Paradigm - Science topic

It sounds like you are conducting a quantitative, cross-sectional, and observational study using two pre-validated self-reporting questionnaires to assess emotional intelligence and resilience in podiatry students. Your study aims to determine if there is a relationship between these two variables, and you plan to analyze the data using crosstabulation.

In terms of the research paradigm, it is important to consider the ontological and epistemological assumptions that underlie your study. Ontology refers to the nature of reality and how it is studied, while epistemology refers to how knowledge is acquired and validated.

Based on your description, it seems that your study falls within the positivist paradigm, which assumes that there is an objective reality that can be studied using empirical methods. Positivism emphasizes the use of quantitative methods to test hypotheses and identify causal relationships between variables.

However, this does not necessarily mean that your study cannot incorporate constructionist elements. Constructionism emphasizes the subjective nature of reality and how it is constructed through social processes. In a quantitative study, you can still incorporate constructionist elements by considering the social context and meaning behind the quantitative data.

The scope of investigation of transboundary learning cultures and schooling (TLCS) research in education and social science is broad and multi-disciplinary. It involves transcultural, transdisciplinary, transnational, and trans-paradigmatic analysis of learning cultures and schooling in the Asia-Pacific region. This research seeks to analyze the phenomenon of transboundary space in education, which shapes new research directions in cultural studies, educational and social research, and policy implications.

The TLCS research aims to investigate and understand the new possible research agendas and implications of decentering the lens of cross-cultural, cross-national, cross-regional, and cross-theoretical analysis. It also seeks to examine the key concepts of ‘transboundary’ in learning cultures and schooling, as well as the ontological status of TLCS research in education.

The TLCS research is concerned with making cross-paradigm and cross-methodology comparisons to further develop research paradigms, methodology, and methods. It is also interested in exploring the underlying logic and axiological frameworks of traditional research paradigms and methodology.

The TLCS research is focused on academic success and aims to investigate the scope of transcultural, transdisciplinary, transnational, and trans-paradigmatic education studies. It also seeks to explore how postmodernist researchers map TLCS with other modernist research paradigms, and how comparativists locate the ‘lens’ of comparative and international education (CIE) in TLCS research for its further policy and research development.

In essence, the scope of investigation of TLCS research in education and social science is to understand the transboundary nature of learning cultures and schooling in the Asia-Pacific region and to provide a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the existing research on this topic.

Thank you very much for your contribution! Do you think we may look for a synergetic approach in terms of behaviorism-cognitivism-constructivism-connectivism? Or it is more appropriate to stick only to connectivism?

The issue of scientific continuity can be defined as the preservation of knowledge, research progress, and expertise in a field over time, despite changes in personnel, funding, and other factors. Scientific continuity is important because it ensures that research programs and projects can be continued over the long term, and that valuable knowledge and data are not lost or forgotten.

To assess the issue of scientific continuity, the following factors can be considered:

By considering these factors, researchers and institutions can determine the level of scientific continuity in a field, and take steps to address any gaps or weaknesses to ensure that research progress is maintained over the long term.

Syed Muhammad Ehtesham Ali A limited sample size can contribute to a low NFI (normed fit index) score in a structural equation modeling (SEM) investigation. Poor model fit, measurement inaccuracy, and a lack of discriminant validity are all plausible explanations. It's also conceivable that your model is overparameterized, and that some of your model's routes or links aren't supported by data.

It's vital to remember that SEM is a sophisticated statistical procedure with many variables to consider when evaluating the findings. Cross-validating your results using other methods of research, such as confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) or exploratory factor analysis (EFA), is also advised to assess the robustness of your findings.

It's also a good idea to speak with a statistician or SEM specialist to have a better understanding of the results, or to perform a sensitivity analysis to observe how the results vary with alternative sample sizes or model parameters.

Dear Robert,

Please, look to our article:

Un assumptively why not... The caste of an edicts color is destructive

there is a interconnection between inductive and deductive logics. The inductive logics is the logics of probability where subjective models are formed and we need to demonstrate if these models are valid through deductive logics...

Robert, since you do not see any problem with anthroprocentric pollution affecting climate change, then even if you want you can not see what those WHO see a problem with emmisions are missing.

Thank you for taking the time to comment anyway!

Lucio

Dear Michael, please read the context on which the question is based to see the nature and consequences of paradigm shift avoidance. Then you can share your view on the answer to this specific question and why.

About your comment on economic revitalization in Nigeria, you may find some food for thoughts in the following article:

Hi Marta, open-source software for analyzing many different animal behaviors is often hard to implement for novel behavior paradigms. Based on your criteria of discerning immobility from freezing responses, I recommend you utilize open-source machine learning platforms like DeepLabCut (Mathis Lab) and SIMBA (Simple Behavior Analysis; from Golden's Lab). DeepLabCut is a pose estimation program that can track user-defined parameters (like the mouse's nose, head, thorax, tail, ears, etc.). SIMBA can then take those pose estimates and help you create classifier models for various behaviors you may want (like being able to distinguish freezing behavior from immobility).

Website links are provided below:

SIMBA: https://goldenneurolab.com/simba

DeepLabCut: http://www.mackenziemathislab.org/deeplabcut

I hope this helps.

With due respect Emeritus Sir,

I concur with your point that, the time taken to review an article largely depends upon the quality of article.

Severin, Strinzel, Egger, Domingo, and Barros, (2021) conducted a research on the characteristics of scholars who review for predatory and legitimate journals. In the study, they found out that, about 13.7 million reviews take place every year with 5 hours as the average number of hours required for a review to complete reviewing process. However, there might be many outliers but 5 hours is the average (one of the disadvantages of central tendencies in statistics).

Sir, very often than not, most authors from English-speaking countries think that since they can speak fluent English that qualifies them not to give their manuscripts to experts in English for copy editing. Similarly, the experts in copy editing when contacted for copy editing by a professional, they begin to think inadequacy about his/her knowledge domain. I thin there is the need for creating more awareness on this divergent issue on a similar continuum.

As per the choice of appropriate journal and editorial policy, that is where important issue lies.

Sir, during the pandemic, there was reduction of number of days for COVID-19-related articles and hence got published faster than non-COVID-19 pandemic. How can this trend be ensured in the post-pandemic period?

Thank you so much for this important input.

What differs positivism and post-positivism is the "approximation or probability" where reality can reside. From this perspective, if you don't restrict yourself to research philosophies, underpinnings, etc., and you borrow some ideas from Cresswell i.e. both approaches can be used in tandem with the deficiencies of one approach strengthen the other, you can combine different philosophies in a single study.

But if I may suggest, why can't you use a simple design instead of complicating the research? In addition, in order to do justice to both approaches and clear doubts, you have to study different types of design used in mixed methods researches or use triangulation.

By "Grand Theory" do you mean "Grounded Theory?" I will assume that is what you meant in my reply.

First, the Strauss and Corbin "paradigm" from the first edition of their book did not gain popularity, and they omitted it from the later editions of their book. So, I would consider it a rarely used option.

Second, starting with hypotheses are not acceptable in any form of Grounded Theory, since the theory must be developed from the data itself and not from prior assumptions. But generating hypotheses as an outcome of the research could be acceptable.

The idea of searching for patterns is quite common throughout qualitative analysis, including in Grounded Theory. It is seldom used in quantitative analysis, where the usual goal is instead to test hypotheses.

It depends on how to use it !!.regards

Of course, it depends on how researchers use the construct 'paradigm'; I have no doubt that we have all seen examples of researchers' writing which do actually seem to indicate that they subscribe to quantitative and qualitative paradigms, but I suspect that they are confounding paradigms with sets of methods.

Dear

In my opinion, the economics of climate change is an attempt to present projections of potential future transformations and modifications of economic, socio-economic and financial processes that are likely to take place in the future in connection with the projections of climate change, including, above all, the progressive process of global warming and the various effects generated by these climate changes, most of them negative for nature and humans. To answer your question above: is the economics of climate change ecological economics? - I state that as the concept is new and developing in meaning it is difficult to conclusively determine whether the economics of climate change is an ecological economics. The economics of climate change is an attempt to describe economic processes and to estimate the amounts of financial resources, including additional costs, which will be generated in the future to reduce the scale of the negative social and economic effects of the progressive process of global warming. Estimating such cost amounts for a perspective of a few decades and with an unknown scale of the acceleration of the global warming process is therefore not precise and is subject to a certain level of estimation error. However, attempts are being made to estimate the additional costs that humanity will incur in order to limit, for example, the scale of the decline in food production, the decline in the production of agricultural crops due to the increasing scale of increasingly frequent and persistent periods of drought and the outbreak of forest and agricultural fires. Estimates are also being made of the costs that will have to be incurred in the future in order, for example, to effectively carry out a full pro-environmental transformation of the energy sector in a relatively short period of time in order to significantly reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. This attempts to present the necessary adaptation processes that will have to be carried out in the future in order to adapt civilisation to global warming in economic and financial terms. In addition to this, the high level of variation in the aforementioned estimates of the amounts of costs that humanity will be forced to bear is also due to the adoption of different priorities for the projected adaptation processes, since, on the one hand, the aim of these adaptation processes may be to reduce the negative effects of inevitable climate change or, on the other hand, the key objective of the aforementioned processes of pro-environmental transformation of the economy may be to try to halt the progressive process of global warming and thus avoid the very negative scenario of a global climate catastrophe that may already occur at the end of the current 21st century. However, this latter objective may be difficult to achieve if the pace of implementation of the pro-environmental transformation of the economy is also as slow in the future as it has been so far. If, however, this were the main objective for estimating the aforementioned additional costs that humanity will be forced to bear, estimating the level of decline in economic development, estimating the additional social, health costs caused by climate change, estimating the costs of e.g. irrigation of agricultural fields in a situation of permanently occurring periods of drought, etc., then, in such a situation, the economics of climate change may acquire the attributes of ecological economics or pro-ecological, pro-environmental economics in the future. In a situation where plans are being built to smoothly carry out a pro-environmental transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess to a sustainable, green, zero-carbon, zero-growth and circular economy in order to halt global warming and avoid a negative scenario of a global climate catastrophe, a climate change economy subordinated to these goals may acquire the attributes of pro-environmentalism and sustainability. This will then result in the possibility of such economics being recognised as pro-environmental, pro-environmental, green or ecological economics. The above is the result of my thoughts on this issue and the results of my research on the subject.

Best regards,

Dariusz

How to establish new theories in the field of digital communication ?

Over the past decades, a number of sources of globalization have emerged. One of them is technological progress, which has led to a sharp reduction in transport and communication costs, a significant reduction the costs of processing, storing and using information.

The second source of globalization is trade liberalization and other forms of economic liberalization that have curtailed protectionist policies and made world trade freer. As a result there were tariffs have been substantially reduced, and many other barriers to trade in goods and services have been removed. Other liberalization measures have led to an increase in the movement of capital and other factors of production.

The third source of globalization can be considered a significant expansion of the scope of organizations, which became possible both as a result of technological progress and wider horizons of management on basis of new means of communication. Thus, many companies that previously focused only on local markets have expanded their production and marketing capabilities, reaching the national, multinational, international and even global level.

Globalization brings not only benefits, it is fraught with negative consequences or potential problems, which some of its critics see as a great danger.

One of the main problems is related to the question: who benefits from globalization? In fact, most of the benefits are rich countries or individuals. The unfair distribution of the benefits of globalization gives rise to the threat of conflicts at the regional, national and international levels.

The second problem is related to potential regional or global instability due to the interdependence of national economies at the global level. Local economic fluctuations or crises in one country may have regional or even global implications.

The third set of problems posed by globalization is caused by the fear that control over the economies of individual countries may shift from sovereign governments to other hands, including the most powerful states, multinational or global corporations and international organizations.

Because of this, some see globalization as an attempt to undermine national sovereignty. For this reason, globalization can make national leaders feel helpless before its forces, and the electorate - antipathy towards her. Such sentiments can easily turn into extreme nationalism and xenophobia with calls for protectionism, lead to the growth of extremist political movements, which is potentially fraught with serious conflicts.

The problem generated by globalization - the infringement of national sovereignty and the independence of political leaders - can also be largely resolved on the basis of international cooperation, for example, by a clear delineation of the powers of the parties, i.e. national governments and their leaders, on the one hand, and international organizations and multinational or global corporations, on the other. The very involvement of political leaders in building the necessary institutions to deal with these and other globalization-related issues will help them regain the sense that they are in control of their future and in control of their positions in the world.

Globalized world. In the meantime, unfortunately, the world is moving in the opposite direction, along the path of political and military dictate of a strong

weak, that in the context of globalization of all aspects of the life of the world community, it is fraught with a global confrontation.

The current crisis of the Western economy is not a recession because it is not cyclical and is not limited to 12-16 months. What is happening in the US and Europe today is a structural crisis, a process that began in the fourth quarter of 2021 and will continue for at least five years without interruption. However, the West does not understand the causes and essence of the crisis, because they do not have theories describing it. That is why, according to the economist, the American and European authorities are doing stupid things instead of effective measures to resolve problems.

It was impossible to avoid this crisis, because they went too far. They have expanded private consumption so much that they can no longer keep it. You need to name the main number. There is an indicator in the United States that they do not disclose in public discussion: this is the level of price growth for all industrial goods, not only for final goods entering the wholesale trade, but in general for everything, from raw materials to the final product. For the first time, the rise in prices for manufactured goods exceeded the level of the late 1970s. The previous peak was at the end of 1947. There are 23 with something percent.

The entire system of socio-political management in the West, both in the USA and in Europe, is built through representatives of the middle class, qualified consumers. Today this instrument is being destroyed. Instead of the middle class, new poor people appear, who have a middle-class attitude, but they have no money.

The sanctions pressure on Russia has exacerbated the economic problems of the West. European financiers note that EU politicians are afraid to take responsibility for decisions taken under the slogans of transatlantic solidarity and assistance to Ukraine.

In fact, this whole situation with global confrontation and the breakdown of the dollar system is disastrous for the United States not by economic factors, but by intellectual ones. Roughly speaking, Washington will undoubtedly lose to Moscow only because the US does not even have a concept of a plan to solve the colossal economic problems and save the dollar system.

Intellectual life in the US and Russia goes in opposite directions. The US has nothing left for a long time. There, no one can imagine even a weak positive scenario. The complete absence of any thought, not to mention the concept.

I personally do not accept that idea that everyone has a "paradigm" and especially not when those tend to fall into a dichotomy between some version of post-positivism and some version of constructivism. In particular, neither of those is likely to fit the complexity of mixed methods research. Instead, they are relics of the paradigm wars.

So, mixed methods has developed its own paradigms related to pragmatism, critical realism, pluralism, etc. But my own reading is that a lot of that comes from the previous era, where everyone had to have a paradigm, so mixed methods needed to meet that same expectation.

Note that I say all this as someone who has been a primary advocate of pragmatism for research methods in general, and not just mixed methods in particular. So,, that is the basis for my saying that a worthwhile research question and an appropriate means of addressing that question are what really matter -- and certainly not some philosophical debate about the nature of reality and the nature of truth.

Saludos colega.

Recomiendo analizar la obra "A LA CAZA DE LA REALIDAD"

DE LA NUEVA POSTURA FUNADAMENTAL EPISTEMOLOGICA, CUYO AUTOR ES ÉL DOCTOR "MARIO BUNGE".

ALLÍ tienes muchas respuestas válidas. Felicitaciones

I may be the first academic to use social cartography to map four traditional research paradigms in social and educational research.

If you look at my postmodern thoughts in the paper, you might find that decentering the lens of paradigms, we will find some connection points and re-orientations for comparing or placing four paradigms into some social cartographs.

As a historian of research paradigms in social and educational research, I raise further research questions are as follows:

1. What are the main axiological issues or key axiological features of the four traditional research paradigms when they are in comparison? Can we conceptualize their relationships among those features in some social cartographs or other alternatives?

2. What are the basic logial rules governing the four research paradigms throughout the process of uncovering them using social cartographs or other alternatives? To what extent can we construct the conceptual notion of 'cross-paradigm triangulation' with logical consistency? [c.f. Denzin devises the notions of cross-person/cross-data/cross-perspective/-cross-theory triangulation based on logical consistency.]

3. Could we have different results on natural science research using similar social cartographic methods of mapping the four paradigms or other alternatives?

I tend to answer the first and second research questions in social and ethical research in some upcoming international journal papers and refereed international conference proceedings in research methodology and methods. I leave the third one to other top-rank scientists or science researchers who have tremendous research interests in my research project as I cannot extend my discussion into science fields due to limitations of personal knowledge in empirical contexts.

Please help circulate my paper to any interested international colleagues you are familiar with. I look for fruitful answers to the above questions and / or co-research works in future.

From an ignorant Percy KWOK

Lucio Muñoz : Thanks for your kind response to my comment. I must tell you that I am a decades-long, severe and antagonistic critic of modern official theoretical physics and cosmology; both in and out of RG. One of my forums in RG on Einstein’s theories of relativity was closed down by an exceptional ruling of the RG management after it ran for a year and a half and attracted many physicists from around the world. I can see that someone totally unknown to me, made a collage of my comments in that forum and posted it online at the following link:

But I understand that your question in this forum is not directed to persons like me (which is rather an exception), but of course, is very relevant in the face of the present crisis of credibility of modern scientific theories and the existing paradigm. I definitely welcome your efforts in this forum.

I must also say that I do not doubt the intellectual honesty of Kuhn; but in my opinion it was a naïve exercise; because it did not consider the harsh realities of society of conflicting interest groups as I discussed in my comment above. But Karl Popper in my opinion, was definitely an opportunist and trickster – a turncoat “Marxists”, used and promoted by British imperial authority on the one hand to bestow “scientific” benediction on the esoteric theories of relativity by Albert Einstein, making those Kosher (because such theories cannot be falsified and by default are established as objective truth!). On the other hand, used as a “determinist” in the polemic on quantum uncertainty and in the ideological conflict and geopolitical rivalry of the time.

Best regards.

I am so happy to read your efforts in this very important area of specialty in science, it is almost needed to be used in most of branches of science for certainty or reliability. Wish you all luck.

Nice question and answers. All the best

Geography predates the division of knowledge into specific disciplines. In the beginning it was simply writing about the earth from the Greek words geo graphein. This is why it overlaps with climatology, hydrology, geology, biology, epidemiology, pedology etc. in the natural sciences and economics, sociology, politics, history, languages, literary studies etc. in the social sciences and humanities. In fact some have gone so far as to say there is no such thing as geography as a specific discipline. However, others have said that whenever we focus on the nature, causes and effects of spatial variation of any phenomenon over the earth's surface we are doing geographical work. So to answer your question directly: Yes, literary geography can be considered a part of geography as long as it studies spatial aspects of literature.

Dear Lucio Muñoz , let me bring in my simple point that economics is still not a science, but a profession, based on certain accounts and accounting methods of society. Even medicine is not a science, but more a science-based practice of empirical evidences via testing procedures. With respect to natural and exact science, I need to mention that the basic assumptions of biological evolution, physical thermodynamics and mathematical information theory are contradictory.

The ideological trap for scientific research and researchers is based on the financial decision: which research and researcher gets funded? Most scientific research is funded by government grants , companies doing research and development, and non-profit foundations; in a perfect world, money wouldn't matter — all scientific studies (regardless of funding source) would be completely objective.

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Great moments in science: Einstein discovers that time is actually money.

Gary Larson

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Hi Tom Bruce , DRS is certainly appropriate and a muture methodology . I think this reference will be of help: A Framework for Theory Development in Design Science Research: Multiple Perspectives, Journal of the Association for Information Systems Vol. 13, Issue 6, pp. 395-423, June 2012 and A. Hevner, S. Chatterjee, Design Research in Information Systems, Integrated Series in Information Systems 22, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-5653-8_2.

Kind regards Rob

David H. Blah A study and analysis of four important research paradigms—positivism, post-positivism, critical theory, and constructivism—show that they have all been effectively used in a modern theological investigation. Although these paradigms are similar to worldviews in some ways, they are not as comprehensive.

When gathering data, the interpretative paradigm allows for the use of a variety of research approaches, including Action Research. Questionnaires. Observations.

All successful design has 3 elements, the last is iteration... I like to suggest to clients they attempt at the very least 3 prototypes to iterate improvements. To iterate we must have some requirement to measure each stage prototype against, and for that to have a meaningful progress in change; therefore the 2nd element is measurement. For measurement gives the increments and direction in which we can evaluate either progress or regress with each change. So then the 1st thing we need for measurement is a requirement that is the focus of an enduser. In the human centred world the enduser (or endusers) for whom we write the requirements are humans. In an non-anthropmetric setting the enduser is the object, artificial intelligence, practical species or alien for which we then make the focus of our exercise.

interested

I would highly recommend this, too, Robert: https://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Roy_Bhaskar_A_Realist_Theory_of_Science.pdf

yes of course three way ANOVA

Tomas Sabaliauskas congratz you have fallen into one of the hardest human error traps to disprove: it is the exact opposite of what everyone believes, you can still hear an example daily: the Sun rises in the East. Fire is oxygen combining with the candle or the wood not releasing magic. The old Fire-air and dephlogistication controversy. There are so many examples. But as Fatemeh Khozaei sort of suggests... can you patent this idea etc. to make some money? Stellan Gustafsson is right that you can get the message out via youtube videos but if you want some scientific acknowledgement I would start by a preprint, presentation, or poster uploaded here and obtaining a DOI number so that technically others can cite you, or at Academia.edu, or both. A great many people are unaware of the revolution that is Researchgate. Look at us, we have an Iranian researcher, two Northern Europeans, and an American collaborating with no paperwork. (no pay either) For the moment, Researchgate has a no censor policy, and is very similar to the early days of Wikipedia when that site delivered more extensive, better quality articles, and was trusted over than paid encyclopedias. Understand search engines can not scan Researchgate, so our articles are ranked by Algorithms and compared to other scientific sites. Google and Scholar (if your paper is cited) rank the corpus (collection of documents) here on a par with Taylor and Francis, Springer, Elsevier and others. I can prove it

Query Google with these key phrases

or

and to see how important Check out the number of results or pages

indexed by Google.

BTW The former is a preprint and the latter is only a presentation.

Then, once your paper or presentation is on line you can try to promote your idea even on Wikipedia itself.

I hope this is of some help to you and perhaps Stellan as well.

Sincerely

Professor Christopher G. Yukna

ps Stellan you might peruse Rutherford Conjecture too

That is a good question.

You are most welcome Wei Li!

非常赞同你的观点

Can you tell us more about your data and why it is not "enough"? In particular, what kinds of independent and dependent variables do you have?

This article may also be helpful:

Positivism Vs interpretivism are polar extreme of quantitative Vs qualitative research methodology. Post-positivism is a refined method that acknowledges biases in whatever method that is being chosen and therefore more interpretive.

You can safely run a multi-level (mixed-effects) model on your data. The requirement of a balanced design stems from outdated statistical techniques.

Unless there is a learning curve, meaning that responses change with repeated exposure to the task! Then you would have to incorporate trial number as a predictor.

Dear Raju Chiluvuri,

Very interesting. Software engineering is a highly developmental field, so what you highlighted should be fully explained.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I am currently supervising my PHD student's study in Education. We are examing Universal Design Instruction (UDI) for students with visual disabilities in the classroom with intention to build a custom UDI model. Hence we are using both methods of quantitative and qualitative data for added value and strength.

Dear Zach Manley. Rob Christiaanse is right. Research Paradigms do matter. In my opinion the most useful text on this topic is by sociologist Derek Layder. His master work on this topic is the brilliant "Sociological practice: Linking theory and social research" 1998. Sage.

Layder shows how orienting concepts are in a dialectic relationship with data collection and the attribution of meaning. Exceptionally useful.

Dear Lucio,

Dear Dariusz,

If You do not analyze in this respect the communist China politically and its capitalism economically nowadays, and Yugoslavian system before 1990-s, which can be characterized as "self-governance socialism" politically and "market socialism" economically, You will lack the main points in Your raised problem. Additionally You need to analyze carefully "the Swedish model" of the seventies in 20-th century with its "functional democratic socialism" politically, Meidner "wage-earners funds" economically and elements which implemented economic efficiency and social justice at the same time (as Saltsjobaden agreement of social dialogue from 1938), etc. Other countries are much less important to analyze in this respect.

Very interesting topic.

Wireless technology changes gradually, because the demand for data services and quality-of-service are changing gradually. However, there is hope that 5G will enable a paradigm shift, in the sense of supporting the digitalization of our world. So 10 years from now, when we look back and compare 2021 and 2031, the belief is that 5G will have contributed to radical changes in how vehicles, IoT devices, factories, and work places are now wirelessly connected and support stringent service requirements.

The People's Republic of China is the only country that has been able to build capitalism under the banner of communism.

Left-wing economists are convinced that such a model gives the maximum advantage precisely because of centralization. But if you talk to the Chinese themselves, they will say that they did what they do in the entire developed world: they decentralized the economic sphere of life to such an extent until it led to success. The Chinese were carrying out structural reforms. But they did it carefully and wrote about it only after each measure carried out proved its success. Why are China's reforms successful? This is a matter of decentralization. Today, the economy in China is much more decentralized than, for example, in the entire post-Soviet space or in South America.

I have the opportunity to study Active Learning Methodologies during teacher training in Finland. I can say you this changes my mindset completely as a professor and a researcher. As a Computer Science researcher in HCI and Technology-enhanced Learning, some master's students have investigated Problem and Project-based Learning, in F2F and Distance Learning. As a lecturer, I have adopted some Active Learning Methodologies, like PBL, Flipped Classroom, Peer Instruction, and others, always experiencing different methods each year.

Dear Lucio, you are welcome

Outwardly, these two systems may be similar, but they have a different structure of existence. Capitalism must breathe freely. And this is possible only in a democratic society. But democratic capitalism is also not perfect. In any case, internally these two systems are very different, and for example Bolivian capitalism does not look like Chinese capitalism.

Interesting. Pragmatism is Dewey's concept in education.

Historically pragmatism came before constructivism; the former began in the 19th century whereas constructivism appeared in the 20th century.

The problem nowadays is that social inquiry has extended its reach in the natural sciences, going beyond such issues as knowledge production, and making claims about social construction of content. That may be acceptable for social sciences and some areas of biology, but results in some very weird claims for mathematics, physics, and engineering. What Isam Alkhalifawi says is entirely correct, except that pragmatists did also have a mitigating notion of convergence toward something beyond mere workability as an ideal at "the end of inquiry". Unfortunately nowadays the lines between pragmatists and constructivists have become blurred, and many who profess to be following the pragmatic paradigm have strayed from its basic principles.

Thank You Luis Ramos I will definitely read this article.

Dear Lucio,

This topic will probably always be relevant, at least for the next several dozen years. Some kind of precursor concepts of what you called green market thinking and I refer to it as a green social market economy or a sustainable green circular economy appeared earlier, at the end of the 20th century, but it was ignored. Only in the last few years, the topic of sustainable, green circular economy has become one of the important topics undertaken not only by scientists and researchers, but also it is a topic of debates and discussions in the context of the development of applied environmental policies, adapting enterprises to the principles of pro-ecological policy, to increasing the possibilities of achieving the goals of sustainable development, implementing green technologies and eco-innovations. However, these large-scale processes will not be self-realized as an objective process. It is necessary to increase the scale of pro-environmental state interventionism. Enterprises without external pressure will not decide on their own pro-ecological reforms and green transformations, because it involves additional costs and / or investments and a change in the profile of the product and service offer addressed to citizens. Therefore, the pro-environmental, general social awareness of citizens must also increase, so that pro-ecological offers are chosen more often than non-ecological ones. Unfortunately, the opposite is usually the case, as green product and / or service offers tend to be more expensive than non-green ones. It should be otherwise. For the opposite to be the case, it is necessary to increase the scale of pro-environmental state interventionism. In view of the above, a pro-social and pro-environmental economic system defined as a green social market economy or a sustainable, circular green economy will not be created by itself in the process of objective development of market structures. It is necessary to constantly and gradually increase the scale of pro-ecological state interventionism and the general social pro-environmental awareness of citizens.

Greetings, Have a nice day, Stay healthy!

Dariusz Prokopowicz

When explaining the DRM paradigm through Fuzzy trace theory, we recall information as part of two separate stores: verbatim stores - this is information which we have experienced and is true memory - and gist store - to get the gist, it is the conceptual idea we have on something, often related to information which was not experience. The critical non represented lure is seen as represented by the gist stores in that it is not experienced yet it is often linked to an unexperienced concept which is brought to mind when relating with the actual experienced list of words in the verbatim stores. Activation-monitoring theory is defined as a combination of spreading activation of stimuli and a more controlled monitoring process. When applying this to false memories in the DRM lists, this is due to words associated to the lure activating its representation, so that if you are reading toe, sock, heel, you will form a representation of a foot without acknowledgement. This means that when recalling words, participants have insufficient source monitoring and an indirect activation of the critical lure.

I feel like the pioneering pieces in Fuzzy trace theory provide good examples and the adaption paper on AMT, however this can be tricky to find.

I hope this helps!

Dear Lucio,

Yes, in its pure form, 100%. in terms of both models, neither of them ever existed and never really exists. There was and there is no real economy that would be 100 percent. socialist (according to the theory of Karol Marx) and there is no real economy that would be 100 percent market economy (according to Adam Smith's theory). while the currently existing economies mostly represent different formulas of the model of the social market economy as a mixed economy, i.e. containing specific private and public sectors related to each other in various configurations, market issues with central planning, market structures and public institutions, commercial economic entities and shaped and the socio-economic policy implemented by the government, including social policy, the market financial system present in modern economies (mainly the sector of commercial banks and investment funds) and the public financial system (public institutions, financial transfers, state budget and budgets of local government units), and private products offered on competitive markets and purchased by individual citizens, and public goods offered by the state to society and financed from the sources of the state finance system. In individual countries, the division of the economy into commercial and public sectors occurs similarly in the social market economy model, while in particular, there may be many differences.

Greetings, Have a nice day, Stay healthy!

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dear Aravind Tripathy ,

Since the 1980s when Chuck Hull proposed 3D printing, there has been a change in way of building.

Additive manufacturing, so well known to mankind, has earned ally of 3D printing (3D printing is additive manufacturing, but additive manufacturing is not just 3D printing).

The advances come from possibility of building parts, and items that Subtractive and Formative Manufacturing are unable to meet.

The manufactures complement each other and one manages to do what the other does not.

The paradigm shift has been taking place in last 40 years, with more force from 2010 to the present day. See new machines, new materials, new ideas!

The impact on society starts in manufacturing process in Additive Manufacturing, which is insertion of material (raw material) to make the object, without wasting material. This is significant for product cost, environment and nature.

Additive Manufacturing contributes to more agile solutions and prototyping with reduced cost. This directly impacts the cost of developing a product and thus its final cost.

I hope I contributed to your discussion.

Regards,

Wiltgen

What is K-12 education?

Pareto's principle can be applied for evaluation.

Descriptive and experimental research

Dear Christine Sutherland

It is a systemic non-allowance of certain views and the apparent ( actually: the actual ) resultant inability to see behavior patterns ("just behavior", aka behavior per se) as an aspect of biology -- just for a start: seeing behavior AS BEHAVIOR PATTERNS. (BUT we defy biology, though the patterning of behavior (and patterning of patterns) IS BIOLOGICAL (something that cannot be sensibly denied).) In addition (relatedly) there is a great bias towards experimental research and the corresponding time frame/space frame limitations resulting in little being seen. EVEN MORE IMPORTANTLY, IN ANY CASE: little is looked for, and both independent and dependent variables are defined and set up artificially (and ridiculously) "controlled". In contrast, the researcher would be better to accept that human subjects bring with them the major aspects of standard human realities (phenomenological realities, given the great and substantial various interrelated types of Memories (all now rather well defined) at any given point in ontogeny) -- and that should be met with realistic situations and circumstances and natural materials (and not just the SUPPOSED "STIMULI" -- and acting as if a WORD like "learning" or "type /schedule of reinforcement" could refer to just ONE "real" thing - absurd). Doing as as I prescribe (as I have just indicated) otherwise would elicit a true and meaningful response we could learn from. It is all preposterous and is largely the great (act. UN-GREAT) heritage we have from philosophy, where we SUPPOSEDLY "DEFINE" THINGS and go on from there (still much all-in-the-head) with our models and other hypothetico-deductive thought ("systems") . There is a huge bias against observation research, though THAT can be as strictly monitored and as well-defined (as strictly empirical) as any other research -- some such important major research may just not fit in a laboratory (THOUGH, as I describe, by the end of my writings: SOME major important phenomena CAN be seen in the lab given appropriate other knowledge, gathered as it must be). [(We are biased toward (and presumptuous about) deduction (as seen with theories and hypotheses) AND, on no decent basis biased AGAINST induction (as if it were always less certain than models and hypotheses -- in fact, strong inter-rater/inter-observer reliabilities can be MUCH more impressive (more meaningful, reliable and valid) than p<.05 or p<.01 .)]

No science means you cannot true have a paradigm and no paradigm means : no science. Thus, Psychology is not a science, THIS VERY PROBLEM IS WHAT I HAVE SOUGHT TO SOLVE FOR 35+ years. THIS IS THE FIRST REAL (well-defined and meaningful) PARADIGM FOR PSYCHOLOGY, AND THUS FOR THE SCIENCE PSYCHOLOGY WANTS TO BE (but, now, just pretends it is). See:

Re: Profound yet Proximate Ethological Possibilities/Probabilities in Cognitive Development

(clear AND testable (falsifiable/verifiable) hypotheses at the END of the writings, esp. with the 3 addenda)

To have a much more complete understanding of ethological theory of child cognitive development, you would do much to help yourself if you explored my writings: see a LOT of articles and essays on Researchgate:

I have a cogent and extremely helpful theory, where I outline and indicate the nature of and the way to the discovery of the "maturation" involved in (or that IS) Equilibration Type 2 (that is the equilibration (homeostatic balance) between the stages (and thus putting the organism in the position to move on the the higher hierarchical stage)) . This is the type of equilibration which, even to the end of his life, Piaget could only say was "due to maturation". I believe I have found the way to discover the main inception or beginnings and proximate causes of these key parts of cognitive stage shifts. I complete this important part of Piaget's theory with strict empiricism: All concepts, constructs, models, etc. are clearly grounded/founded/ or begin with concrete observables -- the evidence is directly observable OVERT behavior patterns/patterning (and, of course, the relevant aspects of situations or circumstances).

BY the end of my 900 pages of my writings, and taking my perspective and approach, one can hypothesize THE proximate causes of stage shifts , the basic innately guided PERCEPTUAL SHIFTS which essentially are the beginning of shifts to more abstract conceptualization and abstract thinking -- and key to all else major in cognition which relates to this . I posit, but then outline STRICTLY EMPIRICALLY how to discover these basic "perceptual shifts" which are "allowed-for" by long-term memory abilities spanning times and spanning spaces MUCH MORE than has heretofore been imagined (in a real and significant sense: we now lack imagination FOR/OF imagination); and, it is just these that are the inceptions or beginnings of abstract thought.

This perspective and what my approach also yields is THE END OF ALL MAJOR NATURE/NURTURE CONFLICTS (as it has been hoped for for many decades). AND: It shows when/how "top-down" and "bottom-up" ARE THE SAME THINGS at important junctures.

Since essentially all my writings are needed to comprehend my testable (verifiable/falsifiable) hypotheses in-contexts and, for this, one must really read all my articles, essays, and books -- ALL AVAILABLE THROUGH RESEARCHGATE ( researchgate.com )

What is recommended reading for those interested is:

READ: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286920820_A_Human_Ethogram_Its_Scientific_Acceptability_and_Importance_now_NEW_because_new_technology_allows_investigation_of_the_hypotheses_an_early_MUST_READ and https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329428629_Essentially_all_Recent_Essays_on_Ethogram_Theory (basically a BOOK) and https://www.researchgate.net/project/Human-Ethology-and-Development-Ethogram-Theory (see the Project Log of this Project to see many important Updates.) ALSO, not among the 200 pages of major papers and 512 pages of essays in my "BOOK", above (which you already have been directed to), the following link gets you to 100 more pages of worthwhile essays composed after the 512 pages: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331907621_paradigmShiftFinalpdf (you CAN find the pdf at this last link, though it may take a little careful looking). And, similarly, see the other 2 addenda .

It is about 900 pages all-related.

READ THE IMPORTANT P.S. (below)

Regards, Brad Jesness

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P.S.

Editor/Co-author of my Collected Writings (on behavioral science) Needed

Here is the formal write-up of the offer for an Editor/co-Author, plus with guiding links to the papers/book/essays : (Share with anyone appropriate and interested.)

Editor/Co-author of my Collected Essays (on behavioral science) Needed

I have approximately 900 pages of writings on new, more-empirical (actually: strictly empirical) perspectives on Psychology (esp. Developmental Psychology and General Psychology ) -- but relevant and important for Psychology in general . It is all about BEHAVIOR PATTERNS and a real science (natural science) of that patterning, and a patterning of those patterns, etc., AND, behaviorally speaking, THAT IS ALL -- i.e. outlining the possible discoveries necessary for a true and most-empirical behavioral science of BEHAVIOR PATTERNS ("just behaviors") PER SE; it is much related to classical ethology perspectives and research. There is also an expressed greater hope for some new technologies being the "microscope" of Psychology (in particular: eye tracking and computer-assisted analysis) for good/closer/better observations; there are both phenomenologies outlined, describing the quite-possible situations THAT COULD COME TO BE OBSERVED and the associated behavior patterns, etc. [(always beginning (minimally, at their inception) in the overt, directly observable)] therein more truly seen and fully discovered; AND, some detailed phenomenology is described that arrives at testable hypotheses and then involves the actual ability to to test these testable/falsifiable hypotheses.

I am looking for a skilled reader and editor to read/edit my written works AND THEN put them together in a most sensible manner. This person must know the field of Psychology as a whole and must understand possibilities of ontogeny. Also she/he should have a healthy respect and high regard for KEY foundational OBSERVATIONS (always such AS CENTRAL).

Anyone "fitting this bill" AND WILLING, and otherwise ABLE, I would gladly have. Doing such substantial editing/proof-reading/rearranging/publishing is enough for me to see that person as a FULL co-author and therefore I would put she/he as second author on all the book's covers. After publication, he/she (as we shall decide well ahead of time) shall have a portion of any money reaped.

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These, below, are guides for any individual wanting to take on the editing/co-writing/publishing: In short, here are the grand "entries" to my writings, described above: (NOTE: you may have to join researchgate to see some of this, but joining is free and is not at all hard):

Perhaps, first note that "Updates" are found underneath the linked heading "Project Log" once you get to that Ethogram Project ( https://www.researchgate.net/project/Human-Ethology-and-Development-Ethogram-Theory-A-Full-Fledged-Paradigm-for-PSYCHOLOGY ) via that link I just provided. (And, you may well find the premises/assumptions/foundations of the approach, as outlined in the Overview (description) of that Project (at the top), has many, many now-lacking qualities that ARE described or indicated to be HERE within my system, and many of those characteristics, one should firmly realize, a good system should have.)

Read : https://www.researchgate.net/post/Not_Psychology_for_Psychology_but_open_tough_thorough_true_fully_phenomenologically-based_real_empiricism_for_all_explanations_and_understandings and the Answers following that Discussion Question for elaborations/clarifications. AND: READ: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286920820_A_Human_Ethogram_Its_Scientific_Acceptability_and_Importance_now_NEW_because_new_technology_allows_investigation_of_the_hypotheses_an_early_MUST_READ and https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329428629_Essentially_all_Recent_Essays_on_Ethogram_Theory (basically a BOOK) and all this in addition to https://www.researchgate.net/project/Human-Ethology-and-Development-Ethogram-Theory to see the Project Overview, Project Log link to "Updates" of this Project

ALSO (not among the 200 pages of major oldfoundational papers and 512 pages of essays in my "BOOK", above (which you already have been directed to), the following link gets you to 100 more pages of worthwhile essays composed after the 512 pages: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331907621_paradigmShiftFinalpdf (you CAN and must find the pdf at this last link) . There are also 2 additional shorter addenda.

Have a look at

Hi,

Critical realism is both an ontology, which consists of stratified reality as follows: (1) empirical - what is observed and experienced, (2) actual - events occurring in space and time independent from the human sensory, and (3) real - causal/generative mechanisms, powers and liabilities of entities/agencies. Critical realism is also a methodology, which follows the process of (1) identification of demi-regularities, (2) abduction, and (3) retroduction.