Science topics: GeoscienceOceanography
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Oceanography - Science topic
Explore the latest questions and answers in Oceanography, and find Oceanography experts.
Questions related to Oceanography
I am currently conducting my thesis research on corals in the Galapagos Islands, and understanding El Niño events is critical to my analysis. Specifically, I am looking for El Niño-related indices (e.g., El Niño 1+2 SST Index, MEI, or similar) with a weekly temporal resolution. Datasets I have encountered, such as those from the NOAA Physical Science Lab, provide monthly data (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/timeseries/month/).
The only weekly dataset I’ve been able to find is NASA’s Sea Surface Level data (ENSO Index - Sea Level; https://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/data/vital-signs/el-nino/), but it would be ideal to find indices more directly tied to the Tropical Eastern Pacific where the Galapagos are located.
Does anyone know of other sources, institutions (from the US, Ecuador, Perú, etc), or repositories that provide weekly El Niño indices with this temporal resolution needed? Any help or direction would be greatly appreciated!
Perhaps because many long necked turtles live in fresh water.
Zug, George R.. "snake-necked turtle". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jun. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/animal/snake-necked-turtle. Accessed 16 July 2024.
Both Europeans and Yacuruna arrived in Peru via water, are comparatively hairier than indigenous Peruvians. Both Europeans and Yacuruna also have harmed the Incans.
Is the closest known living relative to a plesiosaur a sea turtle?
AI has immense potential to address various aspects of climate change by enhancing our understanding of the climate system, optimizing resource usage, and developing innovative solutions. Here are several ways AI can contribute:
- Climate Modeling and Prediction: AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of climate data to improve climate models' accuracy and predict future climate patterns. These models can help scientists understand the complex interactions within the climate system and forecast extreme weather events with greater precision.
- Renewable Energy Optimization: AI can optimize the operation of renewable energy sources like solar and wind farms by predicting weather patterns and adjusting energy production accordingly. This optimization increases energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels, consequently lowering greenhouse gas emissions.
https://youtu.be/IU73L5zty7s?si=YNbHhYdZofNpdGDU is giving a direction
**Title: Understanding Tidal Forces: Nature's Invisible Hand**
**Abstract:**
Tidal forces, a consequence of gravitational interaction between celestial bodies, play a crucial role in shaping various aspects of our planet and the universe. This article provides an in-depth exploration of tidal forces, their mechanisms, effects, and significance in astronomy, geology, and oceanography. Through a blend of scientific explanation and real-world examples, we elucidate the intricate workings of tidal forces, shedding light on their influence on Earth's oceans, the formation of celestial bodies, and the dynamics of cosmic structures. Furthermore, we discuss recent advancements in tidal force research and its implications for understanding the fundamental forces governing the universe.
**Introduction:**
Tidal forces, often described as the gentle tug of celestial bodies, hold profound importance in our understanding of the cosmos. Stemming from the gravitational interaction between massive objects, tidal forces exhibit a remarkable influence on various natural phenomena, ranging from the rhythmic rise and fall of ocean tides to the shaping of galaxies and planetary systems. In this article, we embark on a journey to unravel the mysteries of tidal forces, exploring their origins, manifestations, and significance across different scales of the universe.
**Origins and Mechanisms:**
At its core, tidal force arises from the gravitational attraction between two celestial bodies, resulting in a deformation of their respective structures. The differential gravitational pull experienced across the bodies leads to the phenomenon known as tidal deformation. For instance, when a moon orbits a planet, the gravitational pull on the near and far sides of the moon varies, causing tidal bulges to form. This asymmetrical distribution of mass generates tidal forces that exert a torque on the orbiting bodies, influencing their rotational dynamics.
**Effects on Earth:**
On Earth, tidal forces manifest primarily through the gravitational interaction between the Moon, Sun, and our planet. The gravitational pull of the Moon creates tidal bulges in Earth's oceans, giving rise to the familiar phenomenon of ocean tides. Additionally, the Sun's gravitational influence contributes to the complex tidal patterns observed on our planet. Tidal forces not only govern the rhythmic ebb and flow of tides but also play a crucial role in oceanic circulation, coastal erosion, and marine ecosystems.
**Cosmic Significance:**
Beyond Earth, tidal forces sculpt the landscapes of celestial bodies and drive dynamic processes in the cosmos. In planetary systems, tidal interactions between moons and their parent planets lead to orbital resonances, tidal heating, and even the eventual disruption of moons. Tidal forces also influence the formation and evolution of galaxies, triggering the accretion of interstellar gas and shaping the distribution of stars within galactic structures.
**Recent Advances and Future Prospects:**
Advancements in observational astronomy and computational modeling have enabled scientists to gain deeper insights into tidal force phenomena. High-resolution simulations and space-based telescopes have provided unprecedented views of tidal interactions in distant galaxies and planetary systems. Moreover, ongoing missions to study tidal forces in our solar system, such as NASA's Europa Clipper mission, promise to unveil new discoveries about the dynamics of icy moons and their subsurface oceans.
**Conclusion:**
In conclusion, tidal forces represent a fundamental aspect of the gravitational interaction between celestial bodies, exerting a pervasive influence on the dynamics of the universe. From the rhythmic ebb and flow of ocean tides to the sculpting of galaxies and planetary systems, tidal forces shape the fabric of our cosmic environment. By delving deeper into the mechanisms and effects of tidal forces, we expand our understanding of the intricate interplay between gravitational forces and the evolution of celestial phenomena.
**References:**
- Darwin, G. H. (1879). On the Tidal Friction of a Planet Attended by Several Satellites, and on the Evolution of the Solar System from the Primeval State. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 170, 447-538.
- Goldreich, P., & Soter, S. (1966). Q in the Solar System. Icarus, 5(4), 375-389.
- Murray, C. D., & Dermott, S. F. (1999). Solar System Dynamics (Vol. 30). Cambridge University Press.
- Greenberg, R. (2009). Tidal Heating of Satellites. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 47(1), 1-40.
I need help, doing a paper on the plastic pollution of our oceans.
I have a netCDF4 (.nc) file having ocean SST data, with coordinates (lat, lon, time). I want to predict and plot maps for the future. How can I do this using python?
Please recommend a python code for time series forecasting based on this approach.
I have a monthly netCDF4 file containing chlorophyll-a values, and I aim to forecast these values using time series analysis.
My approach involves computing monthly spatial averages for this entire region and then forecasting these averages. Is this methodology valid?
Additionally, could you recommend a Python code for time series forecasting based on this approach?
Is it feasible to predict values for individual grid points without considering spatial averaging?
My study area encompasses an oceanic region of approximately 45,000 sq km near the southern coast of Sri Lanka.
Physical geography is includes the study of the earth spheres. Geographers usually working on geomorphology, climatology and biogeography. Why they don't work mostly in oceanography ?
Discussion.
I want to know about some research topic for oceanography which is related to arc-gis.
Kindly help me to get a tutorial comprising GIS shape files/raster data to conduct a training programme by using arc/gis-pro for Physical oceanography/coastal mapping (Geology). We have Arc/GIS ver. 10.8.2.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly advancing tool. It is heavily reliant on programming languages, data manipulation and analysis. As colleagues in the field of oceanography, I would like to know your opinions on the use of AI in this field. Furthermore, I would appreciate any recommendations for publications that could support your viewpoints.
It is important to be transparent about the limitations in terms of programming for the diferent subfields of oceanography, such as physical, chemical, biological, ecosystemic, and geological; how the incorporation of AI may lead to new disparities in scientific research; and how careful you would be with the use of these tools.
Thanks for your times!
Every tidal channel has one flood tide dominated side and anoter side is ebb tide dominated side. In any tide-dominated and tide-influenced delta, every channel has flood-tide and ebb-tide dominated side but not on same side, every channel has distinct characteristics regarding flood tide and ebb tide dominated side. I want to know about the reason of this.
Hi,
I am desperately looking for a culture of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis to use for a project I am working on. I have tried the Norwegian Culture Collection but they no longer have the strain. Does any one have K.brevis in culture that they could send me?
I am based at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, UK.
Any help would be much appreciated.
Susan
There has been seen a lot of impacts, some good, some bad. That depends on a lot of factors in each region. But overall, what is short, medium and long-term impacts of COVID-19 that we are going to see in the future of ocean sustainability?
The threats that global warming has recently posed to humans in many parts of the world have led us to continue this debate.
So the main question is that what actions need to be taken to reduce the risk of climate warming?
Reducing greenhouse gases now seems an inevitable necessity.
In this part in addition to the aforementioned main question, other specific well-known subjects from previous discussion are revisited. Please support or refute the following arguments in a scientific manner.
% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% ---------------- *** Updated Discussions of Global Warming (section 1) *** ---------------%
The rate of mean temperature of the earth has been increased almost twice with respect to 60 years ago, it is a fact (Goddard Institute for Space Studies, GISS, data). Still a few questions regarding physical processes associated with global warming remain unanswered or at least need more clarification. So the causes and prediction of this trend are open questions. The most common subjects are listed below:
1) "Greenhouse effect increases temperature of the earth, so we need to diminish emission of CO2 and other air pollutants." The logic behind this reasoning is that the effects of other factors like the sun's activity (solar wind contribution), earth rotation orbit, ocean CO2 uptake, volcanoes activities, etc are not as important as greenhous effect. Is the ocean passive in the aforementioned scenario?
2) Two major physical turbulent fluids, the oceans and the atmosphere, interacting with each other, each of them has different circulation timescale, for the oceans it is from year to millennia that affects heat exchange. It is not in equilibrium with sun instantaneously. For example the North Atlantic Ocean circulation is quasi-periodic with recurrence period of about 7 kyr. So the climate change always has occurred. Does the timescale of crucial players (NAO, AO, oceans, etc) affect the results?
3) Energy of the atmospheric system including absorption and re-emission is about 200 Watt/m2 ; the effect of CO2 is about how many percent to this budget ( 2% or more?), so does it have just a minor effect or not?
4) Climate system is a multi-factor process and there exists a natural modes of temperature variations. How anthropogenic CO2 emissions makes the natural temperature variations out of balance.
6) Some weather and climate models that are based on primitive equations are able to reproduce reliable results. Are the available models able to predict future decadal variability exactly? How much is the uncertainty of the results. An increase in CO2 apparently leads in higher mean temperature value due to radiative transfer.
7) How is global warming related to extreme weather events?
Some of the consequences of global warming are frequent rainfall, heat waves, and cyclones. If we accept global warming as an effect of anthropogenic fossil fuels, how can we stop the increasing trend of temperature anomaly and switching to clean energies?
8) What are the roles of sun activities coupled with Milankovitch cycles?
9) What are the roles of politicians to alarm the danger of global warming? How much are scientists sensitive to these decisions?
10) How much is the CO2’s residence time in the atmosphere? To answer this question precisely, we need to know a good understanding of CO2 cycle.
11) Clean energy reduces toxic buildups and harmful smog in air and water. So, how much building renewable energy generation and demanding for clean energy is urgent?
% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% ---------------- *** Discussions of Global Warming (section 2) *** ---------------%
Warming of the climate system in the recent decades is unequivocal; nevertheless, in addition to a few scientific articles that show the greenhouse gases and human activity as the main causes of global warming, still the debate is not over and some opponents claim that these effects have minor effects on human life. Some relevant topics/criticisms about global warming, causes, consequences, the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), etc are putting up for discussion and debate:
1) All the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro-fluorocarbons, including HCFCs and HFCs, and ozone) account for about a tenth of one percent of the atmosphere. Based on Stefan–Boltzmann law in basic physics, if you consider the earth with the earth's albedo (a measure of the reflectivity of a surface) in a thermal balance, that is: the power radiated from the earth in terms of its temperature = Solar flux at the earth's cross section, you get Te =(1-albedo)^0.25*Ts.*sqrt(Rs/(2*Rse)), where Te (Ts) is temperature at the surface of the earth (Sun), Rs: radius of the Sun, Rse: radius of the earth's orbit around the Sun. This simplified equation shows that Te depends on these four variables: albedo, Ts, Rs, Rse. Just 1% variation in the Sun's activity lead to variation of the earth's surface temperature by about half a degree.
1.1) Is the Sun's surface (photosphere layer) temperature (Ts) constant?
1.2) How much is the uncertainty in measuring the Sun's photosphere layer temperature?
1.3) Is solar irradiance spectrum universal?
1.4) Is the earth's orbit around the sun (Rse) constant?
1.5) Is the radius of the Sun (Rs) constant?
1.6) Is the largeness of albedo mostly because of clouds or the man-made greenhouse gases?
So the sensitivity of global mean temperature to variation of tracer gases is one of the main questions.
2) A favorable climate model essentially is a coupled non-linear chaotic system; that is, it is not appropriate for the long term future prediction of climate states. So which type of models are appropriate?
3) Dramatic temperature oscillations were possible within a human lifetime in the past. So there is nothing to worry about. What is wrong with the scientific method applied to extract temperature oscillations in the past from Greenland ice cores or shifts in types of pollen in lake beds?
4) IPCC Assessment Reports,
IPCC's reports are known as some of the reliable sources of climate change, although some minor shortcomings have been observed in them.
4.1) "What is Wrong With the IPCC? Proposals for a Radical Reform" (Ross McKitrick):
IPCC has provided a few climate-change Assessment Reports during last decades. Is a radical reform of IPCC necessary or we should take all the IPCC alarms seriously? What is wrong with Ross argument? The models that are used by IPCC already captured a few crudest features of climate change.
4.2) The sort of typical issues of IPCC reports:
- The summary reports focus on those findings that support the human interference theory.
- Some arguments are based on this assumption that the models account for most major sources of variation in the global mean temperature anomaly.
- "Correlation does not imply causation", in some Assessment Reports, results gained from correlation method instead of investigating the downstream effects of interventions or a double-blind controlled trial; however, the conclusions are with a level of reported uncertainty.
4.3) Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) also has produced some massive reports to date.
4.4) Is the NIPCC a scientific or a politically biased panel? Can NIPCC climate reports be trusted?
4.5) What is wrong with their scientific methodology?
5) Changes in the earth's surface temperature cause changes in upper level cirrus and consequently radiative balance. So the climate system can increase its cooling processes by these types of feedbacks and adjust to imbalances.
6) What is your opinion about political intervention and its effect upon direction of research budget?
I really appreciate all the researchers who have had active participation with their constructive remarks in these discussion series.
% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% ---------------- *** Discussions of Global Warming (section 3) *** ---------------%
In this part other specific well-known subjects are revisited. Please support or refute the following arguments in a scientific manner.
1) Still there is no convincing theorem, with a "very low range of uncertainty", to calculate the response of climate system in terms of the averaged global surface temperature anomalies with respect to the total feedback factors and greenhouse gases changes. In the classical formula applied in the models a small variation in positive feedbacks leads to a considerable changes in the response (temperature anomaly) while a big variation in negative feedbacks causes just small variations in the response.
2) NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 indicate the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be emitted into space than computer models have predicted (i.e. Spencer and Braswell, 2011, DOI: 10.3390/rs3081603). Based on this research "the response of the climate system to an imposed radiative imbalance remains the largest source of uncertainty. It is concluded that atmospheric feedback diagnosis of the climate system remains an unsolved problem, due primarily to the inability to distinguish between radiative forcing and radiative feedback in satellite radiative budget observations." So the contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming is exaggerated in the models used by the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). What is wrong with this argument?
3) Ocean Acidification
Ocean acidification is one of the consequences of CO2 absorption in the water and a main cause of severe destabilising the entire oceanic food-chain.
4) The IPCC reports which are based on a range of model outputs suffer somehow from a range of uncertainty because the models are not able to implement appropriately a few large scale natural oscillations such as North Atlantic Oscillation, El Nino, Southern ocean oscillation, Arctic Oscillation, Pacific decadal oscillation, deep ocean circulations, Sun's surface temperature, etc. The problem with correlation between historical observations of the global averaged surface temperature anomalies with greenhouse gases forces is that it is not compared with all other natural sources of temperature variability. Nevertheless, IPCC has provided a probability for most statements. How the models can be improved more?
5) If we look at micro-physics of carbon dioxide, theoretically a certain amount of heat can be trapped in it as increased molecular kinetic energy by increasing vibrational and rotational motions of CO2, but nothing prevents it from escaping into space. During a specific relaxation time, the energetic carbon dioxide comes back to its rest statement.
6) As some alarmists claim there exists a scientific consensus among the scientists. Nevertheless, even if this claim is true, asking the scientists to vote on global warming because of human made greenhouse gases sources does not make sense because the scientific issues are not based on the consensus; indeed, appeal to majority/authority fallacy is not a scientific approach.
% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% ---------------- *** Discussions of Global Warming (section 4) *** ---------------%
In this part in addition to new subjects, I have highlighted some of responses from previous sections for further discussion. Please leave you comments to support/weaken any of the following statements:
1) @Harry ten Brink recapitulated a summary of a proof that CO2 is such an important Greenhouse component/gas. Here is a summary of this argument:
"a) Satellites' instruments measure the radiation coming up from the Earth and Atmosphere.
b) The emission of CO2 at the maximum of the terrestrial radiation at 15 micrometer.
b1. The low amount of this radiation emitted upwards: means that "back-radiation" towards the Earth is high.
b2. Else said the emission is from a high altitude in the atmosphere and with more CO2 the emission is from an even higher altitude where it is cooler. That means that the emission upwards is less. This is called in meteorology a "forcing", because it implies that less radiation /energy is emitted back into space compared to the energy coming in from the sun.
The atmosphere warms so the energy out becomes equals the solar radiation coming in. Summary of the Greenhouse Effect."
At first glance, this reasoning seems plausible. It is based on these assumptions that the contribution of CO2 is not negligible and any other gases like N2O or Ozone has minor effect. The structure of this argument is supported by an article by Schmidt et al., 2010:
By using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) ModelE radiation module, the authors claim that "water vapor is the dominant contributor (∼50% of the effect), followed by clouds (∼25%) and then CO2 with ∼20%. All other absorbers play only minor roles. In a doubled CO2 scenario, this allocation is essentially unchanged, even though the magnitude of the total greenhouse effect is significantly larger than the initial radiative forcing, underscoring the importance of feedbacks from water vapour and clouds to climate sensitivity."
The following notions probably will shed light on the aforementioned argument for better understanding the premises:
Q1) Is there any observational data to support the overall upward/downward IR radiation because of CO2?
Q2) How can we separate practically the contribution of water vapor from anthropogenic CO2?
Q3) What are the deficiencies of the (GISS) ModelE radiation module, if any?
Q4) Some facts, causes, data, etc relevant to this argument, which presented by NASA, strongly support this argument (see: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/)
Q5) Stebbins et al, (1994) showed that there exists "A STRONG INFRARED RADIATION FROM MOLECULAR NITROGEN IN THE NIGHT SKY" (thanks to @Brendan Godwin for mentioning about this paper). As more than 78% of the dry air contains nitrogen, so the contribution of this element is not negligible too.
2) The mean global temperature is not the best diagnostic to study the sensitivity to global forcing. Because given a change in this mean value, it is almost impossible to attribute it to global forcing. Zonal and meridional distribution of heat flux and temperature are not uniform on the earth, so although the mean temperature value is useful, we need a plausible map of spatial variation of temperature .
3) "The IPCC model outputs show that the equilibrium response of mean temperature to a doubling of CO2 is about 3C while by the other observational approaches this value is less than 1C." (R. Lindzen)
4) What is the role of the thermohaline circulation (THC) in global warming (or the other way around)? It is known that during Heinrich events and Dansgaard‐Oeschger (DO) millennial oscillations, the climate was subject to a number of rapid cooling and warming with a rate much more than what we see in recent decades. In the literature, these events were most probably associated with north-south shifts in convection location of the THC. The formation speed of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) affects northerly advection velocity of the warm subtropical waters that would normally heat/cool the atmosphere of Greenland and western Europe.
I really appreciate all the researchers who have participated in this discussion with their useful remarks, particularly Harry ten Brink, Filippo Maria Denaro, Tapan K. Sengupta, Jonathan David Sands, John Joseph Geibel, Aleš Kralj, Brendan Godwin, Ahmed Abdelhameed, Jorge Morales Pedraza, Amarildo de Oliveira Ferraz, Dimitris Poulos, William Sokeland, John M Wheeldon, Michael Brown, Joseph Tham, Paul Reed Hepperly, Frank Berninger, Patrice Poyet, Michael Sidiropoulos, Henrik Rasmus Andersen, and Boris Winterhalter.
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Currently, microplastics (MPs) occurence researches in coastal and marine animals are performed in huge amounts, but their results concerning MPs abundances are not always given with the same unity.
- From what I can tell from studies I read, most provide data using MPs/individual. There are some studies that sample in pools, and then, after ending samplings, calculate the MPs/individual data. It would be an issue if we compare MPs/individual data of two different studies: one that sampled in each individual and another that sampled in pools?
- Should a specific study provide just the MPs/individual data? I think this study it would be sort of incomplete, considering that this data would not totally reflect the abundance of animals with different sizes, weights, and possibly ages, etc.
- What is the best approach between other unities, such as MPs/g of the whole sample, MPs/g of their dry or wet weight? That are some formulas to convert samples weight for dry and/or wet. This is applicable for MPs?
I know much of that depends on the study's biological samples, and objectives, but I would enjoy reading researchers opinion about it.
My lab readings are in ug/L and the Canadian Water Guidelines are in mg/m2, I am not sure how to convert this, or if it is possible.
Thank you
What is the range of accuracies for airborne lidar measurements of land topography and water bathymetry? Assume no vegetation cover on land and low turbidity of water!
For the RHUM-RUM project, we are writing a SKS paper and I try to review SKS measurements carried out in the context of Mantle Plumes with or without ocean-bottom seismometers.
Does anyone knows if there is any available updated source of data about the salinity of the ocean water as well as currents for the Gulf of Guinea?
While there are plenty of mean sea surface temperature reconstructions for geological time periods, I could not find data on present-day temperatures. I have searched the web for global mean annual sea surface temperature (for the last years, as well as for a 20th century average), but the only values I could find concerned the temperature difference from the average. But what is the average? I'd be glad for any help!
Thanks, Thomas
I' m using Argo floats to investigate Agulhas eddies vertical structure and need to calculate temperature anomaly from these data. My temporal coverage is from 2008 to 2013. Which climatology is the most suitable in this case? I've using anual means but the Argo profiles seem a lot more warmer than I would expect. I am using MatLab to do the calculations but help from python users is welcomed as well.
I am interested in the Cenozoic history of surface circulation in the Atlantic Ocean, particularly in the subtropical and tropical regions. However, most information I have found so far is related to the North Atlantic.
In particular, I would like to know if the main currents and countercurrents have changed their intensity, in response to climatic and tectonic dynamics during the last 66 million years. What are the evidences for these changes? What literature would you recomend for solving questions on this topic?
Many thanks in advance.
I'm interested in looking at small to mesoscale eddies in conjunction with discrete biological, chemical and physical data collected over the eastern Bering Sea shelf. I'm aware that tidal influences become problematic in coastal shallow areas but would like to know if there's a way around this.
Physical oceanography
Oceanography
Satellite oceanography
I have the following scenario.
In a marine environment, an object X moves below the surface of water from point A to point B. As it moves it displaces water around it which creates ripples (or increases detectable pressure levels) in the surroundings. We have sensors Si installed underwater at distance di with known geographic positions. I want to know the following.
1. How do we measure the intensity I of the ripples (generated by the object) at any sensor Si located di meters away from the object?
2. How do we measure the time required for the propagation of the ripple from its origin to sensor Si such that sensor Si can detect intensity I.
Thanks
I am Looking for wave directions data in the southern coast of the Caspian sea, to draw wave-rose at Anzali port, Amirabad port, Babolsar, Nowshahr port etc. I already have got the Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science 's metadata, but was not helpful. Is there any other online provider?
(time history data at one point at an area around each port is adequate)
I am a 4th-year undergraduate student from BSMR Maritime University, Bangladesh. By curriculum, we have to carry out a thesis (Credit-6) in the final year.
I am interested in physical oceanography, acoustical oceanography, satellite oceanography. But the dear respected guide, if you have a better idea regarding my interesting field as well as other fields which may become important in the near future, you may suggest.
Your kind suggestion will help me a lot.
I know there are longer un-dammed rivers open to the ocean in Alaska and British Columbia. I also know there are longer un-dammed rivers in the contiguous 48 United States, but they are not open to the ocean (e.g. the Yellowstone, which joins the Missouri, which is dammed). The Delaware River has no dams on the 330 mile long mainstem, and opens to the Atlantic Ocean.
I have been looking for information on water column DO, pH, SST , Chl-a, POC for areas in the peninsula near the glaciers vs the Southern Shetland Inland with no luck. Any information available to look for the main differences? Mostly influence of freshwater inputs to the fjords at the peninsula.
When editing a recent publication the editor does not recognize the journal "History of Oceanography Yearbook (0943-5697)". Why?
I am new to using SWAN (Simulating Waves Near Shore) Model. Is there any helpful guides or tutorials that can be used to explain how to use this software?
The capability of phython to solve problems is increasing day by day and hence wish to get a basic introduction to the language, specifically to solve oceanography problems.
In this part in addition to new subjects, I have highlighted some of responses from previous sections for further discussion. Please leave you comments to support/weaken any of the following statements:
1) @Harry ten Brink recapitulated a summary of a proof that CO2 is such an important Greenhouse component/gas. Here is a summary of this argument:
"a) Satellites' instruments measure the radiation coming up from the Earth and Atmosphere.
b) The emission of CO2 at the maximum of the terrestrial radiation at 15 micrometer.
b1. The low amount of this radiation emitted upwards: means that "back-radiation" towards the Earth is high.
b2. Else said the emission is from a high altitude in the atmosphere and with more CO2 the emission is from an even higher altitude where it is cooler. That means that the emission upwards is less. This is called in meteorology a "forcing", because it implies that less radiation /energy is emitted back into space compared to the energy coming in from the sun.
The atmosphere warms so the energy out becomes equals the solar radiation coming in. Summary of the Greenhouse Effect."
At first glance, this reasoning seems plausible. Nevertheless, it is based on these assumptions that the contribution of CO2 is not negligible and any other gas like N2O and Ozone has minor effect. The structure of this argument is supported by an article by Schmidt et al., 2010:
By using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) ModelE radiation module, the authors claim that "water vapor is the dominant contributor (∼50% of the effect), followed by clouds (∼25%) and then CO2 with ∼20%. All other absorbers play only minor roles. In a doubled CO2 scenario, this allocation is essentially unchanged, even though the magnitude of the total greenhouse effect is significantly larger than the initial radiative forcing, underscoring the importance of feedbacks from water vapour and clouds to climate sensitivity."
The following notions probably will shed light on the aforementioned argument for better understanding the premises:
Q1) Is there any observational data to support the overall upward/downward IR radiation because of CO2?
Q2) How can we separate practically the contribution of water vapor from anthropogenic CO2?
Q3) What are the deficiencies of the (GISS) ModelE radiation module, if any?
Q4) Some facts, causes, data, etc relevant to this argument, which presented by NASA, strongly support this argument (see: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/)
Q5) Stebbins et al, (1994) showed that there exists "A STRONG INFRARED RADIATION FROM MOLECULAR NITROGEN IN THE NIGHT SKY" (thanks to @Brendan Godwin for mentioning about this paper). As more than 78% of the dry air contains nitrogen, so the contribution of this element is not negligible.
2) The mean global temperature is not a good diagnostic to study the sensitivity to global forcing. Because given a change in this mean value, it is almost impossible to attribute it to global forcing. Zonal and meridional distribution of heat flux and temperature are not uniform on the earth, so the mean temperature value is misleading.
3) "The IPCC model outputs show that the equilibrium response of mean temperature to a doubling of CO2 is about 3C while for the other observational approaches this value is less than 1C." (R. Lindzen). What is wrong with these propositions?
4) What is the role of the thermohaline circulation (THC) in global warming (or the other way around)? It is known that during Heinrich events and Dansgaard‐Oeschger (DO) millennial oscillations, the climate was subject to a number of rapid cooling and warming with a rate much more than what we see in recent decades. In the literature, these events were most probably associated with north-south shifts in convection location of the THC. The formation speed of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) affects northerly advection velocity of the warm subtropical waters that would normally heat/cool the atmosphere of Greenland and western Europe.
I really appreciate all the researchers who have participated in these discussions with their useful remarks, particularly Harry ten Brink, Filippo Maria Denaro, Tapan K. Sengupta, Jonathan David Sands, John Joseph Geibel, Aleš Kralj, Brendan Godwin, Ahmed Abdelhameed, Jorge Morales Pedraza, Amarildo de Oliveira Ferraz, Dimitris Poulos, William Sokeland, John M Wheeldon, Joseph Tham, and Boris Winterhalter.
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Link to the discussions of Global Warming (Part 1):
Link to the discussions of Global Warming (Part 2):
Link to the discussions of Global Warming (Part 3):
Oceanography is the scientific study of the ocean. It is related to marine physics and biology. However, oceanographers are not only studying ocean life, but also other areas. So what is the importance and role of oceanography, in general, and especially in underdeveloped countries?
I want to calculate MLD from CTD data, while going through the literature I found different criteria for density (0.1, 0.3, 0.03, 0.25 etc density difference from the surface). What determines the density difference?
I am attempting to culture aerobic marine methanotrophs and was planning on plating them on seawater agar. I keep finding references to 'aged' seawater in media recipes and was wondering what the necessity of aging the seawater in the dark is? If the aging is necessary, should I filter sterilize or autoclave the seawater prior to aging or just before media prep?
Thanks for your input!
Anyone out there who can help me get this article: bMcCartney M., Bruce L. Floating breakwater design. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering. 1985
Esteemed Geoscientist,
May I request you to kindly provide me an opportunity for joint research work on seismic oceanography
WITH BEST REGARDS
SUNJAY
I need to faceting and make some grammar's style to a temperature-salinity (TS) diagram and using the OCE package is not the solution. Everything can be done quite easily by using the ggplot2 package, except (as far as I know) for the incorporation of isopycnal lines. I have the isopycnals calculated from the function DrawIsopycal() and from our own database, but I haven't figure out yet hot to implement there inside ggplot2, any suggestion?
Downwelling due to negative wind curl.
Submarine groundwater discharge is a very common topic of research nowadays and there are a lot of studies investigating about it but when was this term invented and by who?
Looking in published papers the first time that I can find it was in 1991 by Vladimir Vanek and David Robert Lee in Limnology and Oceanography but maybe it has been used before?
I'm trying to plot U and V vectors in ArcGIS. I followed the method:
In which, point no. 7) Choose <expression> in the drop-down list was not available in 9.3 version.
To do this in other way, I added a field in the attribute table "Rotation".
Using Filed Calculator, I tried the 'function' written in point no. 9)
9). Specify one of the following expression:
Oceanographic Convention: (180/3.14) * Atn2([u],[v])
Meteorological Convention: (180/3.14) * Atn2([u],[v])+180
It was failed due to error in the code.
What is the correct code to write the "Oceanographic Convention: (180/3.14) * Atn2([u],[v])"?
Or is the any other way to plot in Arc?
Thanks.
Mauna Loa Observatory of Hawaii has the longest record of direct measurements of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere
These observations were initially started by C. David Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in March of 1958 at a facility of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
NOAA started its own CO2 measurements in May of 1974, and they have run in parallel with those made by Scripps since then.
So basically, this website was a primary source for seeking the information of recent Trends of Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere.
Was it really necessary to shut down updating the website, knowing the fact that, CO2 is a one of the major key driver of global warming in this changing climate?
I want to publish my review paper in any reputed journal, but the time duration is less. Are there any free journals available to publish with in 2 months? Otherwise can you list trustworthy paid journals?
I am getting all other data sets like Relative Humidity, U-wind, V-wind etc. in NCEP site (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.pressure.html), But I am requiring Relative Vorticity in pressure levels. Can someone shed light on whether such product is available or not ?
Regularly, geodesists at international colloquium wonder what is the next big step in geodesy (see Geodesy and its future, A. Dermanis & F. Sanso /the role of geodesy – C. Rizos – FIG 2012). If we exclude engineering applications associated with the rise of GNSS and all the new constellations (GLONASS, Beidou, Gallileo,…) which will indubitably promote new technological niches in the Location Based Services market beyond navigation and tracking applications.
We are then left with the applications of geodesy to geosciences a.k.a environmental geodesy- e.g. . the study of reference frame in geophysics with plate tectonics movement & earth rotation; oceanography with multiple applications including the measurements of tides, height datum and bathymetry; in climate change – geodesists estimate the sea-level rise around the world. Nowadays, geodesists need to analyse different satellite missions (GNSS, GRACE, satellite altimetry …) and correlate various observations in order to produce robust models and describe/discover new natural phenomena. Thus, does the future of environmental geodesy rely on AI and big data algorithms to process & analyse large amount of data and build empirical models used in the analysis/prediction of natural phenomena? With the need to monitor closely climate change, geodesists will be involved in studies involving the data analysis of future satellite missions (see my previous question on “big data and climate change”).
Last but not least, with the willingness of exploring Mars and other planets, a future field of interest may be the application of geodesy in the analysis of geophysical phenomena occurring on those planets…. What do you think?
Hello everyone!!
im just wondering, is it possible to find the hourly Tidal levels?
if we have understood the different factors contributing the Tidal levels, i guess it is possible to determine the Tidal wave levels.
i'm from the different background i don't know whether the techniques have developed for the estimation/deterimining the Tidal levels.
so please suggest if there is some method as such?
hello everyone!!!
we are doing rainfall runoff mdelling Using SWAT.
we have two gauging sites where levels are measured.
one locations is weir and another one is controll crossestion.
both the locations are very close to sea. levels measured at both the sites are affected by the sea level variations.
i would like to correct these levels before using it for callibration and validation (we have stage disgharge relationship to convert levels into discharge) .
Note: we dont have the sea levels data.
Hi,
Can anyone provide me the link which are free to download relative humidity (with hourly temporal resolution) with 1 day real time lag?.
Thanks & Regards,
Malleswararao M
The pubs in question seem to be in genetics or biochem. All of my work has been in ocean engineering, oceanography and marine forensics. This is a bookkeeping question for the website builders / maintainers and not a science question.
Is there a way to mask out non-ocean chlorophyll values (e.g., from lakes) in global SeaWiFS products using SeaDAS or python?
I would like to perform statistical analyzes on ocean-only chlorophyll values from global SeaWiFS mapped L3 climatological products.
Cheers, Nicolas
Hi,
I would like to know why we do normalized mass weighting. Suppose if I have spatial data(lat,lon,height,time) of CO2 could anyone help me to find out mass weighting using this data?
Or at least use the sentence waves above waves. If you can provide the source that would be great.
I'm trying to stack some seismograms and find the best one. At present, I use the maximum amplitude on the stacked traces to represent whether it's good or not and it looks not bad. However, I think the maximum amplitude doesn't include all information such as the width of the stacked pulse. i.e. The one of maximum amplitude may not have the narrowest pulse width. So do we have some statistics which can determine which stacked trace is better more comperhensively?
Some time ago, I have seen a paper referring the size of WPWP, possibly using dynamic SST or heat budget？ that means the size of WPWP was definited by heat budget not SST for Holocene and LGM. The conclusion is LGM WPWP size is similar to the Holocene. But, I can not find the paper! If you know this, Please send me this referene.Thanks
I have a deep sea sedimentary core of 4.3m length. I subsampled the whole core with 1cm interval. Now,I would to do microfaunal analysis. So, I need suggestion for selecting sub sample for better microfaunal analysis.
Hi everyone,
I have a huge data of water temperature in different depth. in the other hand, I have Lat, Long, Depth and Temperature Value. I want to draw vertical transect of the data. What Software is the best and easy for this?
thanks a lot.
I want to use ocean data view to view my data (salinity, water temperature and bathymetry) for use in my research
Higher concentration of certain dissolved gas in subsurface will diffuse into the surface layer with lower concentration of this dissolve gases via eddy diffusion, if the stratification is strong and the gradient of dissolve concentrtion presents between these two layers. Assuming that there is a layer of cold winter water in the polar ocean, contains higher concentration of the dissolved gas than that of below layer but undersaturated with this gas, whereas the below layer is oversaturated with the gas, but with lower gas concentration then what will the direction of eddy diffusion be? from the undersatruated, higher dissolved gas concentration cold water to the oversaturated, lower dissolve gas concentration warm water or on other way round.
I want to divide my ocean data into 5 groups: North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Indian. Does anyone know the dataset or R package doing this?
Many thanks!
Lei
in a eries of recent papers on clilmate variations (e.g : Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide, Hansen et al 2013) the deep ocean temperature and Sea level variations are evaluated adopting a linear dependence of both from d18O of deep see sediments.
This choice implies the assumption that sea temperatures and sea levels are linearly correlated as show in the diagram (red line . calculated with eqs 3.3-3.6 of Hanseb et al 2013).
The blue is based on yhe original estimates of Zachos (T) and the independent data set of Haq on sea level variations during Phanerozoic. The only manipulation is a linear interpolation of data astride the temporal intervals to get values of T and SL at corresponding times spaced of 50ka.
The blue curve provides a set of independently estimated geological constraints that any climatic model has to fulfill. The red lines are an artifact introduced by the implicit hypothesis of linear dependence between T and SL. DO YOU TRUST SUCH MODELS?
Hi, everyone!
Now I have a set of heave/pitch/roll and buoy azimuth data of a floating buoy. But I don't know how to compute the wave slope of x/y axis.
According to Longuest-Higgins(1963), I calculate the direction of wave propagation theta by the pitching, rolling angle and buoy azimuth, then I use these equations: elevation(t)*cos(theta(t)) and elevation(t)*sin(theta(t)) to do Fourier transform and finally multiply k(w)^2 to obtain C22 and C33,, which k is wavenumber and w is circular frequency of wave. But the results indicate the method is incorrect.
Hope to get advice.
Many thanks~
Bob
Nutrients, SPM, POM, Chl-a is high in high salinity region of the estuary. And table Isotopes signature values of C and N of POM, SOM and Phytoplankton are also high in the same region of salinity??
Can someone please help me to understand why its happening?
I have modeled Persian Gulf (salinity, temperature, and currents) by using FVCOM model. meteorological data have downloaded in ECMWF web site. The model had unstabled before 2 year Run and temperature decrease to -20 degree centigrade.
Now I know the problem is heat flux data. Can anyone help me about "Net surface heat flux" and "Shortwave irradiation flux at the surface (w/m2)"?
1- Where can I obtain "Net surface heat flux and Shortwave irradiation flux at the surface (w/m2)"?
2- How can I change heat flux coefficient in FVCOM model?
Currentmeter data (u, and v current, and temperature at 35m depth) have no correlations with local longshore wind. However, if I calculate the theoretical Ekman transport (or upwelling), I get some reasonable numbers. I am wondering if I can invoke the above lack of correlation to ignorer Ekman theory in my study region. Or should I proceed with some caution by assuming only a fraction of the theoretical Ekman transport actually occurs despite no correlation between wind and current? Where should the factor for the fraction come from? There is one limitation: I don’t have measurements at depths shallower than 35 m to look at correlations with the wind. The Ekman depth at my location is roughly 30 m.
The weight function acts as a weight that determines the relative contribution of
each layer to the total radiance out the top of the atmosphere
at that wavelength. However, how to plot it by matlab, fortran or other tools? Can you help me?Thank you!
i`m a Master degree candidate,i need a literature'Statistical variability of sea state parameters as a function of wave spectrum' to obtain a formula in it .but i can`t download it anywhere
