup:**
- Use a zeta potential analyzer or a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument that has zeta potential measurement capability.
3. **Sample Loading:**
- Dilute your samples appropriately to ensure accurate measurements. Generally, a concentration around 1 mg/mL is suitable.
- Load your samples into the cuvettes.
4. **Measurement Conditions:**
- Set the instrument to measure zeta potential at a suitable temperature.
- Ensure that the pH of your samples is consistent and appropriate for your experimental conditions.
5. **Measurement:**
- Conduct zeta potential measurements for your isolated plasmid DNA alone and the pDNA-CD complex.
- Perform multiple measurements for each sample to ensure reliability.
6. **Data Analysis:**
- Analyze the zeta potential data obtained for each sample.
- Zeta potential is influenced by the surface charge of the particles. A shift in zeta potential towards a more positive or negative value may indicate complex formation.
7. **Considerations:**
- If you're encountering issues with the results, consider the stability of your samples, the presence of contaminants, or any interactions affecting the zeta potential.
8. **Literature Review:**
- Consult relevant literature for any specific considerations when measuring the zeta potential of DNA or DNA complexes.
Remember, the specifics of the protocol might vary based on your instrument and the characteristics of your samples. Additionally, if your results are not convincing, it might be worth consulting with peers in your field or experts in zeta potential measurements to troubleshoot and optimize your experimental conditions. Keep pushing the boundaries, and may your experiments be groundbreaking!
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CASE GRAMMAR: A MERGER OF SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS
Charles Fillmore’s Deep Cases are determined not by syntax, but rather by semantics. Rather than having Subject, Indirect Object and Direct Object, Fillmore uses such terms as Agent, Experiencer, Instrument, and Patient.
The semantic features often occur in contrasting pairs, like Animate vs. Inanimate, and Cause vs. Effect. Thus:
Agent: Animate Cause
Experiencer: Animate Effect
Instrument: Inanimate Cause
Patient: Inanimate Effect
In an Active Sentence the most active Deep Case is eligible to become the Subject and the least active is eligible to become the Direct Object.
In a Passive Sentence the least active Deep Case is eligible to become the Subject and the most active case becomes an Object of the Preposition “by.”
Normally, the most active deep case is selected as the subject of the sentence:
The Actor if there is one
If not, the Instrument if there is one
If there is no Actor or Instrument, the Object becomes eligible. Therefore we have the following:
The boy opened the door with the key.
The key opened the door.
The door opened.
Is Case Grammar an effective method for showing the interrelationships between syntax and semantics?
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Anton: Excellent response. It's OK if the levels remain separated as long as there is eventually an interface between the two. This is the tricky part.
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What are the educational processes that you think can be transferred from passive to active using the Internet of Things?
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Dear Ahmad Abusukhon,
with the help of IoT and the idea of Digital Twins, different types of educational processes can be actively supported. Artificial Intelligence is of fundamental importance here.
For general information about Digital Twins see:
As an appendix i have added a small list of information sources.
Best regards
Anatol Badach
DIGITAL TWINS AND THE FUTURE OF PRACTICAL EDUCATION
Serge Zacher:Digital Twins for Education and Study of Engineering Sciences
Unleashing the Potential of Digital Twins in Education - A Revolution in Learning
Andi Qu: Revolutionizing OnlineLearning with Digital Twins
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I have read that, "In a typical Polarization Curve, lower corrosion current density corresponded to lower corrosion rate and better corrosion resistance." But Corrosion current density represents the rate of transfer of electrons, leading to corrosion. So, would it mean that the metal is oxidized (metal oxide formation-passive region) until a threshold potential (trans passive) and post that potential metal dissolution occurs? (For e.g., Cr to Cr2O3 to CrO3). Does it also mean that on the passive region, higher the Current density higher the metal oxide thickness?
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the current density (Icorr, often expressed in μA / cm2) is sometimes a way of evaluating the extent of uniform corrosion of a metal in a specific aqueous solution and is generally calculated by means of specific electrochemical measurements. It represents an index of the corrosion rate of the material being analysed, being able to derive from it, through the Faraday equation, the corrosion rate of the material being corroded (often expressed in mg/(dm2 x day). As well-known, a higher value of the corrosion current density indicates that a substrate has less resistance to corrosion.
The dense arrangement of atoms, for example the formation of a compact, homogeneous and defect-free state of passivation (such as the formation of oxides on certain materials such as aluminium), leads to the formation of a protective surface film so that the corrosion rate decreases.
We are in the presence of a system in which quality (layer type) is much more important than quantity (layer thickness).
My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.
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DISCOURSE HUMOR
Tough language (Aristotle's Ethos) is the language of the novel. It tends to be written in a first-person (I, me, mine, we, us, our) narrative; it is subjective and informal or intimate, and Aristotle would call it (Aristotle’s Ethos). It is the language of the novel. Frederic Henry in Ernest Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms uses tough language.
Sweet language (Aristotle’s Pathos) tends to be written in the second person (you, your); it tends to be subjective and intimate, and sometimes “pathetic.” It is the language of seduction; it is also the language of the advertisement. Aristotle would call it “Pathos.” Walker Gibson calls Sweet language AROMA (Advertising Rhetoric of Madison Avenue). Sweet language is listener-oriented in an attempt to deduce listeners into buying products they don’t want or need. Stuffy language (Aristotle’s Logos) is the language of academe.
Where tough language is I-oriented, and Sweet language is you-oriented, stuffy language is it-oriented. Stuffy language is highly grammatical and highly formal. Infinitives, gerunds, present and past participles, nominative absolutes, perfect, progressive, and passive constructions normally occur only in stuffy language. Because it is so objective and straight forward, it tends to be dull—stuffy.
Comment on the three styles of discourse: Tough (the novel), Sweet (the advertisement), and Stuffy (the language of academe).
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Dear Don L. F. Nilsen Please do recommend my answer if it was help.
The three styles of discourse - Tough, Sweet, and Stuffy - represent distinct approaches to communication and are often employed in different contexts to achieve specific goals. Here's a closer look at each style and its characteristics:
1. Tough (the novel):
  • Characteristics: Tough discourse in the context of a novel typically involves gritty, realistic language and a focus on complex human experiences and emotions. It often includes elements of conflict, tension, and ambiguity.
  • Purpose: The tough style is used to engage readers on an emotional and intellectual level. It aims to create a deep and thought-provoking connection with the audience, encouraging them to contemplate the complexities of the human condition.
  • Examples: Authors like Ernest Hemingway and Raymond Chandler are known for their tough and gritty narrative styles, emphasizing raw human emotions and life's challenges.
2. Sweet (the advertisement):
  • Characteristics: Sweet discourse in advertising is characterized by its persuasive, upbeat, and often overly positive tone. It uses language that appeals to emotions, desires, and aspirations. It may also employ humor, catchy slogans, and storytelling.
  • Purpose: The sweet style aims to convince and persuade. It seeks to create a positive and memorable impression on the audience, fostering brand loyalty and encouraging consumer action, such as purchasing a product or service.
  • Examples: Many successful advertising campaigns, such as Coca-Cola's "Share a Coke" or Apple's product launches, use sweet discourse to connect with consumers on an emotional level.
3. Stuffy (the language of academe):
  • Characteristics: Stuffy discourse in academia is characterized by its formal, precise, and often complex language. It frequently includes specialized terminology, citations, and references to existing research. Clarity and precision are emphasized.
  • Purpose: The stuffy style is used to convey information and research findings in a rigorous and scholarly manner. It aims to ensure that ideas are communicated accurately and can be subjected to critical analysis and review.
  • Examples: Academic articles, research papers, and dissertations are prime examples of stuffy discourse, where scholars use a formal and specialized style to communicate their findings to the academic community.
Each style serves its purpose effectively within its respective context. However, it's important to recognize that these styles can also overlap or be adapted to fit different situations. For instance, a novel may incorporate elements of sweet or stuffy discourse to enhance storytelling or convey specific themes. Similarly, an advertisement may incorporate tough discourse to evoke strong emotions or address societal issues. Understanding these styles and their nuances can help individuals communicate more effectively in various settings.
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Hello, I made passivation on the Cu tape by just waiting in NaOH, it was necessary to coat it with a film of sulfuric acid and pyrrole monomer. But when an acidic polymer entered the solution, the passivation was gone, that is, it dissolved back. How should I passivation on a Cu tape or Al, in short, a metal surface so that I can produce polymers on it? Are there any publications you can recommend? Thank you
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You can check the attached files.
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We know Cr can form a stainless steel. But can one explains me a detail for this corrosion phenomena.
I will appreciate if you please consider the following items when you answer.
1. Pilling-bedworth (PB) ratio of Iron is 1.9 and hence it should be passive by its own. What is the main role of Cr/Cr2O3/Cr(OH)2 on the surface film? why this Cr containg layer is passive while Cr-free layer is not?
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The main difference between the passivation of iron and chromium is that the rust layer on iron (a mixture of iron oxides and hydroxides) is permeable to water and air, while the chromium oxide layer on chromium or alloys containing a sufficient amount of chromium is dense and impermeable. For this reason, under normal conditions, the chromium oxide layer on stainless steel is only a few nanometers, but this is enough to isolate the metal from a corrosive environment (water plus air). On the contrary, a layer of rust grows and grows on iron, but because of its friability, it cannot isolate the metal from the corrosive environment.
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Imagine a perfect single crystal of stainless steel, no grain boundaries, no inclusions, perfect homogeneous chromium distribution. Now we passivate this crystal and form a homogeneous passive film without any depletions in it. Will this passive film break due to halide ions if we apply an increasing potential?
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I think pitting corrosion can still occur because of the defects present in the oxide barrier layer. Halides adsorb on the oxygen vacancies and pull out cations from the inner barrier layer and it also results in cation vacancy condensation at the metal/barrier layer interface that results in pitting corrosion.
Kind regards.
Zahed.
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KCl treatment perovskite solar cell is widely used for surface passivation purpose. I am working on KCl treatment of SnO2 layer. Can you kindly let me know the mechanisms and physics involved behind doing the KCl treatment in terms varios dopants, anneling temeprature, processing conditions of the layer?
Thank you
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When perovskite is subjected to a KCL treatment, K+ and Cl- diffuse into the bulk of the material, improving perovskite crystallinity and passivating the defect at the perovskite/ETL interface. The added KCl will raise the conduction edge, which might raise PCE as well as Voc.
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I would like to do Ar plasma treatment to the TFT device where Al2O3 is passivated.
Now, we have a sputter in our lab that we use to deposit electrodes, and I want to use it to do only Ar plasma treatment on top of Al2O3
What is the method?
I'm going to apply 30sccm 100w 0.25A without opening the Gun target, is this correct?
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If I only want Arplasma, can I turn off the power of the target gun and proceed?
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I need to passivation on the nickel film to create a polymer structure, but in acid this is not possible, the film goes away instantly. How can passivation be achieved other than acid?
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Unfortunately, I could not find these publications with the title and author name you wrote. "Passivation of Nickel Thin Films on Silicon Substrates" by T.S. Sudarshan, et al. unfortunately it didn't come out when I wrote it like this. thanks..
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Hi,
I need to read passive tags in Metallica environments with directions and less reflections . Any new method for the same
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Or is it only on a research stage?
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Please find out for liquid saturate absorbers such as dyes in the literature where this feature can be controlled.
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I am unable to find it online anywhere.
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2mM DTT
25mM Tris-phosphate (pH 7.8)
2mM 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N´,N´-tetraacetic acid
1.25mg/ml lysozyme
2.5mg/ml BSA
10% glycerol
1% Triton® X-100
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What is the effect of surface passivation by SiNx or SiN/SiO2 on the diffusion length of Mono, Multi, and PERC type of solar cell
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Dear Sir
read
1-SiO2 surface passivation layers – a key technology for silicon solar cells
2-Study of Sur Study of Surface Passivation Beha ation Behavior of Cr vior of Crystalline Silicon Solar ystalline Silicon Solar
Cells
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Some alloys passivate simoltaneously and not exhibit active behavior, what is the reson?
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But this alloy with titanium not undergo active behavior yet in E vs log(i) diagram, why?
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Many passive sampling techniques such as SPMD have been used to replace fish. I am looking for some information on why we should replace fish to measure the toxicants.
I hope I will get good guidelines.
Big thanks
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There are various challenges around using fish to measure bio accumulation and bio concentration, including extrapolation from single tissue to full body burden, and an intention to move away from less reliance on animal testing.
This report from the Environment Agency in England, published in summer 2022 gives a useful overview on some of the current understanding of this topic: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1091336/Guidance_on_interpreting_biota_tissue_concentrations_for_bioaccumulation_assessment_-report.pdf#page5
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In the picture, how is the exact value of the passivation area numbers (Ipassive) determined?
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Dear Dr. Behnaz Hamrahi ,
here is my experimental method:
In order to drawn polarization curves measurement were started
from 80 mV (SCE) with regard to free corrosion potential
(open circuit potential), Efc, then the working electrode potential
was increased toward anodic direction. This start potential was
chosen in order to avoid any possible surface changing from the
steady state. Passive film breakdown potential (critical pitting
potential, Ep) and pitting protection potential (Epp) were
measured. For this purpose, the working electrode potential was
increased up to Ep value, indicated by a sharp anodic current increase.
When Ep was established, the working electrode potential
was decreased until the backward curve crossed the forward curve.
The difference between Efc and Ep was named passivity domain
(PD), while the difference between Efc and Epp was defined as
perfect passivity domain (PPD).
In addition, a domain of about +/- 25 mV around Efc, in which
log I vs. E shows a linear relationship, was selected to calculate
polarization resistance Rp using Metrohm GPES software.
My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.
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Considering any CMOS technology, I am eager to know what is the upper limitation of MOSCAP design. Also I want to know that MOSCAP is larger than conventional on chip capacitors or not. For instance how to compare 1pF MOSCAP and a 1pF on chip capacitor regarding die occupation. Totally avoiding passive elements in chips can save lots of area, so I am looking for methos for realizing larger capacitors with smaller die occupation.
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ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) is a limiting factor for capacitors. A large value capacitor (tantalum, electrolytic, etc) has a high ESR. It will not filter high frequencies. A ceramic capacitor has a low ESR. It will filter high frequencies.
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I performed a GLMMs for each restoration method (active and passive) and would like to compare them through a usual test like anova in R.
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I am not a useR. But I wonder if you might find this StackExchange thread helpful?
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Please explain the physics behind interface passivation by using intrinsic amorphous silicon. Can we replace amorphous silicon with microcrystalline silicon with similar quality?
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Dear Dr. Muzaffar Imam ,
I suggest you to have a first look at the following sources:
-Wikipedia - Amorphous silicon – Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon
-Optimisation of Intrinsic a-Si:H Passivation Layers in Crystalline-amorphous Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
J. Ge, Zhi Peng Gordon LING, , Johnson Wong, Thomas Mueller, Armin G. ABERLE
Energy Procedia 15:107–117 (2012)
-Replacing the amorphous silicon thin layer with microcrystalline silicon thin layer in TOPCon solar cells
Qiang Li, Ke Tao, Yun Sun, Rui Jia, Shao-Meng Wang, Zhi Jin, Xin-Yu Liu
Solar Energy, Volume 135, Pages 487-492 (2016)
Good luck and my best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.
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By shifting from passive to active learning, the metaverse can transform the present learning paradigm into entertaining, engaging, meaningful, social, iterative, and joyous. It will change many aspects and create new ways of addressing our present learning styles' issues. The following are some questions that bring our attention to discuss further.
1) Will it help deal with diversity in higher education institutes, or will it be more complicated?
2) Will it help monitor exams more effectively in a non-face-to-face environment, or will it be cumbersome?
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Some elements of metaversal education are already in place. Simulation-based trainings are an example of that. If the transition to an educational setting is well planned, it will save lots of costs as it is expected to move education to cloud systems. No need to spare anything for big buildings etc. Most probably, normal class exams will be personalized and based on learning analytics. The most important thing is whether educators will be well-equipped in advance to help this transition as in most cases technological developments have been always one step ahead, forcing society to catch up with the newer tools by paying lots of money.
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I have OCP, Tafel plot and EIS data for steel electrode but i have to find passivating potential from CV data which is new for me.
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Cyclic voltammetry with the typical (fast sweep) parameters is not the most appropriate for determining the passivation potential. A linear polarization curve is enough, starting from potentials slightly cathodic (20 mV below the OCP), just to have the Ecorr recorded, and then increasing the potential until passivation is observed, corresponding to a sudden drop in the current values, normally to 2, 3 or even more orders of magnitude lower than in the active region.
Cyclic polarization may be appropriate if you expect your material to suffer pitting, as it will show the pitting potential and then, by reversing the scan direction, may also indicate the repassivation potential.
In any case, I would recommend to use a slow scan rate and a large volume of solution, because both these parameters have a major influence in the results.
Best regards
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We have an electrocoagulation system for industrial wastewater treatment.
Once the system is operating, contaminants such as suspended solids or organics, etc. are adsorbed to the anode electrode (passivation problem), leading to the voltage increasing.
We are looking for a spacial aluminum material to be resistant against passivation.
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First of all, passivation is related to the formation of a protective oxide film. In the case of aluminium, its technical use would be impossible if passivation did not occur. In fact, aluminium is thermodynamically very prone to oxidation, with energies of oxidation in the same range as the energy of combustion of a fuel (powdered aluminium is even used as power booster in rockets). So, without a passivation film, aluminium would burn, a little is the same way as it happens with sodium.
Thus, you cannot get aluminium without a passivation oxide film. But my question would be: why are you using aluminium as anode in your process? Beyond the normal passivation layer, by using it as anode you rist anodising it, i.e., increasing the thickness of the spontaneously formed oxide film, thus also increasing the resistivity of the material. Other materials could certainly used, as titanium covered with MMO (metal mixed oxides). This material is often used in electrolytic cells, as for the production of chlorine (using ruthenium oxide, RuO2).
Good luck.
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I understand that Rn is "The fluorescence emission intensity of the reporter dye divided by the fluorescence emission intensity of the passive reference dye" (Thermofisher definition), but I'm a little unsure how that relates to RFU.
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Fluorescence intensity measurements are usually relative, unlike absorbance measurements, because they depend on many factors, such as the instrument settings, the geometry of the sample, the intensity of the exciting light, the sensitivity of the detector, and so forth. So fluorescence intensity measurements are reported as relative fluorescence units (RFU). The size of the numbers has no real meaning. They are arbitrary.
If you wish, you can normalize the fluorescence intensity to some comparator, such as the fluorescence of a reference dye, dividing the first by the second. This could be useful in some circumstances to make it easier to compare measurements made at different times or under different circumstances.
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I am trying to understand the structures of modern passive NFC/RFID chip rectifiers. Any help would be appreciated.
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Hi,
Kindly refer this link:
Best wishes..
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I am looking for real world examples of passively powered RFID and NFC chips that are "long range" and utilize hysteretic switches. Any help would be much appreciated.
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hi,
The most common RFID applications in hospitals are inventory tracking, control access, staff and patients tracking, tracking tools, tracking disposable consumables, tracking large/expensive equipment, laundry tracking, etc.The RFID reader is a network-connected device that can be portable or permanently attached. It uses radio waves to transmit signals that activate the tag. Once activated, the tag sends a wave back to the antenna, where it is translated into data. The transponder is in the RFID tag itself.
For more information kindly refer this link:
Best wishes..
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Dear researchers,
I did two experiment to confirm the energy dependent uptake. In 4o C experiment there is no uptake (inhibition is there) but when I am doing ATP depletion experiment by using sodium azide there is no inhibition and uptake is there so I am confused here regarding the mechanism? Does it means it is a energy independent process and my compound is going through passive diffusion?
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Hello Ekta,
Have you checked that you are using the correct concentration of sodium azide?
I came across your question while I was searching for a protocol, so I don't have the knowledge yet about uptake inhibition. If you have solved your problem, could you share it with me, too?
Thank you :)
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An intelligent planning of rooms based on Passive Solar design could effectively mitigate energy consumption and also promort the comfort. Anyways, what are the different methods used in the construction industry to implement passive solar design in rooms? Any scientific theories? Any case studies?
I would like to receive feedbacks from fellow researchers.
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Apart from suggestion received, you can study the SUN DIAGRAM for our location and according plan your design of rooms. Requirement of rooms need to be workout before you proceeds for planning. Architectural planning concepts need to adhere for better planning with respect to your requirement.
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The use of a combination of active and passive measures to increase energy efficiency in building applications is possible. Passive strategies look into mechanisms in building design and orientation, as well as the building envelope, to reduce overall energy demand for heating and cooling. Active strategies include the adoption of advanced technologies for improved energy supply and efficiency, whereas passive strategies look into mechanisms in building design and orientation, as well as the building envelope, to reduce overall energy demand for heating and cooling. To aid the transition to sustainable energy practices, an energy efficient building design should not only boost energy efficiency on the supply side, but also minimize energy requirements and consumption on the demand side.
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Good evening,
Usually one would expect that the passive measures schould be the prime consideration when the energy efficiency is the aim. The 'building envelope first' is the common appoach in this respect with the aim to minimise the heat losses through the building envelope and maximise the (passive) solar gains during the winter months in order to reduce the heating costs for example in the cloder climates. This is normally combined with solar shading and natural ventilation in order to minimise the overheating in summer, etc. The approach will be slightly different in warmer climates where cooling in summer is probably the bigger issue. These appraoches may be combined with some traditional methods used in a particular country for micro-climate control, like ventilation towers, ground wells, courtyards with trees and water, etc. These can normally moderate the micro climate within the building and reduce the building energy related loads.
The active measures tend to be the second layer associated with energy efficiency but they tend to be more expensive and not all of them are always suitable depending on the building location, surrounding building, etc. One have to aim to avoid the so called 'eco-blink' approach where number of active energy generated technologies are incorporated on a building just to showcase how the building is 'green' or similar whilst the actual energy generating potential is quite limited by some of the systems deployed.
With Best Wishes
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Hi everyone, I am trying to calculate the effect size of a study I am aiming to replicate (to run a G power analysis and find my required sample size). The thing is the R-squared mentioned in the regression table of the said study is of 0,007... which gives me quite unreachable sample size given my resources (> 1 300), but I am precisely trying to see if I did something wrong (although in the original paper N = 1 268, but they found a significant impact of the intervention in question for smaller samples of 700 participants too)
The randomized experiment consists of 4 conditions (Passive Control, Active Control, Treatment, Importance Treatment), and tests the effects of these conditions and of "news type" (the main task in every condition consists of presenting 36 headlines to participants, which are either true or false - each participant, whatever the group, being presented an equal amount of true AND false headlines randomly selected from a constituted set) on their sharing intentions of said headlines.
So this would call for (but correct me if I am wrong this is all very new to me) a two-way ANOVA analysis with the DV "sharing intentions" and IVs "condition" (4 levels) and "news type" (2 levels : false = 0, true = 1) (the design being between-subjects for conditions, but within-subjects for news type, which I understood could be a source of problem for G power...).
In their regression table, authors of the original study specifically find an interaction between Treatment and veracity with the following values: b = 0.054; F(1,6772) = 11.98; p = 0.0005, so that they can conclude there is a significant increase in sharing discernment (defined as the difference in sharing intentions for true vs false headlines) in Treatment group compared to controls (they first collapsed Passive and Active controls, since a preliminary analysis didn't find any significant main effect of condition or interaction with veracity for Active controls compared to Passive ones).
I calculated the effect size, based on the R-squared (0,007) when choosing linear multiple regression in G power (or using the partial-eta squared formula based on the value of F(1,6772) = 11.98 with its specified df when choosing an ANOVA - fixed effects, special, main effects and interactions) and both give me a sample size of 1300 or more. Did I do something wrong?
In passing, I am also not sure about the number of predictors (or respectively groups) I should enter in G power, as we want to replicate the study but ideally add the IV "age" (comparing 2 age groups, submitted otherwise to the same experiment - all participants whatever the age, will be randomly affected to the 4 conditions mentioned).
Thanks in advance!
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Hello again Camille,
I'm intrigued that the guidance you've gotten thus far from others (not in this thread) has been to emulate the (apparently gigantic) sample sizes used in other studies, without pausing to consider the utility of embracing such a small target effect size.
No matter, here are a couple of methods and considerations that you might adapt for setting your own threshold, whether for a main effect, an interaction, or some degree of variance accounted for:
1. Invite a small group of persons who do or are likely to understand the domain. Ask them something like: How much of a change in this (your target) DV would you consider non-chance and meaningful, if it occurred due to some variable or treatment? (You should make the language more specific to your DV and IV(s), of course.) Work until you reach either a consensus (as in the Delphi technique), or go with something like the median of their estimates.
2. Think of Jacob Cohen's metric for differences: Standard deviations (not standard errors, which Rainer correctly points out are driven both by variation and sample size; you want a metric that is independent of N). How much of a SD difference would convince you that something's going on (and is not just random perturbation)?
3. Perspective and context matter: Small changes/differences may be useful to agencies/organizations if applied to numerous cases (such as saving a few cents per piece in manufacturing), but may be negligible to individuals.
Put another way: Consider a medical intervention that increases the odds of survival (over 5 years) by 3%, but costs $100,000. Is that ES (change in survival odds) noteworthy? Now, consider an intervention that increases the odds of survival by 3%, but costs $1. Is that noteworthy? I suspect many folks would give different answers to the two scenarios. So, context matters.
As this moment is, apparently, early doors for this line of research, you may not have the luxury of a broadly-vetted ES threshold. The best you can do, especially if you're working against an upper bound constraint on sample size, is select a target ES value that makes sense to you, and explain the rationale you used.
Good luck with your project.
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write a code for Mapping Approach for True Internet Protocol Geo-location Information by using Active and Passive Methods
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In our study, we analyse some reflections contained in the education thought of John Dewey, Paulo Freire and Peter McLaren. The three thinkers, with mutually different methods, have, in our opinion, as common point the intention to show that no education system is neutral in relation to the way in which societies are organised: all systems of education aim at the constitution of a particular kind of society through the formation of a corresponding mentality in the individuals. The ethical and political foundations of a society are mirrored in the education system: any reform of the society should, therefore, begin with the reform of the education system; furthermore, any reform of the society cannot be effective unless it is founded on the reform of education. As regards Dewey’s observations, we concentrate our attention on his criticism of any education system based on the passivity of pupils and on the massification of students: Dewey steadily pleads for a system of education aiming at the individualisation of pupils. As regards Freire’s meditation, we point out Freire’s uncovering of the oppression exercised against the subaltern classes through the traditional education systems: the constant relegation of pupils of the oppressed classes to a condition of total passivity, which is the aim of the system of education described by Freire as the banking concept of education, destroys any sense and aspiration to autonomy in the pupils themselves. Self-depreciation of pupils is the result of the traditional system of education. McLaren points out that a correct system of education should have as its own aim the self-transformation and the empowerment of the students: educators ought to uncover the relations holding between knowledge, which is always a social construct, and the interests of the dominant class. Keywords Dewey, democracy, Freire, banking concept of education, McLaren, self-transformation.
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Dear Professor Neema Ghenim ,
I thank you very much for your kind appreciation.
Yours sincerely,
Gianluigi Segalerba
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I fabricate perovskite thin film solar cell and trying to passivate interfaces of absorbing layer with inorganic layer. I have already done TRPL measurements on the interfaces. It gave pretty good results. Now, I want to get more information about defect passivation at the interfaces. I tried DLTS, but didn't work. I am looking for other measurements so that the defect passivation argument can get stronger evidence.
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Hello Tamanna, many thanks for sharing this very interesting technical question with other RG members. Unfortunately I'm not really an expert in this field of materials science although we are inorganic chemists. Thus all I can do for you today is suggest to you a few potentially useful literature references. Please have a look e.g. at the following articles.
Recent progress on defect passivation in perovskites for solar cell application
This article is not yet available as public full text on RG. However, four of the authors have RG profiles. Thus you can easily contact one of them directly via RG and request the full text.
I also came across an entire PhD thesis devoted to this topic:
Defect Passivation and Surface Modification for Efficient and Stable Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells and Light-Emitting Diodes
(see attached pdf file)
Good luck with your work and please stay safe and healthy!
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To get a soliton train pulses from a ring laser cavity host a Saturable Absorber , we need to make a balance between the dispersion of the cavity active and passive elements . What is the EDF length that have to use and SFM 28 for example ?
Thank you for your advises !
Regardes .
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The alkyl or aryl based ligands/passivating agents are frequently used for the passivation of metal nanoparticles or colloidal suspension during liquid-phase synthesis. How much should be the ligand concentration to fully passivate the nanoparticles? What is the right time to add ligand, for instance, before adding reducing agent or after adding reducing agent?
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you welcome Kumar Debajyoti Jena.
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It is suggested that Au can be used for passivation but Au and prevent oxidation during processing. Yet Au is not allowed in many chambers. is it possible to passivate Cr with other materials such as Al?
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welcome!
I think you can passivate Cr by directly oxidizing its surface or supply its surface by a metal oxide layer such as Al2O3 rather than aluminum.
Best wishes
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Hi everybody,
I could find only very few articles on the transpassive corrosion behavior of iron. (Sato 1976, Kozlowski 1984)WITHOUT halide ions. Is it confirmed that the transpassive dissolution of iron does not lead to film breakdown but a constant, potential independent, film thickness? Is this also true for other passivated metals, or are there metals which loose theor oxide film during transpassive dissolution? As far as I know passive films of chromium oxide dissolve completely at potentials exceeding the transpassive potential.
What is the proposed mechanism for transpassive dissolution/corrosion of iron oxide? And why doesnt it lead to complete film dissolution?
Thanks for your answers and discussion.
Best
Ingmar
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You have asked many great questions regarding the transpassivity (and anodic dissolution, in general) of iron.
Transpassivity is often referred to as the increase in current density as more anodic potential are applied (with respect to the passive region), and describes the breakdown of primary passivity. Transpassivity is a bit challenging to define (as an exact point) without much analysis and testing; however, I have found the work of Macdonald and co-workers helpful in this, as they describe it as part of their Point Defect Model (PDM) [Macdonald, D. D. "Some personal adventures in passivity—A review of the point defect model for film growth" Russ. J. Electrochem. 48 (2012) 235–258. doi:10.1134/S1023193512030068.
Additional information regarding the anodic dissolution of iron, in general, can be found in the research of Keddam and co-workers (as well as Bockris and co-workers) where they performed many EIS studies. This book Chapter provides a good starting point: [It is Chapter 3 Anodic Dissolution in Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and in Practice (3rd ed.), edited by P. Marcus. doi:10.1201/b11020.]
You may also find this work helpful: Avillera, A, Cid, M, and Petit, M.C. Anodic reaction of iron in transpassive range. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol 105, p 149-160. doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(79)80346-0
With regards to your question on the passive film thickness: The dependence of the passive film thickness on potential has been studied by a number of researchers, typically using surface analysis techniques (e.g. XPS). In general, as more anodic potentials are applied, the oxidation of metals to higher valence species occurs. This is true for iron as it transitions from 2+ to 3+ species during anodic polarization. The work of Strehblow and co-workers provides insight as to the potential dependency of the passive film thickness of Fe, Ni and NiFe alloys (e.g. [Haupt, S., Strehblow, H.H. "Combined electrochemical and surface analytical investigations of the formation of passive layers". Corrosion Science. 29 (1989) 163–182. doi:10.1016/0010-938X(89)90027-9.]
For iron, the passive film thickness is relatively potential independent; however, for Ni, the thickness of the passive film is much more dependent on potential. In my paper, I provide a number of references for the passive film of Ni, Fe, and, in particular, NiFe alloys, as well as provide some insight as to the potential dependency of the passive film thickness for nanocrystalline NiFe alloys: Monaco, L., Sodhi, R.N.S., Palumbo, G. and Erb, U. "XPS study on the passivity of coarse-grained polycrystalline and electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel-iron (NiFe) alloys," Corrosion Science. 176 (2020) 108902. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108902.
Lastly, it is important to point out that anodic films can exist on iron (and other metals) other than the passive film. For example, a sulfate-based film has often been reported on Ni and Fe (see references above). During anodic dissolution of Ni in sulfuric acid, for example, this film plays an important role in the dissolution mechanism.
Hopefully these references will provide additional insight for you! Best of luck!
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Which Real-Time PCR Instrument is better? Those that work with passive reference dye or those that do not work with passive reference dye.
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There are instruments that use ROX like ABI, others that use fluorescein (Biorad), others that correct by centrifugation (Rotorgene) ... But I think there are diverse criteria to choose an instrument: if is it an open system for the consumable (master mix and plastic support) or not?, the spectrum (multiplexing: nbr of filters), maintenance (lamp ...), Heating block accuracy, Calibration ... and the cost of course. You can get a comparison at this link : https://www.biocompare.com/PCR-Real-Time-PCR/22353-Real-Time-PCR-Thermal-Cyclers-Thermocyclers/
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currently i study on a project passive ankle foot orthosis. i make a simulation of ankle foot orthosis during static midstance. for midstance position how much force need to apply for the make the test is suitable for analysis the stiffness of the ankle foot orthosis?
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check the following papers:-
- A Review on Designs of Various Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) Used to Treat Drop Foot Disease
- Effect of Ankle-Foot Orthosis Stiffness on Muscle Force During Gait Through Mechanical Testing and Gait Simulation
- The effect of rotational speed on ankle-foot orthosis properties
- Understanding the effects of quantitatively prescribing passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthosis bending stiffness for individuals after stroke
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My questions are:
How can I calculate cut-off frequency if I want to design a passive LC filter when Inductance and Capacitance were not given?
Is there any mathematical relation between cut-off frequency and resonance frequency?
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The below books/papers may help you:
1. V. Tarateeraseth, K. Y. See, F. G. Canavero, and R. W. Chang, "Systematic electromagnetic interference filter design based on information from in-circuit impedance measurements," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 588-598, Aug. 2010.
2. M. J. Nave, Power Line Filter Design for Switched-Mode Power Supplies. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.
3. C. R. Paul, Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility. New York: Wiley, 1992.
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During a passive lengthening displacement, muscle spindle primary afferents activity increases, and if after the stretch, the muscle is passively moved back to its original position (shortening phase), the activity decreases.
But what happens when the muscle is shortened starting from a neutral position?
Would the Ia afferent remain the same or decrease?
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Dear Francesco Budini,
1. Muscle spindle activity in man during shortening and lengthening contractions.
2. Force encoding in muscle spindles during stretch of passive muscle
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Cyclic polarsation of bare steel in 3.5%NaCl
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Agree with Erik. Steel will not passivate in presence of NaCL. Certain acids will passivate mild steel (Nitric acid, citric acid, etc.).
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Hi, all
I'm struggling with fabrication of working electrode on SU-8 layer.
here is detailed fabrication process.
1. Ni sacrificial layer deposition by Sputtering (100nm, 5mTorr, 150W, 15nm/min)
2. SU-8 bottom layer patterning
- spin coating with SU-8 2002 (microchem) at 4k rpm
- pre exposure bake: 65temp 3min --> 95temp 5min
- UV exposure with MA-6 mask aligner --> 350W, 25sec exposure
- post exposure bake: 65temp 3min --> 95temp 5min and slow cooling
- Developing in SU-8 developer 2min with puddling
- N2 gas drying
3. Cr/Au working electrode patterning & deposition
- patterning with LOR 3A/S1805 PR
- ebeam evaporation of Cr with 1 A/sec, 5nm (deposition start at ~5 E-7 torr)
- thermal evaporation of Au with 1 A/sec, 100nm
4. Passivation with SU-8
- same procedure as 2.
after fabrication, electrochemical property (impedance, Nyquist plot) is measured.
but only 1~2 devices are working well among 50 devices.
what would be a problem in this case?
i have doubt about surface roughness or micro crack of SU-8 layer and Au electrode.
please let me know your opinion.
Thank you in advance.
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Hello, great day.
First of all, Im not sure if my experience can help you since I did not fabricate any devices but instead I only produce a simple thin film Au electrode. I can see that you did not proceed with annealing process after the Au deposition. My last experience, Au thin film layer will have some crack problem during the electrochemical measurement if they were not annealed after the deposition process. And ya, it does effect the results really bad because the cracks affects the connectivity. The results get better once I tried to anneal the Au thin film after the deposition process. Material that experienced thermal deposition will contain some stress in their phase. So annealing process will help to release the stress slowly while rearrange the particle grain growth. Therefore, it will help to overcome the cracking problems during the electrochemical measurement. In my case, it was clearly Au thin film cracking is the main problem. Im not sure in your case. But seeing your results, I agree that it might be caused by the connectivity problems due to some cracks. Im not sure about the rough surface , but I do believe that if there are any micro scratch on your device, it might caused disaster too. Hope this help.
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Hello everyone.
I am trying to fabricate FAMA perovskite solar cell by sequential deposition method.
The first step is spin coating PbI2 DMF/DMSO solution and annealing at 70C for 1min.
The second step is spin coating FAI/MAI/MACl IPA solution and annealing at 150C for 10min.
Unfortunately, in many articles authors don't give out the volume of solution each step used and how and when to add the FAI/MAI solution.
I tried several times but I cannot reproduce the result of papers. The PCE is only 13-15%.
Has someone tried this method before?
Reference:
1.Jiang, Q., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X. et al. Surface passivation of perovskitefilm for efficient solar cells. Nat. Photonics 13, 460–466 (2019).Jiang, Q., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X. et al. Surface passivation of perovskitefilm for efficient solar cells. Nat. Photonics 13, 460–466 (2019).
2.Wang, X., Wang, L., Shan, T. et al. Low-Temperature Aging Provides 22% Efficient Bromine-Free and Passivation Layer-Free Planar PerovskiteSolar Cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 12, 84 (2020).
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Dear Zhang Bowen many thanks for your kind response and explanation. For some potentially useful references about the effect of humidity on the annealing of mixed-cation perovskite layers please have a look at the following articles entitled:
A rapid annealing technique for efficient perovskite solar cells fabricated in air condition under high humidity
and
Effects of ambient humidity on the optimum annealing time of mixed-halide Perovskite solar cells
Unfortunately these two papers have not yet been posted as public full texts on RG. Please see if you can access them through your university. Alternatively you can perhaps request the full texts directly from the authors via RG.
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I want to measure a solution's IV characteristics, So I want to have a passivation layer so that the solution does not contact the electrodes directly. I have Two option
1. SU-8 negative photoresist
2. S 1813 positive photoresist.
Which one should I use, Positive one is easier but I don't know whether I can use it or not
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If you hard bake the S1813 after developing, it will be more durable and should stand up to aqueous solutions as long as the pH is not too high.
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Hi I want to understand the undercut we get due to the etch and passivation cycle of bosch process. However i see that we get high scallops at the starting top etching compared to the lower bottom etching.. Can anyone explain me this ?.
what parameter should i control ?. I was thinking to reduce the etch/passivation cycle time to min so to have low scallops.. You think is there any other parameters i should consider ??
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Hi Karan,
For the BOSCH process DRIE mechanism, as the etch cycle continues, the polymer formation may result in the trenches getting more and more dirty. What you can try is to lower you pressure during the etch cycle or as Bagolini suggested try using a reduced etch cycle time. Also a faster switching process can help reduce the scallop size, but again this is inline with shorter etch time. There are a number of articles that show a smooth sidewall with reduced scalloping is formed if a lower process pressure is used during the etch cycle. I hope this helps.
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Hi everybody
I was wondering whether I could use Passive Lysis Buffer (PLB; used for Luciferase assay) for western blot analysis. Basically, I'd lysate cells in a 6-well plate and then split the lysate for luciferase assay and western blot, in order to use the same starting material for both the analysis (since we're having some problems).
Have someone already used it? any hints or protocols to share?
Thank you so much in advance!
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Hello Researcher,
Although I don't know what are you using the Luciferase assay for? and what are the problems you face? However, If I am not mistaken you might be using a dual luciferase assay system (Firefly, Renilla, or Nanoluc). I did something similar recently.
Below given are some suggestions:
1. Do the incubation of PLB (prepared fresh) at RT, once you see the cells are detached collect them in an Eppendorf and pass the detached cells through a 1ml syringe twice to properly lyse them followed by brief centrifugation for 5min at 20000g and collect the supernatant. This should ideally work both for Luminometer measurements and also for WB.
2. If the PLB is still giving you problems in WB then I would recommend, after the 1X PBS washing of the wells, scrap half of the cells per well manually using a scrapper and lyse them separately using your buffer of choice like RIPA.
I hope it works for you.
Goodluck
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My sample was 45 participants aged 18-25. My Cronbach's Alpha is different to what the researchers who devised the PAUM found. Could anyone offer an explanation for the difference in these results please?
Original Paper
Cronbach's alphas for all three factors demonstrated adequate internal reliability (Active social α = 0.80; Active non-social α = 0.78; Passive α = 0.70).
My Cronbach's Alpha
Active Social = 0.45
Active Non-Social = 0.62
Passive = 0.61
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@Britanie Brown,
Remember it is score reliability rather than the scale reliability. The low estimates of score reliability indicate much random error or noise in the data.
That said, there are likely some reasons for which you observed low score relibability estimates.
1- Lack of variability in responses which is a greater concern in small samples.
2- The presence of ceiling or floor effects which explain the lack of variability.
3- Alpha sometimes underestimates score reliability if the assumptions of tau equivalence do not hold. That is why most recent literature recommend omega.
You can compute categorical omega with confidence intervals for ordinal data using the MBESS package in R. Categorical omega is highly recommended over alpha since the assumptions of the latter are difficult to meet in real data (e.g., equal loadings of the items on the same latent dimension).
I hope this helps.
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I ask a question concerning the robots which have active and passive links -the parameter dh
does not result in direct geometry
is that there is another method which results from the geometry
one apart from geometric methods (solidworks, vr ... ect)
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This attached document will be helpful in your research.
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Has anybody information of Chinese product "Growatt 80KTL3LV" inverters and which algorithm is used for and islanding detection. ( I know all about passive method in it U<, > and f<,> ... ) Are any other active method?
Srete
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You do nee to answer me that :-)
Srete
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I am looking for recent data on the passive exposure of occupants of buildings containing asbestos. So far, I have not found much information on any measurement campaigns that have been conducted to find out about the background noise indoors (outside buildings where work or remediation is taking place).
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Can also message related researchers in different regions
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Recently, I need to process the brightness temperature data of SMAP (soil moisture active passive) L1C 9km resolution and carry out freeze-thaw identification. Since I have not processed similar data before, I hope someone can provide some experience. Thank you very much.
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@Sadegh Ranjbar,Thank you very much. I have solved the problem of data processing of SMAP L1C. Thank you again for your reply.
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Different methods have been used for sampling beetles in the study of Coleopterans. The two main methods are passive and active sampling. Passive can be less labour-intensive but cannot sample folivore insects. Active on the other hand can be rewarding for folivore but cannot be useful for wood-borers, granivorous and frugivorous insects. Therefore, I am asking if any colleagues can provide a leverage to better sampling of beetles.
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It depends on wich families you want. For nocturnal species, led black light placed in opern areas near a forest is very useful for Melolonthidae ( Phyllophaga, Anomala, Plectris, Cyclocephala). The largest catch in one night were 10,000 individuals of Phyllophaga, Cyclocephala and Plectris among other orders and families. For Scolytinae, alcohol traps are useful to collect a large amount of ambrosia beetles, coffee berry borers, among other. In one week I collected 3,500.000 individuals. For Scarab beetles and dung beetles, pitfall traps baited with rotten fish or excrement are useful to collect many genera and species of dung beetles.
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Phase changing materials
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Phase change material for building application is selected based on newly proposed MKR index. MKR index is calculated based on time lag, decrement factor and solar heat gain by the building envelope. I am providing you the details of my article. Go through it and feel free to ask quarries related to it.
Article "Proposal of a unique index for selection of optimum phase change material for effective thermal performance of a building envelope"