Pakistan - Science topic

There is a recent tool developed in Pakistan for measuring academic stress among adolescents. The Academic Stress Scale was constructed and validated by Shaista Khalid in 2021. This scale was developed based on literature reviews, interviews with university students, and expert opinions. It consists of 26 items and has been validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses

Hi there,

Where can I find the information that how much research work has been done on physical education in Pakistan till date?

My name is Julieth Sánchez, and I am an internationally trained dentist originally from Colombia, now based in Kansas City, Missouri. I am currently focused on pursuing licensure as a dentist in the United States through Advanced Standing Programs, and I came across your post about multicenter dental research collaboration with great interest.

Although my recent experience has been clinical, I bring valuable insights from my background as a general dentist and treatment coordinator, where I worked closely with patients in orthodontics and general dentistry. Additionally, I previously assisted in a research project on strategic dental implants, which allowed me to develop skills in [e.g., patient data collection, assisting with research logistics, etc.].

I am eager to contribute to your project in any capacity that may be helpful, whether through literature reviews, organizing data, or supporting remote research activities. Being part of this collaboration would not only allow me to assist in meaningful research but also expand my knowledge and skills in dental research—a field I am deeply interested in.

Thank you for considering my application, and I would be honored to discuss how I can contribute further. Please let me know if there are any next steps.

Best regards,

Julieth Sánchez

Email Address: drajuliethneurofocal@gmail.com

Salam, The HEC Pakistan has closed online verification of Journals through HJJRS. Instead, a listing of Journals has been documented and that is now applicable for the categorization of Journals as W, X, and Y.

thank you so much Mr. Junaid Sattar Butt can you send me some information related to the question to my email ( lavanradha191@gmail.com) ,I am so proud to your help.

Thank you Stephen for your recommendation.

I'll surely into it

First issue is that if someone say or not say, it will use them, does not mean it will use them or not.

Second issue is that the term "to protect" is often interpreted quite broadly and basically all modern wars of aggression were waged under rhetoric of protection.

Big Data and Machine Learning: Developing novel statistical methods for analyzing massive datasets in agriculture, healthcare, finance, or social sciences. Investigating the interpretability and fairness of machine learning models used for decision-making in various fields. Enhancing statistical methods for dimensionality reduction and feature selection in high-dimensional data.

Democracy is a governance system where power is vested in the people, either directly or through elected representatives. Key aspects of democracy include public sovereignty, political equality, rule of law, protection of minority rights, and accountability and transparency.

Regarding Turkey and Pakistan:

Turkey: Turkey has a history of democratic institutions but has experienced periods of military coups and interventions. In recent decades, Turkey has held regular elections, and there is a multi-party system. However, under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's leadership, concerns have arisen about democratic backsliding, including restrictions on press freedom, crackdowns on political opposition, and changes to the judiciary and electoral laws that critics argue undermine democratic principles.

Pakistan: Pakistan has also faced challenges in establishing stable democratic governance since gaining independence in 1947. It has seen periods of military rule interspersed with civilian governments. In recent years, Pakistan has held relatively free and fair elections, and there is a parliamentary system with a multi-party democracy. However, issues such as political corruption, weak institutional frameworks, and military influence in politics have often strained democratic processes.

The best democracy between Pakistan and Turkey depends on various factors, including institutional stability, political freedoms, electoral process, rule of law, and minority rights. Turkey has experienced more stable periods of democracy, while Pakistan has faced challenges in press freedom and human rights. Both countries hold regular elections, but concerns over fairness and transparency have been raised, particularly in Turkey's recent elections. Both countries face challenges in ensuring the rule of law and protecting minority rights, with varying degrees of success.

In conclusion, assessing the "best" democracy between Pakistan and Turkey involves considering multiple dimensions of democratic governance, including political freedoms, institutional stability, electoral integrity, and respect for rules of law and minority rights. Both countries have made strides in certain aspects of democracy while facing challenges in others, highlighting the ongoing complexities and nuances of democratic development in different contexts.

I hope this answer will give you a high confidence.

Thank you for reading!

hi

why not ask Martin Pickford ?

regards

Democratic regimes generally promote economic growth through stability, rule of law, property rights protection, and investment in human capital and infrastructure. Autocratic regimes can focus growth through centralized control, but may lack transparency, stifling innovation and long-term stability.

Muhammad Junaid

Finding the optimal level of energy subsidy involves a comprehensive analysis of economic, environmental, and social factors. This process includes assessing the impact of subsidies on energy consumption, production costs, and the overall economy. Utilizing econometric models and conducting cost-benefit analyses can help determine the subsidy level that maximizes welfare while minimizing negative externalities. It's also essential to consider the long-term sustainability of subsidies and their alignment with national energy goals. For the most recent energy subsidy policies in Pakistan, you can refer to government publications, official announcements from the Ministry of Energy, and reports from relevant organizations such as the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics or international bodies like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Accessing these documents might require visiting official government websites, consulting energy sector reports, or using databases like those provided by academic institutions and policy research organizations.

Many countries have operated external broadcasters and bought time on radio stations to reach international audiences. The trend of purchasing and operating radio stations outright seems a natural extension of this practice.

Today, platforms like YouTube carry news channels from various countries such as TRT World, Al Jazeera, France 24, DW, BBC, and CGTN, demonstrating the soft power effect of media products—similar to Hollywood and Netflix, which can be seen as part of media imperialism. Despite the rise of digital media, radio remains a significant medium for many populations.

China has followed this trend, establishing radio stations (or programming links) in various countries, including the USA, Kenya, and Down Under. For instance, WCRW outside of Washington DC used to carry China-oriented programming. And in Kenya, China Radio International can be heard on 91.9 FM.

To answer your question about research on FM 98 Dosti Channel, there are several interesting angles to consider. Your approach will depend on what you aim to uncover. If you are interested in the programming itself, a content analysis would be beneficial. This method was effective in my previous research on taxi driver radio in Thailand, where (years ago) a community LPFM carried an interview with Thaksin despite government restrictions (I have a public text of that which you can access on my RG page).

Alternatively, if you're interested in audience reception, or perhaps both programming and audience reactions, a mixed-methods approach might be suitable. Start with a thorough content analysis of the aired programming. This can be followed by a second study focusing on audience reception, beginning with focus groups to gather initial insights. From these focus groups, you could develop a questionnaire for a larger audience if needed. Typically, 4-5 focus groups with 5-8 participants each should suffice for the initial phase. A third study could involve distributing a questionnaire for a quantitative approach, but the first two approaches/studies should provide substantial insights into the situation.

To find fully funded PhD scholarships in spatial and/or regional economics, you can:

1. Research universities and institutions known for their expertise in spatial and regional economics.

2. Check their websites or contact their admissions offices for information on available scholarships, grants, or funding opportunities.

3. Explore databases and platforms like Scholarships.com, Scholarshipportal.com, or GradSchools.com, filtering by your specific field of interest.

4. Consider reaching out to professors or researchers in the field for advice or potential funding opportunities.

5. Monitor professional associations, governmental organizations, and research institutes that offer scholarships or grants in spatial and regional economics.

Hi Karan,

these all are reflective though some of like quality, service, installation and price like items seems formative in nature as they help in the formation context of this gastronomic things. so both types of items are here reflective as well as formative.

If you are looking to download data for Indian banks, please explore- https://cimsdbie.rbi.org.in/DBIE/#/dbie/home

The rise in HIV cases in Pakistan is attributed to factors such as lack of awareness, low literacy rate, unhygienic practices in healthcare settings, and unsafe sexual practices

.The country is facing challenges in coordinating HIV interventions, sharing information between provinces, and engaging the community effectively in the HIV response

Thanks, William! Finally I obtained data on Pakistan, but Nigeria is still unknown. Wiki lists are not completed and because of that not a reliable source.

Leachate contains organic and inorganic pollutants which must be treated to reduce its potential impact on surrounding water supplies. Leachate is dangerous because it seeps through the soil into local waterways where it contaminates drinking water supplies and spreads disease. Medical Literature tells us that some general health conditions caused by consuming leachate contaminated water can range from sweating, bleeding stomach disorders, to blood disorders, congenital disabilities and even cancer.

For thesis please see following links

See "Another researcher has claimed my publications" in https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14292798510993 for instructions how to correct this. But unlike this help page suggests, most probably it was not the other author herself who wrongly claimed authorship, but ResearchGate's automatic algorithm wrongly identified her as the author and assigned your publication to her profile. This is a frequent problem in ResearchGate in case of similar names.

Please note that you wrote to the ResearchGate community, not to the RG team. See "Another researcher has claimed my publications" in https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14292798510993 for instructions how to correct this. But unlike this help page suggests, most probably it was not the other author himself who wrongly claimed authorship, but ResearchGate's automatic algorithm wrongly identified him as the author and assigned your publication to his profile. Unfortunately, this is a frequent problem in ResearchGate in case of similar names.

Thanks for detailed answer sir. Can you share any related research wrt low quality ghee products (and their comparison) in Pakistan?

Dear Hassan Imam Rizvi ,

please have a look at the following test facility in Lahore:

Best regards

G.M.

COMO EM TUDO O MUNDO A LUTA DEVE SER CONTRA O USO DO AÇÚCAR EM TUDO. DEPOIS, INCENTIVAR O MAIOR CONSUMO DE ALIMENTOS NATURAIS COMO VERDURAS E FRUTAS. R MUITO IMPORTANTE, PARA OS JÁ DOENTES, PRECISAMOS DE CAMPANHAS DE CONSCIENTIZAÇÃO DE QUE O EXAGERO NA FRUTOSE, O AÇÚCAR NATURAL DAS FRUTAS, TAMBÉM PODE FAZER MAL AOS DIABÉTICOS, MESMO SENDO NATURAL. MUITOS NÃI SABEM DISSO!!

I am not an engineer but I saw the nephew of my wife working hard during his 5 years of engineering here in Brussels. As I could see, your second solution is illusory. Practically all courses in engineering make use of mathematics, well not necessarily very deep mathematics but at least those seen in the first two years themselves based on serious algebra, analysis, trigonometry, and geometry secondary courses. In France they have "prepa" programs, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_pr%C3%A9paratoire_aux_grandes_%C3%A9coles. He in Belgium, we don't have that system but well a seventh year (13th for you) of preparation for the admission exam in engineering for those that feel not prepared (those who didn't have 7-8 hours a week of maths in their last years).

Khaadi, a prominent Pakistani fashion brand, has employed several strategic implementations to solidify its position in the market. One key strategy is its commitment to promoting traditional craftsmanship, which sets it apart from competitors. Khaadi also focuses on sustainable practices, using organic materials and eco-friendly dyes, aligning with global trends and appealing to environmentally conscious consumers.

Benefits of Khaadi's strategies include a strong brand identity, increased customer loyalty, and a competitive edge in the fashion industry. By promoting local artisans, the brand contributes to socio-economic development and cultural preservation.

However, Khaadi faces challenges such as maintaining quality consistency, managing global supply chains, and keeping up with evolving fashion trends. Additionally, competition in the retail industry remains fierce. To succeed, Khaadi must continue innovating while staying true to its roots.

Your local CDC and other international bodies like the OIE and WHO may help with that.

But your target population will best determine where you may get your needed data.

Is NIBGE the correct genotype? (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-22209-w)

In India, several genetic diseases are frequently observed, reflecting the country's diverse population and genetic landscape. Among the most prevalent are thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, particularly in regions like Punjab, Gujarat, and eastern India. Cystic fibrosis is also found, albeit less commonly, affecting the lungs and digestive system. Congenital heart diseases, including atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect, have a higher prevalence, necessitating specialized medical care. Additionally, G6PD deficiency is notable, especially in malaria-endemic areas. These genetic disorders underscore the importance of genetic counseling, early diagnosis, and management to improve the quality of life for affected individuals and reduce their transmission to future generations.

Contact the address on the attached if interested.

Lahraseb Khan Thank you

Technically, hypotheses are just research questions stated in "If...then..." form. If your research questions are stated in a form that is directly testable, then that is enough.

Hello, you can first find some universities and supervisors, and then contact them to seek opportunities to do your Ph.D work. I think they will help you a lot for your application. Good luck to U.

This is a frequent problem in ResearchGate in case of similar names. See "A researcher has wrongly claimed co-authorship of my publication" in https://explore.researchgate.net/display/support/Authorship for instructions how to correct this. But unlike this help page suggests, most probably it was not the other author himself who wrongly claimed authorship, but ResearchGate's automatic algorithm wrongly identified another researcher as the author and assigned your publication(s) to his profile.

Please note that you wrote to the RG community, not to the RG team. However, the support team will also just refer to the help page.

Elsevier has several journals without APC. Being a good paper, you can have good chances.

Certainly! I understand that you're seeking poverty decomposition codes. However, I can guide you on how to approach poverty decomposition and point you towards relevant resources.

Poverty decomposition refers to the process of analyzing the factors that contribute to poverty and understanding their individual impacts. This analysis helps policymakers and researchers gain insights into the root causes of poverty and devise effective strategies to alleviate it. There are various approaches to poverty decomposition, and the choice of method depends on the specific context and data available.

Here are some commonly used methods for poverty decomposition:

1. Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition: This method is often used to analyze differences in poverty rates between two groups. It breaks down the poverty gap into components attributed to observable characteristics (such as education, employment, etc.) and unexplained factors (often associated with discrimination or unobservable characteristics).

2. Shapley Value Decomposition: Shapley Value is a concept from cooperative game theory that can be applied to poverty analysis. It quantifies the contributions of different factors to poverty reduction, considering their interactions and synergies. It provides a fair distribution of the poverty reduction among the contributing factors.

3. Propensity Score Matching: This method involves estimating the probability (propensity score) of an individual being in poverty based on observable characteristics. By matching individuals with similar propensity scores from different groups (e.g., treatment and control groups), the impact of specific interventions or policies on poverty can be analyzed.

To implement these methods or any other poverty decomposition techniques, you will need a good understanding of statistical and econometric methods, as well as programming skills. You can utilize statistical software such as R or Python, along with relevant libraries like `statsmodels` or `scikit-learn`, to perform the analysis.

To find code examples and implementation guides, I recommend searching online platforms and repositories such as GitHub, Kaggle, or academic websites. These platforms often host open-source projects, research papers, and code repositories related to poverty analysis and decomposition.

Remember to respect the copyright and licensing terms of any code or resources you find. It's always a good practice to properly attribute the original authors and seek permission if necessary.

In conclusion, poverty decomposition involves analyzing the factors contributing to poverty. While I can't provide specific code, I hope the information provided will help you understand the concepts involved and guide you in finding relevant resources to implement poverty decomposition techniques.

AMR represents a major threat to human health with significant global economic and security implications. In 2015, WHO Member States unanimously approved a Global Plan of Action to tackle AMR. Subsequently, Heads of States endorsed the AMR Action Plan and called for concerted action across all sectors in the context of the One Health approach.In the span of four years, 91 countries and territories have enrolled in GLASS and this report presents AMR data in over two million patients from 66 countries. It shows disturbing high rates of resistance among antimicrobials frequently used to treat common bacterial infections.

The United Kingdom does not have a formal leadership role within the Commonwealth of Nations, commonly known as the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth is an association of 54 member countries, including the United Kingdom, that are predominantly former territories of the British Empire. Each member country is considered equal and sovereign, with no hierarchical structure or formal leadership.

However, the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, holds a symbolic role as the Head of the Commonwealth. This role is largely ceremonial and represents the historical connection between the member countries and the British Empire. The Head of the Commonwealth does not have any direct political power or authority over the member countries.

In terms of political, cultural, commercial, and touristic relations, the Commonwealth provides a platform for member countries to engage in various forms of cooperation and collaboration. It promotes dialogue, shared values, and mutual understanding among member nations. The Commonwealth offers opportunities for diplomatic exchanges, trade agreements, cultural exchanges, and other forms of engagement.

While the United Kingdom does not have a formal leadership position within the Commonwealth, it holds influence as one of its prominent members. The UK often plays an active role in Commonwealth activities and initiatives, and its historical ties and global standing contribute to its influence within the organization.

It's important to note that the Commonwealth is an evolving organization, and the dynamics of its interrelation in political, cultural, commercial, touristic, and other senses can vary over time and depend on the specific circumstances and priorities of the member countries involved.

Pakistan has a significant agricultural sector that offers various investment opportunities. Some of the opportunities for agricultural investment in Pakistan include:

1. Cultivation of Cash Crops: Pakistan has a favorable climate for the cultivation of various cash crops, including cotton, sugarcane, rice, and fruits like mangoes and citrus. These crops have high demand both domestically and internationally, and investing in their cultivation can be profitable.

2. Livestock Farming: Pakistan has a large livestock population, including cows, goats, and buffaloes. Investing in livestock farming can be a profitable venture, with opportunities in breeding, meat, and dairy production.

3. Agricultural Machinery: The agriculture sector in Pakistan heavily relies on manual labor, and there is a growing demand for agricultural machinery to improve efficiency and productivity. Investing in the import or manufacture of agricultural machinery can be a lucrative business opportunity.

4. Organic Farming: There is an increasing demand for organic products in Pakistan, and investing in organic farming can be profitable. Organic farming practices are still not widely adopted in Pakistan, making this an attractive investment opportunity.

5. Fisheries: Pakistan has a vast coastline and several large rivers, providing ample opportunities for investment in the fisheries sector. There is a growing demand for seafood domestically and internationally, making fisheries a profitable investment opportunity.

Overall, Pakistan's agricultural sector offers a range of investment opportunities, and investors can explore different avenues based on their interests and financial resources.

Your best bet is to take a standard measure that has been widely translated and translate it. The reason why I would aim for a widely-translated one is that this will make cross-cultural comparisons more likely.

Translating a measurement scale is a multi-stage process, involving multiple translators, focus groups etc. That's enough work in itself!

You should select the data with high resolution.

Fayaz Hussain

Pakistan is an agricultural country with a large portion of its population relying on agriculture for their livelihood. Climate change is affecting agriculture in Pakistan in several ways, including:

In summary, climate change is affecting agriculture in Pakistan in several ways, including water scarcity, crop yield reduction, pest and disease outbreaks, soil erosion, and food security. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort from the government, farmers, and other stakeholders to adopt sustainable agricultural practices and mitigate the impact of climate change.

Overall, the agricultural sector in Pakistan is diverse and has a lot of potential for growth and development.

Pakistan exports several agricultural products, including rice, cotton, fruits, vegetables, and meat. Rice and cotton are the major export crops of Pakistan

Irrigation is essential for agriculture in Pakistan as the country's agricultural lands rely heavily on irrigation for water. The Indus River system is the primary source of irrigation water, and the government has implemented several irrigation projects to ensure efficient and equitable distribution of water to farmers.

Pakistan is an agricultural country, and the major crops grown in the country include cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize, and fruits such as mangoes, citrus, and guava.

Sometimes it is a question or a problem of author's rights, sometimes the question or a problem of financing/sources, sometimes - a problem of morality/egoism. I think, You are worrying about my thirdly mentioned cases - and You are true in this respect.

Chack papers in my research papers.

Full-text available

Moral Distress and its Interconnection with Moral Sensitivity and Moral Resilience: Viewed from the Philosophy of Viktor E. Frankl

Agriculture Problems in Pakistan | Their Causes and Solutions

The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was a military conflict that lasted from August to September 1965. The war was primarily fought over the disputed region of Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan claimed as their own.

Prior to the war, both India and Pakistan had been engaged in an arms race, with each country seeking to modernize its military and acquire the latest weapons technology. The arms race was fueled by the rivalry between India and Pakistan, which had deep historical, cultural, and political roots.

India had been building up its military capabilities since independence in 1947, with the aim of becoming a regional superpower. India had acquired weapons and military technology from various countries, including the Soviet Union, France, and the United States.

Pakistan, on the other hand, had been building up its military capabilities with the support of the United States. During the 1960s, Pakistan received large amounts of military aid from the US, including tanks, fighter jets, and artillery.

The arms race between India and Pakistan intensified in the lead-up to the 1965 war. Both countries deployed their military forces along the border, and tensions escalated as each side accused the other of launching cross-border raids.

The war itself was marked by intense fighting on both sides, with heavy casualties and significant damage to infrastructure. The war ended with a ceasefire in September 1965, and both sides claimed victory.

The arms race between India and Pakistan continued after the war, with both countries continuing to acquire new weapons and military technology. The rivalry between India and Pakistan remains a source of tension in the region, and the two countries have engaged in several military conflicts since 1965.

Nice initiative mam

سوال جدا متميز نعم اثر ذلك وفقا لطبيعة ادوار القوى الاقليمية والدوليه وفي اطار المصالح الدولية والتوازنات الاستراتيجية قي الاقليم

This is such a timely topic, not only for Pakistan but for just about any country or area that is facing disasters, and I think that education can be an important part of emergency management.

Would you be teaching in formal settings e.g. schools or would you be teaching informally at a community level? Would there be government involvement? One way to go about this would be to train older students in disaster management and have them work with a community to develop and implement their own specific emergency management plan based on their resources and geography. Earlier comments on linking training to the geography of an area would be effective, as an "all hazards" approach requires time be spent on hazards that would never occur. Cartoons and games could be used to teach young children what to do to if they see signs of danger. The 10 yr old girl who warned beachgoers about the incoming tsunami in Thailand in 2004 had learned about the warning signs in her geography class.

Please note that I use the term "emergency management" and not "disaster management" as I think it is important to incorporate all four concepts of emergency management - risk assessment, mitigation, response, and recovery - in your education curricula, and not just focus on response. Ideally, students would be trained to evaluate whether a hazard could become a disaster, know what options are possible to prevent or minimize the threat, what the appropriate responses are if disaster is inevitable, and how to aid people/communities to recover and return to normal. This is a lot of curriculum to develop. May I suggest you look at the course outline of the Applied Disaster & Emergency Studies at Brandon University https://www.brandonu.ca/ades/courses/? The faculty are internationally trained and have a wealth of experience.

Good luck!

Mosquito Fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) in Tarhuna Region, Libya

Hello Jason,

For single variable comparisons, like gender, the usual options would be:

(a) Independent t-test (or one-way anova, with two or more levels of the IV);

(b) Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test (two levels only) or Kruskal-Wallis one-way anova by ranks (two or more levels);

(c) An exact or permutation test; or bootstrap/resampling test; or

(d) Equality of distribution tests, such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Ridit analysis, or Norman Cliff's dominance statistic.

The choice of which one hinges on the specific hypothesis you wish to evaluate and your willingness to make assumptions about the nature of the scores and, for choices like (a) distributional assumptions.

For multiple IV models (e.g., gender, ethnicity, and potentially the interaction term), then the usual options would be:

(a) factorial anova;

(b) the equivalent (ordinary least squares) regression model;

(c) Exact/permutation tests, or bootstrap/resampling tests; or

(d) ordinal regression model, or robust regression method.

Again, the choice hinges on hypothesis & assumptions about data/distribution.

Finally, for future queries, it would be helpful to start a new thread, with your specific question as the title, to better help others looking for answers to comparable concerns.

Good luck with your work.

i did my PhD research on Application of geogebra in analytic geometry. Pakistan

Congratulations good work

With my best wishes

Because Pakistan is a very disaster prone country, due to multiple hazards including earthquakes, floods, landslides, etc.

I may be able to help her :)

I think yearly reports of your country's Statistics bureau can assist you find the data.

Respected Fatema Miah,

It is good to write on such important issues. Also keep an eye on your own country. If you want to write on Pakistan, you must read about Pakistan. And the most important, a writer must think positively and highlight positive aspects of an event and development.

I have seeds but they were not germinated and got rotten

I would begin the interview with relatively simple questions that fit easily into the participants own experiences. For example, something like: "What do you usually plant and how do you decide what to plant in any given year?" From there, you can move into asking about each of the components of the TPB.

Salam, To the best of my information, no such recorded information, or database exists anywhere in Pakistan. Salam

Bowen is from Pittsburgh which is not far where I reside. I am quite familiar with his ides.

Family is a crucial social unit. The subsystems are: sibling, parental and marital.

Siblings can have ready access to the parental subsystem but not the marital.

This is triangulation and the clinician must assist the couple to reduce it.

Rich

Some people mistakenly think a higher income (and larger GDP) is correlated with a higher quality of life and more happiness, but only up to a certain income level. Some studies have actually found that beyond a certain income level, additional increases in income are no longer correlated with higher quality of life. Instead, other, non-income factors (such as the equity of income distribution and access to education and health-care) are more closely correlated with a happier, healthier society.

Dear Haseeb,

Again, in no way do I disagree - education is a good thing, from my point of view. Corruption and teachers who don't believe in teaching, who don't see their success in the children they are supposed to serve, are hard to root out. These problems exist around the world, and no one thing has prevented them. However, selection matters - choosing teachers carefully. Holding them to account - having a mechanism to remove teachers who are not competent. And reinforcing and working with those teachers who are doing their work. I would say you need all three mechanisms, and the community cannot probably count on the government at all for the last two.

Take care

Hi Vipin Kumar Oad

Just curious, are you using the ready to use LST product from USGS or are using a separate algorithm to derive Landsat based LST? In the former0 case, most probably, the negative values in the Landsat Collection 2 ST products from USGS are due to the presence of 'clouds' in the satellite images. Cross check with the cloud mask/Quality Assessment band to make sure there are no clouds in your study area in Sarawak. If you are using the USGS Surface Temperature product, I assume, the reason for incomplete results could be because these LST products are based on ASTER Global Emissivity Database (GED). Wherever, GED has missing data, there will be missing data in the Landsat ST product as well.

I might be wrong, I will have to look at the ST products for further scrutiny.

Also, kindly check:

You may visit the government website too. Additionally, Johns Hopkins University resources may help you.

Do you need problem statement for research?