Nutrients - Science topic

Rui Cai

The experimental design involving the use of shredded corn straw soaked in wastewater rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, followed by testing in pure water to assess nutrient release, represents an interesting and potentially sustainable approach to valorizing agricultural waste for hydroponic applications. This method could contribute to a circular economy by recycling nutrients and reducing reliance on commercial mineral fertilizers.However, from a professional standpoint, several key factors must be considered: Stability and kinetics of nutrient release – It is essential to closely monitor the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus release from the straw in pure water. If the release is too slow or inconsistent, it could affect the efficiency in hydroponic systems, where plants are highly sensitive to nutrient fluctuations. Presence of undesirable compounds – Although the wastewater may contain only nitrogen and phosphorus as measured, it could also include organic compounds or heavy metals. Therefore, it is important to analyze potential contaminants that could negatively impact plant growth or disrupt microbial balance in the system. Compatibility with hydroponic plants – After the nutrients are released from the straw, the resulting solution should be evaluated not only in terms of nutrient concentration but also nutrient bioavailability, compared to standard hydroponic solutions (e.g., Hoagland solution). Microbial activity – Straw can serve as a carrier for microorganisms that may have both positive effects (e.g., aiding in organic matter breakdown) and negative effects (e.g., causing plant diseases or promoting anaerobic conditions).In conclusion, the experimental design is methodologically feasible, but it requires careful control of variables and additional analyses to ensure its practical application in hydroponic systems. It is recommended that the experiment include chemical composition analysis, microbiological monitoring, and plant response tests under controlled conditions.

Implementing precision nutrient management tools involves both economic and agronomic trade-offs when compared to conventional blanket fertilization. Economically, precision tools such as GPS-guided application, variable rate technology (VRT), or remote sensing may require higher initial investment costs (e.g., equipment, software, training). However, these tools often lead to reduced input costs over time by optimizing fertilizer use, minimizing over-application, and improving input-use efficiency.

Agronomically, precision management enhances nutrient recovery efficiency, delivering nutrients in spatially and temporally appropriate amounts based on crop and soil variability. This not only improves crop yield consistency but also reduces environmental losses (e.g., leaching, volatilization). In contrast, blanket fertilization may result in over-fertilization in some zones and deficiencies in others, leading to inefficiencies and long-term soil imbalances.

In the long run, precision nutrient management supports sustainable soil fertility by reducing nutrient loading, preserving soil microbiota, and enabling data-driven fertility planning. However, its success depends on local capacity, farmer training, and cost-effectiveness relative to farm size and crop type.

Soil Texture Datasets for Deep Learning

Deep learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), is well-suited for classifying soil texture from images due to their ability to learn complex spatial patterns.

Soil Moisture Datasets for Deep Learning

Predicting soil moisture from images often involves satellite imagery or ground-level images with associated moisture measurements.

Soil Nutrients Datasets for Deep Learning (Image-Based)

Predicting soil nutrient content directly from standard RGB visual images is more challenging than texture or moisture. Often, it requires hyperspectral imaging or spectroscopic data which provides more detailed chemical information beyond what the human eye can see. However, deep learning models can integrate various data sources for nutrient prediction.

Do the different plant has a different critical limit of macro and micronutrients?

Dear Dr. Mona Widhe

You should culture spheroids in less than 200µL of culture medium (100µL) in 96-well plate as it better mimics the in vivo conditions. If you have a smaller volume of medium, it will help encourage the cells to aggregate and form free-floating spheroids by reducing the likelihood of cells adhering to the plate surface. Spheroids are formed when cells are seeded in a low-adhesion environment. You should use ultra-low attachment plates as it will help prevent cell adhesion, allowing cells to form spheroids in suspension.

Also, smaller volume of medium, better reflect the nutrient and oxygen gradients that exist in tissues, which is important if you want to study cell behavior and drug response.

Regards,

Malcolm Nobre

The application of Jeevamrit in Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) significantly enhances soil microbial activity and nutrient availability. Jeevamrit, a fermented bio-fertilizer made from cow dung, cow urine, jaggery, pulse flour and soil acts as a microbial inoculant, enriching the soil with beneficial bacteria and fungi. These microbes accelerate organic matter decomposition, improving soil fertility and nutrient cycling. Additionally, Jeevamrit enhances nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization making essential nutrients more available to plants. Regular application improves soil health, structure and moisture retention leading to sustainable and chemical free farming.

Nitrogen (N): The total nitrogen content is usually determined using Kjeldahl or an elemental analyzer (Dumas method).

Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn): The samples are first digested (wet or dry), and then the contents are determined by ICP-OES/ICP-MS or spectrophotometer, flame photometer, etc. The results are commonly expressed as follows.

Measurement results are commonly expressed in the following ways:

Expressed as mass percent (%). For example, the N content of a certain seed is 1.2%, P content is 0.2%, etc.

@@Expressed in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) or grams per kilogram (g/kg) for trace/concentrate elements. For example, Zn is 25 mg/kg, etc.

Wheat production in semi-arid regions faces critical challenges such as low soil moisture, high temperatures, and erratic rainfall. Addressing these issues requires an integrated approach that combines drought-resistant varieties, efficient water management, soil conservation techniques, and agroecological practices.

Advancements in breeding and biotechnology have led to the development of drought-resistant wheat cultivars that exhibit higher yield stability under water stress. Some promising varieties include:

For further insights, I recommend studies from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICARDA, and research published in journals like Field Crops Research and Agricultural Water Management.

Would love to hear from agronomists and farmers working in similar conditions!

Purified and sterile glycerine mixed with nutrient broth containg the bacterial colony is stable media for viability and transportation for good results these glycerine tube's with medium should be sealed transport in ice containers the second options of transportation bacterial colony media freeze drying and transportation in cold chains maintance

Changing climatic conditions alter crop water needs. Higher temperatures increase evaporation rates. Rainfall shifts affect water availability. Carbon footprints rise with more irrigation. Nutrient uptake varies with temperature and moisture. Droughts reduce nutrient absorption. Floods cause nutrient leaching. Crop yields decline under stress.

The carbon, water, and nutrient footprints of major crops in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) show significant variations across different agro-climatic zones, primarily driven by distinct environmental conditions and farming practices. In the western IGP, characterized by semi-arid conditions, crops like wheat and rice typically have higher water footprints due to heavy reliance on irrigation, while their carbon footprints are elevated due to intensive mechanization and higher fertilizer use. The central IGP, with its more moderate climate, generally shows lower water footprints for the same crops, but variable carbon footprints depending on management practices. The eastern IGP, receiving higher rainfall, demonstrates the lowest water footprints for major crops, particularly during the kharif season, but often shows higher nutrient footprints due to lower nutrient use efficiency in waterlogged conditions. Rice-wheat systems, the dominant cropping pattern across the IGP, show particularly high water and carbon footprints in the western zone, moderate in the central zone, and relatively lower in the eastern zone, though this varies with management practices. Nutrient footprints generally increase from west to east due to decreasing nutrient use efficiency, influenced by factors such as soil type, rainfall patterns, and management practices. The footprints also vary seasonally, with rabi (winter) crops typically showing lower water footprints but higher carbon footprints due to increased mechanization and residue burning practices.

Himanshu Tiwari

Comparative life cycle assessments of carbon emissions, water consumption, and nutrient depletion for staple crops in agriculture are often used to evaluate how different agricultural processes impact the environment. These assessments cover various stages of staple crop production (such as wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, etc.) under different conditions and the impact of various farming methods. In short, life cycle assessments (LCA) examine all stages of a crop's life, from land preparation and cultivation to harvest and transport.

1. Carbon Emissions (CO₂)

Comparative studies show that crops that require more intensive soil cultivation, like corn, can have higher CO₂ emissions compared to crops that require less intensive processing, such as soybeans.

2. Water Consumption

Comparative life cycle assessments show that crops grown in areas with naturally high rainfall (such as wheat) have significantly lower water consumption compared to crops that rely on irrigation.

3. Nutrient Depletion

Comparative studies also show that the use of organic fertilizers and crop rotation can help replenish soil nutrients and reduce degradation.

Life cycle assessments for staple crops show significant differences in CO₂ emissions, water consumption, and nutrient depletion. Generally, crops that require more intensive soil cultivation and higher fertilizer input tend to have greater negative environmental impacts. On the other hand, crops like soybeans and wheat, which require less water and fertilizer, have a smaller environmental footprint. Solutions for reducing these impacts include sustainable farming methods, such as crop rotation, the use of organic fertilizers, and more efficient irrigation techniques.

Best tillage practices for maximizing sugarcane biomass accumulation and yield under drip irrigation are minimum or strip tillage, which provide a balance between aeration, moisture conservation, and root health. Zero tillage is also highly effective in maintaining long-term soil fertility and water retention, especially in well-structured soils. Deep tillage should be used selectively for compacted soils, while raised bed planting is ideal for waterlogged conditions. By adopting conservation tillage practices that optimize soil health and moisture retention, farmers can significantly enhance sugarcane productivity under drip irrigation.

Seasonal variations have a significant impact on nutrient dynamics in soil, influencing the availability and cycling of essential nutrients that plants rely on for growth. These variations can be driven by factors like temperature, moisture, biological activity, and plant growth cycles. Here's an overview of how these seasonal changes affect soil nutrients:

1. Temperature

2. Moisture

3. Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake

4. Decomposition and Organic Matter Breakdown

5. Soil pH Fluctuations

6. Soil Erosion and Leaching

7. Soil Biological Activity

8. Nitrogen Cycle

You will probably have to find a laboratory that can analyse for Nitrogen, commonly called an Elemental Analyser (they do CHN and sometimes S as well, carbon hydron nitrogen sulfur). If you want organic vs inorganic N, that's a little more complex.

Phosphorus is commonly analysed by ICP-OES, as part of a suite of elements, but not usually including C, H, N so you might be paying for two separate sets of analysis. There should be someone on campus who can direct you to a lab that does such work with both types of instrument.

As to harvesting and collecting the plant material: You will need waders, pruning shears and a shovel. And a friend to help. Plastic bags for immediate sampling of the wetland plants, and a heavy-duty sieve to drain the samples. Don't store the samples in the plastic bags though - they WILL go mouldy and that's not fun.

Lots of paper bags to store and dry the samples. A forced draught oven that gets to 80C with plenty of air circulation to dry the samples. Don't pack them in tight, you will cause a fire! Once dried you will have to grind or otherwise reduce the stems and leaves down to powder form (<1mm). This is probably also available at the analytical lab where you'll get the samples analysed.

Ultimately, the instruments will only need a gram or less of dried sample. HOWEVER, the sample size will depend on the scale of your wetland etc, so sampling must be representative. A 1-hectare pond is not adequately sampled with 3 x 1g samples. You might need to consult your local agricultural extension office for suitable sampling protocols if the rest of your lab doesn't have any prior knowledge to offer you.

Best of luck.

I believe it is important to understand and research the novel benefits of nutraceuticals and their bioactive compounds. Bioactive macromolecules such as polysaccharides, β-glucans, lectins, lovastatin, peptides, phenolics, and flavonoids exhibit nutraceutical properties including antioxidant activity, anti-cancer effects, and anti-diabetic benefits.

Pleased to hear it! You are very welcome!

AoA. Respected Sir I read the review paper mentioned below regarding the transportation and transformation of atmospheric metals for my research. I hope It'll be helpful to understand this Phenomenon.

Title: Transport and transformation of atmospheric metals in ecosystems: A review

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772416622001747#bib0036

NPZ models as such are 0-dimension models and can't be used to present turbulent mixing. However, in most cases, they are used in conjunction with a hydrodynamic model which simulates eddy diffusion and water transport.

In that case and if assuming that all of the nirogen is a solute you can assume that the nirogen behaves like the salinity.

As for salinity - you can use the rules of sollution to assess the extent of mixing.

for instance if at T0 you have salinity of 35 at the surface and salinity of 32 at the deep water and at T1 you have salinity of 34 at the surface you can assume that the surface water are now a solute that contains 33% old deep water and 66% old surface water. where the 33% was calculated usend (Surface salinity delta)/(Vertical salinity delta at T0).

When actually making the calculation of diffusion effect, you will first have to take into consideration the effect of advection.

Lignin-degrading fungi, such as white-rot fungi, typically prioritize the consumption of readily available nutrients (like simple sugars and other soluble carbohydrates) before turning to the more complex lignin component in a heterogeneous substrate like shredded corn-cobs. This sequential nutrient utilization strategy allows the fungi to conserve energy by using easily accessible resources first, which supports initial growth and enzyme production.

Sequence of Decomposition:

Enhancing Lignin Degradation:

To encourage faster lignin breakdown, some researchers condition substrates by partially removing simple sugars beforehand or applying mild physical/chemical pretreatments. These treatments make lignin more accessible and can promote earlier ligninolytic activity in fungi.

So, lignin degradation does not start immediately but follows the depletion of simpler nutrients. The fungi adapt by shifting enzyme production to meet the available substrate complexity.

Yes, it is possible using the conversion formula in the FAO/INFOODS guidelines and a density factor from the FAO/INFOODS density database. Please see the attached references for details.

What are you sampling for?: soil chemistry, soil physical properties, depth of fire penetration? Are you adjusting for known soil types in advance? It may be better to sample for some factors with many small soil cores (4 plots x 100 samples), while others may need only 4 plots x 4composites to get all you need.

Speak to your local friendly statistician now (before you go sampling), as they generally are less friendly when you turn up after sampling and ask for help with the analysis.

Plants exude various organic acids from their roots that are used to solubilize mineral nutrients from the soil matrix. Microbes exploit the root exudates while also produce siderophores and their own organic compounds that can preferentially bind nutrients, all of which form a "rhizosphere" within the soil, altering pH and nutrient availability to the benefit of the plant.

If only "water soluble" nutrients are considered, the full complexity of the soil-plant-microbe-atmosphere ecosystem is reduced to a very small subset.

Digestive system regression in sea cucumbers and other invertebrates can occur due to 1. Food scarcity 2. Temperature fluctuations 3. Dormancy/hibernation 4. Reproductive cycles 5. Molting 6. Desiccation 7. Disease/parasites 8. Stress/injury 9. Aging/senescence Sea cucumber-specific reasons: 1. Dietary changes 2. Burrowing behavior 3. Regeneration/autotomy Seasonal changes can trigger regression to conserve energy, reduce metabolic rate, and adapt to changing environments. Investigate: Gut morphology/histology Enzyme activity Gene expression Hormonal regulation

Dear Debasish Borah

To organically enrich pig excreta and increase its nutrient quality, you can:

Compost with carbon-rich materials like straw.

Add organic amendments like biochar or rock phosphate.

Ferment using the Bokashi method with effective microorganisms.

Inoculate with beneficial microbes or compost teas.

Mix with green manures for added nitrogen.

Monitor pH and adjust with lime or gypsum if needed.

These methods enhance nutrient content and improve the manure's effectiveness as an organic fertilizer.

Mebratu Melaku i was just reading the replies shared by C.A. (Kees) Kan and Mebratu Melaku and both have already answered and however as a summary I can add my points:

Simple methods for determining nutrient digestibility in broilers include:

Mewa Singh Dhanoa The four points you have mentioned about the Meta analysis of the feedstock, Non hierarchical cluster analysis, ANNOVA can give you combined means, and without replicate information unable to list other options is a perfect example of how the effluent can be treated in the laboratory . However the details shared by the other experts are highly recommendable and I shall also look into the thesis and the paper published by Felipe Guilayn as well as the book he shared and will shortly post the outcome in the discussion section as well

Abstract:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are closely interconnected metabolic disorders with profound implications for global public health. Clinical nutrition plays a crucial role in both prevention and management of these conditions. This review explores current research and clinical practices surrounding dietary interventions, nutritional strategies, and their impact on T2DM and obesity outcomes.

Introduction:Type 2 diabetes and obesity have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, driven by lifestyle changes, dietary habits, and sedentary lifestyles. Effective management and prevention strategies are essential to mitigate associated health risks and complications. Clinical nutrition interventions offer promising approaches to improve metabolic health and quality of life in affected individuals.

Pathophysiology and Mechanisms:Understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms linking nutrition, T2DM, and obesity is crucial. Insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, and dyslipidemia are key contributors. Dietary components such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and micronutrients influence metabolic pathways, insulin sensitivity, and adiposity.

Role of Diet in Type 2 Diabetes:Dietary patterns, such as Mediterranean, low glycemic index/load, and plant-based diets, show beneficial effects in managing blood glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles. Emphasis on whole foods, fiber-rich carbohydrates, lean proteins, and healthy fats helps regulate postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Nutritional counseling and individualized meal planning are essential components of diabetes management.

Impact of Nutrition on Obesity Management:Obesity management involves calorie restriction, dietary modifications, and lifestyle changes. Low-energy-density diets, portion control, and balanced macronutrient intake aid in weight loss and maintenance. Strategies include behavior modification, mindful eating practices, and support from healthcare providers to achieve sustainable outcomes.

Nutritional Interventions and Clinical Outcomes:Clinical trials and observational studies highlight the effectiveness of dietary interventions in improving glycemic control, reducing body weight, and lowering cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with T2DM and obesity. Evidence-based guidelines advocate personalized nutrition plans tailored to individual needs, preferences, and metabolic profiles.

Micronutrients and Supplements:Micronutrient deficiencies, such as vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids, are prevalent in diabetes and obesity. Supplementation strategies aim to correct deficiencies and optimize metabolic health, although outcomes vary and require further investigation.

Challenges and Considerations:Barriers to optimal nutrition therapy include socioeconomic factors, cultural preferences, food accessibility, and patient adherence. Addressing these challenges through education, support systems, and community-based interventions is crucial for long-term success.

Future Directions:Advancements in nutritional science, personalized medicine, and digital health technologies offer promising avenues for enhancing diabetes and obesity management. Integrative approaches combining nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral strategies hold potential to improve health outcomes and reduce disease burden globally.

Conclusion:Clinical nutrition plays a pivotal role in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Evidence supports the efficacy of dietary interventions in improving metabolic parameters and overall health outcomes. Continued research, education, and multidisciplinary collaboration are essential to optimize nutrition strategies and address the complex challenges associated with these prevalent metabolic disorders.

Keywords: Clinical nutrition, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dietary interventions, metabolic health

N and P, adequate supply of K, Mg and S is particularly important in palm oil production. In addition, plants require nine micronutrients, namely iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chlorine (Cl), boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo).

1. In Palm Tree, begins as a uniform light-green discoloration of the oldest leaves and The golden-yellow petiole, rachis, and crown shaft it shows deficiency of Nitrogen

2. If the pinnae turn yellow, then brown, and desiccate, starting from the leaf tips then it shows Mg deficiency.

3. Yellowish- orange discolouration of the lower fronds and younger fronds also become pale and chlorotic, this symptom is called Peat Yellows then it shows Zn deficiency.

4. Reduced canopy size and smaller trunk diameter, also known as pencil-point, New leaves may be small, frizzled, and chlorotic it shows K deficiency.

Maybe this paper can considerably suit your research !?

I have no professional experience in agriculture and therefore cannot give you a qualified answer to questions about nutrient recovery.

Hydroponic plants can be planted closer together than soil-based plants primarily due to the differences in how nutrients and water are delivered to the plants, as well as the reduced competition for these resources. Here are the key reasons:

Efficient Nutrient Delivery:

In hydroponic systems, nutrients are delivered directly to the plant roots through a nutrient-rich solution. This method ensures that each plant receives an optimal and consistent supply of nutrients, reducing the need for plants to spread out their roots in search of nutrients. In soil-based systems, plants need to compete for nutrients within the soil, leading to a necessity for more space to ensure adequate access to these resources.

Controlled Water Supply:

Hydroponics provides a controlled and efficient water delivery system. Water is directly supplied to the plant roots, ensuring that each plant gets enough moisture without needing to spread out. In soil-based systems, plants often need more space to access sufficient water, especially since soil can sometimes retain water unevenly, creating competition among plants.

Root Zone Optimization:

In hydroponic systems, the root environment can be carefully managed and optimized. Roots are often suspended in nutrient solutions or grow in inert media that allow better oxygenation and easier access to nutrients and water. This optimized environment reduces the need for large root networks, allowing plants to grow closer together. In contrast, soil can be compacted and less aerated, requiring plants to spread out more to access enough oxygen and nutrients.

Reduced Disease Spread:

Hydroponic systems often have better control over plant diseases, particularly those that are soil-borne. By eliminating soil, many pathogens are also removed, reducing the risk of disease spread. This control allows plants to be placed closer together without the heightened risk of disease transmission that might occur in soil-based systems

Tanjim Ishraq Rahaman

Isolation from clinical samples would typically involve blood agar, not NA. Any clinical microbiologist would recognize S. aureus and confirm, as they would with MSA.

Sumia's use of NA is not protocol. You should ask her why.

Eugenio Rhoads

The nutrient release from liming materials, particularly those containing calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), is typically calculated based on their solubility and reactivity in the soil environment. The primary purpose of liming materials is to neutralize soil acidity (raise pH) and provide essential nutrients to plants. Here's a general overview of how nutrient release from liming materials is calculated:

1. Calcium and Magnesium Content: Liming materials such as agricultural lime (calcium carbonate), dolomite lime (calcium magnesium carbonate), and gypsum (calcium sulfate) contain varying amounts of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The nutrient content is usually expressed as a percentage of calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) or magnesium carbonate equivalent (MgCO3), which represents the effective neutralizing capacity of the material.

2. Solubility and Reactivity: The rate and extent of nutrient release from liming materials depend on their solubility and reactivity in the soil. Finely ground liming materials, such as agricultural lime and gypsum, dissolve more rapidly in soil moisture and react with soil acidity to release calcium, magnesium, and sulfate ions. Dolomite lime, which contains both calcium and magnesium, undergoes slower dissolution but provides a gradual release of both nutrients over time.

3. Soil pH and Buffering Capacity: Soil pH and buffering capacity influence the rate at which liming materials dissolve and release nutrients. Acidic soils with low pH require greater amounts of lime to raise pH and neutralize acidity. Additionally, soils with high buffering capacity (e.g., clay soils) may require larger quantities of liming materials to achieve desired changes in pH and nutrient availability.

4. Calculation Methods: Various calculation methods and models are used to estimate the nutrient release from liming materials in soil. These methods consider factors such as lime particle size, soil moisture, temperature, and microbial activity. One common approach is to use laboratory tests, such as the calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE) test or the calcium magnesium carbonate equivalence (CMCE) test, to determine the effective neutralizing capacity of liming materials and predict their impact on soil pH and nutrient availability.

5. Field Trials and Monitoring: While laboratory tests and calculation methods provide estimates of nutrient release from liming materials, field trials and monitoring are essential for assessing their actual performance in different soil types and environmental conditions. By conducting field experiments and observing changes in soil pH, nutrient levels, and plant growth over time, researchers and practitioners can refine nutrient release models and optimize liming practices for specific agricultural systems.

In summary, nutrient release from liming materials is calculated based on their calcium and magnesium content, solubility, reactivity, soil pH, and buffering capacity. By understanding these factors and employing appropriate calculation methods, farmers and agronomists can make informed decisions about liming practices to improve soil fertility and optimize crop production.

Jhonny Vásquez Jiménez

Conventional chemical soil analysis can provide valuable insights into soil fertility by measuring key nutrient levels, pH, and other chemical properties. However, while it is a widely used method, its accuracy in assessing soil fertility can vary depending on several factors. Here are some considerations:

1. Nutrient Levels: Chemical soil analysis typically measures the concentrations of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and micronutrients like iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo). While these measurements provide valuable information about soil nutrient status, they may not always reflect nutrient availability to plants. Soil nutrient availability can be influenced by factors such as soil pH, organic matter content, and soil texture, which may not be fully captured by chemical analysis alone.

2. pH and Soil Acidity/Alkalinity: Soil pH is a critical factor that influences nutrient availability, microbial activity, and plant growth. Conventional chemical analysis provides a reliable measurement of soil pH, but it may not account for localized variations within the soil profile or temporal changes over time. Additionally, soil pH alone may not fully predict nutrient availability, as other factors such as soil buffering capacity and root uptake mechanisms also play important roles.

3. Organic Matter Content: Chemical soil analysis typically does not directly measure soil organic matter content, which is a key determinant of soil fertility and productivity. While indirect methods such as loss on ignition (LOI) or Walkley-Black method can estimate organic matter content, they may not capture the full spectrum of organic matter types and their contributions to soil fertility.

4. Soil Biological Properties: Conventional chemical analysis focuses primarily on soil chemical properties and may not capture important biological indicators of soil fertility, such as microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and soil biodiversity. These biological properties are integral to nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and soil health but are not typically assessed in routine chemical soil tests.

5. Interpretation and Management Recommendations: While chemical soil analysis provides quantitative data on soil nutrient levels and pH, interpreting these results and translating them into actionable management recommendations requires expertise and consideration of site-specific factors. Soil fertility management strategies should integrate chemical, physical, and biological aspects of soil health to optimize nutrient availability, crop productivity, and environmental sustainability.

In summary, while conventional chemical soil analysis is a valuable tool for assessing soil fertility, its accuracy and relevance depend on factors such as nutrient availability, soil pH, organic matter content, and biological properties. Integrating chemical analysis with other soil assessment methods, such as soil biological testing and field observations, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of soil fertility and inform effective soil management practices.

I agree with Raghad, but wonder if you should also carefully consider the soil C fractions that you measure, and how frequently a;l the measures should be made. It may take years to have measurable effects, Paul.

See my recent paper on earthly temperatures Range changes (attached; in confidence to you please) for some ideas

Mushroom media is often prepared with all the requirements for growth and production. It is prepared and planted, and it is sufficient to produce 4-7 meals. Sometimes soybean meal powder is added to encourage the formation of fruiting bodies after the meal. 3

Pedology is the study of soils in their natural environment. Pedology, in its broad sense includes soil survey, mapping, geomorphology, soil micromorphology, and soil and clay mineralogy with special reference to soil formation. Soil structure is an essential property of soil quality because it impacts the storage of carbon, inorganic phosphorus (Pi) availability, plant growth, and nutrient absorption. Soil aggregates, especially water-stable aggregate is a well-recognized part and an important index to evaluate soil structure . Fertilization has been proved to affect the formation of soil aggregates. Biofertilizers are now an effective way to increase crop yield and soil health in organic farming. The use of minerals that contain fertilizer nutrients in their native state is a very promising approach to reducing emissions associated with the processing chemical industries. Soil minerals serve as both sources and sinks of essential plant nutrients. Alteration in the pedological features by the plant community causes significant modification in the environment.

I add 50mg/L of Nystatin as a methanol solution (or rather suspension). The 50mg does not dissolve completely in 1mL of methanol but the suspension is homogenic so if you add this to warm agar (with stirring) then you get a somewhat even dispersal. Hope that helps...

Thanks very much, Muhammad Umar. Quite helpful information.

Hi Titus,

Yes, you are right. SWAT provides sediment yield data as part of the output as well as water quality and soil nutrients. Regarding the land use, it is part of model input, so different maps can be included to test land use impact. For the interface, you can use any.

Here are papers for each example:

Soil erosion ->

Water quality and soil nutrients ->

Wish you all the best.

Best, Awad

Is some independent test report available about accuracy of the system?

I used it several years ago and P and K were not so accurate. How it is improved?

Ruchitha Venkatesh An effective method for preparing iron-deficient cell-culture medium without using chelators involves serum starvation, which mimics an iron-depleted environment. However, this approach may also deplete other essential nutrients, potentially impacting research findings. To address this, you could consider using commercially available iron-depleted media specifically designed for cell culture experiments, ensuring the controlled removal of iron while maintaining essential nutrient levels. Additionally, consulting relevant literature or protocols for serum starvation techniques in neuronal cell cultures may provide valuable insights and guidance for your experiments, reducing the laboratory's need for trial and error.

In estimation of zn generally we may use standard of 0.4,0.8,1.2 ,1.6 and 2 mgkg-1 of DTPA solution.

Temperature and disinfectants both play crucial roles in affecting bacterial growth.Temperature:High Temperatures: Most bacteria have specific temperature ranges for optimal growth. High temperatures can denature proteins and disrupt cell structures, inhibiting bacterial growth. However, extreme heat can kill bacteria outright.Low Temperatures: Cold temperatures can slow down bacterial metabolism, preserving food and inhibiting growth. Some bacteria can survive in a dormant state in cold conditions.Disinfectants:Chemical Agents: Disinfectants, such as bleach or alcohol, can disrupt bacterial cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to cell death.Concentration and Exposure Time: The effectiveness of a disinfectant depends on its concentration and the duration of exposure. Higher concentrations and longer exposure times generally result in better bacterial eradication.

Organic nutrient resources are natural sources of nutrients for crops, such as manures, composts, green manures, and bio-fertilizers. They can improve soil quality, increase crop yield, and reduce environmental pollution.

Fortification in agriculture is the process of enhancing the nutritional value of crops by increasing their content of micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, and vitamin A. This can be done by plant breeding, agronomic practices, or biotechnology. Fortification in agriculture can help prevent malnutrition and improve human health.

Here is a summary of the concept of organic nutrient resources and their fortification in agriculture: Organic nutrient resources are natural sources of nutrients for crops that can improve soil quality, increase crop yield, and reduce environmental pollution. - Fortification in agriculture is the process of enhancing the nutritional value of crops by increasing their content of micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, and vitamin A. Organic nutrient resources and fortification in agriculture can work together to create more productive, sustainable, and nutritious food systems.

ACTIVE OR NON ACTIVE ORGANISM CAN BE USED FOR BIOSORPTION. YOUR RESEARCHED IS ON BIOACCUMULATION. THAT IS BIOCHEMICAL REACTION.

The nitrogen (N) contribution rate refers to the amount of nitrogen that a fertilizer provides to the soil. Nitrogen is a crucial nutrient for plant growth, and it plays a vital role in various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and overall plant development.

When you apply a fertilizer, the N contribution rate indicates the quantity of nitrogen that becomes available to the plants. Different fertilizers contain varying percentages of nitrogen, which is typically represented as the first number in the N-P-K (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) ratio on fertilizer labels.

The importance of nitrogen in crop uptake is significant. Nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are crucial for the formation of enzymes, chlorophyll, and other essential plant structures. Adequate nitrogen supply promotes vigorous vegetative growth, leading to healthier plants and increased yields.

Crop uptake of nitrogen involves the plant absorbing nitrogen from the soil through its roots. The availability of nitrogen during different growth stages is critical. For example, during the early stages of plant growth, nitrogen is essential for establishing a robust root system and promoting leaf development. Later in the growth cycle, nitrogen supports the formation of grains, fruits, and seeds.

After harvest, the soil's available nutrients, including nitrogen, may be affected. Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil, and if the harvested crop removes a significant amount of nitrogen, it can lead to a decrease in soil nitrogen levels. This reduction may require replenishing through the application of fertilizers or other soil amendments to maintain soil fertility for subsequent crops.

Balancing the application of nitrogen fertilizers is essential to avoid over-application, which can lead to environmental issues such as water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, under-application may result in nutrient deficiencies and decreased crop yields.

In summary, understanding the nitrogen contribution rate of fertilizers is crucial for optimizing plant growth and crop yields. Proper management of nitrogen fertilization ensures that crops receive adequate nutrients for their development, and it helps maintain soil fertility for sustainable agricultural practices.

Crop growth was mainly restricted by the infertile soil due to the increased usage of inorganic chemical fertilizers. Though these inorganic fertilizers help provide immediate nutrients to the crops, they also lead to poor soil fertility and environmental pollution. So farmers can use organic fertilizers, which can help restore the soil's native nutrients and also lead to a better microbial population.