Organic - Science topic

Dear friend Sheetal Tresa Fernandes

According to a post on **ResearchGate**, the best method to grow crystals for organic heterocyclic compounds is to first dissolve the compound in either ethyl acetate or acetonitrile or DMF by warming, allow it to cool in the freezer for 24 hours or more time. You will get the crystals (https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_anyone_please_suggest_the_best_method_to_grow_the_crystals_for_organic_compounds).

Another method that works well is to dissolve 50-100 mg of each compound in small (5 mL) vials in the minimum amount of organic polar solvent (https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_anyone_please_suggest_the_best_method_to_grow_the_crystals_for_organic_compounds).

The **Center for Xray Crystallography** suggests that evaporation is the most common methodology for crystal growth. This involves simply evaporating solvent from the solution of the compound until saturation is reached and crystals form. However, this method is not the best and often leads to ugly crystals since the crystals tend to grow on the surface of the vessel (https://xray.chem.ufl.edu/helpful-information/crystal-growing-tips/).

I hope this information helps you. Let me know if you have any other questions.

Source:

(1) Can anyone please suggest the best method to grow the crystals for .... https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_anyone_please_suggest_the_best_method_to_grow_the_crystals_for_organic_compounds.

(2) Crystal Growing Tips - The Center for Xray Crystallography. https://xray.chem.ufl.edu/helpful-information/crystal-growing-tips/.

Urea is classified as an inorganic fertilizer. It is a synthetic compound that is manufactured through a chemical process, primarily using ammonia and carbon dioxide. Urea is widely used in agriculture as a nitrogen fertilizer because of its high nitrogen content. It dissolves easily in water, making it convenient for application to plants. While urea can be derived from organic sources, the final product itself is considered an inorganic compound.

Certainly! In the world of organic products, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have no place. The rules and regulations laid down by various organic certification bodies, like the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Organic Program and the European Union Organic Farming Regulation, clearly state that GMOs are not allowed in organic farming.

Organic farming puts a strong emphasis on natural and traditional farming methods that prioritize biodiversity, ecological balance, and the use of organic inputs. This means steering clear of genetically modified seeds, crops, or any other organisms that have undergone genetic modifications in the production of organic goods.

Organic farmers have a responsibility to use organic seeds, which are completely free from genetic modifications and GMOs. If genetically modified seeds or crops were introduced into organic farming practices, it would lead to the loss of organic certification for the affected products.

Urea added in soil on hydrolysis gives inorganic compounds ammonia and carbon dioxide. Ammonia is converted to ammonium ions and then to nitrate ion which is uptaken by plants. Products formed in all these steps are inorganic species which justifies its inorganic character.

previous research will definitely help you to formulate criteria for analysis

There are NO differences between "synthetic" and "organic" ethanol. THE MOLECULE IS THE SAME and ethanol is an organic compound!

If you referr raw material (ethanol obtained by chemical synthesis or e.g. from fermentation processes) you can find (by analytic techniques) differences in the inpurities that accompaign the compound, NOT in ethanol itself!

There are generic solid anatomical models available from companies like Zygote 3D (see https://www.zygote.com/cad-models ). Of course these represent the heart at only one phase of the cardiac cycle.

To capture the motion of the heart, you will need a gated CTA scan (CT angiography triggered by an ECG to capture different phases). To get the STL (mesh) files described by Seyed Mohammad Mousavi you will need to segment the structures of interest with a software like Mimics or 3D Slicer. Then you will need to clean them up and surface them (e.g. with NURBS) to export STEP or other solid model format that you can import into your simulation software. You can use software such as Geomagic, Rhino or MeshMixer for cleanup and export of STEP files.

Permanganate is a powerful oxidizer of organic mater, maybe your microorganism is producing something that is reacting with it. Or maybe your permanganate is being reduced to MnO2 (brown color). So many things that could be happening.

When you use the organic solvent extract for fractionation with different polarity solvents, the main problem is the solubility of the extract in water. As non-polar compounds are not fully soluble in water, which may cause yield loss of the extract.

In the case of fractionation from powdered plant samples, you can overcome this problem.

Roman concrete, also called opus caementicium, contains ox blood, milk, horse hair. The recipy was used during centuries.

Manpreet, you provided with a detail outlook into the organic compounds solubility. Can we say all organic compounds with phenolic functional groups soluble in both HCl and water?

I read that organic compounds with acid or base functional groups as well as amines are not soluble in water. Anyone who can help in this idea please.

Hi Salim,

Thank you for your answers.

Are the metal salts of organic molecules, carbonate, and ions that are soluble in water do not soluble in HCl?

Besides, are the nitrogen components only soluble in HCl?

I am trying to differentiate organic compounds that are soluble in HCl but not in water, and vice versa.

The biggest hazard by far is its extreme flammability. CS2 is borderline pyrophoric - it ignites at 90°C - and because the vapor is heavier than air it can flow to an ignition site and then flash back to the vapor source. A 1.3% concentration in air is explosive.

Of course, because AI and data analytics is the future in all realms of research, whether ecology or accounting :)

Thanks for your answers.

Thansk a lot. Eventually the problem was not the BSA. I have a problem working with glass tubes. The reaction to remove the cholesterol (KOH 1 M) is very strong and it seems to affect to the glass...If I carry out the reaction in eppendorf I do not have problems.

Thanks a lot for your time!

Dear friend Boeun Choi

Indium nitrate hydrate is said to be water soluble, but it does not dissolve well both in deionized water and organic solvents above 20 mM. One possible reason for this is that the indium nitrate hydrate is not pure (4.4 Solubility - Chemistry....). Another possibility is that the indium nitrate hydrate is not being dissolved properly. You can try dissolving it in hot water or by adding a small amount of acid (Indium(III) nitrate 99.9 trace metals...).

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any more questions.

Source:

(1) Indium(III) nitrate 99.9 trace metals 207398-97-8 - Sigma-Aldrich. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/ALDRICH/326135.

(2) Solvent properties of water (article) | Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/hydrogen-bonding-in-water/a/water-as-a-solvent.

(3) What Happens When Salt Is Added to Water? | Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/happens-salt-added-water-5208174.html.

(4) How can i dissolve Sodium Nitrate in organic solvents?? - ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/post/How-can-i-dissolve-Sodium-Nitrate-in-organic-solvents.

(5) 4.4 Solubility - Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Purdue/Purdue:_Chem_26505:_Organic_Chemistry_I_%28Lipton%29/Chapter_4._Intermolecular_Forces_and_Physical_Properties/4.4_Solubility.

Thank you mam Sarah Cook

I do not think you need KMnO4, KOH or NaOH should be ok, you need to use a solvent which can dissolve both alkyl chloride and KOH.

Organic agriculture can contribute to feeding the world sustainably in 2050, but it may not be able to do so alone, especially in regions with less to moderate fertile soils. While organic farming can produce high-quality crops, it generally has lower yields compared to conventional agriculture, which can limit its potential to feed the world's growing population.

However, organic agriculture can improve soil fertility and biodiversity, which can help to increase crop yields over time. Organic farming methods such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and composting can help to replenish soil nutrients, improve soil structure, and reduce soil erosion. These practices can also improve the water-holding capacity of soils, making them more resilient to droughts and other extreme weather events.

Additionally, organic agriculture can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. Organic farming methods generally require less energy and rely on fewer external inputs such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture.

I think that while organic agriculture can make a significant contribution to sustainable food production, it may not be able to feed the world alone, especially in regions with less to moderate fertile soils. A combination of approaches, including organic agriculture, conventional agriculture, and agroecological practices, may be necessary to sustainably feed the world in 2050. Additionally, improving soil health and fertility through sustainable farming practices should be a key priority to increase agricultural productivity and resilience to climate change.

Hello;

you can use Hierarchical clustering following these steps.

there are other type of clustering such as K-means Clustering but this consider a traditional method, so if you doing these steps for publishing a paper it would be better to use different method than k - means, or build k-means with Hierarchical Clustering, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), then compare the result of all the three methods.

if you are doing that for homework just use k - means

@lamia fatima thank you so much

Thanks

Dear friend Maryam Amoo

Polypyrrole can be dissolved in organic polar solvents such as DMF (dimethylformamide), NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) and m-cresol (EP0804497B1 - Soluble, electroconductive polypyrrole and....). However, organic solvents can destroy the Ag/AgCl chloride electrode (Which solvent should we use...). I hope this helps!

Source:

(1) Which solvent should we use to solubilise the polypyrrole?. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Which_solvent_should_we_use_to_solubilise_the_polypyrrole2.

(2) Solvent effects on the characteristics of soluble polypyrrole. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379677999002672.

(3) Doped polypyrrole with good solubility and film forming properties .... https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785318316456.

(4) EP0804497B1 - Soluble, electroconductive polypyrrole and method for .... https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0804497B1/en.

(5) Which solvent is suitable for polypyrrole? | ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Which-solvent-is-suitable-for-polypyrrole.

Yes I am willing for this MoU

Plant adaptations to conserve moisture include wilting to reduce transpiration. Also, small leaves, silvery reflective leaves, and hairy leaves all reduce transpiration by reducing evaporation.Plant adaptations to conserve moisture include wilting to reduce transpiration. Also, small leaves, silvery reflective leaves, and hairy leaves all reduce transpiration by reducing evaporation. Wind is one of the most important factors that affect the rate of evaporation from water surfaces. Planting of trees normal to the direction of windward is an effective method for reducing of evaporation losses. The most effective solution to high evaporation losses of soil water is a cover of plant residues on the soil surface. Agronomic practices that increase shading of the soil surface, and physical structures that concentrate rainwater, encouraging percolation to deeper layers, also reduce evaporation losses. Evaporation of water from the soil is reduced when reducing tillage because with more residues, less solar energy reaches the soil surface and wind speed is reduced at the soil surface. Tillage increases the oxygen content of the soil, stimulates soil microbes to decompose soil organic matter and breaks up soil structure that can protect organic matter from decomposition. Tillage is one of the major practices that reduce the organic matter level in the soil. Each time the soil is tilled, it is aerated. As the decomposition of organic matter and the liberation of C are aerobic processes, the oxygen stimulates or speeds up the action of soil microbes, which feed on organic matter. However, tillage has all along been contributing negatively to soil quality. Since tillage fractures the soil, it disrupts soil structure, accelerating surface runoff and soil erosion. Tillage also reduces crop residue, which help cushion the force of pounding raindrops. Organic matter improves soil structure, which results in increased water infiltration following rains and increased water-holding capacity of the soil; it also enhances root growth into more permeable soil. This results in better plant health and allows more movement of mobile nutrients to the root.

Conservation tillage does not loosen or invert the soil; it leaves vegetation in place to help prevent wind-erosion losses. Crop residues on the soil surface reduce wind velocity and the ability of wind to move soil particles. Conservation tillage in organic farming combines the principles of organic farming with the benefits of soil erosion control achieved by the conversion from ploughing to either reduced tillage or no-tillage/direct-seeding. Since tillage fractures the soil, it disrupts soil structure, accelerating surface runoff and soil erosion. Tillage also reduces crop residue, which help cushion the force of pounding raindrops. Without crop residue, soil particles become more easily dislodged, being moved or 'splashed' away. It has been well documented that increased tillage intensities can reduce soil organic matter in the topsoil due to increased microbial activity and carbon (C ) oxidation. The potential loss of soil organic matter due to tillage operations is much higher for high organic matter soils than low organic matter soils.

Microorganisms play a significant role in the removal of heavy metals pollutants. The heavy metals exert toxic effects on living cells. As degradative aerobic bacteria are Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium. Bioremediation is therefore an eco-friendly and efficient method of reclaiming environments contaminated with heavy metals by making use of the inherent biological mechanisms of microorganisms and plants to eradicate hazardous contaminants. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Bacteria, fungi and a few other microorganisms initiate the process of decomposition and are known as decomposers. They feed on dead organisms to survive. The decaying and dead animals and plants serve as the raw materials which, on the breakdown, produce nutrients, carbon dioxide, and water, etc. Fungi-based biodegradation is eco-sustainable and one of the latest alternatives; it can detoxify pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plastics, toxic dyes, and other environmental contaminants.

Practices such as using cover crops, applying manure and compost, rotating crops, and controlling erosion for soil conservation, can maintain or increase soil organic matter. Other practices, especially plowing, tilling and cultivating, can decrease the amount of organic matter in the soil. In order to minimize crop damage created by pests and maintain soil health, farmers apply different protection measures: crop rotation, crop isolation, tillage, mixed farming, proper planting time, cover crop and barriers, mulching and green manure, chemical, and natural soil and plant. There are several ways of improving aggregate stability: Retain surface cover to slow down the rate of wetting and lessen raindrop impact. Minimize tillage and traffic that damages existing soil structure. Increase root and biological activity by maintaining healthy vegetation growth. Improving soil management through practices like cover cropping and optimizing grazing patterns can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing carbon uptake and reducing carbon losses from agricultural soils.Land uses and management that reduce carbon inputs or increase losses compared to natural vegetation result in reductions in SOC over time, creating a soil carbon deficit relative to the levels of carbon that previously existed in the soil. Rainfall and temperature have by far the strongest influence on soil organic matter levels. Soil organic matter content is usually higher where rainfall is higher and temperatures are cooler.

Millet crops in India are affected by a variety of pests, but shoot fly, stem borer, and grasshopper have been identified as the most major pests. Shoot fly mostly attacks barnyard millet, followed by proso millet and finger millet to a lesser extent. Army worm, cut worm and leaf scrapping beetle appear occasionally in serious form. In certain areas shootfly occur, although it is not a regular pest. Control: When pests are noticed, take up dusting of Endosulfan 4% @ 30kg/ha or Malathion 5% @ 8-10 kg/ha. Seed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 10-12 ml/kg of seed or Thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 3g/ kg of seed may be used. Apply Carbofuran (Furadan 3G) or Phorate 10G at the time of sowing as soil application in the furrows @ 20 kg/ha.

These plants have to be ploughed in the field when they are tender and before they start flowering. Can drip system be used to supply liquid nutrients such as panchagavya as liquid fertilizer? Yes, a number of farmers have already been using the technique of using organic liquid fertilizers through drip system. Many growers using drip apply granular fertilizers in March or April and then switch to fertigation in May, once irrigation is required on a regular basis,” he said. “The use of granular fertilizer in the spring is less expensive than fertigation and practical for mature plants. When fertilizing daily, use a week solution. So when the label reads; dilution rate of 4 tablespoons of fertilizer to 1 gallon of water, you can use 1/2 T to 1 T per gallon of water. Daily feeding is generally not necessary unless you are a commercial grower or want quick results for hanging baskets and potted plants. Drip irrigation is the most efficient water and nutrient delivery system for growing crops. It delivers water and nutrients directly to the plant's roots zone, in the right amounts, at the right time, so each plant gets exactly what it needs, when it needs it, to grow optimally. Drip systems require special attention to fertilizing. Because the water flow is from each emitter downward and outward, fertilize that is not placed between the emitter and the plant roots may never reach the plant roots. The basic principle is to be sure fertilizer is placed within the wetted zone. Place 4 tablespoons processed poultry manure or blended dry organic fertilizer into a quart jar, and fill with lukewarm water. Screw on the lid and shake vigorously, then keep at room temperature for two days. Pour off the liquid and dilute with water to the strength desired. Place 4 tablespoons processed poultry manure or blended dry organic fertilizer into a quart jar, and fill with lukewarm water. Screw on the lid and shake vigorously, then keep at room temperature for two days. Pour off the liquid and dilute with water to the strength desired. In agricultural crops, crop rotation, selection of crop plant varieties, timing of planting and harvesting, irrigation management, crop rotation, and use of trap crops help reduce populations of weeds, microorganisms, insects, mites, and other pests. The principal methods of organic farming include crop rotation, green manure and compost, mechanical cultivation and biological pest control. Farmers are faced with myriad of production challenges where the most common problems are pests, which include insects, diseases, and weeds. Organic farmers therefore prefer the biological control of diseases and pests to the use of chemical pesticides. It's a non-polluting practise. It does not affect the relationship of natural predators and food chains. Biological control is self-regulation and does not require any kind of management.

Please, give a definition of soil stabilizer.

As far as know, there are three ways of soil stabilization: biological, physical and chemical.

"Organic" can be food.

"USDA certified organic foods are grown and processed according to federal guidelines addressing, among many factors, soil quality, animal raising practices, pest and weed control, and use of additives. Organic producers rely on natural substances and physical, mechanical, or biologically based farming methods to the fullest extent possible."

Repetitive tillage degrades the soil structure and its potential to hold moisture, reduces the amount of organic matter in the soil, breaks up aggregates, and reduces the population of soil fauna such as earthworms that contribute to nutrient cycling and soil structure. It has been well documented that increased tillage intensities can reduce soil organic matter in the topsoil due to increased microbial activity and carbon (C) oxidation. The potential loss of soil organic matter due to tillage operations is much higher for high organic matter soils than low organic matter soils. Tillage disturbance changes the conditions of decomposition, causing the soil respiration rate to increase and the organic matter content to decrease. However, tillage has all along been contributing negatively to soil quality. Since tillage fractures the soil, it disrupts soil structure, accelerating surface runoff and soil erosion. Tillage also reduces crop residue, which help cushion the force of pounding raindrops.Reduced tillage reduction can enhance soil aggregation, promote biological activity, and increase water holding capacity and infiltration rates. This leads to greater available soil moisture, improved soil tilth, and increased organic matter content. The bulk density increased with time after tillage for all tillage treatments as the soil gradually get compacted under the influence of rainfall and particle resettlement. Tillage alters the physicochemical properties of soil by mixing the upper fertile profile with the lower profile rich in leachates and affecting the soil enzymes. It also influences the soil organic carbon and distribution of water and aeration in the soil profile. Deep tillage may improve crop resilience by affecting soil physical properties. Deep tillage led to lower bulk density and increased root growth. Crop water availability and crop yield were not affected by deep tillage.

Organic particles of decayed plant and animal materials which come from living plant and animal bodies; Mineral particles such as sand, clay, stones or gravel which were once parts of larger rocks. Mineral soil has a carbon content of less than 17%. Croplands are rich in mineral soils because to grow crops, the soil should be rich in mineral nutrients. Organic soils are very rich in organic matter naturally. It contains more carbon in it (more than 17%). The most common organic matter found in organic soil is compost, manure, and mulch. Additives such as worm castings and bat guano enrich the soil. Non-organic soil mixes usually contain a combination of perlite a product that is made from heated volcanic glass, expanded clay aggregate, and peat moss. Organic soils can help your plants resist pests and disease, avoiding the need to use chemicals and pesticides. Because organic soil is composed of nutrient and mineral rich elements, your plants will grow stronger cell wells, giving them added layers of protection from pests and disease.

In fact It has been well documented that increased tillage intensities can reduce soil organic matter in the topsoil due to increased microbial activity and carbon (C) oxidation. The potential loss of soil organic matter due to tillage operations is much higher for high organic matter soils than low organic matter soils. Minimum tillage is a soil conservation system like strip-till with the goal of minimum soil manipulation necessary for a successful crop production. It is a tillage method that does not turn the soil over, in contrast to intensive tillage, which changes the soil structure using ploughs. Nevertheless, conventional tillage exerts many adverse effects, as it contributes to excessive compaction of soils, higher susceptibility of soils to erosion, and accelerated organic matter mineralization. Consequently, long-term conventional tillage may cause loss of soil productivity and fertility

Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.Aerobic decomposition takes place in the presence of oxygen. This is most common to occur in nature. Living organisms that use oxygen to survive feed on the body. Anaerobic decomposition takes place in the absence of oxygen. Humus is the layer formed on soil due to the decomposition of dead plants and animals by microbes. Humus supplies nutrients to the soil.

Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants. The living portion represents about 5 percent of the total soil organic matter. Micro-organisms, earthworms and insects help break down crop residues and manures by ingesting them and mixing them with the minerals in the soil, and in the process recycling energy and plant nutrients. Bioremediation is a process that uses mainly microorganisms, plants, or microbial or plant enzymes to detoxify contaminants in the soil and other environments. The microbial organisms transform the substance through metabolic or enzymatic processes. It is based on two processes: growth and cometabolism. In growth, an organic pollutant is used as sole source of carbon and energy. This process results in a complete degradation of organic pollutants. Various microorganisms can degrade environmental pollutants with promising skills like bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Certain parameters must be established to provide the highest biodegradation rate of degradable microorganisms under the optimum conditions. Microorganism used some substances in pesticides as nutrients and decompose them into small molecules, and the main ways of degradation were mineralization and co-metabolism.Microbial turnover forms the backbone of soil organic matter (SOM) formation and it has been recently proposed that SOM molecular complexity is a key driver of stability. Despite this, the links between microbial diversity, chemical complexity and biogeochemical nature of SOM remain missing. Organic matter decomposition serves two functions for the microorganisms, providing energy for growth and suppling carbon for the formation of new cells. Soil organic matter (SOM) is composed of the "living" (microorganisms), the "dead" (fresh residues), and the "very dead" (humus) fractions. They include algae, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, yeasts, myxomycetes and actinomycetes that are able to decompose almost any existing natural material. Micro-organisms transform organic matter into plant nutrients that are assimilated by plants.

Biogas can play several roles, such as-

★ Producing renewable energy : Biogas plants can produce renewable energy from organic waste, which can replace fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

★ Providing a source of fertiliser: The residue from the anaerobic digestion process can be used as a nutrient-rich fertiliser, which can improve soil fertility and reduce the need for synthetic fertilisers.

★ Reducing greenhouse gas emissions : By capturing and using the methane produced during anaerobic digestion, biogas plants help to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

★ Improving sustainability in agriculture : The use of biogas can improve the sustainability of agriculture by providing a source of renewable energy and fertiliser, reducing the need for synthetic inputs, and improving soil health.

★ Fighting global warming: By reducing the amount of organic waste that is sent to landfills and by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, biogas plants can help to combat global warming and contribute to the decarbonisation of economic processes

Organic fertilizer examples- include green manures, livestock manure, compost, household waste, crop residues, woodland litter, etc.; inorganic fertilizers include phosphate, lime, rock, potash, etc

The article you uploaded is very helpful.

To quantify the conversion rate of tertiary amines in organic amine methylation reactions, you can use a variety of analytical techniques such as HPLC, GC, or NMR spectroscopy. Here's a overview of each method:

Regardless of the method used, it is important to establish a calibration curve with known standards of the starting material and product to accurately quantify the conversion rate of tertiary amines in organic amine methylation reactions.

1. Set up the reaction vessel with all the necessary reagents prior to introducing them into the glove box. 2. Utilize automated syringe pumps to accurately dose reagents, solvents and catalysts into the reaction vessel. 3. Use magnetic stirring bars to ensure efficient mixing and reaction of the reagents. 4. Utilize a heating mantle or hot plate to maintain reaction temperatures. 5. Use online monitoring equipment to track reaction progress. 6. Use inert gas purging to remove oxygen from the reaction vessel. 7. Utilize a quick-change system to switch between different reaction vessels when needed. 8. Utilize a glove box robot to transfer solvents, reagents and products between vessels. 9. Utilize a nitrogen blanket or inert gas sparging to keep the reaction environment anaerobic. 10. Use a glove box that is equipped with a vacuum port to facilitate efficient solvent removal.

Irfan Farizky Nur Hapsara, I suggest hydrogen peroxide isn't the best treatment option to remove COD in your case:

You could consider Fenton or perozone oxidation instead, but it might cheaper to use sorption in some cases as Lucas Hamidu suggest.

Earthworms are used to convert organic waste material into dark brown nutrient rich humus that is a good source of manure for plants. Worms can also degrade specific pollutants and might allow community formation of useful microorganisms. Worm composting is using worms to recycle food scraps and other organic material into a valuable soil amendment called vermicompost, or worm compost. Worms eat food scraps, which become compost as they pass through the worm's body. Compost exits the worm through it’s' tail end. The process of degradation of organic wastes into manure by the action of microorganisms is called composting. The manure thus obtained becomes natural fertilizer for the plants as well as increases the soil fertility. Vermicomposting is a unique process that occurs in earthworm's gut to convert organic wastes into organic fertilizer or vermicompost by using joint action of earthworms and microorganisms. The technical word for worm poop is castings, and the composting method is called vermiculture, or vermicomposting. Of the more than 9,000 species of earthworms, only seven have been identified as suitable for vermicomposting. However, in agricultural settings earthworms can also have harmful effects. For instance, their castings can increase erosion along irrigation ditches. In the urban setting, earthworm burrows can cause lumpy lawns. Earthworm tunnels bring in oxygen, drain water and create space for plant roots. Their natural feeding habits mean that small amounts of soil pass through their bodies and, surprisingly, when they excrete it, it is in better condition what goes in comes out much better

Earthworms Are Very Important for Soil Ecosystems in a Good or Bad Way. Earthworms naturally occur in most terrestrial ecosystems around the globe. They constantly structure the soils that they live in. Their burrowing activities mix the soil and improve the flow of air and water through the underground world. Earthworms "plow" and mix up the soil. Their tunneling loosens the soil so water and nutrients can go downward. The nutrients in worm castings enrich the soil. The slime they secrete contains nitrogen, an important nutrient for plants. Earthworms make their way through the soil, by loosening the soil and allowing more air to get in. Earthworms improve the quality of the soil as it recycles the organic waste into humus. This makes the soil fertile and helps the crops to grow. The earthworms improve the fertility of soil in different ways and, therefore, they are of utmost importance in agriculture. Actually, the burrowing and soil feeding habits of earthworms make the soil porous which permit both aeration and quick absorption of water. Earthworms help to increase the amount of air and water that gets into the soil. They break down organic matter, like leaves and grass into things that plants can use. When they eat, they leave behind castings that are a very valuable type of fertilizer. Earthworms are like free farm help. Earthworm tunnels bring in oxygen, drain water and create space for plant roots. Their natural feeding habits mean that small amounts of soil pass through their bodies and, surprisingly, when they excrete it, it is in better condition what goes in comes out much better. Earthworms seem to enhance denitrification, most likely through the increase in organic compounds due to organic matter decomposition. By enhancing soil nutrient availability, earthworms indirectly promote plant growth, which has also been attributed to the induction of signal molecules.

Thanks sir Paul Milham

Tertiary amines will react with CO2 if water is present, making a bicarbonate salt.

CO2 + NR3 + H2O = [R3NH][HCO3]

However, if water is absent and there are no other related chemicals present like an alcohol or primary/secondary amine (i.e. any N-H, S-H or O-H bond into which CO2 could insert itself), then a tertiary amine will mostly ignore CO2. I say "mostly" because there is a weak interaction between the tertiary amine lone pair and the carbon atom in CO2 that can be detected spectroscopically, but it's not such a strong interaction that you could isolate the amine:CO2 adduct as a product.

Given the growth in the world population I cant see this as a viable large scale production option. Some of the practices required by organic production can likely be adopted, but overall efficiency of production and health status of livestock is really difficult to maintain at a sufficient level to produce the food requirements of the planet in organic systems.

Organic matter contributes to nutrient retention and turnover, soil structure, moisture retention and availability, degradation of pollutants, and carbon sequestration. Mineral is the inorganic component of soil which includes soil particles. Organic matter is the organic component of soil which includes the residue of dead plants, animals and organisms. It consists of nutrients necessary for plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Dhaincha is the best green manure crop because it contains 3.50% N, which is higher than any other green manure crop. With green manure use, the amount of nitrogen that is available to the succeeding crop is usually in the range of 40-60% of the total amount of nitrogen that is contained within the green manure crop.

Climate-smart agriculture; conservation agriculture; zero tillage; carbon-intensive farming; forest farming; net-zero carbon farming; deforestation-free farming; integrated agriculture; green agriculture;

Hi Deepdarshan Urs

Have you done characterization of the organic dust? For VOC's, PAH'S or metals?

I expose C67/BL6 mice with PM 2.5 and the functional parameters of the mice lungs are affected from 15th day itself. So if you have instruments to assess the lung function such as whole body plethysmography or FlexiVent analysis, you could check the same at 15th day interval and from then on every 7 days interval to check how the inflammation and lung function are being affected due to repeated exposure of organic dust particles.

Thanks

Samir

Dear Alaa Al-Khalaf

I highly recommend you read this article

It is likely the presence of water will help to stabilise the metal ions. In the presence of pure acetone the inorganic metal may be insoluble and unavailable to react?

As per above, taking the 0,5 gram and dissolving in pure acetone, then making this up to 100ml, maybe using 50mL acetone, and then using distilled water to complete the volume requirement?

Dear

- Available material refractive index (or permittivity) in the Lumieracal library is limited. If these are not included in the library, you must find the reference for each material data or measure these by ellipsometry.

- The method of "how to fit material data" can be found on the Ansys FDTD homepage. Please check it

- I cannot understand your question (what is the meaning of "working better")?

TiCl4 is often used as a Lewis acid catalyst in organic reactions. Removing it from the reaction mixture is important to avoid unwanted side reactions and improve the quality of the final product. Here are a few methods to remove TiCl4 from an organic reaction mixture containing a peptide product:

It's important to keep in mind that the specific method you choose may depend on the solubility and reactivity of the peptide, as well as the conditions of the reaction mixture. In general, it's a good idea to consult the literature or consult with an expert to determine the best method for your specific situation.

Do you have to use liquid-liquid distillation? If not, first remove the DMF by vacuum distillation then a simple extraction with aq 2M HCl and a suitable organic solvent for your compound.......if it is not water soluble. In theory, after removing the DMF you can treat the residue with a suitable solvent that dissolves the TBD (perhaps hexane or toluene?) but not your compound...then filtration with the same solvent wash....

In Autodock4, the choice of atomic partial charges can have an impact on the accuracy and specificity of the docking predictions. The two commonly used sets of charges in Autodock are the Gasteiger and the Kollman charges.

The Gasteiger charges are based on a model of the molecule's electrostatic potential and are calculated by summing over the atomic electron densities in the molecule. These charges are relatively easy to calculate, and they have been shown to provide good results for a wide range of molecules.

The Kollman charges, on the other hand, are calculated using the AMBER force field and are based on the molecule's molecular orbital electron density. These charges are more physically accurate, as they take into account the molecule's chemical environment, but they can also be more difficult to calculate.

In general, the Kollman charges are considered to be more accurate, and they are often used for proteins and other large biological molecules. However, the Gasteiger charges can still provide reasonable results for smaller molecules like aptamers and their ligands, and they are often used as a starting point for Autodock calculations.

Ultimately, the choice of charges will depend on the specific requirements of your study and the accuracy that you need for your predictions. You may consider trying both sets of charges and comparing the results to determine which set provides the best predictions for your aptamer-ligand system.

Dear Suvigya Sharma

You can measure human capital efficiency (HCE) empirically. HCE is a component of Intellectual capital (IC).

The following paper and related papers to the IC will be helpful for you.

Good luck for your project.

Best regards

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf

Hi Wares,

This is very odd, and I have yet to experience such a problem. I guess that we are talking about point chirality where a carbon atom is a stereogenic center, and not axial or planar chirality? Could you share the molecule that you're talking about? Maybe that could give some insight into the issue.

Also, I would suggest you not to use molecular mechanics for the optimization (Avogadro offers only MM), but rather semiempirical methods or, even better, some DFT calculations. For semiempirical calculations, you could try ArgusLab software, it is free and fairly easy to use. It is getting a bit dated by now, but you'll get somewhat reasonable structures (for sure better than MM optimization). Also, MOPAC is a good software if you have some experience using it, but otherwise, I'd suggest using ArgusLab. However, DFT is the way to go if you need good structures. There are some free software packages (such as NWChem or GAMESS), and you could use Avogadro as a graphical interface.

Hope this helps.

Thanks Kyle for reply.

The metal in the complex is Sn.

The functional is - B3LYP

Basis set for Sn - SDD, and for other atoms it's 6-31G(d,p).

All organic solvents are less dense than water and they constitute the upper phase, except for halogenated solvents, like DCM (d= 1.33 g/mL) or chloroform (d= 1.49 g/mL). Thus, halogenated solvents constitute the lower phase of a biphasic (water/organic solvent) mixture

you can use bulk density instrument

PMMA,PDMS material may be used as encapsulation layer.it is better Mechanical Reliability and flexibility.

Caro acid is the peroxymonosulfuric acid and is one of the strongest oxidants known (E0 = +2.51 V). It's unstable and decomposes to the hydroxyl and HSO4(.) radicals due to a relatively weak O-O bond.

Hi,

nanoparticles tend to aggregate together due to attractive Van der Waals forces. To keep them dispersed, you must counter that attraction with a stronger force. One option is to have electrostatic repulsion, another option is to use a capping agent, i.e., something large which attaches to the particle surface and keeps the nanoparticles far away so that the short-range VdW forces stay weak. The important factors are the affinity between the capping agent, nanoparticles, and medium, the relative size of the capping agent and particles, interparticle forces, temperature, etc. You can see our publications on nanoparticle arrangement in polymer solutions - it stems from the same fundamental principle as your case.

Organic compounds can be removed from water by adsorption, coagulation/flocculation, ion exchange and oxidation processes. Adsorption is the most commonly used process for organic compound removal from water and uses a variety of adsorbents such as activated carbon, alumina, silica gel and resins. In regenerative systems, the adsorption mechanism is usually based on the physical and chemical interactions between the adsorbent and the organic compounds. The adsorbent material can be regenerated by elution with a suitable solvent, such as methanol, to remove the organic compounds from the adsorbent.

There are certain obligatory rules to follow in order to call products "organic" (biologique). What is the "Natural" farming? Does "not natural" farming exist?

"Natural farming phenomenon now a days is wide-spread in scientific community." I like gardening and always thought that plants in my garden grow naturally.

Both maceration and reflux are common methods that can be used for dewaxing fibers with an organic solvent, and the appropriate duration for each method will depend on the specific circumstances.

Maceration involves soaking the fibers in an organic solvent for an extended period of time in order to dissolve the waxes. This method can be effective for dewaxing fibers, but it can also be time-consuming and may require frequent replacement of the solvent. The appropriate duration for maceration will depend on the specific characteristics of the fibers and the solvent being used, as well as the desired level of dewaxing.

Reflux involves heating the fibers and solvent together in a closed system, allowing the solvent to evaporate and then condense on the fibers, effectively washing the fibers. This method can be more efficient than maceration, as it allows for a more thorough extraction of the waxes in a shorter period of time. However, it may be more complex to set up and requires more equipment, such as a reflux condenser. The appropriate duration for reflux will also depend on the specific characteristics of the fibers and solvent being used, as well as the desired level of dewaxing.

Ultimately, the best method for dewaxing vegetal fibers with an organic solvent will depend on the specific circumstances and the desired end result. It may be necessary to experiment with different methods and durations in order to find the one that works best for your particular fibers.

Dear Mohammed (If I may),

Cyclic voltammetry cannot provide the energy of the LUMO and also not of the HOMO. The reason is the unclear zero energy. Electrochemistry is a relative method. We use different standards like the Normal Hydrogen Electrode, the Saturated Calomel Electrode, and in organic solvents we use Ferrocene as standard. But all of them are different and not of them represents something like a zero value for an energy.

The only thing you can do reliably is to measure the HOMO-LUMO gap. And also you can compare different potentials = energies for different compounds if you use the same standard and the same experimental conditions.

To your last question. You should repeat the experiment and make separate scans for a) the anodic and the b) cathodic part starting both at 0 V. Then c) you scan from 0 V to the anodic - return to the cathodic and then back to 0 V. Then d) you scan from 0 V to cathodic - return to the anodic part and then back to 0 V.

Comparison of scan a) with scan d) and of scan b) with scan c) will be very interesting.

And then you can draw these off-set potentials and say something about the HOMO-LUMO gap and about the relative position of the first reduction wave and the first oxidation wave relative to the applied standard potential.

You can compare these potentials with literature values for well-known redox couples like 2Cl-/Cl2 for the anodic part and Zn/Zn(II) for the cathodic part.

Hope this helps,

best wishes,

aXEL

Kjeldahl does not measure nitrate or nitrite.

Hello brother hope you are doing well

so you should try it in hot water maybe it will get dissolve.