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In the structure of many drugs, there is a carboxylic group
What is the significance of this group? Why should it exist in the structure of a drug?
Do you know any article or book or reference about this subject?
Thanks a lot
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Nalidixic acid - A NSAID grs of drugs or pain killer .REF : en.wikipedia.org ( Image Source ) .
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What kind of functional groups do we need to insert by the synthesis in organic chemistry to have anti-cancer activity in perspective?
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Consider two small molecule anti-cancer drugs, Enasidenib and Ivosidenib, which are IDH1/2 inhibitors approved for AML treatment. The fluoride moieties are a prominent feature. If you remove them from the molecules, their PK will be completely messed up; in fact, without the fluorines, they will most likely vanish like the clappers once they reach the liver, due to rapid metabolic degradation. Another distinguishing feature is the predominance of six-member aromatic rings and amide/amine linkages. A drug must be reasonably soluble in water and capable of being transported through the bloodstream to be effective when taken orally. Because amines are weak bases, they are frequently converted to salts with some acid, and thus some oral drugs contain amine salts. One reason for their presence is that they provide the drug with some water solubility. Scientists have taken a cue from nature by utilising the versatility of the amide group. The amide chemical group reigns supreme in medicinal chemistry. The group features in almost all of the bestselling drugs. Because amides have the right amount of stability and polarity, they can interact with biological receptors and enzymes. Because drug design is so nuanced and cancers are so variable, determining which functional groups should be inserted into a drug to boost anticancer activity is best left to experience, modeling software, and repeated tests.
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how can i get pure compound of HEEP with 99.90% purity from Piperazine+2-Chloro ethoxy ethanol, i am trying product distillation but getting some impurities in small amount i.e 0.5% and getting on related impurity HEP(hydroxy Ethyl piperazine), please help me by providing process /article about HEEP?
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99.5% Purity is enough for commercial and R&D Purpose. If you want to more pure compound double distillation may be effective.
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Is there any effective method to reduce oxidation effect of nitrous acid (HNO2)
as it is converting my diazo compound into tars while diazotizing it,affecting the results of my final product.
Below attachment is my diazo compound.
Suggestions will be highly appreciated.
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Is there any possibility of nucleophilic aromatic substitution of hydroxyl group directly without the presence of sulfonic group etc ???
kindly suggest me??
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There no possibility of nucleophilic aromatic substitution of hydroxyl group without the presence of sulfonic group as OH is not a better leaving group.
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Is there any software to predict frequency of IR for organic compounds? Please attach a link for download.
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Thanks a lot Gloria madam.
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Curcumin contain two OH groups, I want to perform selective mono acetylation.
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Mizushina Y, Ishidoh T, Takeuchi T, Shimazaki N, Koiwai O, Kuramochi K, Kobayashi S, Sugawara F, Sakaguchi K, Yoshida H. Monoacetylcurcumin: a new inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA polymerase lambda and a new ligand for inhibitor-affinity chromatography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Dec 2; 337(4):1288-95.
Takeuchi T, Ishidoh T, Iijima H, Kuriyama I, Shimazaki N, Koiwai O, Kuramochi K, Kobayashi S, Sugawara F, Sakaguchi K, Yoshida H, Mizushina Y Structural relationship of curcumin derivatives binding to the BRCT domain of human DNA polymerase lambda. Genes Cells. 2006 Mar; 11(3):223-35.
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It is taught that oxidation of the benzylic carbon (Only if it contains 1 hydrogen+) will oxidize it to carboxylic acid using Na2Cr2O7 or KMnO4 with heat. but what about cyclic compounds like these 2?
In the first picture you can see two compounds X and Y, that by oxidizing them it leads to the same compound (Phtalic acid), but why? Compound Y, has 1 benzylic hydrogen from top side only, so it got oxidized, what happened to the other side? (down) or in general what happens to the " Leaving group " that gets cleaved in that matter?
Like I know if it's an alkyl oxidation, it usually gets oxidized to CO2, but here it's different, since it contains a carbonyl in the cleaved off chain.
Same in the second picture, only the top part has benzylic hydrogen, the lower part of the benzene has quartenary carbon and it should not get oxidized.
Can someone clear this reaction for me please?
Thanks a lot!
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Sharbel Damouni , The entire reaction may proceed like this though I dont know what was the intermediates (Figure -3 ) attached. This logically explains all the steps provided it matches with the intermediates formed.
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What is the most feasible method to synthesise benzoxazole from aminophenol?
i had tried with carboxylic acid derivative in the presence of PPA as a solvent,
but i am looking for some more feasible procedures and methods??
Suggestions would be appreciated.
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Synthesis of benzoxazole can be achieved by heating o-aminophenol with carboxylic acid in presence of polyphosphoric acid. In another method o-amino phenol is heated with HC(OCH3)3 in presence of HCl.
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Hello everyone!
I'am looking for way to coat my 0,5 um carboxylated polystyrene microparticles with D-mannose. Is there a protocol out there, that I've missed or something else I could use?
I would really appreciate the help.
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First of all, thank you very much for your help.
The base idea - behind my question - is to form a microparticle, which can activate the alternative pathway of the complement system in vitro and in vivo as well.
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Tin in HCl
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The best reagent for the reduction of NO2 group to NH2 group is heterogeneous catalytic reduction using H2/Pt in acetic acid.
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difference between folin-denis and folin-ciocalteu is lithium sulfate and bromine.
preparation method of  folin-denis : mixing sodium tungstate , phosphomolybdic acid and phosphoric acid (2hr under refluxing ).
preparation method for folin-ciocalteu : mixing sodium tungstate , sodium molybdate , phosphoric acid and conc. hydrochloric acid (10 hr under refluxing ) then add lithium sulfate and bromine .
can I prepare folin-denis by mixing sodium tungstate , sodium molybdate , phosphoric acid and conc. hydrochloric acid (10 hr under refluxing ) or not ?
can I replace phosphomolybdic acid by sodium molybdate and conc. hydrochloric acid and increase reflux time to 10 hr ?
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please what is the boiling point of the refluxing?
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I was previously using one of the strong base NaOH in order to convert it into sodium naphtholate (as my compound's physical appearance is in flakes form)
then at the coupling stage with diazonium chloride,
which i assume that my diazonium chloride is reacting at that NaO group (after converting 2-naphthol into sodium naptholate) on the compound.
So, how can i couple my diazonium chloride at the 1st/Alpha/Para Position of the following compound???
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Thankyou Dear Grant Simpson For Sharing This Valuable Information.
I am sure this will be helpful.
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Suggestions Required On How Can I Make Below Compound Reactive ?
Basically,I Want To Couple This Compound With The Other (Which Is Highly Reactive).
I Have Tried Converting In Sodium Salt And Dispersing It By Some Dispersants And Solvents But That Doesn't Providing Me The Desirable Results.
Comments And Suggestions Will Be Highly Appreciated.
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I don't think you really need such a strong base as n-BuLi to deprotonate the methylene group in this substrate; bases like NaH of t-BuOK would be sufficient (even K2CO3 in aprotic solvents is used successfully for alkylation of malonates). In this particular case perhaps the electrophile is not reactive enough.
Also, let's not forget that we have an amide NH in a molecule, which is also pretty acidic, perhaps more acidic than methylene. Chances are that you may need to use more than one equivalent of the base. And of course for good results the reaction media should be anhydrous.
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How can I attach an amine group (-NH2) to a carboxyl group (-COOH)? What are the experimental conditions, such as temperature, atmosphere, pH etc? I want to attach mPEG-NH2 to α-Lipoic acid in water solutions.
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Dissolve the acid in def add doc then add ammonium formate or acetate. Remove solvent work up. You get the corresponding abide. Good luck!
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can anyone please suggest me how to sulfonate aromatic benzene ring in para position and instead of ortho position ?
On Which factor this position alteration depends?
Kindly please suggest me???
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Hi;
Substituted rings are divided into two groups based on the type of the substituent that the ring carries:
•Activated rings: the substituents on the ring are groups that donate electrons. •Deactivated rings: the substituents on the ring are groups that withdraw electrons.
Examples of activating groups in the relative order from the most activating group to the least activating: -NH2, -NR2 > -OH, -OR> -NHCOR> -CH3 and other alkyl groups
with R as alkyl groups (CnH2n+1)
Examples of deactivating groups in the relative order from the most deactivating to the least deactivating: -NO2, -CF3> -COR, -CN, -CO2R, -SO3H > Halogens
The activating group directs the reaction to the ortho or para position, which means the electrophile substitute the hydrogen that is on carbon 2 or carbon 4. The deactivating group directs the reaction to the meta position, which means the electrophile substitute the hydrogen that is on carbon 3 with the exception of the halogens that is a deactivating group but directs the ortho or para substitution. Best regards
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how to produce an intensely coloured molecule with a conjugated azo linked (single/double/ single/ double bonded) structure, and avoid missing conjugated azo link in a structure.
Any suggestions??
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Hi Ahed,
All aromatic azo compounds are completely conjugated.For example from aniline prepare diazonium salt then couple it with phenol you will get the required azo compound for procedure use book ( practical organic chemistry by Vogel) in this book you will see many other azo compound preparation procedures. Good luck
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I am trying to make a benzoxazole compound.
Is it possible to carry out the condensation with acetic acid?
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There are a few patents as mentioned below which talks of similar methods. The feasibility part is for you to decide.
EP0031296B1
CN102070627A
US3641044A
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o-amino phenol condensation with thiopene2,5 di-carboxylic acid?
can I carry out condensation in polar solvents?
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Thankyou Sir For Sharing This Information James Demers .
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I have synthesized coumarin derivatives and one of the characterization is using UV-Vis. Since I don't have the standard for the synthesized compound, do I still need to run the standard for UV-Vis before I run my synthesized compound? Thanks in advance.
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Dear Dal..
If you need all other data related to coumarin derivatives use the following link
then type coumarin... you will get proton nmr, car nmr, mass, ir, esr etc.
If you need only UV, you can use the following papers and link ...
1. Synthesis and characterisation of new coumarin derivatives as ultraviolet absorbers", Pigment & Resin Technology, Vol. 32 Issue: 5, pp.326-330, https://doi.org/10.1108/03699420310497472
3. CHEM. RES. CHINESE UNIVERSITIES 2011, 27(4), 599—603
Hope using these links you can solve the problem
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I've tried making this compound from 3-oxo-2-phenylbutanenitrile and 2-(iodomethyl)-3-vinyloxirane under various conditions, with various bases. Tried it with HMPA and tBuLi first but formed the kinetic enolate and thus got the wrong regiochemistry. Then I tried (without HMPA) triethylamine, cesium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium tert-butoxide, and TBD, but none of those worked either. Mostly the enolate opened the epoxide rather than displacing the bromine. I then tried the catalytic Finkelstein reaction in acetone, but that did not seem to work either. (epoxide still opened) Maybe there is another route?
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I am trying to synthesize the enol triflate of 2-methylcyclohexanone using iPr2NMgBr asbase, and PhNTf2 (N-phenylTriflimide). I observed a lot of UV active spots in my TLC,which I guess comes from the Phenyl part. Also, I saw 3 spots on KMnO4 stain. Not sure which one to isolate.
Also, the original procedure does a "bulb-to-bulb" distillation, but we don't have that. I tried a normal distillation, but couldn't find any product (from NMR) in the distillate.
My question-
1. Why are there so many spots in the TLC? Should I expect my product tobe UV active?
2. Is that volatile enough that it enters the vacuum pump?
Has anyone experienced any such similar issues?
Any suggestions are appreciated.
Thanks
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i have prepared schiff base with aldehyde and amine (1:1) ratio,by using ethanol as solvent and 2 drops of acetic acid as catalyst,but i got an oily product.how can i get a solid product and with this i have do metal-ligand complex.
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You can add n hexane to it warm the mixture and let it cool in ice.
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Tartaric acid is highly soluble in water.
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To recover tartaric acid from aqueous solution without distillation you have to lipolise the solution so that water is converted into ice which can sucked. The flask will contain tartaric acid
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Because if we perform IR or NMR spectral analysis, amide bond in DMF (Dimethyl formamide) may interfere the amide bond formed during the reaction.
What would be other better methods for the characterization?
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 you can use ice cold water wash fro removal of DMF. Minimum 3-5 times cold water wash is required to completely remove DMF traces. 
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possible reaction mechanism?
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There are different reactive sides in the two reactions
the it is difficult to precise the reactions products
But I think that they can produce 1,2,3-triazoe and thiazolone respectively 
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I'm trying to sulfonate diphenic acid using trimethylsilyl chlorosulfonate to obtain a water soluble form of diphenic acid by forming the corresponding sodium or potassium salt. I tried using the procedure described by the Ivan et. al in 2017 (DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00430c). But it is not working for diphenic acid. Could anyone suggest or direct me to a procedure that I can use for the sulfonation of diphenic acid using above reagent ?
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Rather than an ester, which will need to by hydrolyzed, you could work with the acid chloride.  Dissolve diphenic acid in an excess of thionyl chloride (stir overnight, add catalytic DMF if necessary), strip off thionyl chloride, dissolve residue in DCM, and proceed.
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I am trying to figure out a mechanism that would have enol ring opening in it.
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Mechanism for enol ring opening involves first the protection of the enolic OH by Trimethylmsilyl group then opening ring just like retro-Diels-Alder reaction to form diene & dienophile . Then deprotection of Trimethyl silyl group to form aliphatic enol  which tautomerizes to keto form.If reaction is given one can explain very well.
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i'm trying to do aldol of acetaldehyde with isatin at gram scale and i found proline catalyzed reaction is not very effective for large scale. i'm not looking for a stereocenter. do any one know to scale up this reaction? this is my initial step and would require at least 1-1.5 gm of product
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normally the yield of isatin derivatives with aldehydes are not so good. you should try some other medium i.e solvent for better conversion. this will also help for bulk trials.
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I am working for liposome preparation out of DPPA lipid; a part of my project
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It will depend upon the pH of your medium.
Biophysics - Page 440 - Google Books Result
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i have tried doing bromination of acetyl acetone using NBS and AIBN in CHCl3. i did not get the product. I have also tried with Br2 in AcOH. but there was very less product(17%). Please suggest me a proper procedure for the same.
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One of my references includes a procedure using excess amount(5eq.) of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2). (with NaOH 0.5eq. in methanol)
I usually quench it during workup with sat. sodium thiosulfate(Na2S2O3) solution, but this reference didn't include this reductive quenching.
As this quenching is pretty exothermic, this process might not be necessary if most of H2O2 stay in aqueous layer unlike acetic acid dimerization.
In addition, my substrate doesn't possess any other labile functional groups to H2O2, and the only potential problem may occur here is decomposition due to heat.
(I also observed that there was white powder at the bottom of the workup funnel(aqueous layer) generating heat and dissolving into the layer when sodium thiosulfate solution was poured.)
Do you guys use Na2S2O3 whenever using excess H2O2? (especially in gram-scale)
I wonder how others handle that.
Thanks in advance!
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In your reference the excess may just mean enough amount or equivalence of H2O2. So no need to quench. Do you have an estimation how much is the excess in your work?
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I have synthesized a novel spiropyran which showed two peaks located at 534nm and 576nm upon irradiation of 254nm UV light. However, When I irradiate the solution of the same compound in acetonitrile by 366nm UV light, it gives me a single peak corresponding to 577nm. I have carried out DFT optimization in ACN, which suggests that the relative energy difference between closed SP and TTC form is -18.03kJ/mol while that of TTT as -15.94kJ/mol. This suggests that TTC is the most stable conformer and it is reported that TTT gives the bathochromic shift in acetonitrile solutions. My question is since the wavelength upon 366nm irradiation correspond to the TTT form peak in an earlier case, can it exist after 366nm as well?
Please help.
Thank You.
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A reported blue shift suggests likewise. You could check this too: J Phys Chem A. 2011 Apr 28;115(16):3924-35. doi: 10.1021/jp108322u.
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Who is interested in PhD degree in Chemistry can contact me by leonidpa@ariel.ac.il
Organic chemistry, synthesis, fluorescence spectroscopy, organic luminophores
Ariel University, Israel
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You or your students can contact me by leonidpa@ariel.ac.il to get more info
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As like attached file
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If you like to experiment you could try free radical bromination and see what kind of mixture you get. Then proceed eg. with elimination (to alkene) and epoxidation/hydrolysis to alcohol. Just some ideas.
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Based on some literature reviews...
For isoindigo,
Mostly, alkylation of amine groups are done by using suitable alkyl bromide (R-Br) and potassium carbonate. 
For Carbazole,
involve the usage of alkyl p-toluenesulfonate (R-pTS) for N-alkylation.
Is it possible for me to use alkyl p-toluenesulfonate to N-alkylate the isoindigo? Or there are some restriction during N-alkylation, that alkyl bromide is preferred than using the p-toluenesulfonate?
So far I haven't come through any papers using R-pTS for isoindigo and R-Br for carbazole. Is there any reason? why?
Or am I miss out somethings important about N-alkylation?
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Hi Shu Er Tan,
Please correct me if I'm wrong, however when I search isoindigo structures, I only find amide functionalities (nitrogen directly attached to the carbonyl), not amine. If that is the case, you're looking at a completely different type of reaction in terms of alkylation, as it's an amide you wish to alkylate, not an amine. An amide nitrogen contains a very different electronic configuration/reactivity. For amide alkylation, here are some possible reactions:
Again, if I misunderstood, my apologies.
Regards,
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-Tried using anhydrous chloroform
-Tried both NBS and recrystallized NBS (though, the recrystallized NBS has a slight yellow tinge for some reason)
-The procedure I've been following for the most part is to heat the reaction to 60C. I've monitored it by TLC to completion, but I'm getting incredibly low yields.
-I've tried letting it run a room temperature for about 24h, and still had low yields.
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Take distilled chloroform, NBS and some radical initiator azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) or benzoyl peroxide. Usually NBS is a radical type brominating agent, so you need radical souurce. Irradiation might also help.  Tetrachloromethane (CCl4) is a best solvent for NBS bromination but it is carcinogenic.  
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So it is a well known fact that boron containing catalysts including boric acid are perfect choices for amide formation. however, my question is if anyone knows whether boric acid would still be useful if i wanna synthesise some amide in the aqueous media.  
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I've only had success using the Dean-stark approach of distilling off the water that is formed. You could start with a water solution, but you would need to add toluene or xylene adn completely remove the water with the dean stark before the reaction would really get going. 
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I have a compound contain both phenol and secondary amine groups. The amine group will act as nucleophile in the next reaction and the phenol groups will compete with the amine group in the nucleophilic process. I'd like to protect the phenol groups with TMSCl or any other kind of protecting groups before the nucleophile reaction. What kind of reagent should I use and what conditions should I apply to protect phenol groups without affecting the amine group?
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Protect phenol group with TMSCl without affecting secondary amine, carry out the reaction in presence of base NaOH, or KOH the phenolic group will react preferable than aminogroup. i.e. concept of chemoselectivity.
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I perform the synthesis in a ethanol-water mixture under N2 at 70 C
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The question is kind of vague as I don't know if it's a problem of missing fluorescence, size control or conversion.
I presume you prepare PS particles by precipitation polymerization with surfactants like PVP. We prepared fluorescent PS particles by co-polymerization of styrene with fluorescein methacrylate (~0.5 wt-%).Add your answer
If the problem is the conversion, purify the styrene (passing through a column of inhibitor remover), recrystallize AIBN, purge your reaction solution with nitrogen.
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I am using thiophosgene to convert primary aromatic amine to isothiocyanate in a biphasic solvent system (chloroform/water). Under these conditions tert-butyl ester in my starting material is cleaved. I am looking for a milder route to do this conversion that will retain the ester.
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1)  Thiophosgene (1 equivalent) is added to a stirred  two phase mixture of aromatic Amine (1 equivalent) in CHCl3 and saturated solution of NaHCO3 at 0°C. The mixture is then stirred at RT.
2) We often prepared larger amounts  of isothiocyanates (~ 10-50 kg) by addition of thiophosgene (1.3 eq) to aromatic amines (1.0 eq)  in toluene in the presence of a catalytic amount of dimethylformamide. (Temperature: 20°C until reflux). In some cases, the HCl was trapped with NEt3.
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I am trying to do Mukaiyama Aldol Addition to introduce trifluoro-ethylidene to alpha position. But the reagent (trifluoro acetaldehyde) has boiling point -20°C. I purchased it as 75% technical grade in water (I believe its hydrated form of ketone and its promised to be stable). And I have to dry it somehow. Do somebody have any experience with drying such a volatile compounds? I have to probably destilate it (from P2O5??) and bubble it into my reaction which would be cooled to -70°C. I have only 25 ml of the hydrated aldehyde.
Thanks
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Hi Míra,
I guess to get it really dry it is difficult, you could try to form the Aldehyde from the hemiacetal or acetal species under water-free conditions. I added a few links to give an incentive.
Marcus
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Is it possible for me to alkylate my compound with the present of dioxaborolane in my compound?
Most papers get their compounds alkylated first (as shown in the attachment).
What I intend to do is to get my step4 done first, followed by step3. This is because I ordered my alkyl chains late..><
If it is possible to run, did I need to change any reaction condition?
Many thanks.
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Hi Shu,
I think you'd better to wait until your orders arrive. Changing the sequence of the reaction might likely end you up with complicated reaction mixtures.
Assoc Prof Ramin Zibaseresht
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Hello All,  I was synthesizing chalcone from 4-hydroxcy acetophenone and 9-anthraldehyde in ethanol for about 8 hours stiring at room temperature monitoring through TLC. I know chalcone synthesis is very sample one and have been synthesize variety of chalcone but i didnt get my product in this case. 
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Since you have hydroxy group in one of the reactants you may need to look up a specific experimental procedure for this one.I feel the hydroxy group gets deprotonated and some unwanted reactions occur.
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Hi, I am trying to do a reaction between aromatic amine and aromatic ketone. First i thought it will be a straight forward reaction with some acids as catalyst. But it seems a bit difficult to carry this rxn. Should I try to change Ketone to aldehyde? and if yes, then how, only if it's necessary. Is there any direct reaction between aromatic amine and aromatic ketone?
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The reaction can be achieved and the imine is the desired product, I you propose the use solvent free condition with an excess of ketone (4 equivalent for example) in the presence of acid as catalyst.
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Hi,
I have trifluoroacetamide protecting group in my structure and I want to deprotect it under basic condition. There is also one ester in my structure. Is it possible to deprotect the trifluoroacetamide by base and not cleaving the ester? Any suggestion on how to reduce the possibility of cleavage?
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Hoping this helps you. Good luck.
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I have been looking for 2-Chlorohexanoic acid (CAS No. 29671-30-5) for a while, writing to different suppliers without any positive results. I would like to get the L-isomer, but if it isn't available I would still use the racemic mixture.
Does anyone know of a provider?
Thank you
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Thank you Christian
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I am looking to synthesize POCl3 from PCl5 and B(OH)3. I believe this to be an industrially used process, but I cannot find any recipes for preparation. Any help would be very much appreciated! Thank you.
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That material is very easily purchased and readily available .  It is a very reactive and toxic compound and it is not worth the risk to make and purify it.
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I have synthesized a sodium sulfate surfactant. The starting material is soluble in CDCl3 and has a nice NMR spectrum. When i try to NMR my product in CDCl3 there was zero analyte (this is important because the starting material should have shown up if it was present). When I NMR the surfactant product in d-DMSO I get what looks like a mixture of starting material and product peak shifts... could my surfactant be decomposing/reacting in DMSO? It is not soluble in anything else besides methanol and EtOAc/hexanes and pure via TLC. Thanks!
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Solved: I pumped on my d-DMSO for a few hours in a desiccator with NaOH pellets, dried all glassware coming into contact at 180°C, concentrated to ~75 mmol, added a single 3A MS to my NMR tube and ran the sample moments later. Complete absence of water by NMR and the peaks coalesced and out came a beautiful spectrum (SM was hepadecanoic acid reduced to alcohol then sulfonic acid then the salt). I still find it odd that water could be the culprit and almost want to chalk it up to contamination, but my previous sample had sat about 24 h in wet dmso prior to nmr... thanks for your input!!
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Any ideas on how to substitute (hydrolyze) -Cl of chlorokojic acid ester to CH2OH? Solubility in water/aqueous solutions is a problem since a bulky ester is in question. Thanks!
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I don't think there is a bulky ester problem, more a problem with the conditions for the nucleophilic substitution.
You may want to consider 
first converting CH2Cl with NaOAc, in MecN or acetone with NaI. followed by K2CO3 in methanol to hydrolyse the acetate.
The acetate is a better nucleophile than hydroxide. NaI is probably optional but it will probably increase the rate of the reaction.
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Dear Researchers,
when I added TiCl4 into the reaction from the procedure the starting material Agglomerates and the reaction stopped.
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Use DCM as solvent and if then again precipitation then used diluted ticl4 in DCM slowly at low temperature and then go for optimise temperature
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I have tried with N-methyl isatin sarcosine and chalcone togather dumped in ethanol and heated for 900C as reported procedure but i didn't get product. If any special condition have to be adopted  for formation of azomethine ylide other than adding chalcone. Please suggest any condition to get reproducipility of product.
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You can try in methanol or acetonitrile.
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I am doing aldol condensation of cyclicketones with p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. The reaction yield is found to be very low when I am using base catalysed aldol condensation. I want to know the easiest metod for the aldol condensation of cyclic ketones with 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde.
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I would try a Stork enamine condensation, instead...
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Hello,
I've recently found and interesting synthetic route to diaryl thioethers, using trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (1st reaction in attached file).
I wonder if it would be possible to perform similiar procedure using fenol derivative (4) instead of thiolate(2).
Could the phenol be substituted with ester groups, or would they disturb the reaction with triflates?
Thank you for your interest and help.
Best wishes,
Adam
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Adam, 
for the aromatic substitution with phenols you generally need a transition metal catalysis: copper, palladium or nnickel, and rather harsh conditions. One of the procedures is here:
Here is a review on the palladium-catalyzed reactions:
For this bis-triflate I would not expect good yields. As CF3SO3- itself is an oxidant, under elevated temperatures the triflate might decompose to give benzoquinone, and, generally, splitting of S-O bond is a problem for aryl triflates.1,4-dibromobenzene is much more reliable. Iodide is of course better, but it is not commercially available from usual vendors.
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At presently I am preparing gold potassium cyanide  in the following method 
Step 1: Preparation of Aqua regia 
Step 2: Dissolving gold in Aqua regia
Step 3: preparation of fulminating gold
Step 4: fulminating gold to gold potassium cyanide
I want to know the more simple route to produce gold potassium cyanide in cost effective way.
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I need to develop a paper based assay to determine urinary creatinine levels. Since creatinine is a small molecule, I need to conjugate it to a protein like BSA to make it suitable for the assay. 
Has anyone successfully able to conjugate creatinine to BSA  ?
Thanking you.
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Hi Gangula,
You might try activating carboxyl groups in BSA with NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) or sulfo-NHS reagent (similar protocol could be used as for amine-coupling in e.g. SPR), which then should selectively form an amide bound with the NH2 functionality of creatinine. Add "activated" BSA in excess to react all creatinine for quantitation. After a few minutes (should be optimized), block unreacted BSA and NHS with excess 1M ethanolamine. I attach an example reaction scheme.
Hope this helps,
Karoly
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I have prepared DNS as per the recommended Miller protocol. I have a sample which is acidic pretreatment hydrolysate. Once this is added to the DNS reagent, the sample immediately precipitates thus rendering the assay useless. Any idea why this could be happening? Is there a workout?
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I think you mean dinitrosalicylic acid, as it is an acid, it will be a salt in basic and neutral media and therefore soluble but in acid, it becomes protonated and so it precipitates. You need to perform your reaction in  basic media. Maybe you could use a buffer or you will need to look for an alternative in acidic media.
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Dear Sir/Madam,
Does anyone know about the synthetic procedure for 2,6-Diformyl-4-methylthiophenol ?
I have gone through a no of literature to find the synthetic procedure to prepare this compound using sci-finder ,unfortunately i did not get it .can u please help me to provide any reference of procedure to get this.
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Avilable from Find chemicals on Alibaba.com:
S-(2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenyl) N,N-dimethylcarbamothioate
CAS NO.: 73729-07-4
Formula: C12H13NO3S
Exact Mass: 251.06200
LogP: 2.39370
Molecular Weight: 251.30200
PSA: 79.75000
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Dear Sir/Madam,
Does anyone know of synthetic procedure for Cyanocobalamin impurities?
I am interested in viewing the Synthetic procedure for Cyanocobalamin impurities. Please anyone can help me out. More information please find in the attachment.
Thanks and regards,
Mohamed Rafi
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Thank you Sir
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I tried with bromine and iron, bromine in CCl4 but in both cases my aldehyde peak is gone and made some unidentified product. I tried with bromine and aluminum chloride and got monobromination. I added excess reagents to push for dibromination but not successful. Is there anybody who can give me some suggestion. Any help will be highly appreciated.
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Anuradha Singh:
                              The bromine, in DCM, CHCl3 or CCl4 solvents with or without catalyst, is generally used for  bromination of aromatic substrates. However due to oxidizing nature of bromine, it  can not be used for substrates carrying functional groups that can undergo easy oxidation. Aldehydes can be easily oxidized by air, bromine or other oxidizing agents. The bromination protocols that you employed possibly gave you brominated acids.
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we prepared Z isomer but by which tool we can confirm that it is Z ?
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Dear Nagendra,,
If the compound is new, you would need  a NOESY spectra. s well as X-ray single crystals would provide a best solution.
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I am wondering if anyone can help with synthesis of 2,5-dinitro or amino terephthalic acid.
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You will need mixed acid (100% HNO3, 96% H2SO4 or oleum) and very harsh conditions. Add a few grams of terephthalic acid to 100 mL mixed acid and heat the mixture to 100 °C for 12 h. Afterwards pour the mixture in ice-water. The precipitate is the mono-nitrated product. Collect it and nitrate it the same way for 12 h at 140 °C.  The product is a strong organic acid and will dissolve in water. Therefore you`ll have to neutralize the waste acid and extract your final product with a highly polar solvent like CHCl3 or ethyl acetate....guess this will work...good luck.
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A chichibabin reaction of aromatic aldehyde with aromatic ketone and ammonium acetate was charged in acetic acid. Upon completion of reaction, it was washed with cold water. After filteration, the obtained precipitates were found not soluble in DCM, dioxane, benzene, THF, Acetic Acid, MeOH, ETOH, DMSO, DMF,ETOAc, Hexane. Could someone be kind enough to guid me how to make it solubilize so that i can moniter it on TLC for purity purpose? Thanks in advance. 
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Dear Tahseen, you can try with toluene, or with mixing of solvent, an example is MetOH-DCM 10%, but if it's a polymer the product is less soluble. 
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A similar reaction with a t-butyl substituent on the 2-position on the phenol is complete in 1 hour without a solvent at 105 degrees C. It also works by refluxing overnight in ethanol. These methods were tried but not successful. Reflux or heating for a longer time didn't work.
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I would say heat it higher until it either reacts or begins to decompose.
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I am trying to attach N-Boc-3-bromopropylamine to both of the phenols of 7-hydroxycoumarin dimer with no success. I have tried K2CO3 in DMF at 80C, Cs2CO3 in DMF at 60C, TEA in DMF at 80C, DMAP in DMF at 80C & 110C but have not formed the desired product in any of these conditions and have seen significant side reactions. Does anyone know a set of conditions I should try (especially varying the solvent used as I have only used DMF)? I have attached the structure of the desired product.
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 during your synthesis,  dissolve your 7-HC first in DMF+ K2CO3 (Make sure that k2CO3 must be in dry form). stir it for few min and add N-Boc-3-bromopropylamine drop wise. Maintain temp as mention by Syeda Aaliya Shehzadi in previous reply.
After completion of reaction, Pour whole mix in Crushed ice for overnight. Filter the product and Check in TLC.
All the best 
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Hello,
what are procedures for n-alkylation of aminothiazole ring in ceftazime  and can i use DMSO as a solvent?
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Try reaction in acetonitrile or better in DMF, using K2CO3 (solid) as base in molar excess (2 eq). Temperature  50°- 60 °C or better sonification.
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I've been having trouble trying to purify 3-methylnona-1,8-dien-3-ol from a grignard reaction utilizing vinylmagnesium bromide. There is a file attached the shows the synthetic scheme. I'm not completely sure what is going wrong, but I obtain about 6-7 spots on TLC after the reaction is quenched and worked up. Has anyone had trouble with side reactions during grignard and ketone reactions? Any advice helps! Thank you!
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It could be due to conjugate addition etc.  We have had a lot of success using either CeCl3 in the reaction to promote 1,2-addition, or LaCl3.2LiCl solution. In either case just stir the ketone with the lewis acid for about 30 mins, then add the organometallic over a few minutes.
best of luck
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I need to oxygenate an aromatic methyl ketone, following Dong's procedure (ACIE 2012, 51, 13075).
Using 4-methoxy- and 4-bromo-acetophenone [Pd(OAc)2, BTI, DCE, 80ºC], I get good yields of the compounds where the OH has entered alpha-carbonyl instead of ortho carbonyl.
Will appreciate any clue to change the reactivity toward the ortho acylphenols.
Thanks in advance!
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Dear Richard,
Thanks for the answer. We used Pd(OAc)2 because we do not have the trifluoroacetate; however, we also runu experiments in the presence of TFA. In addition, following the conjecture by Lukas, we prepared fresh anhydrous 1,2-DCE (reflux over CaH2 and distill). It still gives the ArC(O)CH2OH product. Maybe there has something to do with "catalyst preparation" (BTI + Pd catalyst), as it looks like the cat. is not working properly. We keep trying and will change the acetophenone to see whether it is an electronic problema and we, in fact, need the Pd(TFA)2 catalyst.
Thanks again very much!!!
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I am having problems making free flowing slurries with Silica Gel particularly for sticky substances.
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It deepens on the substance and the substance to silica ratio, dissolve your substance in a solvent, such as DCM or MeOH add the silica and evaporate slowly under mixing. If still sticky, add solvent and increase the amount of silica.
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I synthesized furfuryl alcohol using furfural and NaOH, and the reaction of it is autoredox reaction. I have synthesized furfuryl alcohol twice. Initially, I cooled furfural using ice bath and then i have added NaOH . In the first reaction I added NaOH when temperature of furfuryl alcohol is 7 oC and second reaction I added NaOH when it's 0 oC. why is furfuryl alcohol were obtained higher in 0 oC than 7 oC?
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To suppliment Petko's answer, the combination of formaldehyde with another aldehyde is referred to as the crossed Canizzaro reaction.  See Cannizzaro reaction in Wikipedia.
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I have used Zn and %2 HCl but the amount of the substance is poorly. I didn't detect with TLC method.
I have stired well. Reaction temperature is ~75oC. The amount of zinc used in reaction is ten times more than substance. However i have read paper about nitroimidazole reduction with Zn, there are points that I can not do on this topic.
I appreciate if you can help me.
Best regards.
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Using Zn/HCl, Fe, Sn and other heavy metals as redusing agents in the case of nitroimidazoles offen makes a problems because this metals in molar quantity can form comlex with imidazole moiety. It is better to use catalitic ammounts of active metal and perform the redution in athoshere of hydrogen. The best systems is H2/Ni(Raney) or H2/Pd(on activated carbon). This reactions does not requer high temperature and generally can go under atmospheric pressure. But the equipment and the solvents (methanol or THF) have to be VERY pure, espesially witout any traces of S(II)  compounds, because such catalist can be very easily poisoned
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I added 0.02gr of AIBA initiator to a 100 ml of a water solution of 5gr vinyl imidazole (distilled under reduced presuure), and purged with N2 for at least 1 hr under stirring. Then I put the container in water bath of around 70 degree centigrade. The reaction was followed under stirring and N2 atmosphere.The colour of the solution changed from white to dirty yellow.After 4 hr I let the solution cool and then I poured it into acetone bath.
However Nothing precipitated.Could you please help me what is the problem? How can I understand polymerization has been done or not?
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Dear Susan,
I suggest that you read the first and last answers depicted in the following link:
They are as follows:
It says " Our group recently did good work with this polymer.
We synthesized by free-radical polymerization using distilled monomer N-vinylimidazole and purified AIBN as initiator. Just dissolve 20mmol of N-Vinylimidazole in dry methanol and purge Ar for 30 min. Then add purified AIBN (0.2mmol) and purge with Ar again for 30 min. Then seal and heat at 65 degree centigrade overnight. That is it. Purify the polymer by dialysis and then lyophilize for further use".
"make sure you recrystallise AIBN from methanol (even you acquired a new bottle) or else you will get very low yields. "
I think the answer contains a very good suggestion to get high yields of polyvinyl imidazole.
Rafik
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I am using DMAN to attach acrylic group to my compound.Presently after the reaction, I am diluting my reaction mixture by ethyl acetate and washing the organic layer by saturated Sodium bicarbonate solution for 24 hours. Still I find there is unreacted DMAN left (from NMR). I cannot wash the mixture with sodium hydroxide solution as it may react with my compound. Was can be the possible work up then?
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Try warming the mixture; 40°c or so. Anhydrides react very slowly with cold water. Alternatively, add some nucleophilic catalyst (dmap or pyridine maybe) or something more nucleophillic such as ammonia. You may try extraction with organic solvents or distillation also, depending on the reactivity and what else you have in the mixture. Good luck!!
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in the ABPP(click chemistry) the azide-rhodamine is usually used,I found that the excitation wave is 501nm,but my Lab just have the 470nm ,SO I don't know whether it can work?
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@Hui
In terms of excitation wavelength, Azide-fluor 488 (a.k.a., Rhodamine 110-azide) should still absorb significantly at 470 nm (see the Ex/Em spectra below, ~70% of maximum normalized absorbance), but the fluorescence emission intensity will be lower than with excitation at 501 nm. The sensitivity of your assay, however, will also depend on the optical settings of the imaging device (filter bandpass, detector gain, crosstalk/spillover compensation) as well as biochemistry (labeling efficiency, background autofluorescence, nonspecific binding).
Azide-fluor 488  
The Cravatt and Thompson Groups at Scripps Research Institute are experts in ABPP with Click fluorophores. For more technical advice, it may be helpful to contact them.
Cravatt 
Thompson
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I'm planning a synthesis to attach a functional group to benzene.  All the protocols I've read utilize t-butyllithium in the process.
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Dear Boyd,
From your problem what I feel you want to prepare aryl lithium (ArLi) derivative with n-BuLI.  You can use aryl bromide  and n-BuLi for this purpose . You are requested to dissolve aryl bromide in anhydrous THF (dried by using Na-Benzophenone method) at -30 to -40 degree centgrade under argon /nitogen atmosphere and inject catalytic amount of anhydrous TMEDA. Now slowly inject n-Buli. Stirr at that temperature for 40-50 minutes when the metal-halogen exchange will be completed. You can use it as aryl-nucleophile / ArLi equivalent. The role of TMEDA is to enhance the activity of n-Buli by breaking it from tetrameric state to monomeric state.  TMEDA coordinates with Li cation thereby enhancing the basicity / nuccleophilicity of n-Butyl anion. Since after reaction  Li+ gets attached to sp2 carbon of aryl ring, it is stabilized compared to that on sp3 carbon of n-Butyl group. We have used this type of reaction for synthesis of aryl aldehyde  in good yields by lithiation of aryl bromide with n-BuLi/TMEDA followed by treatment of the insitu generated ArLi with DMF.
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I want to condense secondary amine of carbazole with aldehyde (specially formaldehyde) to form carbazole iminium ion. I tried reaction at room temp., in heating, by using base (methanolic NaOH) but carbazole remains unreacted. How to carry out that transformation?
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Dear Dr.
Find in attach a paper on: Synthesis and characterization of carbazole derivatives
and their antimicrobial studies.ARPUTHARAJ EBENEZER MARTIN
KARNAM JAYARAMPILLAI RAJENDRA PRASAD*. Acta Pharm. 56 (2006) 77–86.
Best wishes
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I've been using phenol chloroform extractions on my Chromatin IPs, but after the ethanol precipitation I either get very tiny pellets, or a smear along the side of the tube. I think it is something to do with my reagents as I have done this side by side with a coworker using his reagents and it pellets fine. We thought we could solve it by regulating the pH of my Sodium Acetate to about 5.3, but that doesn't seem to have helped. I precipitate with 500 ul sample, 2ul glycogen, 44ul Sodium Acetate, and 1 ml 100% ethanol. Any advice would be greatly appreciated.
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Thanks for your input. I have worked side by side with my coworker and attempt to do everything exactly the same, which is why it's so puzzling that it isn't working as well in my hands. The smearing issue seems to have been somewhat resolved by pH adjustments, and I would expect phase separation should be sufficient given I spin them for 5 minutes, but perhaps I'll give them a minute after the spin to settle completely. I will try mixing for longer this next round.
What's interesting is that the latest experiment worked well on paper (very good qPCR results), but the pellet was invisible. Perhaps I will also add more glycogen to make the pellet more visible.