Obstetric Surgical Procedures - Science topic

Background: Ensuring timely access to safe and affordable surgery within a travel time of a 2-h drive or 30-min walk is crucial for achieving universal health coverage, as endorsed by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS). In this study, we aimed to quantify the percentage of Indonesian women of reproductive age (WRA) who can access a hos...

Objective To determine the correlation of burnout syndrome with emotional intelligence at workplace. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in six public sector hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa between June and November, 2022. Male and female clinicians from Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics / Gynaecology, Paediatrics Medicine, Paediatric Sur...

perineal trauma is an urgent problem of modern obstetrics. Episiotomy is one of the methods of prevention of severe perineal trauma during childbirth. Episiotomy is a surgical procedure to dilate the vaginal opening by cutting the perineum during the second period of labor in order to accelerate and facilitate the birth of the fetus during vaginal...

Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), has demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing complex tasks, including professional-level medical question answering. While standardized benchmarks like the USMLE have been widely used for evaluating LLM performance in English, there is a significant gap in evaluating...

Background: Lack of policy prioritization of surgical, obstetric, trauma and anesthesia (SOTA) care in South and Southeast Asian countries could be a potential contributor to limited access to care. Objective: To assess the SOTA care prioritization in National Health Policies, Strategies, and Plans (NHPSPs). Methods: We analyzed NHPSPs from twelve...

ABSTRACT Correspondence: Maduka Ngozi Roy Central Hospital Agbor +2348037264634 roymaduka@yahoo.com Background: Caesarean section (CS) is the most commonly performed Obstetric surgery. The rate has been observed to vary from centre to centre. Aim: The aim of the study was to reviewed the CS done at the Central Hospital Agbor (CHA) to document the r...

Objetivos: Caracterizar la población sometida a histerectomía obstétrica en el Hospital Pereira Rossell en el período 2017-2022. Calcular la tasa de histerectomía obstétrica en el CHPR; observar su frecuencia tras parto vaginal y cesárea; analizar las complicaciones vinculadas, detectar fallas en el sistema de atención a fin de mejorar la calidad d...

Background Major surgeries are being carried for certain ailments. Surgeries can be major or minor depending on the extent of intervention. Major surgeries are prone to cause lots of complications such as shock, haemorrhage, wound infection, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary complications, organ rejection, reactions to anaesthetics etc. Early identif...

Damage control surgery in obstetrics is a technique aimed at managing catastrophic obstetric hemorrhage when conventional methods have failed. Its main objective is to control the bleeding and stabilize the patient, allowing for the correction of metabolic alterations and coagulopathies. This intervention is carried out in stages: it begins with an...

The aim of this study was to determine the applied postgraduate thesis studies in the field of gynecologic and obstetric surgery in Turkey. The study is retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive. The keywords "Gynecological Surgery", "Obstetric Surgery", "Cesarean section", "Hysterectomy", "Vaginoplasty", "Vaginal Repair", "Ovarian Cyst Surger...

Objective This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of surgical management for placenta accreta spectrum in a Latin American reference hospital specializing in this condition. The evaluation involves a comparison between surgeries performed on an emergent and scheduled basis. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients w...

Background Women aged ≥ 40 years old are perimenopausal as they are in a transition phase marked with hormonal fluctuations that signal the end of fertility. Although their fertility is reduced, they are still at risk of pregnancy that is associated with adverse maternal-fetal compared to their younger counterparts. Pregnancies among women older th...

Visual Abstract by: Alejandro Garcia-Rivera @alexgr23 Conclusion: Frequency of AKI after emergency obstetric surgery is high. Most AKI patients were treated conservatively and some required dialysis. Mortality associated to AKI is alarming. Retrospective cohort study Patients who underwent emergency obstetric surgery Muhimbili National Hospital Tan...

Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery requires significant training, and prior studies have shown that surgical residents lack key laparoscopic skills. Many educators have implemented simulation curricula to improve laparoscopic training. Given limited time for dedicated, in-person simulation center practice, at-home training has emerged as a possibl...

Introduction: Preserving sterility and safety in hospital operation theaters (OTs) is vital. We have implemented a comprehensive microbiological surveillance program for OTs, encompassing both commencement and ongoing monitoring. This study assesses the prevalence of microorganisms, identifies their types, and detects contamination on surfaces and...

Introduction. Cesarean section is one of the most predominant surgical procedures worldwide. In Peru, national data shows that our rates fluctuate around 36%, and a prevalent factor in the indication for cesarean delivery is previous cesarean section. Objective. To determine the prevalence of previous cesarean section as an indication for cesarean...

Objective To investigate the current nursing practice environment in Jinan, Shandong Province, and to identify the factors influencing the practice environment. Methods This study is a cross-sectional study for nurses. From October to December 2022, using the clustering and stratified sampling methods, 2426 nurses from internal Medicine, Surgery,...

Introduction – Alerted by the scientific community to the possible impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on people’s mental health, Santé publique France set up a surveillance system in March 2020. With a focus on crisis management, the objective was to gather the information needed to establish preventive and protective measures for the population. Met...

Introduction This obstetric surgery review is directed toward the common obstetrical surgeries (caesarean delivery, VBAC/TOLAC, operative vaginal delivery, placenta accreta spectrum) with evidence for quality and safety to allow for obstetrical outcome excellence. Materials and Methods This focused scoping review has used a structured process for...

The objective of this study is to measure nursing officers' attitudes towards safe blood transfusions. Study Design-A descriptive cross-sectional study Study setting-Colombo South Teaching Hospital. Study population-the whole staff of nursing officers working in CSTH. Sample size = 384 8 units where blood transfusions performed are identified (GYN...

Obstetric and Gynecological surgeries are surgical procedures related purely to the female reproductive tract. Obstetric and Gynecological procedures represent a large surgical burden globally. This study aimed to determine the pattern of obstetric and gynecological surgeries at a tertiary hospital in Jigawa, north-west Nigeria. The study was a 3-y...

Backgrounds Medical students and interns face several decisions during their career development. One of the most critical decisions they have to make is choosing a residency program that suits their career goals and aspirations. The selection process can be challenging, as several factors can influence the decision-making process. There was limited...

Background Some patients refuse blood transfusions despite the risk of hematological complications, such as anemia and iron deficiency, associated with obstetrics treatments and surgery. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness and safety of iron supplementation, a major method of bloodless treatment, and retrospectively examine...

Objetivos: describir las características de las pacientes intervenidas quirúrgicamente con espectro de placenta acreta en una institución de referencia obstétrica de Barranquilla, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal retrospectivo. La población estudio fueron pacientes operadas con diagnóstico de e...

La grossesse môlaire invasive est caractérisée par l'invasion du myomètre au décours d'une grossesse môlaire complète ou partielle. La chi-rurgie obstétricale est le principal facteur de risque de rupture utérine. La rupture utérine au décours d'une grossesse môlaire est un évènement rare. Nous rapportons un cas rare de grossesse môlaire invasive a...

There would not be a large section of Bengalis who frown to unaware of the name of Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari as the Father of Indian Football. However, the name and contribution of another descendant of this family are still unknown. He is Dr. Suresh Prasad Sarbadhikari (13th April 1866–11th March 1921). He was born in the eighth month. The frai...

Complications of Internal Iliac Ligation of Artery

Background: Caesarean section is the most common Obstetric surgical procedure. Repeat CS has been a significant contributor to the overall increase in CS rate and accounts for about one-third of all caesarean deliveries worldwide. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and outcome of repeat Caesarean section. Materials and methods:...

This was a cross-sectional study to compare the infection rate between laminar air flow and non-laminar air flow operation theater (OT). This was bi-center study and study places were the OT complexes of Sylhet Women’s Medical College Hospital (SWMCH) and Al Haramain Hospital Pvt. Ltd. of Sylhet. A Total 24 samples were collected from 12 OTs. Air a...

Iatrogenic bladder injuries are rare in gynecologic and obstetric surgical procedures. However, bladder injuries occurring during those procedures account for the majority of all non-endoscopic iatrogenic bladder trauma. Their diagnosis can be made intra- or post-operative with different approaches. Prevention and early recognition are crucial in r...

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak overwhelmed the healthcare systems worldwide. Saturation of hospitals and the risk of contagion led to a reduction in the care of other diseases. Objective To determine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on urological surgery in France during the year 2020. Design, setting and participants An observational descriptive study...

Introduction: Diseases addressed by surgical, obstetrics, trauma, and anesthesia (SOTA) care are rising globally due to an anticipated rise in the burden on non-communicable diseases, and road traffic accidents. Low and middle-income countries (LMICs) disproportionately bear the brunt. Evidence-based policies and political commitment are required t...

Introduction Throat pain and airway discomfort are the most commonly upsetting conditions of the patients’ wellbeing after surgery. However; little is known about the problem and associated factors. Objective To assess the magnitude, severity and associated factors of throat discomfort within 24 hours after surgery. Design: Facility-based cross-sec...

There are complex ethical dilemmas inherent to medicine teaching, particularly in clinical practice involving actual patients. Questions must be raised on fulfilling medical students’ training needs while still respecting patients’ fundamental rights to autonomy and privacy. We aimed to assess patients’ perspectives regarding medical students’ invo...

Introduction: The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) had a significant impact on obstetric surgeries. Obstetric surgical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic affect individuals who are suspected or proven to be high-risk endeavors. Aim: To evaluate the demographic characteristics, indications, intraoperative and postoperative complic...

Objectives This study aimed to measure the prevalence, to describe the trend over time, and to evaluate socioeconomic inequalities in the occurrence of episiotomies in 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2016 in the municipality of Rio Grande, in Southern Brazil.Methods We included all women who had vaginal delivery in each of the studied years. All the informat...

There are complex ethical dilemmas inherent in medicine teaching, particularly in clinical practice involving actual patients. Questions must be raised on fulfilling medical students' training needs while still respecting patients' fundamental rights to autonomy and privacy. We aimed to assess patients' perspectives regarding medical students' invo...

Objective: Preoperative anemia among women has been recognized as a risk factor for adverse postoperative complications following gynecologic and obstetric surgeries. Therefore, this retrospective analysis was conducted to assess the association of postoperative complications and comorbidities with anemia in women underwent gynecologic and obstetri...

Background: Bedside teaching is fundamental to clinical education, providing opportunities for teaching and assessment, but is rarely evaluated or compared across students’ experiences. Our purpose was to evaluate key differences in teaching practices between required clerkships. Methods: This is a mixed-methods observational study at Duke Universi...

Öz Amaç: Son yıllarda sağlık sektöründe üçüncü basamak hastanelerden tanı ve tedaviye yönelik beklenen multidisipliner yaklaşım hizmetleri giderek artmaktadır. Bu durum hastanelerde birden fazla birime müracaat gerektirmekte, bu da hastaların sonuca ulaşmada aşırı zaman kaybetmelerine ve tanı/tedavilerde gecikmelere neden olmaktadır. Bu sürecin kıs...

Background Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has gained popularity among the general population, but its acceptance and use among medical specialists have been inconclusive. This systematic review aimed to identify relevant studies and synthesize survey data on the acceptance and use of CAM among medical specialists. Methods We conducte...

INTRODUCTION: Surgical site infection (SSI) is most common type of Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) in low and middle-income countries. The objective of the study was to find out the incidence and associated factors of SSI following obstetric surgeries especially Lower Segment Cesarean Section (LSCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross s...

Background Bhutan has made much efforts to provide timely access to health services during pregnancy and increase institutional deliveries. However, as specialist obstetric services became available in seven hospitals in the country, there has been a steady increase in the rates of caesarean deliveries. This article describes the national rates and...

Background Recent data suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions may have influenced alcohol use and promoted addictive behavior. We aimed to investigate the impact of the pandemic on acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) in France. Methods We identified all hospital stays related to alcohol abuse in 2018-2020. Differences in numbe...

OBJECTIVE: Antibiotic prophylaxis is one of the most important steps to reduce surgical site infections. First-generation cephalosporin (cefazolin) is used prophylactically in the majority of operations. Rifamycin is a broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic that is bactericidal against gram (+) and gram (˗) microorganisms. To the best of our knowl...

The World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist was developed to improve communication in perioperative care, reduce mortality and complications of patients, and ensure the consistent use of procedures for safe surgery. Despite the increased awareness of the checklist, the implementation compliance is reported as low and the degree of compl...

Background Childbirth is a complex process that requires the safest care to prevent maternal and neonatal complications. The proportion of births occurring at health institutions in Ethiopia is still below expected (26%), which significantly contribute to a large number of maternal deaths. Hence, identifying factors affecting institutional delivery...

Background: The viability of obstetric practice in the private sector has been threatened as a result of steep increases in professional indemnity fees over the past 10 years. Despite this, empirical research investigating key aetiological factors to target risk management interventions has been lacking. Objectives: To explore private practice m...

Background Indicators to evaluate progress towards timely access to safe surgical, anaesthesia, and obstetric (SAO) care were proposed in 2015 by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery. Despite being rapidly taken up by practitioners, datapoints from which to derive them were not defined, limiting comparability across time or settings. We convened...

One-third of the global burden of disease is attributed to surgical conditions yet, 5 billion people globally, lack access to surgery. The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery, Obstetrics, and Anesthesia (LCOGS) published guidelines for improving access by reducing catastrophic health expenditures (CHEs) by 2030. This is especially important in sub-...

The article represents the results of research into the development of a remedy for treating puerperal mastitis and endometritis in high-producing cows. The work was carried out at The Department of Obstetrics, Surgery, and Physiology of Domestic Animals in Don State Agrarian University. The research involved a complex pharmaceutical composition us...

Objectives: to develop and validate an obstetric surgical safety checklist for intraoperative care. Methods: this is a methodological study with two phases: integrative review in databases, using selection criteria and descriptors to synthesize the evidence and develop the checklist; checklist content validation, with 37 judges, who answered a Lik...

Study Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical volume and emergency department (ED) consults across obstetrics-gynecology (OB-GYN) services at a New York City hospital. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary care academic medical center in New York Ci...

Introduction: The quality of information and efficiency in the practice and care environments are important aspects of nursing care. The use of a reliable and valid scale can monitor the quality of handover and provide information for continuous improvement of practice. This study aims to describe the perception of nurses, on the domains of qualit...

Climate change affects human health in a myriad of ways, requiring reassessment of the nature of scaling up care delivery and the effect that care delivery has on the environment. 5 billion people do not have access to safe and timely surgical care, and the quantity and severity of conditions that require surgical, obstetric, and anaesthesia care w...

The article provides information on the species composition of the microflora of the digestive tract in chickens of the Dekalb cross, its changes during the period of early postembryonic development against the background of the introduction of biologically active substances. The assessment of the degree of influence of the use of monopreparations...

Introduction The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery has highlighted inequity in the burden of surgical conditions and outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although quality-improvement processes are integral in reducing morbidity and mortality in surgical, obstetrics, trauma, and anesthesia care (SOTA) systems, there is limited kno...

( Anaesthesia . 2021;76:460–471) The use of general anesthesia (GA) in obstetrics is typically avoided due to concerns of increased risks, but is sometimes unavoidable. Accidental awareness during GA (AAGA) has been previously investigated by the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists in 2013. This study, the direct rep...

Objective: To determine the prevalence of blindness and partial sight among the indoor Diabetic patients of a teaching hospital. Study Design: Observational/cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The departments of Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology and st th Ophthalmology at Pakistan Railway Hospital Rawalpindi from 1 Novemb...

Introduction: International institutions have emphasised the role of midwives in ensuring women health, which guarantees family health and its physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. The integration of midwifery knowledge with psychology is a good opportunity for the patients and healthcare providers. Distraction technique is a psyc...

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan masalah utama kesehatan dunia. Kasus COVID-19 terus meningkat secara ekponensial di berbagai belahan dunia. Wanita hamil juga mengalami peningkatan kejadian infeksi COVID-19. Manifestasi klinis COVID-19 bervariasi, dengan sebagian besar pasien memiliki gejala saluran pernapasan. Pasien terinfeksi covid-...

Introduction: Critical incidents related to peri-operative anesthesia carry a risk of unwanted patient outcomes. Studying those helps detect problems, which is crucial in minimizing their recurrence. We aimed to identify the frequency of peri-anesthetic critical incidents. Methods: This is a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study of vo...

Aim: : Appropriate calculation of sample size and choosing the correct sampling technique are of paramount importance to produce studies that are capable of drawing clinically relevant conclusions with generalizability of results. The current study was planned with an objective to determine reporting of sample size and sampling considerations in c...

Introduction There are rare reports of the occurrence of acute transverse myelitis and Guillain–Barré syndrome after various surgical procedures and general/epidural anaesthesia. The concomitant occurrence of these pathologies is very rare and is called Guillain–Barré and acute transverse myelitis overlap syndrome. In this article, we present the c...

Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is a type of Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) which caused postoperative morbidity. SSI is widely reported in developing countries with a combined incidence of 11.8 episodes per 100 surgical procedures. This study aimed to identify risk factors for SSI in patients undergoing obstetric and gynecological surgeries...

p> Objective: Postoperative hematoma following abdominal surgery is relatively rare and mainly depends on the type of surgery. Specific treatment including surgery or interventional radiology is sometimes necessary. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cases of postoperative hematoma after gynecologic and obstetric surgery. Study Design: This...

Placental abruption is a condition that should be carefully considered in perinatal management because it is associated with serious events in both the mother and neonate, such as intrauterine fetal death, cerebral palsy, obstetric critical bleeding, and uncontrollable bleeding. The concomitant presence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DI...

Background: Sepsis is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. Sepsis causes approximately 1 million new-born deaths annually. The global prevalence of maternal sepsis is 4.4% causing more than 5.7 million cases and one tenth of maternal deaths annually. Skin preparation, shaving and wound closure were some factors involved in surgical site...

Objective To determine incidence, risk indicators, and outcomes of emergency peripartum hysterectomy (EPH) in Metro East, Cape Town, South Africa. Methods A population‐based district‐wide prospective descriptive study of EPH in public hospitals from November 2014 to November 2015. Women were enrolled by using the WHO maternal near miss tool and fo...

Introduction: International institutions have emphasised the role of midwives in ensuring women health, which guarantees family health and its physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. The integration of midwifery knowledge with psychology is a good opportunity for the patients and healthcare providers. Distraction technique is a psyc...

Prevention of sepsis in obstetrics

Background: Surgical energy injuries are an underappreciated phenomenon. Improper use of surgical energy or poor attention to patient safety can result in operating room fires, tissue injuries, and interferences with other electronic devices, while rare complications can be devastatingly severe. Despite this, there is no current standard requireme...

Background: Most sub-Saharan African countries have too few reproductive health (RH) specialists, resulting in high RH-related mortality and morbidity. In Kenya, task sharing in RH began in 2002, with the training of clinical officer(s)-reproductive health (CORH). Little is known about them and the extent of their role in the health system. Metho...

Objectives: To reviewe the etiology and management of urogenital fistulas at a tertiary care referral center. Methods: We retrospectively identified all patients with urogenital fistula referred to the King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between January 2005 and July 2016 from electronic records. We collected data on age, parity, etio...

Background: Although pregnancy-related laparotomy is a major intervention, literature is limited to small case-control or single center studies. We aimed to identify national incidence rates for postpartum laparotomy related to severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) in a high-income country and test the hypothesis that risk of postpartum laparotom...

Health Care Associated Infection (HCAI) is one of the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in hospital and otherhealth care facilitiy. Hand hygiene is the main way to reduce incidence of HCAI. World Health Organization (WHO)recommends alcohol-based handrub because it is more acceptable and tolerable than other hand hygiene products.WHO has iden...

Endometriosis is the presence of functioning endometrium outside the basement membrane of the uterine endometrium. It affects women of reproductive age and usually presents as a painful nodule over a period of 3 months to 10 years after surgery. Extrapelvic endometriosis is uncommon and more difficult to diagnose due to its variable presentation an...

WHAT'S ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC? Fetal surgery is entering mainstream clinical care as a specialty that introduces an exciting range of new treatments for mothers and their unborn babies. The conflict between maternal autonomy and interests in fetal health is relatively well‐known. How does fetal surgery affect this issue? WHAT DOES THIS STUD...

Background Surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the most common healthcare associated infections in the low-middle income countries. Data on incidence and risk factors for SSI following surgeries in general and Obstetric and Gynecological surgeries in particular are scare. This study set out to identify risk factors for SSI in patients undergo...

Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, neonatal mortality post-cesarean delivery is higher than the global average. In this region, most emergency cesarean sections are performed at district hospitals. This study assesses maternal predictors for poor neonatal outcomes post-emergency cesarean delivery in three rural district hospitals in Rwanda. Metho...

This current book puts forward a myriad of cases that has been long discussed in the field of medicine and surgery. The themes that run throughout this book mainly are related to the field of Mainly Surgery, Obstetrics, Orthopaedics, Psychiatry, Radiology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology field. Each case that is presented in this book is uniq...

After decades on the margins of primary health care, surgical and anaesthesia care is gaining increasing priority within the global development arena. The 2015 publications of the Disease Control Priorities third edition on Essential Surgery and the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery created a compelling evidenced-based argument for the fundamenta...

Background: Multiple choice question (MCQ) assessments are becoming popular means to assess knowledge for many screening examinations among several fields including Medicine. The single best answer MCQs may also test higher-order thinking skills. Hence, MCQs remain useful assessment gadget. Objectives: 1) To evaluate Multiple Choice Questions for t...

Acquired non-hormonal clitoromegaly is a rare condition and is due to benign or malignant tumours and sometimes idiopathic. Few cases of clitoral abscesses have been reported after female circumcision. We hereby report a case of clitoral abscess causing acquired clitoromegaly following an obstetrical surgery.

The aim of our study was to assess the theoretical and practical knowledge of French obstetricians about the surgical management of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Our study is a national anonymous self-administered survey. A total of 363 obstetricians responded to this questionnaire between December 2013 and April 2014. Questionnaire sent through em...

ERAS approach (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) is a multimodal, perioperative pathway designed to achieve early recovery after surgery. ERAS has shown documented efficacy in elective surgery, and the concept of “multimodal” and “multidisciplinary” approach seems still to be of higher importance than each single item within ERAS protocols. New pers...

Abdominal scar endometriosis, corresponding to the presence of an endometrial tissue near or inside an abdominal surgical incision, is a rare clinical event that can occur in women after gynecological or obstetric surgery. Generally, a triad consisting of underlying mass at the incision, cyclic menstrual scar pain, and history of previous gynecolog...

Objective: to understand the episiotomy rate and its relationship with various clinical variables. Method: a descriptive, cross-sectional, analytic study of 12,093 births in a tertiary hospital. Variables: Parity, gestational age, start of labor, use of epidural analgesia, oxytocin usage, position during fetal explusion, weight of neonate, and com...

Background: Many Web-based health care platforms allow patients to evaluate physicians by posting open-end textual reviews based on their experiences. These reviews are helpful resources for other patients to choose high-quality doctors, especially in countries like China where no doctor referral systems exist. Analyzing such a large amount of use...