Nutritional Biochemistry

Nutritional Biochemistry

  • Jonathan Petrocelli asked a question:
    New
    What is the physiological range in cellular saturated FFA intake after a meal in humans?

    I am treating C2C12 mouse muscle cells with 0.2mM palmitic acid and I want to know generally how much free fatty acids enter cells after a meal to give relevance to the concentration.

  • Jasenko Karamehic added an answer:
    4
    How can we determine that the load bearing activities are increasing the calcium absorptions?

    Load bearing activities increase the calcium absorption as it prescribed in all osteoporosis cases. Is there any reliable test to measure the absorption after load bearing exercise? Any supportive articles are appreciated.

    Jasenko Karamehic

    Thank you to set an interesting question, well documented answers that might serve many useful things to learn!

  • Isaac Karimi added an answer:
    2
    Procedure for lipase activity determination in sorghumflour

    I need a simplified procedure for determining lipase activity in sorghum flour. I have one in mind but unable to get the details.

    Please consider getting this:
    AACC (1976). American Association of cereal Chemists. St. Paul, Minnesota. Approved Methods of the AACC, 7th ed. (....for quick methods for free fatty acid expressed as lipase (enxyme) activity on a percentage fat basis).

    Thanks

  • Afrah Mhyson added an answer:
    1
    Has anyone used the RX Monza for biochemical analysis?
    This machine seems very cheap for semi automated analysis so I wondered if anyone had experience in a research setting?
    Afrah Mhyson

    Im sorry ,Idont use it

  • Ratan Singh added an answer:
    11
    Formula for determination of MDA concentration in fish tissue?

    Please i need formula to calculate the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration for analyzing lipid peroxidation in fish tissue sample.

    Below is the method i used:

    Briefly, 1.0 mL of homogenate prepared in KCl solution was incubated at 37C for 30 min. Proteins were precipitated by adding 1 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and then centrifuged at 2,000 g for 15 min. One mL of supernatant was taken as an aliquot in separate tube to which 1 mL of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBA) solution was added. The
    tubes were kept in boiling water bath for 10 min. OD was taken at 535nm.

    Ratan Singh

     Hello sir...its really elaborated answer for the MDA conc calculation.. P.Pardha-Saradhi sir may you please mentioned here when wen got MDA nmol/ml then how it convert in nmol/g or nmol/mg?

    may please...

    Thank you

  • Jasenko Karamehic added an answer:
    9
    Is that correct to compare the dissolution test of a drug with drug release in the gut ?

    As a part of my research I am planning to do a dissolution test to see the active drug release from folic acid tablet and to see the effect of storage on active drug release. i would like to know by giving the controlled conditions (temperature and pH as in the gut) in-vitro, to dissolution test can i discuss the drug release in the gut? is this correct way to discuss the drug release in the body?

    Jasenko Karamehic

    Very curious question correct and very professional answers from which I learned a lot!

  • Vahini Raidu added an answer:
    7
    Is there any method of in vitro determination of glycemic index of foods?

    The methods for determination of glycemic index of foods, which measure the glucose levels released after consumption of foods, are in vivo methods that require use of human subjects. It is often a challenge to find volunteers for the exercise.

    Vahini Raidu

    there are available in my profile in the research article section but the samples used in my study were indian foods or indian recipes

  • Shekappa Devindra added an answer:
    8
    Is there any simple method to determine the total sugar content in wine? Except determine the brix or HPLC with reflective index?

    I am trying to determine the approximate total sugar content in a concentrated wine sample. The brix is not accurate enough for my purpose. I am wonder whether there are other methods to determine the total sugar content quick and simple. I know HPLC with reflective idex detector can do individual sugars, but is there another simple method to determine the total? 

    Thank you

    Shekappa Devindra

    there are three methods can be used to determine total carbohydrates

    1. By difference (determine all other components like protein, fat, moisture and ash sum the value and subtract from 100 ml the difference value is the total carbohydrate.

    2. Use phenol sulfuric acid method or

    3. Using the modified methods of anthron method 

  • Mario Ciampolini added an answer:
    4
    Does Fasting help cure auto immune diseases like rheuatoid arthritis?

    Fasting more specifically on Raw Vegetable Juices and Honey

    Mario Ciampolini

    Fasting has a big problem: the feed back to stop starving.

    I usually used Initial Huger as a signal for deciding energy intake. This is differernt from fastng.

  • Velma Edmonds added an answer:
    1
    Does anybody know the mannan and B-glucan content of Fermacto or BIoMOS prebiotics?

    I want to know the content of Fermacto and BioMOS as prebiotics.

    Regards

    Velma Edmonds

    Hi Hosna,

    Usually, the manufacturer will not release its patented contents. If they do, they will not let you know the amount of each ingredient. At least, that has been my experience.

    Good luck,

    Velma

  • Michelle Baack added an answer:
    2
    Mouse model for neonatal exposure to maternal obesity?

    Does anyone know a good mouse model of neonatal exposure to maternal obesity?

    Michelle Baack

    Kent,

    It depends on the question you are asking. Our lab studies the effects of maternal high fat diet on DOHaD in offspring. Others use a Western diet (high fat and carbohydrates).  There is the Agouti mouse model (from Duke) and a leptin knock out mouse (ob/ob) that is obese and develops Type 2 diabetes.  Many things to consider in your study design - See Rebecca Simmons Review including PMID: 21110912 and others.

  • Taha Elbedawy added an answer:
    7
    Effects of CLA on ruminant reproduction?

    does anyone knows or worked about effects of CLA on ruminant reproduction?

    Taha Elbedawy

    Article: AENSI Journals Advances in Environmental Biology Corresponding Author: Growth Performance and Conjugated Linoleic acid (CLA) Content on Meat of Growing Lambs Fed Diets Containing Vegetable Oils
    Eman H El-Sabaawy · Sawsan M Gad · T M El-Bedawy · [...] · A M Abd El-Gawad
    [Show abstract]
    Full-text Article · Aug 2015 · Advances in Environmental Biology

    researchgate :Taha Elbedawy

  • Simon Christopher Riley added an answer:
    5
    Why the marker can not be separated well in gelatin zymography?

    I am a master student who are recently doing the gelatin zymography. It did not work well. I find the marker I used (the marker is suitable for western blot) can not be separated during the gelatin zymography expecially those high molecular weight. At the same time, it showed that my samples were all crowded at high molecular weight and can not be separated. I want to konw why this happen? Is is because my gel problem or what? I loaded 10ug Protein to each well. Also, I saw a clearly line below the loading dye during the running of the gel. What's that? Is it gelatin?

    Simon Christopher Riley

    The gel looks fine - I suggest you don't start changing this around.  You can run the die front right to the edge (or even off) the gel for a short time to improve separation.   I think you should look at your protein extraction procedure of your sample? Are you sure that you have solublized your sample to release the MMP and other smaller mw proteins?  

    I raise a question and a suggestion - how useful are tissue extracts?  A lot of people use them, but the release of MMP may be of more interest as it may better reflect function as they need to be secreted [and activated] to exhibit their effect on ECM - and measuring secreted gelatinase activities (eg from a short term explant) is a lot easier - there are not all the other cellular proteins in your extract.

    Good luck

  • Habtamu Fekadu added an answer:
    3
    Solubility of 1-aminodecylidene bis-phosphonic acid (sodium salt)?

    Hello community,

    recently I´ve bought a substance called 1-aminodecylidene bis-phosphonic acid (sodium salt).

    https://www.caymanchem.com/product/13583

    Now I want to solve it for cell culture use. Did anyone of you ever used the compound and knows which solvent I need to use.

    Thank you very much in advance,

    Best Andrea

    Habtamu Fekadu

    Please referee the following link

    https://www.caymanchem.com/product/13583

  • Dag Viljen Poleszynski added an answer:
    5
    Why is meat a risk factor for diabetes?

    May the reason for this be animal protein (especially leucine), zoonotic viruses, glycotoxins, trans fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, heme iron, or industrial pollutants?

    Dag Viljen Poleszynski

    "Risk factor" is a bad term. No studies have shown causality, and most studies confuse processed meat with natural methods like cooking, roasting and woking. Animal foods have been a natural part of our diet since time immemorial; there ar no convincingly god reasons why it suddenly should make us sick, perhaps excepting overprocessed, moldy or decayed meat. Hunters and gatherers did not eat "Mediterranean" diets for that matter, had not bread, sugar, sweet drinks or ouzo to drink either.. 

  • Sabine M Harrison added an answer:
    1
    I am using ACN: MeOH(ammonium acetate): EA; + 0.05% TEA, Lut, zeax. well separated but beta carotein has no repetability. Anyone can help me?

    Column C18, 4.5, 5, 250, ODS2. Gradient flow.

    Sabine M Harrison

    Hi Ashrafi,

    Your mobile phase strikes me as rather completed (i.e. too many solvents mixed together). If there is any chance, I would try to make it a little bit less complicated which may help with your reproducibility issues. Also, could you maybe give some more info regarding the "lut" and "zeax" please? In additoon, to help you with your troubleshooting, it would be great to have the proportions of each solvent/modifier for both, mobile phase A and B along with the gradient.

    What solvent have you used to make up your beta carotene standard? And at which concentration?

    Considering you complicated mobile phase, have you tried to dissolve your standard in mobile phase A?

    From the information you supplied, I suspect that your beta carotene keeps crashing out when injected which would give rather irreproducible results. The extend of the "crashing" out would be determined by the concentration. Do you observe any pressure fluctuations/problems?

    Good luck!

  • Chukwuebuka Egbuna added an answer:
    5
    Can somebody provide me a standard protocol to determine dietary fibre using gravimetric method?

    i need to analyse the dietary fibre of my sample

    Chukwuebuka Egbuna

    This manual might be helpful

  • Gerhard Quelle added an answer:
    5
    What do you think of dimethylglycine?
    What is our take on dimethylglycine?
    Gerhard Quelle

    Sorry, I am not able to reply (in brief) because a) considering the amount of established scientific knowledge and data in connection with DMG and b) the question is by far too general in its scope. 

  • Andrea-Anneliese Keller added an answer:
    2
    What is the best way to solve Lysophosphatidic acid for cell culture use?

    Dear Community,

    I want to do cell culture incubations with Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The exact name of the compound is: L-α-LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID, OLEOYL, SODIUM. The manufacturer gives the following advice:

    1) chloroform:methanol:acetic acid (95:5:5) gives a clear solution.
    2) soluble at 5 mg per ml (approx. 11 mM) in calcium and magnesium free buffers.
    3)phosphate buffered saline(PBS), pH 7.2, at up to 0.3 mM (0.14 mg per ml) in the presence of 0.1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (essentially fatty acid free).

    We don´t want to use chloroform:methanol:acetic acid (95:5:5) on our THP-1 cells. The concentration of 0.3 mM achieved in PBS is very low.

    Has anyone any experiences with the compound and how to dissolve it? What solvent at which concentration?

    Thank you very much in advance.

    Best Andrea

    Andrea-Anneliese Keller

    Great link! Thank you so much, Awatif!

  • Madhumita Sen added an answer:
    6
    Does METHYLSULFONYLMETHANE prevent hair loss following weight loss surgery?

    There are some new dietary supplements that claim that Horsetail extract and methysulfonylmethane prevent hair loss.

    Madhumita Sen

    There are no trials that prove it works.

  • Mohinder Bakshi added an answer:
    6
    What is the minimum amount of sample that can be taken for estimation of dietary fibre?

    my sample is a fruit sample

    Mohinder Bakshi

    The question is the amount of sample to be taken for the estimation of dietary fiber. The 0.5 to 1.0g oven dried, finely ground sample will be sufficient for estimating fiber.

    But no doubt, for the complete analysis (all other parameters), she should take 200-300g fresh fruit sample, as the fresh fruits contain hardly 10-11% DM.

  • Mario Ciampolini added an answer:
    1
    % of DPI which should be of high biological value in healthy young and older?

    All the research I've read about protein requirements pigeonhole all in one sentence: "High-Quality Protein" and hence the question of whether there will be some proportion between proteins HBV / LBV health of young people and the elderly arises. On occasion I read an intake of 60% protein of HBV however was for cases of CKD. 

    Mario Ciampolini

    I wrote a lot on eating as a political/economic issue.

    How  is possible that a teaching on eating will be directed solely to health?

    I wrote a book on this. I cannot report all the book: 1.         Ciampolini M, Lovell Smith D. Self-Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Balance. A Handbook. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2014. https://www.lap-publishing.com/.../978-3-8473-7027-7, 9783847370277, 3847370278.

     Ciampolini M (2016) The Feeding Colloquium. J Pediatr Neonatal Care 4(3): 00141. DOI: 10.15406/ jpnc.2016.04.00141

    Mario Ciampolini and Gaia Cecchi. “A Plea to Mothers”. EC Endocrinology and Metabolic Research 1.1 (2016): 1-3.

  • Geir Bjorklund added an answer:
    7
    Do 'antioxidants' really play an important role in health -- or are they causing more cancers than they cure?

    I should be grateful to know your own impressions and points of view.

    If you are interested in nutrition and cancer, you may find this paper of interest: 
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280571632_The_Adjuvant_Nutritional_Intervention_in_Cancer_%28ANICA%29_Trial

    • Source
      Geir Bjorklund
      [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Adjuvant Nutritional Intervention in Cancer (ANICA) was a clinical study carried out in Denmark in the 1990s with 32 typical patients with breast cancer, aged 32-81 years and classified 'high risk' because of tumor spread to the lymph nodes. The patients received standard therapy for their breast cancer, but got from the start additionally an adjuvant therapy in form of a cocktail consisting of vitamin C (2850 mg/day), vitamin E (2500 IU/day), beta-carotene (32.5 IU/day), selenium (Se) (387 micrograms/day), various other vitamins and essential trace elements, essential fatty acids (1.2 g gamma-linolenic acid/day and 3.5 g omega-3 PUFAs/day), and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, 90 mg/day). The protocol was later changed, with reduction of the Se intake and more coenzyme Q10 than when the study was started. The average survival of high-risk breast patients in the study was 50% after five years, while for low-risk breast cancer patients (without metastases in the axilla when treatment was started), the average survival was 90% after ten years. The main investigator died, and the final report from the ANICA study was therefore never written. However, the published preliminary results from the trial were very promising; it seems, therefore, important to follow-up this study.
      Full-text available · Article · Oct 2015 · Nutrition and Cancer
      Download
    Geir Bjorklund

    Regarding antioxidant supplements, the following question I earlier asked on ResearchGate seems relevant:

    "Is there a difference between "natural" and "synthetic" vitamins when it comes to safety and efficiency?"
    https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_there_a_difference_between_natural_and_synthetic_vitamins_when_it_comes_to_safety_and_efficiency

  • Dr Murugesan Muthu added an answer:
    3
    Do you have unpublished studies?

    Not all research results get published. Sometimes results showing something other than what the researchers or the funders had hoped for not get published. Other times, the researchers have problems to find a suitable journal for their study.

    Dr Murugesan Muthu

    Yes. a lot in the lab book.  

    While working towards a set goal,  always other avenues opens up which requires bit more extra work to shape it as a good paper but either PI or funding agency are not interested about it. Moreover, PI feels it is unnecessary direction which distracts the original work and waste of time.

    Another, important thing is, if you are mentioning/discussing this sort of extra bit of work for publication, sometime it'll damage your reputation as "always getting distracted instead of concentrating about  assigned work". 

  • El Hassane Sidibé added an answer:
    1
    Is there strong evidence in increasing estrogen from soy protein?

    HI HALL 

    2. Does it affect the performance or other markers (testosterone) in athletes?

    The following meta-analysis is attached and hope for their valuable opinions. Thanks!

    El Hassane Sidibé

    PHYTOESTROGENS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE IN ASIAN DIET DECREASING THE RATE OF SOME CANCERS NOTABLY OF THE BREAST SURELY BECAUSE  SOY DERIVATES.

  • Aldo Stenio Sansinanea added an answer:
    7
    What should be the preferred strategy to encapsulate hydrophyllic food biopeptide for oral delivery?

    Hydrophillic food biopeptide as therapeutic agents for oral delivery

    Aldo Stenio Sansinanea

    Gelification ionic with alginate sholud be the best option

  • Michael J Rae added an answer:
    11
    What is the optimal BCAA (Branched Chain Amino Acids) Ratio for Muscle Protein Synthesis?
    Among BCAA'S (Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine), Leucine has been identified as the one enhancing Anabolic Signaling and overall Muscle Protein Synthesis. Current products on the market have Ratios of 2:1:1. 4:1:1, 8:1:1 and 12:1:1. I could not find any supporting literature where the optimal ratio was studied. Have you?
    Michael J Rae

    Hi Mei-Lei,

    As Dr. Witard has already indicated, signalling responses do not necessarily mirror changes in MPS. More importantly, if you're asking for practical reasons and not for some purely biochemical reason, MPS itself is not a good predictor of net protein accretion or strength gains, particularly provided adequate high-quality protein intake. See for instance:

    http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0089431
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6850668_The_Effects_of_Protein_and_Amino_Acid_Supplementation_on_Performance_and_Training_Adaptations_During_Ten_Weeks_of_Resistance_Training

    • Source
      Chad M Kerksick · Christopher J Rasmussen · Stacy L Lancaster · [...] · Richard B Kreider
      [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of whey protein supplementation on body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capacity during 10 weeks of resistance training. Thirty-six resistance-trained males (31.0 +/- 8.0 years, 179.1 +/- 8.0 cm, 84.0 +/- 12.9 kg, 17.8 +/- 6.6%) followed a 4 days-per-week split body part resistance training program for 10 weeks. Three groups of supplements were randomly assigned, prior to the beginning of the exercise program, in a double-blind manner to all subjects: 48 g per day (g.d(-1)) carbohydrate placebo (P), 40 g.d(-1) of whey protein + 8 g.d(-1) of casein (WC), or 40 g.d(-1) of whey protein + 3 g.d(-1) branched-chain amino acids + 5 g.d(-1) L-glutamine (WBG). At 0, 5, and 10 weeks, subjects were tested for fasting blood samples, body mass, body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench and leg press, 80% 1RM maximal repetitions to fatigue for bench press and leg press, and 30-second Wingate anaerobic capacity tests. No changes (p > 0.05) were noted in all groups for energy intake, training volume, blood parameters, and anaerobic capacity. WC experienced the greatest increases in DEXA lean mass (P = 0.0 +/- 0.9; WC = 1.9 +/- 0.6; WBG = -0.1 +/- 0.3 kg, p < 0.05) and DEXA fat-free mass (P = 0.1 +/- 1.0; WC = 1.8 +/- 0.6; WBG = -0.1 +/- 0.2 kg, p < 0.05). Significant increases in 1RM bench press and leg press were observed in all groups after 10 weeks. In this study, the combination of whey and casein protein promoted the greatest increases in fat-free mass after 10 weeks of heavy resistance training. Athletes, coaches, and nutritionists can use these findings to increase fat-free mass and to improve body composition during resistance training.
      Full-text available · Article · Sep 2006 · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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  • Matias Jesus added an answer:
    3
    BCAA's vs Whey protein supplement, leucine problem - is there competitive antagonism?

    HI HALL!

    BCAAs share the same carrier in the gut and would be facing competitive antagonism therefore supplementation they have less effect on the MPS (Assuming it the Most Important amino acid is leucine) with a high concentration of isoleucine and valine.
    My question is: The whey protein With a high amount of BCAA's (example, 10 g leucine / 100g, 6g valine / 100g, 6g isoleucine / 100g) cause a competitive antagonism leucine or only in the case of BCAAs with high concentration of Ile and Val?
    In the case that the whey protein doesn't cause inhibition despite high concentrations in Ile and Val, why would it be?

    THANKS :)

    Matias Jesus

    The study by Churchward et al describe precisely this potential competitive antagonism between BCAA, so I got the idea that the higher the concentration of Ile and Val are more complicate things for leucine and therefore the MPS will be reduced.  Subsequently Morton et al recommended "intact" protein instead purified combination of BCAA. Then you really will have less impact on the MPS the BCAA supplementation (with a ratio 2:1:1 or 4:1:1) compared to Whey + leu enrichment or BCAA supplement with low concentration of Ile, Val, and high concentration of Leu (ratio 8:1:1 or 12:1:1) or definitely no liability significant antagonism in the commercial BCAA supplements?

    • Source
      Tyler A Churchward-Venne · Leigh Breen · Danielle M Di Donato · [...] · Stuart M Phillips
      [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Leucine is a key amino acid involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis. We assessed the effect of the supplementation of a lower-protein mixed macronutrient beverage with varying doses of leucine or a mixture of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) on myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) at rest and after exercise. In a parallel group design, 40 men (21 ± 1 y) completed unilateral knee-extensor resistance exercise before the ingestion of 25 g whey protein (W25) (3.0 g leucine), 6.25 g whey protein (W6) (0.75g leucine), 6.25 g whey protein supplemented with leucine to 3.0 g total leucine (W6+Low-Leu), 6.25 g whey protein supplemented with leucine to 5.0 g total leucine (W6+High-Leu), or 6.25 g whey protein supplemented with leucine, isoleucine, and valine to 5.0 g total leucine. A primed continuous infusion of l-[ring-(13)C6] phenylalanine with serial muscle biopsies was used to measure MPS under baseline fasted and postprandial conditions in both a rested (response to feeding) and exercised (response to combined feeding and resistance exercise) leg. The area under the blood leucine curve was greatest for the W6+High-Leu group compared with the W6 and W6+Low-Leu groups (P < 0.001). In the postprandial period, rates of MPS were increased above baseline over 0-1.5 h in all treatments. Over 1.5-4.5 h, MPS remained increased above baseline after all treatments but was greatest after W25 (∼267%) and W6+High-Leu (∼220%) treatments (P = 0.002). A low-protein (6.25 g) mixed macronutrient beverage can be as effective as a high-protein dose (25 g) at stimulating increased MPS rates when supplemented with a high (5.0 g total leucine) amount of leucine. These results have important implications for formulations of protein beverages designed to enhance muscle anabolism. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 1530646.
      Full-text available · Article · Nov 2013 · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
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    + 1 more attachment

  • Joshua Samsoondar added an answer:
    2
    AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) dosage and time on mouse hepatocytes?

    Hi,

    Anyone has tried which is the optimal concentration and time for compound C (CC) treatment with metformin in primary mice hepatocytes?

    I've tried 1uM for 24 hours and the protein concentration was awfully low (can't analyze the Westerns).

    Tried pre-treatment 20uM for 30minutes. Cells were better but some of the samples were too low in protein concentration.

    Thanks for your help!!

    Joshua Samsoondar

    Just a word of caution when using Compound C, it is well known to have off off target effects (such as the one shown by Brahma) making it less than ideal for investigating AMPK-dependent effects. I can provide more references of this if you are interested. 

    Do you think the low protein concentrations you are getting are because of Compound C toxicity? 

  • Catherine M G C Renard added an answer:
    3
    Why does Pyconogenol (65-75% procyanidines) have a smaller dose than grape seed extract (95% procyanidines)?

    Though pycnogenol contain lesser amount of procyanidines (65-75%) where as grape seed extract can contain up to 95% but still the most prescribed dose of pycnogenol is 150 mg whereas of grape seed extract is 300 mg. Can anybody suggest or share some reference why it is like that?

    Catherine M G C Renard

    If I remember right, pycnogenol contains procyanidins whereas grape seed extract also contain prodelphinidins. The average molecular weights are also different, but that is VERY dependant on extraction method. You might also look up comparison with cocoa procyanidins, closer in structure to pycnogenol.

  • Umesh Jethwani added an answer:
    6
    What would be the lethal dose of potassium ingested in grams (for a human)?

    Through medical education it is often stated about the toxicity of high (or low) potassium in blood/organism, but what would be the acute toxic dose ingested orally?

    Umesh Jethwani

    intra venous lethal dose is approximately 30-35 mg K+/kg

  • Gem Marie Pasahingue added an answer:
    4
    How to dry the Pineapple Core without degrading the enzyme Bromelain?

    We will be extracting the enzyme Bromelain from the Pineapple core. Some studies mentioned that it will be dried but was not able to specify how and how long.

    Also, Do we really need to dry the core before the extraction of the Bromelain method?

    Gem Marie Pasahingue

    Thank you Mr. Parim, how long is it for shade drying?

  • Pallab Kumar Borah added an answer:
    5
    Can I do crude fibre estimation of a defatted sample which I have dried at 105 degrees C?

    Can I do crude fibre estimation of a defatted sample which I have dried at 105 degrees C after defatting it?

    Pallab Kumar Borah

    Ofcourse yes.....

  • Vanda Sargautiene added an answer:
    5
    What is the rate at which viscous beta glucan leaves the stomach, and how viscosity is affected by Hcl ?

    I am interesting in publications about beta glucan viscosity, the rate at which viscous beta glucan leaves the stomach. Thanks!

    Vanda Sargautiene

    Thank You very much

  • Lewis Alan Opler added an answer:
    5
    Are there any warnings from long-term use of L-carnitine?

    L-carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biosynthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine.In eukaryotic cells, it is required for the transport of fatty acids from the intermembraneous space in the mitochondria, into the mitochondrial matrix during the breakdown of lipids (fats) for the generation of metabolic energy.It is widely available as anutritional supplement. 

    Lewis Alan Opler

    Attached find paper re: L-carnitine/inflammatory markers in cardiac disease

  • Yi-hsieng Samuel Wu added an answer:
    2
    How can we study the mechanism of action and release kinetics of encapsulated biopeptides?

    E.g for hydrophyllic peptides in purified or mixed form (hydrolysate)

    Yi-hsieng Samuel Wu

    Recently, I saw this from the researcher I followed.

    It's not my research target, but I guess this may be helpful to you. You could check the paragraph 6 which is about releasing.

    • Source
      Aishwarya Mohan · Subin R. C. K. Rajendran · Quan Sophia He · [...] · Chibuike C. Udenigwe
      [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Food protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered a category of promising functional food ingredients. However, commercial application of protein hydrolysates and their constituent peptides can be impeded by their low bioavailability, bitter taste, hygroscopicity and likelihood of interacting with the food matrix. Encapsulation as a delivery mechanism can be used to overcome these challenges for improving the bioavailability and organoleptic properties of the peptides. Proteins, polysaccharides and lipids are the three carrier systems that have been utilized in food peptide encapsulation. The protein and polysaccharide systems mainly aim at masking the bitter taste and reducing the hygroscopicity of protein hydrolysates, whereas the lipid-based systems are intended for use in enhancing the bioavailability and biostability of encapsulated peptides. A spray drying technique is largely used to achieve microencapsulation in both protein and polysaccharide systems while, generally, liposomes are prepared by a film hydration technique. However, it is seen that the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of peptides using the liposome model is relatively lower since the entropy-driven liposome formation is uncontrolled and spontaneous. Achieving adequate EE through cost effective techniques is indispensable for encapsulation to be applicable to bioactive peptide-based product commercialization. Furthermore, the design of high quality functional foods requires detailed understanding of the release mechanism and kinetics, gastrointestinal stability, bioavailability and physiological bioactivity of the encapsulated peptide products.
      Full-text available · Article · Sep 2015 · RSC Advances
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  • Carolina Torres Palazzolo added an answer:
    11
    How can I validate an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion?

    I'm using a protocol for in vitro gastrointestinal digestion comes a protocol already published with some modifications. Previous work does not explain how validated their technique. I read most of the articles that say they do validate their techniques by comparing the in vitro data with in vivo data, but in my case it is not possible to develop human studies.

    Carolina Torres Palazzolo

    Thank you very much for your contributions, are all very valid. I am going to consider for continued the trials. 

  • Julie Taylor Baker added an answer:
    4
    What is the rationale for not providing phosphorus supplementation in starter TPN?

    There are many different starter TPN solutions provided across the country to provide early dextrose and amino acid supplementation. Some provide calcium as well. What is the rationale for not providing phosphorus with calcium?

    Julie Taylor Baker

    Typically you would add phosphorus to a starter TPN solution, especially if the or is significantly malnourished to avoid refeeding syndrome. The issue with calcium and phosphorus is the potential for precipitation in solution. This is easily avoided if the solution is checked on seoftware that calculates calcium phosphorus curve, usually pharmacy would have this. There are very few cases in which I would hold phosphorus, possibly renal issues where the phosphorus is high. Hopefully this answers your question.

  • Michael Seegers added an answer:
    2
    what is available about the problems created by MSG in the human diet
    MSG is prevalent in the diet of the adult population in the developed world and is spreading worldwide. Do you have knowledge related to the possible problems associated with this food additive?
    Michael Seegers

    See Dr Blaylock at

  • Fatai Oladunni Balogun added an answer:
    4
    Can anyone help with glycogen synthase and phosphorylase protocol based on Leloir & Goldenberg 1962 and Cornblath et al 1963 methods respectively?

    can anyone help with glycogen synthase & phosphorylase activity protocol based on Leloir & Goldenberg 1962 and Cornblath et al 1963 methods respectively?

    Fatai Oladunni Balogun

    @ Tausif Alam, thank you prof for the information. I will definately get back to you.

  • Jose L Mauriz added an answer:
    4
    What effects does melatonin have in cancer?

    Current knowledge and ongoing research

    Jose L Mauriz

    Dear Greg, our group has desmostrsted antitumor effects by melatonin administration in HCC.

    • Source
      Javier Martín-Renedo · José L Mauriz · Francisco Jorquera · [...] · Javier González-Gallego
      [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Melatonin reduces proliferation in many different cancer cell lines. However, studies on the oncostatic effects of melatonin in the treatment of hepatocarcinoma are limited. In this study, we examined the effect of melatonin administration on HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells, analyzing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. Melatonin was dissolved in the cell culture media in 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide and administered at different concentrations for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days. Melatonin at concentrations 1000-10,000 microM caused a dose- and time-dependent reduction in cell number. Furthermore, melatonin treatment induced apoptosis with increased caspase-3 activity and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis. Proapoptotic effects of melatonin were related to cytosolic cytochrome c release, upregulation of Bax and induction of caspase-9 activity. Melatonin treatment also resulted in increased caspase-8 activity, although no significant change was observed in Fas-L expression. In addition, JNK 1,-2 and -3 and p38, members of the MAPK family, were upregulated by melatonin treatment. Growth inhibition by melatonin altered the percentage or cells in G0-G1 and G2/M phases indicating cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The reduced cell proliferation and alterations of cell cycle were coincident with a significant increase in the expression of p53 and p21 proteins. These novel findings show that melatonin, by inducing cell death and cell cycle arrest, might be useful as adjuvant in hepatocarcinoma therapy.
      Full-text available · Article · Dec 2008 · Journal of Pineal Research
      Download

    + 5 more attachments

  • Martin Hofmeister added an answer:
    1
    Can anyone help with glycogen synthase & phosphorylase activity protocol based on Leloir & Goldenberg 1962 & Cornblath et al 1963 methods respectively

    can anyone help with glycogen synthase & phosphorylase activity protocol based on Leloir & Goldenberg 1962 and Cornblath et al 1963 methods respectively

    Martin Hofmeister

    Okawara A, Halprin KM, Levine V. The enzymes of glycogen metabolism in the various cell fractions from the normal human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 1972;59(2):187-91.
    http://www.nature.com/jid/journal/v59/n2/pdf/5617833a.pdf 


    Passonneau JV, Schwartz JP, Rottenberg DA. The partial purification and properties of pig brain glycogen synthase. J Biol Chem. 1975;250(6):2287-92.
    http://www.jbc.org/content/250/6/2287.full.pdf


    Miller TB Jr, Praderio M, Wolleben C, Bullman J. A hypersensitivity of glycogen phosphorylase activation in hearts of diabetic rats. J Biol Chem. 1981;256(4):1748-53.
    http://www.jbc.org/content/256/4/1748.full.pdf


    Sekar DS, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S. Antidiabetic activity of Momordica charantia seeds on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Pharmazie. 2005;60(5):383-7.
    http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/govi/pharmaz/2005/00000060/00000005/art00014?crawler=true


    3.8.4 Assay of Hepatic Glycogen Synthase and Glycogen Phosphorylase (p. 42/43)
    http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4770/9/09_chapter%203.pdf

  • Michael Seegers added an answer:
    2
    Would metabolic conversion rate of a nutrient need to be accounted for in nutritional studies?
    I am designing a hypothetical preclinical study on the effects of vitamin D (specifically the active metabolite 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, or D3) on the Wnt/B-catenin signaling pathway in the scid mouse model. I have found TD50 for D3 and for cholecalciferol (D2), the dietary form. If I'm feeding the mice D2, do I need to be concerned with toxicity levels of D3 as I would be if supplementing with D3? It's a nutrition study so we're looking at food rather than synthetic sources.
    Michael Seegers

    Inquire at

  • Gianluca Giuberti added an answer:
    5
    Are there any scientific publications on cereals with high amylose having a high glycemic index?

    Do cereals with high amylose result in high glycemic index?

    Gianluca Giuberti

    Dear Mookambika Ramyabai, 

    please see attached link.

    all the best 

  • Frank Palmer added an answer:
    4
    Is there any published research into the causal relationship between drinking high TDS (EC) underground water and diseases such as CKD and diabetes?

    We are researching he causal links between drinking high TDS underground well water and health issues in indigenous communities.

    There is a lot of Chronic Kidney disease, Heart Disease, Diabetes, etc.  The mortality rates are very high.

    Frank Palmer

    I'm seeking data from the third world that demonstrates a strong causative relationship between the high levels of naturally-occurring elements in the underground drinking water and the diseases and poor health that exist in those communities.  I am led to understand that this research has been done in the third world, but I cannot find the data. 

    Some researchers have responded with data on agricultural chemicals that have found their way into underground aquifers that have subsequently been consumed by humans: those data are not what I am looking for. 

    Thank you for your help.

  • Jeffrey Baxter added an answer:
    8
    Does anyone know the difference between protease and pepsin?

    I'm going to carry out an experiment which one of the reagent is pepsin. Unfortunately, somehow that enzyme is not available here and what's come to my mind is using protease for substitute. Does anyone know what might be occurred once I used protease as pepsin substitute in my experiment? Any though and help are appreciated.

    Regards,

    Aprinia

    Jeffrey Baxter

    If your purpose is to release starch for later hydrolysis, then chemical treatments to hydrolyze proteins are not advisable, as those conditions would be VERY likely to also destroy the carbohydrates. It is true that 1% alkali is likely to solubilize general protein, but it sounds like you have a protein that is more or less specifically bound to the starch you wish to analyze. I believe you have a series of experiments to determine which enzyme or combination of enzymes would be suitable to your needs. Testing a variety, and then continuing with your starch hydrolysis and comparing results is likely the only way you could achieve this goal. In the other answers you received, I think you got the message that "protease" is a very general term, and is likely now considered an incorrect one - but the bottom line there is that it is completely non-informative. If you need a proteinase that is active at the low pH, there are few alternatives. It might be possible to obtain a substitute from an enzyme company that makes fermentation derived proteinases, if the main objection here is that pepsin is often derived from porcine source ... I would also recommend contacting an enzyme company (such as Specialty Enzymes, though I have no experience with them directly, they have an enzyme preparation that sounds like it might suit (SEBDigest F35L/P – Acid Fungal Protease - Food grade, Kosher-certified, non-synthetic acid protease which can hydrolyze proteins from plants, fish or animals to produce hydrolysates used to produce protein ingredients suitable for use in production of food flavor enhancers, meat extenders, fermented foods, and more). Looking on the web would very likely identify other suppliers with similar enzymes derived from microorganisms - most likely from Aspergillus species, that would eliminate the porcine source issue, while delivering potentially similar activities. The supplier could be more specific. Without directly comparing results with the alternative enzyme and the originally cited pepsin, it is problematic to answer your question in a definitive manner. If you really cannot obtain pepsin, perhaps you could arrange so9mething with the original publisher of the method, and analyze a sample set you could exchange to determine if the different enzyme is actually interchangeable? I hope this rambling discourse is helpful.  Regards 

  • Chibuike Udenigwe added an answer:
    2
    What simple strategy can be employed to generate spray dried micro/nanoparticles for safe oral delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins

    The spray drying should be preceded by polymeric encapsulation of the peptide/protein 

    Chibuike Udenigwe

    This depends on the carrier used for encapsulation and the nature of the peptides. Spray drying would be appropriate for protein and polysaccharide carriers, but not lipid-based systems due to their low phase transition temperatures. You also need to consider the thermal stability of the active peptide/protein before using spray drying.

    I have included a link to our recent review article on this topic with a particular focus on the encapsulation of food protein-derived peptides.

    I hope this helps.

    • Source
      Aishwarya Mohan · Subin R. C. K. Rajendran · Quan Sophia He · [...] · Chibuike C. Udenigwe
      [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Food protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered a category of promising functional food ingredients. However, commercial application of protein hydrolysates and their constituent peptides can be impeded by their low bioavailability, bitter taste, hygroscopicity and likelihood of interacting with the food matrix. Encapsulation as a delivery mechanism can be used to overcome these challenges for improving the bioavailability and organoleptic properties of the peptides. Proteins, polysaccharides and lipids are the three carrier systems that have been utilized in food peptide encapsulation. The protein and polysaccharide systems mainly aim at masking the bitter taste and reducing the hygroscopicity of protein hydrolysates, whereas the lipid-based systems are intended for use in enhancing the bioavailability and biostability of encapsulated peptides. A spray drying technique is largely used to achieve microencapsulation in both protein and polysaccharide systems while, generally, liposomes are prepared by a film hydration technique. However, it is seen that the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of peptides using the liposome model is relatively lower since the entropy-driven liposome formation is uncontrolled and spontaneous. Achieving adequate EE through cost effective techniques is indispensable for encapsulation to be applicable to bioactive peptide-based product commercialization. Furthermore, the design of high quality functional foods requires detailed understanding of the release mechanism and kinetics, gastrointestinal stability, bioavailability and physiological bioactivity of the encapsulated peptide products.
      Full-text available · Article · Sep 2015 · RSC Advances
      Download
  • Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso (OR Olmedilla) added an answer:
    5
    Is there any factor that can be used to convert the result of beta carotene (provitamin A) to vitamin A of vegetables?

    I determined the beta carotene content of tomato by UV spectrophotometry and I want to convert the result to vitamin A. Is there any factor for the conversion?

    Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso (OR Olmedilla)

    The contribution of each food to the vitamin A intake is expressed in the two forms currently used: retinol equivalents (RE) and retinol activity equivalents (RAE)
    RE (μg/day) = μg retinol + (μg β-carotene/6) + (μg α-carotene/12) + (μg β-cryptoxanthin/12).
    RAE (μg/day) = μg retinol + (μg β-carotene/12) + (μg α-carotene/24) + (μg β-cryptoxanthin/24).

  • Julie Goldman added an answer:
    4
    How do you conduct an analysis of cognitive function effects post vitamin D supplementation?

    I am researching the effects of vitamin d supplementation on cognitive function in postmenopausal women. We have the post vitamin D supplementation CANTAB cognitive test results but not the baseline for all of our subjects. Given the small number of study participants (n=43) I would like to analyze the effects of our three treatment groups based solely on the post-intervention cognitive outcomes. Is there a valid way to do this?  

    Julie Goldman

    Not sure which specific areas of cognitive functioning you are looking at in relation to vit D but a good overall screen for adults is the Repeatable battery for assessment of neuropsychological status which takes about 20-40 minutes to administer so is a good overall screening battery looking at several domains of cognitive function, when it's not possible to undertake lengthier assessments .

  • Prof. Ravi K. Sharma added an answer:
    5
    Does Bovine lactoferrin have antioxidant effect?

    lactoferrin is used as immunostimulant

    Prof. Ravi K. Sharma

    A Google search on "Bovine lactoferrin antioxidant pdf returned about 2,14,000 hits

    Antioxidant Effects of Bovine Lactoferrin on Dexamethasone ...

    first page dump:

    www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2014/943523/
    by L Safaeian - ‎2014 - ‎Related articles
    Nov 19, 2013 - International Scholarly Research Notices is a peer-reviewed, open access journal covering a wide range of subjects in science, technology, ...
    Missing: search
    Effect of selenium-saturated bovine lactoferrin (Se-bLF) - DRO

    dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30044351
    by H Burrow - ‎2011 - ‎Cited by 6 - ‎Related articles
    Apr 5, 2012 - bovine lactoferrin ... The states of all antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), ... Search Google Scholar.
    Antioxidant enzyme activities of iron-saturated bovine ... - DRO

    dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30040625
    by H Burrow - ‎2011 - ‎Cited by 17 - ‎Related articles
    Dec 5, 2011 - Antioxidant enzyme activities of iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin (Fe-bLf) in human gut epithelial cells under ... Search Google Scholar.
    Patent CA2141961C - Antioxidant - Google Patents


    www.google.com/patents/CA2141961C?cl=en
    The present invention provides a safe antioxidant applicable for food, drug medicine, non-medical drug and other products. ... Advanced Patent Search .... Kogyo Campany), bovine lactoferrin (manufactured by Sigma Company), hydrolysate of ...
    Patent US7326775 - purification of transferrins ... - Google
    www.google.com/patents/US7326775
    Feb 5, 2008 - Advanced Patent Search ... 3) purifying said antioxidant-treated lactoferrin with at least one polyphenol to form purified lactoferrin; and .... Oral administration of bovine LF (40 mg/day) in healthy human volunteers (n=17) ...
    lactoferrin 339615-76-8 - The Good Scents Company


    www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1612271.html
    Food Additive : Functional use(s) - antioxidants. ... Scientific Opinion on bovine lactoferrin:page or pdf ... Google Scholar : Search, Google Books : Search.
    Lactoferrin Cancer Miracle- Super Immune-Booster - percys ...

    health-search.com/lactoferrin-cancer-miracle-super-immune-booster.html
    Dec 12, 2014 - Your ads will be inserted here by. Google Adsense. .... antioxidant activity of an oral supplementation of bovine lactoferrin in humans. Using an
    Lactoferrin - Advanced Health and Life Extension


    www.advance-health.com/lactoferrin.html
    Lactoferrin boosts immune function and has antioxidant properties. ... Advanced Health & Life Extension. Google. Custom Search ... The lactoferrin concentration in bovine (cows) milk is only 0.5% to 1.0% while human breast milk can contain ...
    Full Text - Poultry Science - Oxford Journals


    ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/87/7/1287.long
    by L Wang - ‎2008 - ‎Cited by 24 - ‎Related articles
    Institution: Google Indexer; Sign In as Personal Subscriber ..... (2008) found the similar effect of bovine lactoferrin, an antioxidant, can improve antioxidant ...
    Patent US4668771 - Method for separating bovine ... - Google

    https://www.google.im/patents/US4668771
    Advanced Patent Search ... Method for separating bovine lactoferrin from cow's milk and purifying same ... A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the bovine lactoferrin adsorbed to the ..... US7326775, 2 Dec 2005, 5 Feb 2008, En-N-Tech, Inc. purification of transferrins using surfactants, antioxidants and flavonoids, than ...

  • Ravi Kant Upadhyay added an answer:
    1
    Does the folium layer in kernel of Walnuts have an effect on lipid profile?

    When walnuts is good for reducing LDL and total cholestrol levels in blood,I think we can boil folium layer in kernel of Walnuts in water and use it as a usefull Liquid.

    thanks.

    Ravi Kant Upadhyay

    Sweet, and flavorful peanut oil is organic edible oil obtained from pressing peanut kernels. Peanut oil is high in energy; 100 g oil provides 884 calories.,It is one of the cooking oils with a high smoke point; 450 °F. The property can be employed in setting oil temperatures while deep-frying food items,Peanut oil has very good lipid profile. It has saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (SFA: MUFA: PUFA= 18: 49: 33) fats in healthy proportions. It is one of the stable cooking oils; having a long shelf life. Ffolium layer in kernel of Walnuts in water and can bed used as usefull Liquid.

  • Silvan Silva De Araujo added an answer:
    9
    What are the effects of high intensity training in subjects deficient in vitamin B12?

    For example, are there differences in the design of the effort?

    Silvan Silva De Araujo

    Hello Ghazi Racil. It is known that vitamin B12 is an important cofactor for remethylation reactions, moreover, erythropoiesis. However, there are no direct evidence related to supplementation of vitamin B12 and improved performance in normal diet condition. I hope I have contributed.

  • Mohammad Hossein Rahimi added an answer:
    1
    What is the mechanism of water reabsorption in the colon in the presence of Mg?

    Magnesium has a laxative effect which helps to retain water in the colon.

    How does this work?

    Mohammad Hossein Rahimi

    There is a significant correlation between stool PGE2 excretion and stool water consistent with a causative relationship. However, the concentration of stool prostaglandin is lower than the concentration found to alter intestinal electrolyte transport in vitro. In summary, the laxative effect of Mg(OH)2 is associated with increased output of stool PGE2. The contribution of the stool PGE2 to the laxative effect of Mg(OH)2 is unknown.

  • Sadik Ali Mahammad added an answer:
    4
    Is there any method other than using a kit for measuring intracellular triglyceride?

    I am studying protective effect of polyphenols on oleic-acid steatosis in HepG2 cells. I am going to measure intracellular triglyceride content in HepG2 cells. Is there any method other than using a kit for measuring intracellular TG? Can anybody help me with the guideline how to do that? 

    Sadik Ali Mahammad

    oil red method

  • Closed account added an answer:
    5
    Is there any one who can suggest the indicators for measuring wasting and stunting in adults?

    BMI is indicator that measures underweight in adults, but what is a statistically proven method to measure wasting and stunting in adult individuals?

    Deleted

    Yes, and perhaps answered by you, Dr. Wondimagegne. In analyses I did to predict in-hospital mortality from PCP pneumonia for people with AIDS, the medical "definition" (not formally derived, as far as I know) of wasting (a binary variable) emerged in the CTA model. However, the variable BMI was used instead, even though it had lower effect strength (ESS), because there were too many missing data for wasting. How can wasting NOT be a critical feature of deteriorating physical capacity? Like you, I also hope that this concept is formalized, and soon.

  • Francisco Solano added an answer:
    2
    Any idea about the effect of a daily ingestion of papaya in the hepatic metabolism?
    Some people that eat papaya as an antioxidant source everyday show high levels of gammaglutamyl transpeptidase and other liver enzymes. I am wondering for any link.
    Francisco Solano

    Thanks a lot Pierjean! I will have a look to those references!

  • Chithan C Kandaswami added an answer:
    3
    Can I use Azoxymethane as a carcinogen and what is the best transformation assay for this cell line?

    I am going to use balb/c 3t3 cells for colon cancer prevention. 

    Chithan C Kandaswami

    Kosar,

    Carcinogen binding to DNA and other macromolecules can be studied using cultured cells, if they have the capacity to metabolize the carcinogen. Metabolism of carcinogens can also be studies with these cells. Cancer induction with a precarcinogen is done with experimental animals; cancer initiation needs an organ (liver, colon, etc.).  There are certain protocols (exposure time, dose, etc.). 

  • Suraji Senanayake added an answer:
    81
    Food cooking degrades around 30-40% of nutrition. So what is the way to preserve the nutrition of food.
    Is there any alternative way to prevent this loss.
    Suraji Senanayake
    As I mentioned in our previous discussions though cooking reduce the levels of certain nutrients, on the other hand it increase the bio availability and digestibility level of some other nutrients. The important thing is it can efficiently reduce certain anti-nutrient factors naturally available in the food itself as well as the toxic additives which are present in the food due to various factors (deliberate and in deliberate adulteration,etc). As discussed food processing condition depends on the type, nature and the requirement regarding the food stuff and it is better to go for composite food mixtures. In order to compensate the nutrient loss during cooking and increase the more efficient availability of the existing nutrients can apply various post cooking steps. For example when you cook green leaves prior to consumption you can add lime , etc in order to make vitamin C available and it also can enhance the available Iron absorption of the food stuff. Therefore should use the correct art of cooking that should be able to make food more palatable and nutritive as well as eradicating the harmful effects.
  • Lars I Hellgren added an answer:
    5
    Does anyone know a lab protocol for sample preparation for lipid profile analysis by GC-FID?
    I would like to ask for lab protocol for transesterification of lipids to analyze lipid profile for GC-FID analysis targeting PUFA (omega 3 and 6). My samples are freeze-dried microalgae.
    Lars I Hellgren
    You have had several good suggestion, but just some words of warning:
    When PUFA are your main interest, ensure that you add an antioxidant ( for example 0.05% butylated hydroxy-toluene). If you don´t have free fatty acids in your sample, I would suggest to use an alkaline, rather than acid catalyst for the trans-methyaltion, since the double bonds are more prone to oxidation in acidic environment. This could be KOH in MeOH. Good luck
  • Stephanie Dillon added an answer:
    3
    Is it possible to isolate HDL-cholesterol by using iodixanol without other lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL)?
    I need a clear protocol in order to isolate HDL only from blood by using optiprep (iodixanol). Is it possible to isolate HDL without other lipoproteins(LDL,VLDL) and without staining? Because I need it for further investigation. The rotor that will be used is VTi65.1.
    Stephanie Dillon
    if you are buying in your iodixanol at 60% w/v then you need to mix this with plasma to give a 12% solution. In an 11.2 ml tube 5ml of 12% iodixanol/plasma is overlayed with 6% iodixanol/saline....so from 8ml blood you will only get 1 tube.
  • Alexey A Tinkov added an answer:
    1
    Can anyone recommend a ferrozine assay protocol (for tissue samples)?
    Can anyone share a protocol for a ferrozine assay for tissue samples that is reproducible, including the lysis protocol? Also, what is the minimal amount of iron detectable using this protocol and which method was used to quantify the tissue amount (by protein?)?
    Alexey A Tinkov
    Dear colleague,
    we estimate non-heme iron using the following method:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15026210
    However, it describes the procedure for tissue homogenates, not cell lysates, and, hence, does not contain lysis protocol.
  • Dmitri Samovski asked a question:
    Open
    PGC1a phosphate antibodies?
    Does any know of a commercially available antibody for PGC1a AMPK-phosphorylated sites, as described in http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17609368.

    I was looking for one online, but could not find any.

    Thanks a lot in advance.
  • Naoto Nagata added an answer:
    23
    Modeling a state of insulin resistance with a fat emulsion?
    I am going to model insulin resistance in female Wistar rats using the following model:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968719
    However, the authors did not indicate the dosage of the fat emulsion that is to be given to experimental animals. As far as I understand, the animals have to obtain the fat emulsion as libitum instead of drinking water. Has anyone used this model for development of insulin resistance in rats? Could you be so polite to tell me the dose of fat emulsion?
    Thank you.
    Naoto Nagata
    Hi Alexey,

    Just for your information, I attached the link for our fat-free total parenteral nutrition-induced IR model in SD rats.
    • Source
      Hiroko Ohkawa · Chie Fukuwa · Naoto Matsuzawa-Nagata · [...] · Ken-ichi Miyamoto
      [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Conscious young adult male rats were given total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with or without soybean fat for 4 days. Those given fat-free TPN developed severe fatty liver, with hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and hypotriglyceridaemia. These disorders were clearly improved by supplementing TPN with soybean fat, in an amount equivalent to 20% of total calories, and correspondingly reducing glucose. Insulin resistance also developed over a 4-day infusion of fat-free TPN in mature rats. Even after over-night fasting after stopping the TPN infusion, the levels of serum glucose and insulin were higher in the fat-free TPN group than in the control group, and intravenous glucose tolerance test results indicated insulin resistance in the fat-free TPN group. The HOMA-IR index of insulin resistance was significantly improved by supplementation with soybean fat. In conclusion, fat-free TPN infusion induced hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, leading to fatty liver and insulin resistance. TPN with glucose should be supplemented with soybean fat emulsion as replacement for part of the glucose calories.
      Full-text available · Article · May 2008 · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
      Download
  • Snigdha Misra added an answer:
    4
    What are the nutritional suggestions for the patient of Aplastic anaemia?
    Aplastic anaemia is a rare problem and needs expensive treatment, can we contribute to the knowledge of people suffering from it?
    Snigdha Misra
    I agree with Michael & Kashif, Dietary management is a good approach to such condition.
    here are a few tips for consideration:
    1. Avoid any cheese which are "aged"
    2. Consider consumption of pasteurised beverages.
    3. Avoid non-pasteurised milk and other fermented home made drinks.
    4. Avoid consumption of raw foods-e.g. vegetables in salads
    5. Avoid raw /soft boiled eggs & raw vegetable sprouts
    Since, the immune level in such patients is very low, we need to prevent any kind of infections.
  • Reza Hadavi added an answer:
    1
    Can anyone recommend a protocol for ferritin purification from murine livers, hearts and/ or serum?
    .
    Reza Hadavi
    hi
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/962866
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1163820/
    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00574590#page-1
    good luck
  • Michael Anthony Mannen added an answer:
    2
    Animals and Diet
    I'm looking for a dietary protocol to make my rats obese. Can you help me?
    Thanks so much
    Michael Anthony Mannen
    You would want a high fat diet.
  • Hou-Chih Chiang asked a question:
    Open
    What is the 'sample-unique DNA barcode'?
    I read the paper "Structural modulation of gut microbiota in life-long
    calorie-restricted mice," but when I read the Material and Method, at the pyrosequencing of the V3 region of 16S rRNA genes, I don't know what is meant by the "sample-unique DNA barcode."

    Does it mean that the researcher choose not only one primer to do this research?
    If this is true, how did they choose the primer?
  • Ragni Vora added an answer:
    2
    How much of the vitamin A consumed in animal feeds contributes to yellow color of the egg yolk?
    In Uganda, there has been a campain by government extension workers aimed at increasing the production of yellow/orange potatoes. The campain is however biased to human consumption. There is a potential of the same potatoes being utilised in animal feeds to produce yellow yolked eggs.
    Ragni Vora
    The color of an egg yolk is directly influenced by the quality of the chicken feed. Egg yolk color is generally improved with a high quality feed with a large component of yellow, fat-soluble pigments, such as the carotenes in dark green plant material, for example alfalfa. Although much emphasis is put onto the color of the egg yolk, it does not reliably reflect the nutritional value of an egg. For one thing, some of the natural pigments that produce a rich yolk colour are xanthophylls without much nutritional value, rather than the carotenoids that act as provitamin A in the body. Secondly, a diet rich in vitamin A itself, but without A-provitamins or xanthophylls, can produce practically colourless yolks that are just as nutritious as any richly coloured yolks. Since unhealthy chickens produce fewer and smaller eggs, farmers ensure that whatever the source of their feed, the quality is adequate, so there is not likely to be much difference in the nutritional quality of the eggs
  • Klaus Erpenbach added an answer:
    6
    Is there any literature about burnout, fatigue and oxidative or nitrosative stress and micronutrient deficiencies?
    In my daily work I found deficiencies in Vitamin D, coenzymeQu10 and the vitamine-b-complex with depressed cortisole and dhea very often. Treating the patients with high dose of those micronutrients and low dose of the hormones, I can observe a very fast improvement of the disease.
    Klaus Erpenbach
    Thanks Festus for your comment. I did already and find many literature.
    Best regards
    Klaus
  • Simon John Wheeler added an answer:
    2
    Nutritional assement in pregnancy
    I would like to assess some nutritional biomarkers in a group of pregnant women during each trimester of their pregnancy. Since nutritional biomarkers reflect nutritional status in respect to intake and metabolism, I would like opinion on methods to use for assessment of their dietary intake. It should be noted that majority of these pregnant women are illiterate.
    Simon John Wheeler
    Hi Damilola, Can you provide a little more information about your aims here? Which nutrient biomarkers? Which population? What is the purpose of the dietary assessment? I would need these details to provide useful guidance.
  • Francisco Solano added an answer:
    1
    Semicarbazide or semicabazide hydrochloride
    What is the difference of these two substances in B6 derivatization?
    Francisco Solano
    semicabazide is the same than semicarbazine (it is an error), Semicarbazine is the free base, and the other is the chloride salt. The free base is not stable around 100ºC. At solution, the pH determines which form is predominant.
  • Barry Groves added an answer:
    10
    If the thrifty-gene hypothesis is correct, will we (eventually) adapt to a Western-type diet?
    It is well known that nutrients control the expression of genes and that those genes then make proteins that affect the metabolism of nutrients. There are SNPs that are prevalent in populations that may cause an increase or decrease in the metabolism of a nutrient.

    Often SNPs that are associated with increased lipid absorption are more prevalent in aboriginal populations FABP2 and the Pima Indians comes to mind

    The thrifty-hypothesis states that aboriginal based populations have less of a tolerance for a western-type diet (meaning that they display increased pathologies such as metabolic syndrome compared to their more Western counterparts) because they have had less time to adapt to it. If these is true, would humans be able to adapt to a high fat/cholesterol diet over time, and if so are we already starting to?
    Barry Groves
    Miki
    I like your blog.

    A thought about the use of another's ideas: why not ask and, perhaps, list the artilcle's author as a co-author of your paper. That way all are satisfied and you wouldn't contravene the 'rules of evidence'.
  • Grieta Hanekom added an answer:
    5
    Interdependence of Vitamin A and Iron
    To my understanding, vitamin A mobilizes iron stores for haemopoiesis. In other words, vitamin A influences iron status and also the haemoglobin concentration. However, I also realized that there are arguments suggesting that iron status may also influence vitamin A status. May I know your opinions and related references for this? Thank you so much.
    Grieta Hanekom
    Maybe you should alos look into infections, as HIV/AIDS and other infections also play a role in this whole scenario, changing the picture somewhat.

    Hope everything goes well.

About Nutritional Biochemistry

Molecular Nutrition and how nutrients and hormonal factors control gene expression, and gene function.

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