Parasitic Diseases - Science topic

There is no commercially available vaccine against schistosomiasis. However, there have been ongoing efforts to develop one. Several vaccine candidates have shown promise in preclinical and early clinical trials.One of the most advanced vaccine candidates is the Sm-p80-based vaccine, which targets Schistosoma mansoni. Sm-p80 is a protein involved in the penetration of schistosome larvae through host skin. Experimental trials of this vaccine have shown significant reductions in parasite burden and protection against infection in animal models. Clinical trials in humans have also demonstrated safety and some degree of efficacy, but further research is needed to optimize its effectiveness.Other potential vaccine candidates include antigens derived from other stages of the schistosome life cycle, such as cercariae and adult worms. These vaccines aim to stimulate the host immune system to produce protective antibodies and immune responses that prevent infection or reduce parasite burden upon infection.

Penso ser um importante projeto, para o caso dos países em via de desenvolvimento constituirá uma mas valia para focalizar o tratamento da malária com base no perfil gnômico do paciente e assim melhor o prognostico e tratamento.

You can measure oxidative stress by measuring the ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) level, lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione level, and other antioxidant levels.

Parasites have complex life cycle. Like larva, pupae, adult etc at all stages they change surface proteins. Having complex life cycle p parasites have complex protective mechanism to evade host immune system.

Suggest you look to the recent literature for a slime mold expert. He/she would be very helpful. The use of dna technology can be used as conferring the identification by the group expert.

" Laboratory findings (eg, complete blood count [CBC]) may be consistent with iron-deficiency anemia. A differential count may reveal eosinophilia (1000-4000 cells/µL). Serologic tests (eg, tests for A caninum) are usually available only in research laboratories." - https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218805-workup

Thanks for all the tips! This was extremely helpful

Thanks for all the tips! This was extremely helpful

They will thus be able to trigger the production of antibodies when they come into contact again. This "memory effect" does not exist at first in the bee

Thank you very much Ricardo for your answer. Does it means that wild plants living in the absence of challenges will gradually lose their ability to fight against diseases and pest? could it be an epigenetic phenomenon, like the methylation of CpGs of the promoters of resistance genes?

It’s not segmented, so ruling out cestodes. It is most likely to be fasciolopsis buski. From the image it appears that the worm does not have an shoulder and worm passed in stool . Moreover, the worm got eradicated with praziquantel therapy

It seems that in the case of oncological patients there is a higher risk of infection with these parasites. Articles showing higher frequency of infection caused by T. gondii:

However, it should be remembered that due to the impaired functioning of the immune system, cancer patients are exposed to many other infections, including viral, fungal and bacterial (both exogenous and endogenous). In my opinion, screening for the presence of these pathogens is not possible, because the amount of different tests would be too great (a multitude of tests performed during anti-cancer therapies). Many pathogens are present in the human body, but only in opportunistic situations they become virulent (their presence does not prove the presence of infection).

Medical alertness should be increased for oncologic patients, while performing tests for all potentially pathogenic microorganisms is simply not possible.

Hi. Thanks. I think so, too. But why not? It is a essential problem by classification in COPD phenotyp and by treatment(see mepolizumab) eosinophilic severe asthma. Best regards Paula

Silvia,

Are you attaching the point to point explanation of their queries apart from corrected manuscript. I believe that there is some communication gap. Better reply the editors in more objective way. Also, if you feel that there is no such gap, you are free to withdraw the manuscript after dropping a mail.

Pankaj

Hi

it is specific question. out of my specialization. i will follow to know .

regards

I will help you as I can

One theoretical concept that might give us some answers in the future, is that lymphocytes evolved from protozoa. So, it's like asking them to attack their distant cousins. In the case of African trypanosomiasis lymphocytes actually help the parasite to enter the brain.

Hi, please look in

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Thanks

Thanks Noor, let me give it a try

Hi Dr. Issa  , see this links I hope help you

Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is localized in organs (liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys etc) in intermediate hosts where it forms cysts meaning that it is a tissue parasite. DNA can be extracted from hydatid cysts using DNeasy® Blood & Tissue (Qiagen). In the definitive host (carnivores) the adult worm develops in the small intestines and therefore release eggs in faeces. DNA can be extracted from faecal samples using QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit or by isolating the taeniid eggs using Zinc chloride sieving-flotation techniques and later picking individual eggs for PCR detection. I attach a research article that you can refer for to for guidance.

Dear Sir,

You can buy at ABBOTT, ROCHE or BIOMATRICA.

types ofcysts: Unilocular

                         multilocular

                         single cyst/polycystic

Toxoplasma gondii

Naegleria

Schistosoma spp

Taenia solium

Echinococcus granulosus 

Hello  dear, 

My friend  primarily  extract  the DNA of T. Cruzi, then using PCR technology try to applify with your accessed  primers. Then after you will sequence it to determine the specific T.cruzi 

Yes.pls. The potentials are unfolding

yes may be found i the urine 

yes by high hyagiene and sanitation  as Wash your hands with soap and warm water after handling dogs, Don't allow your dogs to wander freely or to capture and eat raw meat from sheep, cattle, pigs, and goats.Don't home slaughter sheep and other livestock.

Generally the classical method including the direct and concentration (flotation and sedimentation) method to observe the eggs and you should be use the culturing of eggs to hatching to larvae that which used for difirentiation among nematods.

KE Allen - 2010 - shareok.org

SA Satayathum, EM Muchiri, JH Ouma… - The American journal of …, 2006‏ - ASTMH‏

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_parasite

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120052/

Thanks sir

Can you be more specific with your question?

Rapid detection of soluble G.

duodenalis cyst antigens (BVT Co., Ltd,

Lion) is a qualitative test., which related to dog only

There are also mechanisms of evasion, and most biosynthetic patterns in Trypanosomatids and their enzymes differ from the host. However , they also display proteins or part of them similar to that of the host, generating an autoimmune like response. 

This comment is about the significance of the presence of Sarcocystis in someone who is immunocompromised. The reported occurrence of Sarcocystis in the gut (a finding in one of the 3 publications referenced in previous postings related to this question) is not evidence that it was opportunistic. In another of the 3 papers, Fig. 1 looks like an Isospora belli oocyst. It is not an oocyst of Sarcocystis. Likewise, Fig. 2 (whatever it might be) is not a Sarcocystis sporocyst. As regards the 3rd article, some things (despite the molecular results) do not fit in with current understanding of aspects of the life cycle of Sarcocystis. These are the suggested replication of Sarcocystis in gallbladder epithelium (epithelial cells not being the organism’s historically known, classical site of occurrence) and the apparent absence, microscopically, of parasites in the lamina propria. I am not saying that Sarcocystis cannot be an opportunistic pathogen in HIV/AIDS (it is not an obvious one, though), but none of these 3 publications have shown that it is. Furthermore, it should be noted that isosporiasis was diagnosed in the patients who were the subjects of the 2nd and 3rd publications. This complicates the issue parasitologically. However, "intestinal" stages of Sarcocystis have, indeed, been found outside the gut in primates. This was first recognized in the 1970s (Markus 1974; 1978), which fact has been lost sight of subsequently. To understand the situation, the detailed story in Markus (1978) should be read. It appears between the bottom of p. 172 and p. 174. The last paragraph, on p. 174, of the section concerned is particularly important. REFERENCES: Markus, M.B. et al. 1974. The coccidial nature and life-cycle of Sarcocystis. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77: 248-259; Markus, M.B. 1978. Sarcocystis and sarcocystosis in domestic animals and man. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 22: 159-193.

This person might have some ideas on the subject (look at her publications; and note her e-mail address):

Please check the following link also.

This link can help you

Dear Dr David Bruce Conn.... A very important subject.  what kind of cooperation required. can communicate over email.

Yes, you wouldn't necessarily be lucky enough to be able to view both the operculum and knob in one image (at a given plane of focus). Moreover, one or both of these features often seem to be absent, so to speak. The knob is a useful diagnostic criterion for Diphyllobothrium. In other words, it is perhaps better if one sees only a knob on a particular egg than only an operculum.

I'm pretty sure too that it is Diphyllobothrium spp. Its colour and egg-shell look quite typical for Diphyllobothrium. Too bad the operculum is not visible. You can try to put some pressure onto the coverslip (using e.g. a pencil) to try and open the operculum. It will give you a confirmation.

Better not to say D. latum, as it can also be D. cordatum, D. pacificum, ... although D. latum is more commonly found.

Kind regards,

Idzi

Hi Partha,

Some labs use 2%, 3%, 4% or 5% hematocrit for continuous culture, it depends on the procedures used. But the higher is the hematocrit, the higher the number of parasites you have in culture in comparison to the volume of media so the media will be consumed faster. Usually in vitro antimalarial assay starts at 0.5% or 1% parasitemia that is put in contact with drugs for 72h so if your hematocrit is too high your parasites will consume the medium too fast and growth will be affected. I hope this can answer your question.

Good luck,

Flore.

My apologies, these things were implied. Parasites from continuous passage show a fatter morphology when cultured in M199 containing HEPES prepared from powder rather than company-bought solution. I was wondering how adjusting the HEPES' pH prior to its inclusion in M199 might alter the osmolarity of the medium compared to a media that had its pH adjusted after the addition of HEPES.

i.e. HEPES>pH adjust>add to M199

or   HEPES>add to M199> pH adjust

Certainly. The article is in my office. I'll find it when next I'm there. Am away from home at present.

 Great Research!!!  Although I am not so knowledgeable in that science It is impressing. so Gnomon is more accurate than the Compass ?  some often use GPS for spoting Quiblah but I think  Sun shadow indications are more useful than Compass  just as Polaris the North star  locates the North  celestial pole of Earth I guess.

Get well soon!

Thank you,

Fatima EL AISSAOUI

Thnx :))

Cryptosporidium parvum mainly in immunocompetent patient.

Boutonneuse fever is Mediterranean spotted fever caused by Rickettsia conorii

Thank you so much Kathryn, but I can not take the article would you please mail me it?

Douching definitely increases yeast infections because yeast is everywhere and douching may decrease the lactobacillus which keep yeast in check.

But when it comes to sexually transmitted diseases like Trichomonas, its a double edged sword.   While douching may cause imbalance with local indigenous bacteria and yeast,  it also could potentially remove the trichomonas if done immediately after sex with the offending partner...   

in this article, prostitutes use douching to decrease Trichomonas infections:  

Int J STD AIDS. 2016 May;27(6):469-75. doi: 10.1177/0956462415585449. Epub 2015 May 7.

Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among female sex workers in a city in Yunnan Province, China.

Luo L1, Reilly KH2, Xu JJ3, Wang GX4, Ding GW5, Wang N5, Wang HB6.

Author information

 

Abstract

Sexual transmission is the fastest growing route of HIV transmission in China, andTrichomonas vaginalis(TV) can facilitate HIV transmission and acquisition. Our goal was to determine the prevalence and correlates of TV infection among female sex workers (FSWs). This cross-sectional study was conducted in a city of Yunnan Province in southern China, with confidential face-to-face interviews and laboratory tests for TV (wet mount) and other sexually transmitted infections. A total of 734 FSWs participated in the study. The prevalence of TV was 9.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.02-11.30). In multivariate analyses, adjusted odds ratios of TV infection were 3.0 (95% CI 1.47-6.01) for herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive, 2.4 (95% CI 1.37-4.14) forChlamydia trachomatisinfection, 2.6 (95% CI 1.30-5.31) for genital ulcer, 1.9 (95% CI 1.11-3.30) for starting age in commercial sex <20 years, and 0.5 (95% CI 0.27-0.87) for vaginal douching. We found a relatively high prevalence of TV infection among FSWs in Yunnan Province. A range of control strategies that include TV screening are recommended among FSWs, which could contribute significantly to the disruption of transmission by the provision of immediate treatment.

Thank you Rafael and Javier.  

I think you can take the age of kindergarten and primary school kids,continuous itching, the use of cellophane tape

Ron P. Marchand et al (2011)Co-infections of Plasmodium knowlesi, P. falciparum, and P. vivax among Humans and Anopheles dirus Mosquitoes, Southern Vietnam

An ELISA test (Strongyloidesantibody) for detecting the serum IgG against a crude extract of the filariform larvae of S. stercoralis is available only at specialized centers .The sensitivity and specificity of this ELISA test can be improved if the serum samples are preincubated with Onchocerca antigens before testing.

The specificity question of this ELISA test has been thoroughly reviewed recently. studies claimed that the ELISA was 88% sensitive, 99% specific, and had positive and negative predictive values of 97% and 95%, respectively.  The difficulty in calculating diagnostic efficiency parameters can be attributed to the absence of a definitive gold standard for diagnosing S. stercoralis infection .

Thin blood smears have the advantages to achieve a better optical differention in the morphology of intracellular parasitic forms/stages as (haemogragarines in erythrozytes). The preparation of thick blood films have advantages in detection of intercellular forms as (Trypanosoma, microfilarae).

Take contact with Prof. Raymond Hamers, VUB, Brussels, Belgium.

single weekly dose of 400 mg itraconazole used instead of 200 mg twice day for seven days for tinea( pityriasis) versicolor. single dose appear to be  better for improving compliance and decreased cost of treatment.. for further information please go through article..

Single dose (400 mg) versus 7 day (200 mg) daily dose itraconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor: a randomized clinical trial.

for isolation of microbial RNA from stool you can use PureLink microbiome purification kit

Please, See these files may be useful.

I found this paper (linked below) with the following: " The monoclonal antibody F8.12.19, raised against the recombinant ectoplasmic region of AMA1 from Plasmodium vivax, cross-reacts with homologues from Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum, as shown by immunofluorescence assays on mature schizonts."

J Mol Biol. 2007 Mar 9;366(5):1523-37. Epub 2006 Dec 16.

Cross-reactivity studies of an anti-Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen 1 monoclonal antibody: binding and structural characterisation.

Igonet S, Vulliez-Le Normand B, Faure G, Riottot MM, Kocken CH, Thomas AW, Bentley GA.

Ascariasis is known to migrate when patients are unwell. There are several pictures on google images of them emerging from various orifices... Strongyloides stercoralis could potentially come out in a respiratory tract sample...

Hi Riva,

If you want to fix PMNs for ICC then fixed cells with 4 or 3.7% PFA at 4 degree Celsius for 30 minutes. Used zero acceleration and break for centrifugation when cells are live. Give minimum jerk to cells during resuspending pellet. Avoid using pipette for resuspending cells. Whenever you fix cells for microscopy then try to use the cells within 3-4 days after fixation.

This procedure works well with me. Try same.

Best luck!

Durgesh Pitale. 

I teach at the tertiary level. I have implemented CLIL at the School of Tourism through a team approach. I am the subject matter teacher and 2 two language teachers support this initiative.

Layla,

There are some basic target for identification like as the B1 gene or 529pb repeat sequence. However, to genotyping, I suggest this article to start yours studies.

Dear Dr Yosep Chong, 

These are eggs of trematodes, most likely a species of Opisthorchiidae. Maybe it is Clonorchis or Opisthorchis, species endemic in Asia. The measurements of the eggs are important for the specific identification.  Unlike Fasciola, these parasites produce small eggs that already contain a developed miracidium.

Best regards,

Hudson

Thanks for your kinds and very helpful guides.

It was an interesting article.

I had many dangerous experiments like this with other parasites like Toxoplasma and Leishmania infantum  and I think  that I can say ironman to myself!!

Thanks again.

Vahid

Dear  Shillah

may I ask why you are only interested in these haplotypes?

For a suitable paper listing a sequencing strategegy for ama1 you could try

Polley and Conway Genetics. 2001 Aug;158(4):1505-12.

although as this paper shows it's been a while since I worked on population genetics of ama1

If you just want to isolate DNA you could probably pellet it by centrifuge and extract from the wine.  You could even use DNA binding dyes to show that the DNA was from intact cells instead of debris.