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Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
  • asked a question related to Ocean
Are we marching towards significant variations in ocean salinity resulting from climate change?
Question
1 answer
  • 22 Dec 2024
Climate Change and Oceanography
1. Are we marching towards enhanced ocean acidity resulting from climate change?
Whether the uptake of atmospheric CO2 and its subsequent increases in dissolved CO2 has significantly lowered ocean pH?
Has it significantly reduced carbonate ion concentrations below critical calcium carbonate saturation thresholds for marine and aquatic organism growth?
Whether lowered pH has paved way for more favorable conditions for toxic algal blooms?
2. Are we marching towards significant variations in ocean salinity resulting from climate change?
Whether, changes in currents, sea ice brine rejection and net freshwater flux in the ocean has significantly altered ocean salinity with effects on mixed layer structure, density stratification and the vertical movement of nutrients and marine organisms?
3. Whether climate change has led to a significant warming of ocean, and in turn, led to an increased stratification that essentially has reduced the oxygen content of the ocean?
Has it led to an expansion of oxygen minimum zones in the open ocean?
4. Whether the fundamental structure of ocean warming has been affected so far significantly from climate change; which in turn, has impacted the intensity of upper-ocean stratification and the timing and strength of coastal upwelling?
Has it altered the vertical transport of oxygen-rich and nutrients-rich waters that affect fishery and marine ecosystem productivity?
5. Have we ended up with marine heat waves, so far, resulting from climate change, which essentially push water temperatures above critical threshold values; and eventually, leading to (a) coral bleaching episodes; (b) undesirable algal blooms that significantly disrupts ecosystems, tourism and human health; (c) species shifts?
6. As on date, do we have a significant shift in thermal zones that affects the suitability of fisheries and marine/coastal species habitat and migration-routes in any ocean resulting from enhancement in mean ocean temperature (associated with climate change)?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan, Professor [HAG]
IIT Madras 22-Dec-2024
Relevant answer
  • 23 Dec 2024
Answer
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Climate change has a significant impact on oceanography, particularly in the context of ocean acidity, which is often referred to as ocean acidification. Here are the answers to your questions:
Marching towards increased ocean acidity: Yes, oceans are heavily affected by climate change, and ocean acidity is increasing as a result of atmospheric CO₂ absorption. The excess carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere due to human activities (such as burning fossil fuels) is absorbed by the oceans. When CO₂ reacts with water, carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) is formed, which then dissociates in water, lowering the pH. This leads to increased ocean acidity.
Has the increase in dissolved CO₂ significantly lowered ocean pH? Yes, the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration leads to a significant rise in dissolved CO₂ in the ocean, which causes the water's pH to drop. Oceans have become more acidic by about 0.1 pH units since the beginning of industrialization, and projections indicate that this trend will continue. The decrease in ocean pH presents a major challenge for marine life.
Has the concentration of carbonate ions decreased significantly below critical saturation thresholds for calcium carbonate? Yes, the increase in ocean acidity causes a reduction in the concentration of carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻), which are important for many marine organisms, such as corals, mollusks, and certain plankton species. Carbonate ions are necessary for the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), which organisms use to build their shells or skeletons. As ocean acidity increases, the solubility of calcium carbonate rises, making it harder for organisms to accumulate it. This can lead to negative effects on the growth and survival of these organisms, and in some cases, it may even result in a reduction in coral reef areas or the degradation of marine ecosystems.
Marching towards significant variations in ocean salinity as a result of climate change: Yes, climate change leads to significant variations in ocean salinity. Changes in temperature and precipitation, as well as the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, affect the distribution and concentration of salt in the ocean. For example, global warming leads to increased evaporation in some regions and increased precipitation in others, which can cause changes in salinity. Additionally, the melting of sea ice, caused by rising temperatures, can introduce larger amounts of fresh water into the ocean, which decreases salinity in those areas.
Have changes in ocean currents, the release of saltwater from sea ice, and the net flow of freshwater into the ocean significantly altered ocean salinity with effects on the structure of mixed layers, density stratification, and vertical movement of nutrients and marine organisms? Yes, changes in ocean currents, the melting of sea ice, and the introduction of fresh water into the oceans can significantly alter salinity, which has profound consequences for ocean structure and dynamics. The impact on mixed ocean layers and density stratification can lead to changes in vertical water movement, disrupting the natural processes of water mixing from different layers. Ocean stratification is formed by differences in water density, which depend on temperature and salinity. When fresh water is introduced into the ocean (for example, due to sea ice melting), it decreases the density of water in surface layers, which can hinder natural mixing of deeper water layers, as the density difference becomes larger.
These changes can have a significant impact on the vertical movement of nutrients and marine organisms. Nutrients in deeper waters may remain trapped in lower layers if there is insufficient mixing with surface waters, which can limit the availability of these nutrients to surface-dwelling marine organisms. This may affect plankton production and, as a consequence, the entire food chain, threatening marine ecosystems.
Have climate changes led to significant ocean warming, and in turn, increased stratification which has essentially reduced oxygen levels in the ocean? Yes, climate change has led to significant ocean warming. The temperature of ocean surfaces has increased as a result of global warming, which has resulted in increased ocean stratification. Stratification occurs when warmer, lighter water is held at the surface, while cooler, denser water remains deeper. This surface warm water makes it more difficult for natural mixing of ocean layers, reducing circulation and the transfer of oxygen into deeper layers. As warmer surface waters hold oxygen, deeper layers of the ocean become more oxygen-poor. This can lead to a significant decrease in oxygen concentrations in deeper ocean waters.
Has this led to the expansion of oxygen minimum zones in the open ocean? Yes, ocean warming and increased stratification have led to the expansion of oxygen minimum zones in the open ocean. These zones, known as anoxic zones, where oxygen levels are low, are expanding as deeper waters become increasingly oxygen-depleted. Ocean currents and mixing that would normally transfer oxygen to deeper layers become less efficient, causing these oxygen minimum zones to increase in both extent and depth. These changes can have serious consequences for marine ecosystems, as many marine species depend on oxygen and may be threatened in these zones.
Have climate changes significantly affected the fundamental structure of ocean heating; in turn, affecting the intensity of upper ocean stratification and the timing and strength of coastal upwelling? Yes, climate change has significantly affected the structure of ocean heating. The warming of the ocean surface due to global warming leads to increased stratification of the upper ocean, where warmer water remains at the surface, and cooler water stays deeper. This increased stratification can lead to reduced water circulation between the surface and deeper layers, affecting coastal currents and coastal upwelling (the rise in sea level in coastal areas). These changes are linked to changes in ocean current dynamics and can result in alterations to coastal ecosystems, as the intensity and duration of coastal upwelling depend on deep ocean circulation, which becomes more restricted due to increased stratification. Has there been a change in the vertical transport of oxygen-rich and nutrient-rich waters that affect the productivity of fisheries and marine ecosystems? Yes, climate change has led to changes in vertical water transport. Under normal conditions, warm surface waters mix with cooler, nutrient-rich waters from deeper layers, allowing oxygen and nutrients to be available for organic processes in the upper ocean layers. However, increased stratification that accompanies ocean warming hinders this natural mixing, as warmer surface water prevents deeper mixing. As a result, lower levels of oxygen and nutrients in surface waters can significantly impact phytoplankton production, which is the base of the marine food chain. This can reduce fishery productivity and affect the health and stability of marine ecosystems, as many species depend on the availability of these resources.
  • Have we already experienced the end of marine heatwaves, which are a result of climate change, pushing water temperatures above critical threshold values? No, we have not seen the end of marine heatwaves. On the contrary, climate change continues to lead to more frequent and intense marine heatwaves. These heatwaves are periods when sea temperatures exceed critical thresholds, causing severe consequences for marine ecosystems. It is expected that this phenomenon will become increasingly frequent as global temperatures rise, impacting biological processes in the oceans.
  • Have marine heatwaves led to (a) coral bleaching episodes? Yes, marine heatwaves have led to coral bleaching episodes. When sea temperatures exceed a certain threshold, corals experience stress and expel their symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae), which provide them with nutrients. This leads to coral bleaching, as corals lose their color and turn white. If high temperatures persist for long periods, corals may die, which has severe consequences for coral reef ecosystems.
  • Have marine heatwaves led to (b) harmful algal blooms that significantly disrupt ecosystems, tourism, and human health? Yes, marine heatwaves have led to harmful algal blooms, which can have catastrophic effects on marine ecosystems. These algal blooms, often referred to as toxic algal blooms, can cause poisoning in marine organisms, as well as degrade water quality, threatening both tourism and human health. The accumulation of large amounts of algae on the surface can also deplete oxygen levels in the water, impacting marine life.
  • Have marine heatwaves led to (c) changes in species composition? Yes, marine heatwaves have caused changes in species composition in marine ecosystems. Most species that are sensitive to temperature changes, such as corals, certain fish, and plankton, may be forced to migrate to cooler areas or may go extinct if sea temperatures are too high. On the other hand, some species that are more resistant to higher temperatures may thrive, leading to ecosystem imbalances and changes in the structure of marine communities.
To date, have there been significant shifts in thermal zones that affect the suitability of habitats for fisheries and marine/coastal species, as well as migration pathways in any ocean as a result of the increase in ocean average temperature (linked to climate change)? Yes, to date, there have been significant shifts in the thermal zones of the oceans as a result of climate change, affecting the suitability of habitats for fisheries and marine/coastal species, as well as migration pathways. The increase in average ocean temperatures leads to a shift in thermal zones toward higher latitudes, changing the habitat range of many species. These changes cause some species to migrate to cooler waters, while others that prefer warmer temperatures expand their territories. This impacts fisheries production, as fish and other marine animals change their migration routes, often moving outside traditional fishing areas. Additionally, coastal species can be threatened due to changes in water temperature, as they depend on specific temperature ranges. These shifts can disrupt ecosystems and affect economies reliant on fisheries and other marine resources.
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Abdul Malek
Abdul Malek
  • asked a question related to Ocean
Can a Philosopher or a Poet, in few Words Point to a Profound Objective, Universal, Historical and Dialectical Truth, All in One?
Question
1 answer
  • 29 Nov 2024
The following in English translations are suggested, recent ones first, which are specially important for the present epoch of history. Can you suggest some more or comment on any?
Bengali Poet Rabindranath Tagore (1861 -1941, A.D.). English Trans., A.M.
“The ones you put down by force
Will tie you down in recourse!
The ones you left behind in neglect
Are, for ever, pulling you back”!
German Philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 – 1831, A.D.)
“There can be no Matter without Motion and no Motion without Matter”.
German Polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 – 1832, A.D)
“All that Exists Deserves to Perish” (Alles was Entesteht, ist Wert, dass es Zugrunde Gehet, The words of Mephistopheles in “Faust”)
Persian Poet Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī - جلال‌الدین محمّد رومی (1207 – 1273, A.D.)
“You are not a Drop in the Ocean, You ARE the Entire Ocean in a Drop”!
Greek Philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ἡράκλειτος, Herakleitos; ~ 535 – ~475, B.C.)
“Everything Changes due to Inner Conflict”
Relevant answer
  • 20 Dec 2024
Answer
Yes, a philosopher or poet can point to a profound, objective, universal, historical, and dialectical truth in a few words. However, this depends on the density of the language used, the layers of meaning it contains, and the audience's capacity to understand it. Below are some key points that address this question:
1. The Intensity of Poetic and Philosophical Language
  • Condensed Meaning: Poets and philosophers often infuse their words with profound meaning, enabling them to point to great truths in a limited number of words. For example:Poet: Yunus Emre's line "There is a self within my self" encapsulates the complexity of the human soul, inner depths, and the concept of self in a single sentence. Philosopher: Descartes' "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am) expresses a fundamental truth of human existence and serves as the starting point of his philosophy.
2. Universality and Timelessness
  • Universal Truths: Universal truths often transcend time and space, addressing fundamental questions of human existence. Poets and philosophers can articulate these truths using minimalist language.For example, Rumi's "Come, whoever you are" speaks to the universal human desire for acceptance and tolerance. Heraclitus’ “You cannot step into the same river twice” articulates the universal truth of perpetual change in existence.
3. The Dialectical Perspective
  • Unity of Opposites: Dialectical thought often revolves around the idea that contradictions and opposites complement and define each other. Poets and philosophers can express this deep concept in just a few words.Friedrich Hegel’s "Reality is the unity of opposites" lays the foundation of dialectical methodology. Poets use this approach through symbolic and metaphorical imagery. For example, Nazım Hikmet’s “To live like a tree, single and free, and like a forest, in brotherhood” reflects the dialectical relationship between individual freedom and collective unity.
4. Historical and Cultural Context
  • Historical Depth: Some expressions reflect the historical realities of a particular era while delivering a universal message.Karl Marx’s "History repeats itself, first as tragedy, then as farce" encapsulates the cyclical nature of historical processes and humanity’s role in them from a historical and dialectical standpoint. Poets convey the emotional depth of historical events in a few words. For instance, Attilâ İlhan’s “Which poem can alter the heart of a nation?” invites deep reflection on the relationship between literature and history.
5. Succinct and Profound Expression of the Human Condition
  • Depth and Minimalism: Fundamental truths about the human condition are often expressed most effectively in the fewest words.Socrates’ "The unexamined life is not worth living" captures the universal pursuit of self-understanding and growth. Poets harmonize this minimalism with poetic aesthetics, creating both philosophical and aesthetic depth. For example, T.S. Eliot’s “Our lives are a story that ends in shadows” questions the transience and meaning of existence.
Conclusion
A philosopher or poet can indeed point to profound, objective, universal, historical, and dialectical truths in a few words. Such expressions rely on the capacity of both philosophy and poetry to convey dense meanings. These words serve as building blocks open to interpretation by the reader or listener while shedding light on universal human experiences. Therefore, both poets and philosophers wield the power of language to offer timeless insights to humanity.
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Samir Touzani
Samir Touzani
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Do you think it's time to declare a global climate emergency after the letter was sent by 42 scientists to the Nordic governments ?
Question
4 answers
  • 16 Dec 2024
https://www.icos-cp.eu/news-and-events/news/scientists-warn-collapse-atlantic-meridional-overturning-circulation-amoc
At the end of October, 42 climate scientists sent an open letter to the Nordic Council of Ministers, urging them to draw attention to the major ocean circulation change in the Atlantic. “A string of scientific studies in the past few years suggests that this risk has so far been greatly underestimated”, they write. ICOS Ocean stations in the North Atlantic monitor the situation closely and can provide near-real-time data on any possible changes in the AMOC strength.
The risk of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) collapsing is higher than previously estimated, warns a group of 42 climate scientists in their open letter to the Nordic Council of Ministers. The AMOC is a system of ocean currents that transports warm water into the North Atlantic and provides Europe its mild climate. The latest IPCC report in 2021 estimated with medium confidence that the AMOC “will not collapse abruptly before 2100, but if it were to occur, it would very likely cause abrupt shifts in regional weather patterns, and large impacts on ecosystems and human activities.”
Relevant answer
  • 18 Dec 2024
Answer
Samir Touzani
Haven't you already adapted to much colder climate in Canada, something what apparently should be deemed as remarkable achievement, as you suggest that for inhabitants of Scandinavia it would be "impossible"?
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Dariusz Prokopowicz
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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How can instruments and systems for the conservation of nature, the biosphere, the biodiversity of marine and ocean coral reefs be improved?
Question
5 answers
  • 27 Aug 2022
How can instruments and systems for the conservation of nature, the biosphere, the highly biodiverse coral reef ecosystems of the seas and oceans be improved?
The ongoing process of global warming is also causing, among other things, an increase in the temperature of the seas and oceans. This increase in temperature and the increase in the scale of water pollution in the seas and oceans is causing the death of coral reefs, which have formed over millions of years and have developed the most biodiverse ecosystems of the seas and oceans.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:
How can instruments and systems for the conservation of nature, of the biosphere, of the highly biodiverse coral reef ecosystems of the seas and oceans be improved?
What is your opinion on this?
What do you think about this topic?
Please reply,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Relevant answer
  • 15 Dec 2024
Answer
Polluting shipwrecks are the ticking time-bomb at the bottom of our oceans
"At the bottom of the oceans and seas lie more than 8,500 shipwrecks from two world wars. These wrecks have been estimated to contain as much as 6 billion gallons of oil, as well as munitions, toxic heavy metals and even chemical weapons.
For decades, these wrecks have largely lain out of sight and out of mind. But all this time, their structures have been degrading, inexorably increasing the chances of sudden releases of toxic substances into the marine environment.
In parts of the globe, climate change is exacerbating this risk. Rising ocean temperatures, acidification and increasing storminess accelerate the breakdown of these wrecks...
How many of these wrecks pose a threat to people’s safety, to coastal communities and to the environment? What can be done – and why haven’t we done it sooner?...
Mapping the problem is the key.
Work by researchers such as Paul Heersink have drawn together different datasets to help visualise the scale of the challenge. Yet these figures, and the position of dots on maps, may also give a false sense of certainty...
There is an ongoing global push to improve our mapping of ocean space under the auspices of the Seabed 2030 project, which is looking to reach a universal resolution of 100x100m. That means one “pixel” of information would be equivalent to about two football pitches. This will be transformative for our understanding of the ocean floor, but will not reveal the detail of all those things that you could hide within those two football pitches (which includes quite a few wrecks)...
Advances in subsea drones known as Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), which are fitted with an array of sensors to measure the seabed and detect pollutants, could help enhance our knowledge about the locations of wrecks, what they’re carrying and their state of deterioration. AUVs can provide relatively cheap, high resolution data that produces fewer emissions than a comparable survey campaign conducted from a large research vessel...
Action is needed now, driven by a robust regulatory and funding framework, and technical standards for remediation. A global partnership – codenamed Project Tangaroa – has been convened to stimulate that framework – but political will and financing is required to make it a reality.
Through targeted archival and survey work, and by sharing data and ideas, we can chart a course to a future where the sea is not a place where we ignore things today that will threaten us tomorrow..."
https://theconversation.com/polluting-shipwrecks-are-the-ticking-time-bomb-at-the-bottom-of-our-oceans-242941
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Giorgio Ramundo
Giorgio Ramundo
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Can I estimate or elaborate a simple model to estimate cost production of water for a sample of islands for different technologies to compare them?
Question
1 answer
  • 13 Dec 2024
I am working on a thesis project where I have to quantify the impact of independence for isalnds among various sectors (energy, water, mobility, waste) for some aspects (direct economic impact, employment, co2 emissions). The main difficult is to fidn data about costs and quantity. Not finding data water costs I would like to elaborate a simple model to estimate them aproximately identifying some specificality for different islands (ex. for desalination technology I could insert some parameter considering temperature and salinity of ocean water in different regions because these factors impact energy consumption of the process and costs consequently). Estimating costs for different technologies I could estimate savings switching from actual technology (often tank shipped from mainland) to an indipendent scenario.
Relevant answer
  • 14 Dec 2024
Answer
Yes, you can estimate or elaborate a simple cost-production model for water on islands using different technologies. Here's a step-by-step guide:
1. Define the Scope
  • Objective: Compare the cost of water production using different technologies.
  • Sample islands: Select islands with varied geographic, climatic, and demographic characteristics.
2. Identify Water Production Technologies
Examples:
  • Desalination (e.g., reverse osmosis, thermal distillation).
  • Rainwater harvesting.
  • Groundwater extraction.
  • Transported water (via tankers or pipelines).
3. Outline the Key Cost Components
For each technology, identify:
  1. Capital costs: Infrastructure, installation.
  2. Operating costs: Energy, labor, maintenance, chemicals.
  3. Transportation costs: If applicable (e.g., tankers, pipelines).
  4. Environmental costs: Waste management, emissions.
  5. Other costs: Permits, insurance, etc.
4. Gather Data
  • Technology-specific data: Cost and efficiency metrics for each technology.
  • Island-specific data: Population, demand, resources, climate, and energy availability.
  • External data: Energy prices, raw material costs.
5. Create a Cost Estimation Model
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Abolfazl Saghafi
Abolfazl Saghafi
  • asked a question related to Ocean
Does anyone have any suggestions for improving and developing underwater wireless optical communications?
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1 answer
  • 11 Nov 2024
Hello
Can anyone suggest me ideas and methods to improve underwater wireless optical communications in seas and oceans? It includes everything that can be implemented now and ideas that can be implemented with future research and development.
Relevant answer
  • 23 Nov 2024
Answer
Something close - here is a link on Underwater Wireless Acoustic Communication https://tetcos.com/underwater_networks.html. New protocols can be implemented within the simulator.
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Capitã Cíntia Cardoso
Capitã Cíntia Cardoso
  • asked a question related to Ocean
Understanding the carbon cycle in the oceans is essential to face the challenges of global warming.
Question
2 answers
  • 1 Sept 2024
Dear educators,
It is with great appreciation that I address you. The role of educators is fundamental in the formation of individuals and in the construction of a more just and conscious society. The dedication, commitment and passion that you demonstrate daily are inspirations for many.
Understanding the carbon cycle in the oceans is essential to face the challenges of global warming.
The oceans play a vital role in the carbon cycle, absorbing approximately a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted into the atmosphere. This process is carried out through marine photosynthesis, where phytoplankton and marine vegetation convert CO₂ into oxygen and organic carbon, which serves as food for countless species. Thus, preserving marine biodiversity is essential for the healthy functioning of this cycle.
Furthermore, ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO₂, threatens not only corals and other marine species, but also the oceans’ ability to act as a carbon sink. Therefore, research and education on the biogeochemical processes that occur in the marine environment are essential.
The Blue Amazon, with its vast marine wealth, needs to be valued and protected. The adoption of public policies aimed at protecting the oceans and promoting sustainable development practices are crucial steps to ensure that the carbon cycle continues to function efficiently.
The importance of educating and engaging society on this issue cannot be underestimated. Understanding the marine carbon cycle and its implications helps us develop more effective strategies for mitigating climate change, ensuring a healthier and more sustainable planet for all.
Captain Cintia Cardoso
Specialist in Marine Sciences
Master's student in Marine Science and Technology
Postgraduate student in Marine Biology
Physical Education - Bachelor's and Bachelor's degrees CREF 016036 G/SC
Postgraduate degree in Physical Education Teaching Methodology
CFAQ (MAC/MOM) - CFAQ (MOP/POP) - CFAQ (PEP) 2023 MB
Relevant answer
  • 6 Oct 2024
Answer
The subject of geography (Includes carbon cycle) that used to be taught at schools (in Canada among others) should return now that we have a problem with the weather.
The global warming trend ("the summer of 2024 was the warmest ever" in history) also should be explained. We used to think that CO2 was the only guilty party, now it turns out that water vapour, being the stronger "greenhouse gas" is doing the most damage to our temperature and warming of the oceans.
I don't know about Brazil, but here in middle Canada the humidity used to be in the 30% range has jumped to 70 % in the last 5 years or more.
Once school children and university students are aware of these phenomena some action could be taken. As for todays adults we are too busy making weapons and killing each other, so that little action has been undertaken.
Pity!
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Jyothika Karkala
Jyothika Karkala
  • asked a question related to Ocean
What are the projections used in CMIP6 data?
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1 answer
  • 27 Sept 2024
In the EC-Earth3-Veg model, all land-atmosphere datasets have a spatial reference of GCS_WGS_1984. However, the ocean datasets, such as sea surface temperature (tos) and sea surface salinity (sos), do not have any spatial reference assigned. What steps can I take to resolve this discrepancy and assign a proper spatial reference to the ocean data?
Relevant answer
  • 28 Sept 2024
Answer
Usually, the coordinates (latitude and longitude) of a point on the land surface are recalculated to the surface of the Earth's rotation ellipsoid. This surface is defined analytically. Unfortunately, different formulas are applied. Other algorithms are used to measure height.
In your case, the coordinates (latitude, longitude and height XYZ) are given in the geocentric system WGS84. Its center is the center of mass of the Earth.
The coordinates (latitude, longitude and height) of points on the ocean surface are usually recalculated to the geoid surface. Correct (exact) recalculation from the geoid surface to the ellipsoid surface is impossible due to the fact that the geoid shape is dynamic. For this reason, recalculation of the ocean depth map to the seabed relief map is carried out with errors. For example, in the Baltic height system, the Black Sea level in Odessa is 2.4 m lower than in Batumi. In reality, according to satellite altimeters, the sea level in Odessa is 10 m higher than in Batumi.
Answer to your question. If the ocean measurements are taken from a satellite, then they are in WGS84 and you have XYZ in common with the land.
If the sea measurements are taken from a ship, then you only have XY (latitude and longitude) in common; you additionally need to convert the Mercator projection to a rectangular one.
It is impossible in principle to precisely match the land relief and the seabed relief.
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Appandairaj Ramesh
Appandairaj Ramesh
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How to find peak period and significant wave height for a particular location in ocean?
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2 answers
  • 14 Jul 2024
I want to develop the figure like attached figure. How can I get, peak period and significant wave height at any given location.
Relevant answer
  • 8 Aug 2024
Answer
If you use data of significant wave height in .nc, I recommended you used CDO command line:
cdo remapbil,point.txt infiel.nc outfile.nc
You can use besides remapdis, but results are similar. For elaborate point.txt, in CDO you utilize command line:
cdo griddes infile.nc, copy the results in notepad and modified your point value.
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Amarjeet Ramesh Bhagat
Amarjeet Ramesh Bhagat
  • asked a question related to Ocean
How long after subduction initiation does slab rollback begin?
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3 answers
  • 26 Jul 2024
In an ocean-continent convergent setting, after initiation of the descent of oceanic crust under the continental crust:
1. How deep would the oceanic crust sink before slab rollback occurs?
2. How much time does it take for slab rollback to begin?
Relevant answer
  • 5 Aug 2024
Answer
Thank you Dr. Borys Kapochkin for your answers. These are insightful on the subducting plate behaviour. To be honest I'm surprised myself that the question has garnered so much less attention. I was hoping someone might add something on slab rollback initiation.
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Albert Harutyunyan
Albert Harutyunyan
  • asked a question related to Ocean
The genesis of natural hydrogen, oil and diamond deposits, are there any publications on this topic?
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1 answer
  • 20 Jul 2024
The genesis of hydrocarbons has been debated for more than 300 years and continues to the present. The discussion of the problem led to the formation of organic and inorganic scientific schools. Over time, the hypothesis of polygenesis was also formed. With the development of engineering and technology, new concepts on the genesis of hydrocarbons and diamond-bearing structures were presented. One of these is the concept proposed by us, according to which hydrogen, hydrocarbons and diamonds are formed not only at great depths of the mantle, but also at different depths of the Earth's crust in different regions of the Earth, due to dehydration of serpentinized rocks. Dehydration of rocks occurs in both oceanic and continental crust. Under the continental slope, due to the collision of the continental and oceanic crust, dehydration of serpentinized rocks of the 3rd layer of the oceanic crust occurs. Dehydration of rocks also occurs at various depths of the continental crust, both in geosynclinal and platform areas. The formed hydrocarbons and geofluids migrate to the upper horizons of the crust, differentiate and accumulate in fractured granites and sedimentary layers. Based on the proposed concept, the genesis of some giant deposits of the Earth, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caspian Basin, and Western Siberia is proposed. According to laboratory studies, dehydration of rocks in the earth's crust causes extremely high pressures and temperatures. Kimberlites and explosive tubes are formed from carbon-containing components present in the medium. The proposed concept is characterized by more than 17 criteria that are used in prospecting and exploration work in different regions of the Earth. The results obtained cover a wide range of issues of geology and geophysics. Further research is presented to the author in close cooperation with specialists from these fields of science from around the world.
Relevant answer
  • 22 Jul 2024
Answer
Dear Albert Harutyunyan ,
What you wrote is very interesting. I have not come across any description of ideas similar to these ideas. I had hydrocarbons in mind hypothesis of polygenesis,,, I have ideas about the location of the deposits, I don't agree with one thing though:
'(...) Under the continental slope, due to the collision of the continental and oceanic crust, (...)
Rest:
What you wrote is a very good and valuable summation
I may have ideas that, if good, could complement what you have written.
Regards,
Laszlo
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Jean-Pierre Wigneron
Jean-Pierre Wigneron
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Frontiers in Remote Sensing
Question
3 answers
  • 17 Jul 2024
Dear all,
Clarivate recently published the first impact factor of Frontiers in Remote Sensing (IF = 3.4), which is very promising for a first value.
The journal targets both technical aspects (instrumentation, new retrieval techniques in the whole frequency domain, experiments, etc.) and applications over land surfaces (water and carbon cycle, LUCC, etc.), atmosphere, ocean, urban and ice-covered areas, with specific sections each supervised by an Editor-in-Chief and an associated board.
etc.
Do not hesitate to visit the website to join us as a reviewer or associate editor, and to submit manuscripts (research papers and reviews).
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/remote-sensing
We may have a 50% discount waiver for reviewers and editors this year.
Contact me for any specific question, thank you!
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  • 18 Jul 2024
Answer
Dear researcher "Frontiers in Remote Sensing" typically refers to the cutting-edge advancements and research areas within remote sensing technology and applications. It encompasses innovative methodologies, new sensor technologies, and novel applications of remote sensing data across various disciplines such as environmental monitoring, urban planning, agriculture, and disaster management. Academic discussions in this field often focus on pushing the boundaries of spatial and spectral resolution, enhancing data fusion techniques, improving accuracy through machine learning and AI, and exploring emerging trends like hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing. This dynamic field plays a crucial role in understanding our planet's dynamics and supporting informed decision-making globally
Jean-Pierre Wigneron
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Titas Brokevicius
Titas Brokevicius
  • asked a question related to Ocean
How can I statistically compare Simpson's Index values?
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4 answers
  • 24 Jun 2024
I have 6 ecosystems, 3 of which are substrate A and the other 3 are substrate B. each ecosystem has about 10 species. I have calculated a simpsons value for each ecosystem and a simpsons value for each substrate. I would like to statistically compare the two index values of substrate A and B, is this possible in any way? Since I would like to statistically compare the biodiversity between the two substrates, what is the best way to go about this?
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  • 26 Jun 2024
Answer
You use a Mann-Whitney test since the data do not have a normal distribution :)
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Titas Brokevicius
Titas Brokevicius
  • asked a question related to Ocean
How can I statistically compare shannon wiener index values between two years?
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4 answers
  • 18 Jun 2024
I have six ecosystems in two substrate categories (Triplicates essentially). I have determined shannon wiener index values for each ecosystem and also for the two categories separately. I have done this for two separate sets of data that were sampled in two separate years. Is it possible to statistically compare the development of the biodiversity between each of the categories i.e., the development of biodiveristy in ecosystem 1 between the two years, using the shannon wiener values somehow? Are there any other tests that could work? I am aware of the hutcheson t test however, some of my data is not normally distributed.
I would really appreciate some help!
Relevant answer
  • 23 Jun 2024
Answer
To statistically compare Shannon-Wiener index values between two years:
  1. Calculate Shannon-Wiener Index: Compute the Shannon-Wiener index separately for each year using appropriate ecological data.
  2. Normality Check: Ensure that the index values follow a normal distribution, typically assessed using statistical tests like the Shapiro-Wilk test or visual inspection (e.g., histograms).
  3. Choose a Test: Use a paired t-test if the data for both years are paired (i.e., measurements from the same sites or samples) and normally distributed. Alternatively, use a Wilcoxon signed-rank test if the data are not normally distributed or if the assumptions for the t-test are not met.
  4. Perform the Test: Conduct the chosen statistical test to compare the mean or median Shannon-Wiener index values between the two years.
  5. Interpret the Results: Evaluate the test statistic and p-value to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the Shannon-Wiener index values between the two years. Adjust for multiple comparisons if necessary.
By following these steps, you can effectively compare Shannon-Wiener index values between two different years in a statistically rigorous manner.
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Ahator Innocent Larry
Ahator Innocent Larry
  • asked a question related to Ocean
Maritime Transport also know as search Ocean transport?
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3 answers
  • 9 Jun 2024
Maritime transport, also known as sea or ocean transport, is the process of moving goods and passengers over water using ships and other vessels. It is a crucial component of international trade, accounting for the majority of global trade by volume. Key aspects include:
1. Types of Ships. There are various types of ships used in maritime transport, including container ships, bulk carriers, tankers, passenger ships, and specialized vessels.
2. Major Shipping Routes. Significant shipping routes include the Panama Canal, the Suez Canal, and major international trade lanes like the Asia-Europe and Trans-Pacific routes.
3. Port Infrastructure. Ports are critical hubs in maritime transport, providing facilities for loading, unloading, and storage of cargo. Major ports include the Port of Shanghai, Port of Singapore, and Port of Rotterdam.
4. Regulations and Safety. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets global standards for the safety, security, and environmental performance of international shipping.
5. Environmental Impact. Maritime transport has environmental implications, including emissions from ships and potential pollution from oil spills. Efforts to mitigate these impacts include adopting cleaner technologies and stricter regulations.
6. Economic Importance. Maritime transport is vital for the global economy, enabling the efficient movement of large volumes of goods, which supports trade and economic development.
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  • 12 Jun 2024
Answer
I don't know if this is a question or a statement, but for the question in the title:
In my opinion, ocean is not a very correct usage, just as maritime is not called "marine" academically. Because "maritime" includes the commercial, economic and logistical meaning of the work as well as the physical transportation. Additionally, transportation may not only take place in the ocean. Otherwise, many expressions could be used: sea transport, waterborne, inland.... Generally, researchers in fields other than transportation use these expressions because they do not fully master the terminology. In short, it is not a wrong statement, but only the expression "maritime" can meet the academic intensity.
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Abhijit Mitra
Abhijit Mitra
  • asked a question related to Ocean
How BLUE ECONOMY can upgrade the economic profile of the nations?
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2 answers
  • 20 Apr 2024
The "blue economy" refers to the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including:
  1. Marine Renewable Energy: Harnessing wind, wave, and tidal energy.
  2. Fisheries and Aquaculture: Sustainable practices that avoid overfishing and encourage responsible farming of aquatic species.
  3. Maritime Transport: Shipping goods and services efficiently and with minimal environmental impact.
  4. Tourism: Coastal and marine tourism that supports conservation efforts and local economies.
  5. Biotechnology: Exploration and commercialization of biological materials found in marine environments for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and other products.
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  • 29 May 2024
Answer
There is no Blue economy.
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Abbas Kashani
Abbas Kashani
  • asked a question related to Ocean
Can we stop global climate change? Does human scientific power reach the world's climate change? What is the response of the researchers?
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1 answer
  • 16 May 2024
Can we stop global climate change? Does human scientific power reach the world's climate change? What is the response of the researchers?
As you know, humans are very intelligent and can predict the future climate of the world with hydrology, climatology and paleontology. But don't countries, especially industrialized countries, that produce the most harmful gases in the earth's atmosphere and think about the future of the earth's atmosphere? Do they listen to the research of climatologists? What would have to happen to get them to listen to climate scientists?
Miloud Chakit added a reply
Climate change is an important and complex global challenge, and scientific theories about it are based on extensive research and evidence. The future path of the world depends on various factors including human actions, political decisions and international cooperation.
Efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change continue. While full recovery can be challenging, important steps can be taken to slow progression and lessen its effects. This requires global cooperation, sustainable practices and the development and implementation of clean energy technologies.
Human scientific abilities play an important role, but dealing with climate change also requires social, economic and political changes. The goal is to limit global warming and its associated impacts, and collective action at the local, national, and international levels is essential for a more sustainable future.
Reply to this discussion
Osama Behnas added a reply:
Global climate change is impossible to stop. Human scientific power cannot reach the climate changes of the world.
Borys Kapochkin added a reply:
Mathematical models of planetary warming as a function of the argument - anthropogenic influence - are wrong.
Alastair Bain McDonald added a reply
We can stop climate change, but we won't! We have scientific knowledge but no political will. One can blame Russia and China for refusing to cooperate, but half of the US population (Republicans) deny that climate change is a problem and prefer their promiscuous lifestyles to the answer:
All climate change is loaded on CO2 responsible for the greenhouse effect. Therefore, scientific experiments from several independent scientific institutions around the world should be conducted to determine what the greenhouse effect is at different concentrations of CO2. Then, a conference of a reputable and professional organization with the participation of all independent scientific bodies should be held to establish standards on CO2 concentrations and propose policy measures accordingly.
The second action that can be taken is to plant as many trees and plants as possible to breathe CO2 and release oxygen. Stop any deforestation and immediately plant trees in any tree-filled areas.
Lucy George added a reply:
We have the knowledge, tools and resources to ensure a livable and sustainable future for all. Carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases are major contributors to global warming. Therefore, reducing greenhouse gas emissions is very important and should be done as soon as possible to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions. Both forests and oceans play an important role in regulating our climate, so increasing their natural ability to absorb carbon dioxide can also help prevent global warming.
Reply to this discussion
Ilan Kelman added a reply:
Yes, we can address and stop human-caused climate change. See extensive details in the full technical reports of ipcc.ch
Mohamed Sarmoum added a reply:
I think it is difficult to stop global climate change, but, on the other hand, we can develop adaptation mechanisms with this change
Mrutyunjay Padhiary added a reply:
The challenge of combating global climate change is complicated and multidimensional, involving scientific, technological, political, economic, and social initiatives. Even though we may not be able to "stop" climate change entirely at this time, we can surely lessen its worst consequences and adjust to the changes that are already occurring. It is true that advances in science have allowed us to gain an in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms causing climate change as well as the tools and techniques that can be used to slow it down. Scholars from diverse fields such as ecology, engineering, economics, climatology, and social sciences are actively investigating climate change and devising remedies for it.
Sudhir Shukla added a reply:
Global climate changes are at Macro- Mega scale changes basically induced by the continuing geological processes, hitherto invisible to present human generation because of their slow pace. The modern human race might have accelerated this change by adopting industrial expansion and ever-growing greed for conventional energy. Human effect is most visible in weather changes and weather anomalies more profoundly visible now-a -days when compared to global climate changes.
Think of climate changes in the past / geological history when human did not exist at all?
Reply to this discussion
Hong Yin added a reply:
Talking about global climate change without time and space scale is not science. The earth has its own rules to change while human is relatively nobody. What human could do is to try best to understand and respect the earth and find the balanced way to survive better.
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  • 20 May 2024
Answer
Yes it is. AS an example, the agreement ratified in Paris in 2015 to neutralise CO2 by 2050 can be noticed as a crucial reference at the globe. Suggestions like afforestation and reforestation are more likely to meet those goals.
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Abbas Kashani
Abbas Kashani
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Does the concentration of CO2 gas in the atmosphere cause warming of the earth's atmosphere? Or does it lead to less rainfall when it warms up?
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3 answers
  • 22 Apr 2024
Does the concentration of CO2 gas in the atmosphere cause warming of the earth's atmosphere? Or does it lead to less rainfall when it warms up? Or does the warming of the earth's atmosphere lead to an increase in rainfall on the earth's surface?
Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) is the global mean change in surface temperature for a doubling of CO2 from the pre-industrial (PI) value. ECS is one of the key metrics used in assessing future global warming, and therefore plays a very important role in climate change related policy-making. One important question in this regard is how ECS changes in a warmer world. Several studies found that ECS increases at higher CO2 concentrations (e.g., Bloch-Johnson et al., 2021; Colman & McAvaney, 2009; Gregory et al., 2015; Meraner et al., 2013). And, more recently, Mitevski et al. (2021) found a non-linear and non-monotonic dependence of ECS on CO2 concentrations. In addition to the surface temperature response, the precipitation response is another critical aspect of climate change. To evaluate precipitation changes, the key metric used is Hydrological Sensitivity (HS). HS is defined as the difference in global mean precipitation per one degree of global mean temperature change from the PI control state. Previous studies have explored the response of the hydrological cycle to global warming by examining HS in terms of the global energy budget, and have described the mechanisms affecting it (e.g., Allen & Ingram, 2002; Held & Soden, 2006; Jeevanjee & Romps, 2018; O'Gorman et al., 2011). The fact that HS is energetically constrained means that the precipitation response can be separated into fast and slow components. The fast response depends only on the CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, before the surface temperature has time to warm, and results in a decrease in precipitation. The slow response, in contrast, is associated with surface warming, and results in an increase in precipitation (Andrews et al., 2010).
Reply to this discussion
James Garry added a reply:
Mr Kashani,
You have written two rather facile queries, and part of a third.
"Or doe"
Abbas Kashani added a reply:
Does the concentration of CO2 gas in the atmosphere cause warming of the earth's atmosphere? Or does it lead to less rainfall when it warms up? Or does the warming of the earth's atmosphere lead to an increase in rainfall on the earth's surface?
James Garry added a reply:
Abbas,
1) Yes, the rising carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere does lead to an increase in the surface and globally-averaged air temperature.
2) As the partial pressure of water vapour is a strong function of temperature (and that vapour is also a 'greenhouse gas') we expect to see a rise in the global humidity - that in various locales should result in more rainfall.
Neither of these are contentious matters and are well-addressed in the literature.
1) https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atsc/47/4/1520-0469_1990_047_0475_ccatma_2_0_co_2.xml
2)
Article More rain, less soil: Long-term changes in rainfall intensit...
I recommend Google Scholar.
Very useful.
Mrutyunjay Padhiary added a reply:
Through the greenhouse effect, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the atmosphere is a significant contributor to global warming with many other greenhouse gases. Heat from the sun is trapped in the atmosphere when CO2 and other greenhouse gases build up, preventing it from escaping back into space. Global warming is the term for the total rise in temperature that results from this. Rainfall patterns can be impacted by Earth's atmosphere warming, while there is a complex relationship between CO2 concentrations and rainfall that varies based on local climate dynamics. Higher temperatures generally have the potential to alter the rates of evaporation and atmospheric circulation, which in turn can affect the patterns of precipitation. higher moisture can be held by warmer air, which could result in higher evaporation from lakes, oceans, and land surfaces. In certain areas, the increased moisture in the atmosphere may be a factor in the intensity of rainfall events. Higher temperatures, however, can also bring about modifications to weather patterns, including adjustments to air circulation and modifications to precipitation distribution. Also, variables including local geography, atmospheric stability, and variations in cloud cover can all have an impact on changes in rainfall patterns. While some places might have more rainfall than others, other regions might see less rainfall or changes in the frequency and severity of precipitation events. The ecosystems, agricultural practices, water supplies, and human societies may all be significantly impacted by these modifications in rainfall patterns. All things considered, even while the rise in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere is the main cause of global warming, temperature variations that follow can have an impact on precipitation patterns, which can have complicated and varied impacts on the distribution and intensity of rainfall.
Michael Girimay Gebremedhine added a reply
Yes, the concentration of CO2 gas in the atmosphere does cause warming of the Earth's atmosphere. This is due to the greenhouse effect, where CO2 and other greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun, leading to an increase in the overall temperature of the Earth.
As for its effect on rainfall, the relationship between CO2 concentration and rainfall is complex and can vary depending on regional and global climate patterns. In general, however, a warmer atmosphere can lead to changes in precipitation patterns, including shifts in rainfall distribution and intensity. These changes can result in both increased and decreased rainfall in different regions.
Alexander Kolker added a reply
The statement such as "Increase in carbon dioxide gas in the air ... prevents the flow of long-wave radiations through the atmospheric layers thus retaining it. As a result, the atmosphere warms up leading to 'global warming'." can be found in 1000's of posts, blogs, papers, reports, etc, etc.
However, if one looks at simple physics and the energy balance in the atmosphere, it would become obvious that it is nonsense, of course setting aside the politics behind all global warming screams and alarmism.
Yes, it is well known that CO2 molecules have an absorption band of the infrared radiation (IR) around ~15 um that comes out of the Earth's surface, although the water vapor in the atmosphere is a much more potent IR absorber.
However, that absorbed energy cannot stay in the excited molecules for long and is radiated back in all directions. But even if we neglect all that radiation and look simply at the energy balance we can find that the excitation energy absorbed by CO2 must be transferred somewhere, i.e. to heat the entire atmosphere. A process of transferring the excitation energy (rotational, vibrational, and momentum) to the surroundings through molecular (mostly elastic) collisions is called thermalization. From the simple balance, we could see
Cp(co2)* M co2 *deltaTco2 = Cp air *Mair *deltaTair.
The ratio of the heat capacities of the CO2 and the air is about 0.89 in the temp range 300 - 350 K.
The content of CO2 in the air is about 420 ppm or ~0.05% weight, while the rest of air (N2, O2, Ar, and traces of other gases) is about 99.95% weight.
Hence, delta T air = 0.89 *0.05/99.95 * deltaT co2= 4.45 *10^-4 * deltaT co2 C.
If CO2 heats up due to infrared absorption by, say, deltaT co2 ~1 C, then the air (the entire atmosphere) will heat up to ~4.45.10^-4 C, that is an absolutely negligible amount.
In order to get the air (atmosphere) to increase the temperature to, say, 1.5 C, the amount of CO2 in the air must be about ~63% weight, i.e. the ratio CO2/air must be about 1.7 !!. In other words, the atmosphere must consist of about 2/3 of pure CO2. This takes place on Venera, or some other distant planets but will never happen on Earth in any scenario for 100000 years.
Of course, the above energy balance is oversimplified, and the physics of heating up or cooling down the atmosphere is much more complex and non-linear. However, the bottom line is that a minuscule amount of CO2 cannot result in global catastrophic warming. Assuming that human-produced CO2 is the only factor affecting the entire atmospheric temperature is a total nonsense and a typical alarmism which is fed by politics and financial interests.
Relevant answer
  • 23 Apr 2024
Answer
The concentration of CO2 gas in the atmosphere does cause warming of the Earth's atmosphere, which in turn can lead to changes in rainfall patterns. Here's a breakdown:
  1. CO2 Traps Heat: CO2 acts like a blanket in the atmosphere, trapping heat from the sun that would normally escape back into space. This warming effect is known as the greenhouse effect.
  2. Warming and Rainfall: A warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture. This can potentially lead to increased rainfall in some areas. However, it can also lead to more intense rainfall events and periods of drought in other areas.
Here's why rainfall patterns get complex:
  • Uneven Heating: The Earth's surface heats unevenly, leading to changes in air circulation patterns that affect where rain falls.
  • Evaporation Rates: Warmer temperatures can increase evaporation rates from oceans and land, adding more moisture to the atmosphere, but it can also dry out some regions.
Overall, the relationship between CO2 and rainfall isn't a simple cause-and-effect. CO2 warming disrupts weather patterns, leading to more extreme weather events including both heavier rainfall and droughts in different regions.
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Kumudika Vilashini
Kumudika Vilashini
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What can be the causes for getting NaCl water type for surface water samples which were collected from higher elevations of the country?
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1 answer
  • 17 Mar 2024
Surface water samples were collected in middle of the country. Very far from the ocean. Samples were collected just after the North East Monsoon.
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  • 25 Mar 2024
Answer
I don't know what NaCl water type means, but old deposits of rock salt can be found at high altitude. "Himalayan salt" is a popular commodity. Tectonic processes mean that old seabed can be pushed high into the mountains.
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Abbas Kashani
Abbas Kashani
  • asked a question related to Ocean
Why the snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau in winter and early spring has the least effect on the intensity of monsoons? Does the temperature and clima
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3 answers
  • 15 Mar 2024
Why the snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau in winter and early spring has the least effect on the intensity of monsoons? Does the temperature and climate change conditions in the Tibetan Plateau affect the monsoon climate?
Asian monsoon systems affect some of the world's most densely populated regions and affect large parts of Asia and the surrounding oceans. This massive air circulation is mainly due to the significant temperature difference caused by how the land of Eurasia and the seas around the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific are heated differently.
Both land and sea influence play a vital role, but disentangling the influence of each has been very difficult. For example, the length of time that current atmospheric conditions affect future climate (the "memory effect") is known to be less than a week: while land and oceanic memory effects are important for seasonal prediction, the condition-specific effect The land has not yet been determined. understood
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  • 19 Mar 2024
Answer
The snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau during winter and early spring has a relatively minimal effect on the intensity of monsoons for several reasons:
  1. Timing: Monsoon winds typically start to intensify around late spring and early summer, whereas the snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau is at its maximum during winter and early spring. By the time the monsoon arrives, much of the snow has already melted or is in the process of melting, so its impact on the monsoon is diminished.
  2. Albedo Effect: Snow has a high albedo, meaning it reflects a significant amount of incoming solar radiation back into space. However, during the monsoon season, when the sun is high in the sky and solar radiation is at its peak, the albedo effect of snow becomes less significant as compared to other factors influencing monsoon dynamics.
  3. Latitudinal Position: The Tibetan Plateau is located at a higher latitude compared to the areas directly affected by the monsoon, such as the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Therefore, the direct influence of the plateau's snow cover on monsoon dynamics is somewhat limited.
  4. Atmospheric Circulation Patterns: While the Tibetan Plateau does play a role in influencing regional weather patterns, including the Asian monsoon, its impact is more pronounced during other times of the year, such as during the summer months when the plateau heats up and creates a thermal low-pressure system that helps draw in moist air from surrounding regions.
Overall, while the snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau does have some influence on regional climate and weather patterns, its impact on the intensity of monsoons during winter and early spring is relatively minor compared to other factors such as ocean temperatures, atmospheric circulation patterns, and land-sea temperature contrasts.
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Michael Issigonis
Michael Issigonis
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What was the colour of the oceans in the Precambrian before oxygen appeared?
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4 answers
  • 2 Feb 2024
During that time iron from weathering will enter the oceans and presumably form soluble compounds.
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  • 2 Feb 2024
Answer
In my knowledge, during the Precambrian, before the appearance of oxygen, oceans likely had a greenish hue due to the prevalence of iron in a reduced state. The transition to a reddish color occurred as oxygen levels rose, leading to the oxidation of iron and the formation of red sediments. This shift in ocean color is evident in geological records.
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Abbas Kashani
Abbas Kashani
  • asked a question related to Ocean
Is CO2 gas harmful or beneficial for the planet?
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7 answers
  • 19 Jan 2024
As you know, nitrogen and oxygen are useful for us humans, but they are gases that are effective in changing the climate of the planet, and one of the gases is the only percentage of carbon dioxide that destroys the ozone layer. CO2 emission as a result of human activities is one of the basic factors controlling the physical and chemical processes of the atmosphere. The human population has increased the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere and changed the thermal budget by releasing pollutants. The increase in pCO2 of the atmosphere compared to the pre-industrial period leads to a greater absorption of atmospheric CO2 and a decrease in the release of oceanic carbon dioxide. Therefore, more of the absorbed carbon dioxide remains in the oceans and affects the composition of ocean water. The heterogeneous distribution of landmasses and as a result the unequal distribution of population in the two hemispheres of the earth has caused the difference in the emission of pollutants and atmospheric compounds in the two hemispheres of the earth. The temporal-spatial distribution of pollutants shows that there is an increasing trend of CO2 and it has been uniform during the recent periods, and despite the difference in amounts, it has had a similar trend in the two regions of the earth. It can be seen that the future contracts in northern temperate latitudes have increased compared to other latitudes of the globe.
Of course, carbonated soft drinks use CO2 gas, which is very useful for digestion, but on the other hand, it is harmful for osteoporosis and causes arthritis. Coca-Cola is also used as a powerful tire cleaner. And also some things are used for cleaning.
In general, greenhouse gases can be classified into two large groups. The first group of gases specified in the Kyoto Protocol includes methane, (CH4) and nitrogen oxide (N2O), hydrofluoric carbon (HFCS) and hexafluorosulfur (SF6). The second group is the gases specified in the Montreal Protocol and includes carbon chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCS), and halons.
The effect of each gas in increasing the greenhouse effect depends on the concentration of the gas, the wavelengths absorbed, the amount of absorption per molecule and the presence or absence of gases that absorb the same wavelength.
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  • 19 Jan 2024
Answer
Does hunting sharks, octopuses and whales affect the ozone layer?
As you know, the hunting of sea animals in the ocean has increased a lot and humans have obtained new foods and unknowingly caused the destruction of the natural environment of the oceans and because 2/3 of the earth is covered by water and the oceans act as purifiers They are considered dry. And if we destroy the marine environment, we can no longer use the oceans as a lever to prevent climate change. This is very worrying. If you remember, when the Americans migrated from Europe to the American continent, after some time they started hunting the animals of this continent, and then they realized that they should not do this because it causes climate change, for example, along the Mississippi River, they started They hunted water otter. Later, they realized that the river had become rotten and became a swamp, and the researchers investigated and found that it was due to water otter hunting. Because water otter builds a dam in the river, and fishes spawn. Now that the water otter has been hunted, the number of fish has decreased, and due to the lack of fish, water purification has also disappeared. The river had turned into a swamp. Now that we have come to this knowledge, why will we destroy the ozone layer in the future by destroying the marine environment? And do we destroy and damage our natural environment and live in it and suffer from global warming?
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Abbas Kashani
Abbas Kashani
  • asked a question related to Ocean
Where does the air we breathe every day come from?
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6 answers
  • 18 Jan 2024
Where does the air we breathe every day come from?
As you know, air circulates on the planet and wherever there is living space on the planet, it needs oxygen. So if we are by the sea. Day and night, we get oxygen from the sea side with air circulation. If we are next to the mountain, we get oxygen from the flow between the mountain and the plain and the foothills. If we are by the river, the flow of the river and the river breeze will bring us oxygen air. And if we are in the middle of the forest, the breeze of forest trees and parks will bring us oxygen. and most importantly at the beginning of the morning every day due to the rotation of the winds from the higher latitudes of the earth to the lower latitudes of the earth; That is, from polar regions to tropical regions during the day and night; We humans smell arctic air. It means that every day the pollution moves from the hot and tropical regions of the earth towards the pole of the earth on both sides of the north and south and at night this clean air returns to us humans and we eat the polar air every morning. And enjoy it, let's go. But this pollution remains in the poles and the earth's atmosphere has a hole in the ozone layer, and its restoration depends on the activities of us humans. Of course, oceans, especially phytoplanktons and corals, play an important role in establishing the Earth's atmosphere. But is it always like this? Doesn't climate change affect our weather? Isn't the earth's oxygen decreasing? Are 19 gases increasing in the Earth's atmosphere: Are ozone-depleting gases such as CO2 increasing? Is it because of a forest fire? Will CO2 increase? If the ozone layer is destroyed more? Don't we humans suffer? Can we live on this planet anymore? What does the life of the planet depend on? If it wasn't for James Wallen Allen's layer. Didn't the solar winds evaporate all the oceans of this planet, and the planet Earth is like the planet Venus, which used to have an ocean but now doesn't? So how happy we humans should be right now. Was there oxygen after the creation of the planet Earth? Several of Earth's atmospheres were toxic due to the presence of volcanoes. Now that the volcanoes are extinct and much less active, should we poison the atmosphere of the planet by producing smog cars? Can we breathe in this planet despite the smoke and pollution of cars and factories? Aren't we like fishes who are stuck at the bottom of the air ocean and need oxygen? But have we deprived ourselves of it? And the interesting thing is that we all know what we are doing and we are not doing it the right way. So let's think about our own smoky cars and smoky factories for ourselves.
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  • 19 Jan 2024
Answer
The air we breathe is composed mainly of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%). This air is part of Earth's atmosphere, and its oxygen primarily comes from photosynthesis in plants and microscopic ocean organisms. During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen, releasing it into the air. This process sustains the oxygen levels essential for life on Earth.
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Tonji Wimberley
Tonji Wimberley
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Why are there fears as a cultural/cognitive barrier to exploring the ocean?
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1 answer
  • 17 Jan 2024
The primary factor that prevents people from entering and exploring the marine environment is fear of the unknown and not being able to process how humans are capable of maneuvering the ocean realm. With human impacted climate change destroying our oceans at an accelerated rate, it is essential to address adult fears to reconnect them to the ocean. Cultural insight and dispelling fears will help to eliminate the disinterested humans and the ocean.
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  • 18 Jan 2024
Answer
See some thoughts on this topic at https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.120
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Marco Violante-Huerta
Marco Violante-Huerta
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Does anyone know this species of pelagic amphipod?
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2 answers
  • 22 Nov 2023
I think it belongs to Eusiriidae, probably a juvenile Eusirus but I'm not sure. The specimens (pelagic) were collected in the Antarctic Ocean.
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  • 17 Jan 2024
Answer
Thank you so much Shin-ichi Ishimaru, I will compare these specimens with Rhachotropis
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Julie Anne Montez
Julie Anne Montez
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Studies on oceanography - Plastic pollution of our oceans?
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1 answer
  • 11 Jan 2024
I need help, doing a paper on the plastic pollution of our oceans.
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  • 16 Jan 2024
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What kind of help do you need?
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Dominique Pons
Dominique Pons
  • asked a question related to Ocean
(LCA - Ecoinvent) Where can I find the hypotheses behind the Ecoinvent EF 3.1 Caracterisation factors ?
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1 answer
  • 8 Dec 2023
Hello,
I study the impact of activities on Oceans.
1. Ecoinvent is mistakingly considering the "infinite dilution" hypothese, forgetting that the dilution of pollution is usually done through its absorption by biological entities, and so with consequences on the ecosystemic services (O2 production, CO2 absorption, water filtration, etc.).
2. For example, "water, cooling , in ocean" has no impact according to EF 3.1, whereas it has a 42,95 m3 of water depriv per m3 of "water, cooling" impact in many other compartments. In any case, water cooling has an impact on ecosystems and on water ( pumping water through a heat exchanger , warm it up by 5-20°C possibly, then release it) on rivers, so has an impact on ocean life, I presume.
=> I need to go and read the reports which detail the hypotheses of this 42,95 m3/m3
Many thansk for your help !
Dom.
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  • 20 Dec 2023
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Hey there Dominique Pons! Let's dive into the world of Ecoinvent EF 3.1 and unpack those hypotheses behind the characterization factors. Now, you've pointed out a critical issue with the "infinite dilution" hypothesis. It seems like Ecoinvent might be overlooking the realistic impact of pollution dilution in ecosystems, especially in the context of oceans.
To get those juicy details about the hypotheses, you Dominique Pons should aim straight for the documentation. Look for reports, manuals, or any documentation related to Ecoinvent EF 3.1. I'd suggest checking the official Ecoinvent website, if you Dominique Pons haven't already. They often have detailed reports and methodologies that can provide insights into the assumptions and hypotheses behind their characterization factors.
Now, regarding your specific example of "water, cooling, in ocean," it's crucial to understand the methodology used for impact assessment. If it seems like the characterization factors are underrepresenting the real-world impact, you Dominique Pons might indeed find pertinent information in the documentation. Look for sections discussing the treatment of water-related impacts and how ecosystem services are considered.
Feel free to scrutinize and question the assumptions. After all, you're delving into the impact on oceans, a topic of paramount importance. If you're still having trouble finding the detailed reports, consider reaching out directly to Ecoinvent. They might be able to guide you Dominique Pons to the right resources or clarify the assumptions made in their characterization factors.
Now go, be the hero that challenges assumptions and seeks the truth in the vast ocean of data! If you Dominique Pons find something interesting, come back and share it. We're on this quest together!
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Ran Liu
Ran Liu
  • asked a question related to Ocean
What's the mechanism for the growth of ocean mesoscale eddies (eg. amplitude, intensity)?
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1 answer
  • 5 Dec 2023
In the real ocean, mesoscale eddies typically undergo a growth phase followed by a decay phase. However, in an idealized model, a single Gaussian-shape mesoscale eddy always undergoes a process of continuous decay without growth. So all I can think of at the moment is that the lack of eddy growth process is due to the lack of eddy-eddy interaction. What are the physical phenomena of eddy-eddy interaction? Eddy-merge events may be a classic example.
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  • 7 Dec 2023
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I am not sure what you mean by "an idealized model", but I suspect that you refer to a simple 2D barotropic model. In this simple case, a single bell-shaped bulge on the surface would indeed just decay, with the propagation of barotropic waves. Even if you introduced relative vorticity (or combined it with planetary vorticity), the bulge would still decay as there is no mechanism for growth in this configuration.
Some of the physical mechanisms for mesoscale eddy growth include: baroclinic instability, surface winds, interactions with jets, coastal features or tidal currents, interaction with topographic features (seafloor variations), and other.
Oceanic eddies are complex and dynamic phenomena and several models and theoretical frameworks are used for their study. I would argue that, when considering numerical models, at least some of the above mechanisms should be included (i.e. within some form of a 3D hydrodynamic ocean modelling system) in order to be able to simulate mesoscale eddy formation and growth.
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