Science topic

Papua New Guinea - Science topic

A country consisting of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and adjacent islands, including New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago; Bougainville and Buka in the northern Solomon Islands; the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; Woodlark (Murua) Island; and the Louisiade Archipelago. It became independent on September 16, 1975. Formerly, the southern part was the Australian Territory of Papua, and the northern part was the UN Trust Territory of New Guinea, administered by Australia. They were administratively merged in 1949 and named Papua and New Guinea, and renamed Papua New Guinea in 1971.
Questions related to Papua New Guinea
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
2 answers
I need some assistance to ID this Fern I collected in remote Papua New Guinea tropical lowland hill forest at 50-100 m asl. I think it is one of the Dryopteridaceae but I can not put a genus and species to it.
Thanks,
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you so much Marc.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
1 answer
I am doing a Case study on the impacts of tax on Multinational companies
Relevant answer
Answer
General tax framework for multinational corporations in PNG includes:
1. Corporate Income Tax
Standard corporate income tax rate in PNG is 30%. For companies involved in petroleum and gas projects, the rate can be higher, reflecting the significant profits these resources can generate.
2. Goods and Services Tax (GST): A GST of 10% is levied on most goods and services in Papua New Guinea.
3. Additional Profits Tax: Companies, especially in the mining and petroleum sectors, may be subject to additional profits taxes, which are designed to capture greater economic rent when profits are high.
4. Withholding Taxes: Dividends, interest, and royalties paid to non-residents are subject to withholding taxes, the rates of which vary depending on the type of income and the recipient's country of residence, particularly if there is a tax treaty in place.
5. Resource-related Charges: Companies in the extractive industries may also face various royalties, levies, and other charges specific to the sector.
6. Customs Duties: Import duties on various goods can also affect multinational companies, especially those that rely heavily on imported materials.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
1 answer
I am doing a research on "The impacts of tax on multinational companies; A case study based in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea"
Relevant answer
Answer
Multinational companies are taxed in each country in which they operate. As well as income taxes, they will also pay sales taxes, payroll taxes and any other taxes which are levied in the countries in which they run their business. The advantage multinational companies have is that they can move revenues and costs between different countries, depending on which countries charge lower taxes. Although there are usually anti-evasion laws in place to minimise the extent to which they can do this. Hopefully that explains a little about why and how multinational companies pay tax.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
1 answer
I am a student at Pacific Adventist University ( Papua New Guinea) who is working on a research project for my Masters degree. The title of my research project is Establishing the Relationship between Metacognition Awareness and the Academic Performance of Nursing Students at the University of Papua New Guinea.
I would like to use the tool with a modification to the answering options. To turn the Yes or No options to a 7-point Likert scale; 1 being very untrue of me and 7 being very true of me.
Relevant answer
Answer
To seek permission to modify the Metacognition Awareness Inventory tool, you should try to contact the original author or publisher of the tool. You can search for the contact information of the author or publisher through online databases or academic search engines. Once you have identified the author or publisher, you can reach out to them and request permission to modify the tool for your research project. It is important to clearly explain your research project and how you plan to use the modified tool. Additionally, you may need to obtain ethical approval from your university or research institution before using the modified tool in your research project.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
1 answer
The essay has a total word requirement of 2500 (+/- 5%) words. It should demonstrate proper use of tables and diagrams and graphs where necessary and should also demonstrate in-depth research skills including use of a wide variety of information sources, proper citations and referencing formatting, and proper paraphrasing of borrowed ideas and information
Relevant answer
Answer
Papua New Guinea's economy has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic due to weaker demand and less favorable terms of trade. Pandemic-related global and national movement restrictions have weakened external and domestic demand and affected commodity prices, which has led to an economic contraction, wider financing gaps in the external and fiscal accounts, and higher unemployment and poverty ¹. The tourism industry in Papua New Guinea has also been severely impacted as a result of COVID-19 and the travel restrictions imposed to contain its spread ⁴.
(2) Tourism Business Impact Survey Released | Papua New Guinea. https://www.papuanewguinea.travel/tourism-business-impact-survey-released.
(3) COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea.
(4) The impact of COVID-19 and policy measures undertaken in Papua New Guinea. https://blogs.griffith.edu.au/asiainsights/the-impact-of-covid-19-and-policy-measures-undertaken-in-papua-new-guinea/.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
4 answers
Hello,
I am looking for suggestions about international research centers or universities involved in Papua New Guinea. The research topic should be preferably related to forestry, climate, and biodiversity.
Thank you.
Relevant answer
Answer
The Southern Cross University at Australia. Excellent university
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
1 answer
I am currently carrying out a research into teacher education in Papua New Guinea. Can someone help me access all the latest Journals on Teacher Education in Papua New Guinea please?
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello Jimela
As far as I am aware, the only education-related journal functioning in PNG at present is 'Contemporary PNG Studies'. PNGJEd and PNGJTEd are not current. Otherwise, the UOG Library has a very good collection of theses on teacher education in PNG. My books and articles on PNG teaching on RGate also have extensive reference lists.
Regards
Gerard
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
7 answers
Dear colleagues,
in my classes about global health issues I often use Gapminder tools to visualize macroregional differences. On our last seminar, we talked about two key indicators - life expectancy and income, and how that can be linked together. In Gapminder, countries are devided also according to WB to so called Income groups. I discussed with students, that there are still differences within one income group still, and one example we showed , is a more than 20 years gap difference in life expectancy between countries of Nicaragua and Papua New Guinea. They both belong to Income group No.2, have almost identical GDP/capita income, and still a huge difference in their life expectancy indicator (sse the picture). Does anybody here can share some insights, why it is so? Is there such a difference in health care system of those countries with very similar macroeconomic indicator? I will appreciate any idea realated to that. Thank you!
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you Olena Wagner for your input. Yes, I discussed that issue with a deputy for food programme located in Port Moresby, and he confirmed, that crime (including those crimes committed in clan wars and tribal fights) are impotant indicator that caused prematured death in many cases. That influences the total lifespan accordingly.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
3 answers
Jolly Phonics reading program is an effective way to teach early reading to young learners.
How can lectures at the university prepare early childhood student teachers to teach Jolly Phonics to children. .
Relevant answer
Answer
I was trained in the use of the Jolly Phonics programme and experienced remarkable results with remedial readers. It utilizes a unique blend of phonemic awareness, phonics, writing , use of stories and actions that work with young children.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
4 answers
I am looking for a current list of protected reptiles in Papua New Guinea.
Relevant answer
Answer
He might be able to help you. He works for the WCS and is in close contact with the Indonesian authorities
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
2 answers
Papua New Guinea has vast array of mineral ore exaction operations currently active within this island nation. Due to its complex terrain coverage it would be highly educational for its raw data sets to be made available for research and analysis purposes.
Relevant answer
Answer
The PNG Resource Information System (PNGRIS) data-set has a good collection of data. They range from Soil, Geology, land forms, slope, rainfall, vegetation, etc...
Hyper-spectral Imagery would be the best option for advance exploration analysis and maybe a change detection analysis to find out how much mineral has been extracted in a given time frame however is very costly. All this is possible with the vast array of application of GIS and Remote Sensing.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
12 answers
Do you know any epithermal gold deposits that contain blue quartz? So far I have only seen it at the Ladolam gold deposit at Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea.
Relevant answer
Answer
Judging by the photo the bluish band is moss texture chalcedony in the classification of Dong et al 1995. Moss texture is due to microcrystalline to fibrous quartz replacing the radiating microlites in spherical chalcedony. The chalcedony originates from silica gel and the quartz from expulsion of H2O from the gel during low temperature healing and crystallisation. In our experience the blue color is internal reflections in the low temperature crystalline quartz with sparse Fe sulfides (usually marcasite) and quartz lattice Fe2+ derived from breakdown of the marcasite. Jim Saunders and Jeff Mauk have described similar things in thin section and SEM.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
10 answers
I did ask the same question during one of our postgraduate group discussion when I was studying at Hokkaido University, Japan from 2007 to 2010.
Some of the group members gave their individual opinion but I never even researched on it to understand it myself. I was actually researching on a massive sulfide deposit at that time.
The question came about because I come from an island country (Papua New Guinea) with similar geological setting as Japan and both countries are located along the Pacific Ring of Fire. PNG has a number of porphyry deposits whereas Japan has none.
The contributions from a number of experts in "Thematic Article, Resource Geology, Vol 68" have given more insights into the geological factors why porphyry type deposits were geologically denied to evolved in Japan.
Many thanks to those authors.
Regards,
Shadrach
Relevant answer
Answer
Yes, Joshua Ehlich is correct, there is a difference of opinion. In the same issue we argued that many of the present (active) volcanic-hydrothermal systems in Japan have characteristics consistent with a deeper porphyry system, although whether or not the magmas are sufficiently Cu-rich to form an ore deposit is still a question, as discussed in the same issue by Hattori. The paper mentioned above by Arribas and Mizuta is included here, which stresses the right setting but a shallow level of erosion.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
2 answers
Intended purpose is to discover future implication of the increasing number of Street vendor and ways of minimizing the problem.
Please add you perception to the question.
Relevant answer
Answer
Challenges in Guinea is my research question. I am looking for open perception of the issue so that I can analysis and omit errors as am doing my literature review and research proposal. Thank you for the answer.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
4 answers
I am trying my best to figure out a concise methodology in which I can extract oil from ripe Pandanus conoideus L fruits. Pandanus conoideus contains high amount of oil or fat and the oil is edible and widely sourced using traditional methods in Papua New Guinea, West Papua and Indonesia. I attached two pictures which I downloaded from google search images for clearance on this particular fruit.
Relevant answer
Answer
I agree with Sylvester, cut fruits into small pieces using a commercial cutter and subsequently subject to commercial blender containing ethanol (one part of fruit was added with one part of ethanol). Further macerate the ethanolic extract obtained with methanol (1: 3 volume/volume) for 4 days. Evaporate extract at 70 deg C and partition three times using hexane (1: 1 volume extract/volume hexane). Evaporate hexane extracts containing Red Fruit oil (as it is called) at 60 deg C. Determine chemical composition using FTIR and fatty acid analysis.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
1 answer
I'm doing a PHD research on climate change change and adaptation for Papua New Guinea. I have search through different sites to seek download of Book related to geo-spatial technology for climate change study and adaptation. I can't come across any. Its only manuscript I have come across. How ever would very much desire the Book for my study. Could any body help?
thank you
Relevant answer
Answer
Tingneyuc Sekac...try surf through Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change website below and look at posters, reports, ect;
It will give you some insight!
Thank you
J.Varo
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
3 answers
No addtional information
Relevant answer
Answer
Since your question is on recent seismic activity, I think the best way to solve this is to ask the seismological agency close or around Papua New Guinea. They are in-charge of taking note of such records even when it not obvious to the community of interest. Other works that would be on research records would be like the one presented by @David Patrick Gold. You should look into it.
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
8 answers
By DRR we mean, "Efforts that aim towards reducing the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, through an ethic of prevention"
By Mainstreaming we mean "looking critically at each programme, activity and project that is being planned, not only from the perspective of reducing the existing risks of disasters but also from the perspective of minimizing its potential contribution to the creation of new risks of disasters"
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Narasimah,
In my opinion, John Twigg made a great revision of DRR mainstream views, a document from 2015, here: https://goodpracticereview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/GPR-9-web-string-1.pdf
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
3 answers
I am researching the use of renewable energy smart grids or stand alone power systems for Papua New Guinea and focusing on the Markham District's new township solar and wind renewable energy supply. Where can I collect the best information/data (either GIS or ground-based) and the best methods (software) to analyse this information/data?
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
3 answers
Theory Advocates in PNG Context?
With the issues faced in PNG context.
Relevant answer
Answer
I think this "new concept" comes from the basis of the new ethnography proposed by James Clifford in the "Predicament of Culture" (1998) following the Marcel Griaule's empirical work in Mali, Here, Clifford states that ethnography should be understood as "Polyphonic dialogue" 
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
4 answers
By analysing existing vegetation biomass/carbon stock data in Papua, I would like to get a better idea of whether carbon stocks in forests in Papua are similar to forests in Sumatra or Borneo.
It would be great if someone can give me some advice on where to find such biomass/carbon data or with whom to connect. Thank you in advance
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you all. This is great!!
  • asked a question related to Papua New Guinea
Question
6 answers
It seems to me that the plant distributions in this paper are explained not so much by the geology as by the collection history of New Guinea. The collection bias is not accounted for i.e. one degree grid cells with higher numbers of species may well also have a higher total number of collections. Indeed all of my collections maps for New Guinea indicate that collections are focussed mainly in the north and west of the island around Lae and Bulolo. Is this cause or effect of the findings from this paper?
In order to draw conclusions which are not heavily affected by sampling bias it must be necessary to correct for this e.g. by dividing number of collections by the number of species to get a value indicating the completeness of the flora for that area.
This metric would serve as an indication of perceived or actual species richness in relation to sampling, where a value of 1 indicates that every collection is a unique record of that species in the cell. Values tending towards 0 indicate that the same species have been collected several times within a cell.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Thomas,
You could solve this uncertainty making accumulation or rarefaction curves to estimate the percentage of species recorded in each grid cell. Different equations based on collector’s curves have been proposed to estimate the theoretical value of species richness. One of the most applied equations is the Clench function. On the other hand, non-parametric estimators have also begun to be used extensively in the recent years.
Accumulation curves are particularly useful and necessary when you compare data obtained by different methodologies or sampling designs  (see more information in Moreno and Halffter 2000, Willott 2001).
Here some examples where sampling biases in species richness are assessed (Bruno et al., 2012; Sánchez-Fernández et al.,2008)
Bruno, D., Sánchez-Fernández, D., Millán, A., Ros, R. M., Sánchez-Gómez, P., & Velasco, J. (2012). Assessing the quality and usefulness of different taxonomic groups inventories in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Biodiversity and conservation, 21(6), 1561-1575.
Moreno CE, Halffter G (2000) Assessing the completeness of bat biodiversity inventories using species accumulation curves. J Appl Ecol 37:149–158
Sánchez-Fernández D, Lobo JM, Abellán P, Ribera I, Millán A (2008) Bias in freshwater biodiversity sampling: the case of Iberian water beetles. Divers Distrib 14:754–762.
Willott SJ (2001) Species accumulation curves and the measure of sampling effort. J Appl Ecol 38:484–486