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Nutrients - Science topic

A nutrient is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment. They are used to build and repair tissues, regulate body processes and are converted to and used as energy.
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"After crushing corn straw and soaking it in wastewater containing only nitrogen and phosphorus, the straw is retrieved at specific time points and then soaked in pure water to assess the release of nutrients. By comparing the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations with those in standard hydroponic nutrient solutions, the potential of the straw as a hydroponic fertilizer source can be evaluated. Is this experimental design feasible? Insights from experts, especially those familiar with straw utilization, would be greatly appreciated."
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The experimental design involving the use of shredded corn straw soaked in wastewater rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, followed by testing in pure water to assess nutrient release, represents an interesting and potentially sustainable approach to valorizing agricultural waste for hydroponic applications. This method could contribute to a circular economy by recycling nutrients and reducing reliance on commercial mineral fertilizers.However, from a professional standpoint, several key factors must be considered: Stability and kinetics of nutrient release – It is essential to closely monitor the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus release from the straw in pure water. If the release is too slow or inconsistent, it could affect the efficiency in hydroponic systems, where plants are highly sensitive to nutrient fluctuations. Presence of undesirable compounds – Although the wastewater may contain only nitrogen and phosphorus as measured, it could also include organic compounds or heavy metals. Therefore, it is important to analyze potential contaminants that could negatively impact plant growth or disrupt microbial balance in the system. Compatibility with hydroponic plants – After the nutrients are released from the straw, the resulting solution should be evaluated not only in terms of nutrient concentration but also nutrient bioavailability, compared to standard hydroponic solutions (e.g., Hoagland solution). Microbial activity – Straw can serve as a carrier for microorganisms that may have both positive effects (e.g., aiding in organic matter breakdown) and negative effects (e.g., causing plant diseases or promoting anaerobic conditions).In conclusion, the experimental design is methodologically feasible, but it requires careful control of variables and additional analyses to ensure its practical application in hydroponic systems. It is recommended that the experiment include chemical composition analysis, microbiological monitoring, and plant response tests under controlled conditions.
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What are the economic and agronomic trade-offs associated with implementing precision nutrient management tools compared to conventional blanket fertilization, particularly in terms of input costs, nutrient recovery efficiency, and long-term soil fertility?
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Hello,
Implementing precision nutrient management tools involves both economic and agronomic trade-offs when compared to conventional blanket fertilization. Economically, precision tools such as GPS-guided application, variable rate technology (VRT), or remote sensing may require higher initial investment costs (e.g., equipment, software, training). However, these tools often lead to reduced input costs over time by optimizing fertilizer use, minimizing over-application, and improving input-use efficiency.
Agronomically, precision management enhances nutrient recovery efficiency, delivering nutrients in spatially and temporally appropriate amounts based on crop and soil variability. This not only improves crop yield consistency but also reduces environmental losses (e.g., leaching, volatilization). In contrast, blanket fertilization may result in over-fertilization in some zones and deficiencies in others, leading to inefficiencies and long-term soil imbalances.
In the long run, precision nutrient management supports sustainable soil fertility by reducing nutrient loading, preserving soil microbiota, and enabling data-driven fertility planning. However, its success depends on local capacity, farmer training, and cost-effectiveness relative to farm size and crop type.
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Hello Dear all,
Could you please give me some links to datasets containing images of soil ? my aim is analyzing the soil texture, moisture, nutrients, ... I want it for a deep learning approach.
Thank you very much
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Soil Texture Datasets for Deep Learning
Deep learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), is well-suited for classifying soil texture from images due to their ability to learn complex spatial patterns.
  • Soil Types Dataset (Kaggle)This dataset contains 144 labeled images across six distinct soil types: Alluvial, Clayey, Laterite, Loamy, Sandy Loam, and Sandy Soil. These classifications are inherently related to soil texture. Source: Soil Types Dataset
  • Roboflow Universe - Soil Datasets Roboflow hosts a variety of community-contributed datasets. Searching for "soil" on their platform can yield several image datasets, some of which are explicitly designed for soil type or texture classification. Examples include:"Soil type class test" (820 images) and "Soil Type Classification" (154 images) related to texture. "Soil Classification Thesis" (154 images) which mentions soil texture analysis. Source: Top Soil Datasets and Models | Roboflow Universe
  • Soil Classification Example (APMonitor)This resource provides a Python Jupyter Notebook and MATLAB Live Script for soil classification using CNNs, along with a soil_photos.zip archive. The dataset is structured for training classifiers to identify soil types such as Gravel, Sand, and Silt, which are textural components. Source: Image Classification: Soil Type | Machine Learning for Engineers - APMonitor
  • Research Papers mentioning Texture Datasets:Some research, such as "Soil Texture Classification Using Deep Learning" (on ResearchGate), discusses the use of smartphone images (e.g., a dataset of 576 images for sand and clay classification) and depth camera images (e.g., 27 images split into 17,442 smaller images for fine-grained and coarse-grained texture) for soil texture analysis. While direct dataset download links may not be in the abstract, the papers often provide details on data collection or access. Source: Soil Texture Classification Using Deep Learning
Soil Moisture Datasets for Deep Learning
Predicting soil moisture from images often involves satellite imagery or ground-level images with associated moisture measurements.
  • NASA SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) DatasetThis is a satellite-based dataset that provides global soil moisture measurements. While it's not "visual images" in the traditional sense, it provides valuable remote sensing data suitable for deep learning approaches, especially for large-scale moisture mapping and prediction. Source: 15 datasets to revolutionize agriculture with AI - Innovatiana (listed as dataset #5)
  • Soil Moisture Prediction (GitHub Project)A GitHub project describes a mobile application that uses AI to predict soil moisture content from standard digital images. The project likely contains or refers to the image data used for training their model. Source: Abhinav1004/Soil-Moisture-Prediction - GitHub
  • Satellite Data for Soil Moisture Prediction Research:Several research papers discuss deep learning models (like CNNs and LSTMs) for predicting soil moisture content using satellite images (e.g., Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, MODIS, SMAP data). These papers demonstrate the feasibility of image-based deep learning for soil moisture, but the raw image datasets are typically large and linked to satellite archives rather than standalone downloads. Sources:A comprehensive study of deep learning for soil moisture prediction - HESS Soil Moisture Prediction Based on Satellite Data Using a Novel Deep Learning Model - ResearchGate Soil Moisture Prediction from Remote Sensing Images Coupled with Climate, Soil Texture and Topography via Deep Learning - MDPI
Soil Nutrients Datasets for Deep Learning (Image-Based)
Predicting soil nutrient content directly from standard RGB visual images is more challenging than texture or moisture. Often, it requires hyperspectral imaging or spectroscopic data which provides more detailed chemical information beyond what the human eye can see. However, deep learning models can integrate various data sources for nutrient prediction.
  • Crop and Soil Dataset (Kaggle)While this dataset primarily contains numerical data (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, pH, moisture, organic matter, etc.) rather than direct visual images for nutrient prediction, it is crucial for correlating visual characteristics (if combined with an image dataset) or other sensor data with nutrient levels. Source: Crop and Soil DataSet - Kaggle
  • Research on Deep Learning for Nutrient Prediction:Many studies use deep learning to predict soil nutrients, often leveraging hyperspectral images, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), or a combination of satellite data, climate data, and soil properties. Direct publicly available datasets consisting of visual soil images specifically labeled with nutrient content for deep learning are less common. Sources:Deep Learning-Based Soil Nutrient Content Prediction for Crop Yield Estimation - ResearchGate GeaGrow: a mobile tool for soil nutrient prediction and fertilizer optimization using artificial neural networks - Frontiers (mentions iSDAsoil for mapped soil properties via API, not direct images)
General Considerations for Deep Learning on Soil Images:
  • Data Collection: For specific research, you might need to collect your own images with corresponding lab measurements for texture, moisture, and nutrient content.
  • Preprocessing: Images often require preprocessing (resizing, normalization, augmentation, noise reduction) before being fed into deep learning models.
  • Feature Extraction: CNNs excel at automatic feature extraction from images, reducing the need for manual feature engineering.
  • Model Choice: Various CNN architectures (e.g., ResNet, AlexNet, Inception, MobileNet) are commonly used for image classification and can be adapted for soil analysis tasks. Transfer learning with pre-trained models is a common and effective approach.
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What is the impact of real-time nutrient monitoring and decision support systems on nutrient uptake efficiency, crop yield, and environmental sustainability in large-scale field crop production?
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Real time nutrient monitoring in large scale fields enhances:
  1. Nutrient Uptake Efficiency: Delivers nutrients when and where crops need them, reducing waste.
  2. Crop Yield: Optimized fertilization improves plant health and maximizes yields.
  3. Environmental Sustainability: Minimizes leaching, runoff and greenhouse gas emissions.
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What is the critical limit of macro and micro-nutrient content in plants
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Do the different plant has a different critical limit of macro and micronutrients?
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What are the Impact of Using Nutrient Solution Cooling and Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection on Plant Health and Yield in Hydroponic Systems?
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Cooling can optimize root zone temperature for better nutrient uptake and overall plant growth, while UV disinfection helps control pathogens and maintain water quality, which also supports plant health and yields
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What are the major challenges and opportunities associated with implementing precision nutrient management strategies in different agro-climatic regions, and how can policymakers and agricultural extension services support farmers in overcoming these barriers?
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I think that Major Challenges:
  1. Soil and climate variability: Differences in soil properties and climatic conditions make it difficult to apply a one-size-fits-all nutrient strategy.
  2. Lack of data: Limited access to accurate data on crop needs and local environmental conditions hinders precise decision-making.
  3. High cost of technology: The equipment and software required for precision agriculture can be expensive, especially for farmers in developing countries.
  4. Lack of awareness and training: Some farmers are not familiar with or trained in the use of precision nutrient technologies.
  5. Poor infrastructure: Weak internet connectivity and limited technical support in rural areas can be barriers.
Opportunities:
  1. Improved fertilizer efficiency: Better targeting of nutrient application reduces costs and environmental pollution.
  2. Higher crop productivity: Crops receive nutrients according to their exact needs, boosting yields.
  3. Data-driven decision making: Farmers can use data analysis for better planning and resource management.
  4. Sustainable agriculture: Precision nutrient use supports soil health and reduces waste.
  5. Scalability: With more data and experience, strategies can be adapted across different regions over time.
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Hi!
We have been discussing which volume is optimal for culturing spheroids in 96 well plates. Usually when culturing monolayers or immune cells, I use 200 uL/well in order to have sufficient nutrients and cell waste capacity, and then it usualltý works well to change medium every 2nd to 3rd day. But now I have got the advise to culture spheroids in 100 uL, in order to make oxygen from the air more easily accessible. So I just wanted to check with you what experience you have regarding this?
Thanks in advance for any advise or suggestions!
Best,
Mona
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Dear Dr. Mona Widhe
You should culture spheroids in less than 200µL of culture medium (100µL) in 96-well plate as it better mimics the in vivo conditions. If you have a smaller volume of medium, it will help encourage the cells to aggregate and form free-floating spheroids by reducing the likelihood of cells adhering to the plate surface. Spheroids are formed when cells are seeded in a low-adhesion environment. You should use ultra-low attachment plates as it will help prevent cell adhesion, allowing cells to form spheroids in suspension.
Also, smaller volume of medium, better reflect the nutrient and oxygen gradients that exist in tissues, which is important if you want to study cell behavior and drug response.
Regards,
Malcolm Nobre
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How does the application of Jeevamrit in Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) influence soil microbial activity, nutrient availability, and overall soil fertility, and what are the long-term implications for sustainable agriculture?
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The application of Jeevamrit in Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) significantly enhances soil microbial activity and nutrient availability. Jeevamrit, a fermented bio-fertilizer made from cow dung, cow urine, jaggery, pulse flour and soil acts as a microbial inoculant, enriching the soil with beneficial bacteria and fungi. These microbes accelerate organic matter decomposition, improving soil fertility and nutrient cycling. Additionally, Jeevamrit enhances nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization making essential nutrients more available to plants. Regular application improves soil health, structure and moisture retention leading to sustainable and chemical free farming.
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How can I calculate the Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), sulfur (S), and Zinc (Zn) content in rice grain and Straw and their uptake in rice grain and straw? Moreover, could you please mention the unit of nutrient (N, P, K, S & Zn) uptake in grain and straw?
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Nitrogen (N): The total nitrogen content is usually determined using Kjeldahl or an elemental analyzer (Dumas method).
Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn): The samples are first digested (wet or dry), and then the contents are determined by ICP-OES/ICP-MS or spectrophotometer, flame photometer, etc. The results are commonly expressed as follows.
Measurement results are commonly expressed in the following ways:
Expressed as mass percent (%). For example, the N content of a certain seed is 1.2%, P content is 0.2%, etc.
@@Expressed in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) or grams per kilogram (g/kg) for trace/concentrate elements. For example, Zn is 25 mg/kg, etc.
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Wheat cultivation in semi-arid regions faces several challenges including low soil moisture, high temperatures, erratic rainfall and soil degradation. To ensure food security and sustainable production it is crucial to adopt climate smart agricultural practices that can improve yield, soil health and water efficiency.
I am particularly interested in:
  • Drought resistant wheat varieties and their performance in different semi arid conditions.
  • Soil moisture conservation techniques such as mulching, reduced tillage or biochar application.
  • Water-efficient irrigation methods (e.g. drip irrigation, deficit irrigation strategies).
  • Soil fertility management using organic amendments, biofertilizers or precision nutrient application.
  • Agroforestry and intercropping practices that enhance resilience.
  • Success stories or case studies from semi-arid wheat growing regions.
I would appreciate insights from researchers, agronomists and farmers who have worked in similar climates. Additionally, any references to recent studies, models or innovative technologies that enhance wheat yield under semi arid conditions would be highly valuable.
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Sustainable Practices for Increasing Wheat Yield in Semi-Arid Regions
Wheat production in semi-arid regions faces critical challenges such as low soil moisture, high temperatures, and erratic rainfall. Addressing these issues requires an integrated approach that combines drought-resistant varieties, efficient water management, soil conservation techniques, and agroecological practices.
1. Drought-Resistant Wheat Varieties
Advancements in breeding and biotechnology have led to the development of drought-resistant wheat cultivars that exhibit higher yield stability under water stress. Some promising varieties include:
  • Drought-tolerant CIMMYT lines (e.g., C306, PBW 660) which have shown resilience in South Asia and Africa.
  • Durum wheat landraces with deep root systems, particularly suited for Mediterranean and West Asian semi-arid conditions.
  • Genetically improved varieties with traits such as early vigor, heat tolerance, and osmotic adjustment (e.g., drought-tolerant transgenic wheat expressing the DREB1 gene).
2. Soil Moisture Conservation Techniques
  • Mulching (organic or plastic) reduces evaporation and maintains soil moisture. Studies in North Africa and India have shown 10–15% yield increases with straw or bio-based mulching.
  • Reduced tillage & cover crops improve soil structure and water infiltration while preventing erosion. Zero tillage combined with crop residues enhances microbial activity and moisture retention.
  • Biochar application improves water-holding capacity and nutrient retention. Research in Australia and the Sahel has demonstrated increased wheat yields with biochar-enriched soils.
3. Water-Efficient Irrigation Methods
  • Drip irrigation reduces water losses and enhances water-use efficiency, particularly in regions with limited groundwater availability.
  • Deficit irrigation strategies, such as regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), optimize water distribution to critical growth stages, maximizing productivity with minimal water inputs.
  • Supplemental irrigation during key phenological stages (e.g., tillering and grain filling) has significantly increased yields in regions like Iran and northern China.
4. Soil Fertility Management
  • Organic amendments (compost, farmyard manure, vermicompost) improve soil organic matter and moisture retention.
  • Biofertilizers (e.g., Azospirillum, mycorrhizal fungi) enhance nutrient uptake and drought resistance.
  • Precision nutrient application using remote sensing or soil testing prevents overuse of fertilizers while optimizing nutrient availability.
5. Agroforestry & Intercropping
  • Agroforestry systems, such as integrating nitrogen-fixing trees (e.g., Acacia, Prosopis), improve soil fertility and provide wind protection.
  • Intercropping with legumes (chickpea, lentils) enhances nitrogen fixation and reduces soil degradation while diversifying farm income.
6. Case Studies & Success Stories
  • Conservation Agriculture in the Indo-Gangetic Plains: Zero tillage with residue retention improved wheat yields by 15–20% while reducing water use.
  • Water-Efficient Practices in Morocco: Adoption of deficit irrigation and drought-tolerant varieties increased productivity by 30% under low rainfall conditions.
  • Biochar Trials in Ethiopia: Application of biochar in degraded soils improved wheat yield by 25% due to enhanced moisture retention.
For further insights, I recommend studies from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICARDA, and research published in journals like Field Crops Research and Agricultural Water Management.
Would love to hear from agronomists and farmers working in similar conditions!
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I am planning to purchase Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 from another university, and it will be placed in nutrient agar (NA) broth. Given an estimated travel time of 5-7 days, I am concerned about its viability during transit.
How long can E. coli ATCC 8739 survive in NA broth under these conditions? What are the best storage and transport methods to ensure its viability upon arrival? Any insights or experiences would be greatly appreciated.
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Purified and sterile glycerine mixed with nutrient broth containg the bacterial colony is stable media for viability and transportation for good results these glycerine tube's with medium should be sealed transport in ice containers the second options of transportation bacterial colony media freeze drying and transportation in cold chains maintance
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How do changing climatic conditions, such as rising temperatures, altered monsoon patterns, and increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, influence the carbon, water, and nutrient footprints of major crops in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, and what adaptation strategies could help mitigate their negative impacts on food security and ecosystem stability?
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Changing climatic conditions alter crop water needs. Higher temperatures increase evaporation rates. Rainfall shifts affect water availability. Carbon footprints rise with more irrigation. Nutrient uptake varies with temperature and moisture. Droughts reduce nutrient absorption. Floods cause nutrient leaching. Crop yields decline under stress.
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How do the carbon, water, and nutrient footprints of major crops such as rice, wheat, and sugarcane in the Indo-Gangetic Plains vary across different Agro-climatic zones, and what role do soil type, irrigation practices, and fertilizer use play in determining these footprints?
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The carbon, water, and nutrient footprints of major crops in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) show significant variations across different agro-climatic zones, primarily driven by distinct environmental conditions and farming practices. In the western IGP, characterized by semi-arid conditions, crops like wheat and rice typically have higher water footprints due to heavy reliance on irrigation, while their carbon footprints are elevated due to intensive mechanization and higher fertilizer use. The central IGP, with its more moderate climate, generally shows lower water footprints for the same crops, but variable carbon footprints depending on management practices. The eastern IGP, receiving higher rainfall, demonstrates the lowest water footprints for major crops, particularly during the kharif season, but often shows higher nutrient footprints due to lower nutrient use efficiency in waterlogged conditions. Rice-wheat systems, the dominant cropping pattern across the IGP, show particularly high water and carbon footprints in the western zone, moderate in the central zone, and relatively lower in the eastern zone, though this varies with management practices. Nutrient footprints generally increase from west to east due to decreasing nutrient use efficiency, influenced by factors such as soil type, rainfall patterns, and management practices. The footprints also vary seasonally, with rabi (winter) crops typically showing lower water footprints but higher carbon footprints due to increased mechanization and residue burning practices.
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What are the comparative life-cycle assessments of carbon emissions, water consumption, and nutrient depletion for staple crops like rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, and how do different farming systems (e.g., conventional, organic, conservation agriculture) influence the sustainability of these cropping patterns?
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Comparative life cycle assessments of carbon emissions, water consumption, and nutrient depletion for staple crops in agriculture are often used to evaluate how different agricultural processes impact the environment. These assessments cover various stages of staple crop production (such as wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, etc.) under different conditions and the impact of various farming methods. In short, life cycle assessments (LCA) examine all stages of a crop's life, from land preparation and cultivation to harvest and transport.
1. Carbon Emissions (CO₂)
  • CO₂ emissions are one of the main indicators in evaluating climate change impacts. In the context of staple crops, CO₂ emissions may arise from various sources, such as:Use of synthetic fertilizers (which can release CO₂ during production and application); Transportation (from processing to markets); Soil cultivation (including plowing, which may release CO₂ from the soil); Use of fuel for machinery.
Comparative studies show that crops that require more intensive soil cultivation, like corn, can have higher CO₂ emissions compared to crops that require less intensive processing, such as soybeans.
2. Water Consumption
  • Water consumption for staple crop production varies depending on the crop type, climate conditions, and irrigation methods:The highest water consumption occurs in irrigated systems (particularly for crops like rice and corn in dry regions). Wheat and soybeans generally have lower water consumption compared to crops grown on larger areas requiring more irrigation.
Comparative life cycle assessments show that crops grown in areas with naturally high rainfall (such as wheat) have significantly lower water consumption compared to crops that rely on irrigation.
3. Nutrient Depletion
  • Nutrient depletion refers to soil degradation caused by excessive use of fertilizers and intensive agricultural production:Corn and wheat generally require high amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which can lead to the depletion of these nutrients from the soil if sustainable management systems are not in place. Soybeans are a symbiotic crop that fixes nitrogen from the air, which reduces the need for additional nitrogen fertilizers, thus decreasing nutrient depletion compared to other crops.
Comparative studies also show that the use of organic fertilizers and crop rotation can help replenish soil nutrients and reduce degradation.
Life cycle assessments for staple crops show significant differences in CO₂ emissions, water consumption, and nutrient depletion. Generally, crops that require more intensive soil cultivation and higher fertilizer input tend to have greater negative environmental impacts. On the other hand, crops like soybeans and wheat, which require less water and fertilizer, have a smaller environmental footprint. Solutions for reducing these impacts include sustainable farming methods, such as crop rotation, the use of organic fertilizers, and more efficient irrigation techniques.
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How do different tillage practices impact on sugarcane biomass accumulation and yield under drip irrigation and what is the effect of trash retention on nutrient availability, soil health and overall crop productivity?
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Best tillage practices for maximizing sugarcane biomass accumulation and yield under drip irrigation are minimum or strip tillage, which provide a balance between aeration, moisture conservation, and root health. Zero tillage is also highly effective in maintaining long-term soil fertility and water retention, especially in well-structured soils. Deep tillage should be used selectively for compacted soils, while raised bed planting is ideal for waterlogged conditions. By adopting conservation tillage practices that optimize soil health and moisture retention, farmers can significantly enhance sugarcane productivity under drip irrigation.
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We often discuss how soil nutrient dynamics influenced by various factors ignornig climate or more specifically weather. Climate directly influence soil microbes, soil microbes directly influence soil nutrient dynamics. Therefore, we can't ignore climate in soil nutrient dynamics.
A recent work, a collaboration of Cornell University (USA) and RPCAU (India) had done an impressive work on it and later published in Heliyon. Take a look.
Seasonal variations in soil characteristics control microbial respiration and carbon use under tree plantations in the Middle Gangetic region
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Seasonal variations have a significant impact on nutrient dynamics in soil, influencing the availability and cycling of essential nutrients that plants rely on for growth. These variations can be driven by factors like temperature, moisture, biological activity, and plant growth cycles. Here's an overview of how these seasonal changes affect soil nutrients:
1. Temperature
  • Winter (cold temperatures): During the colder months, microbial activity in the soil slows down significantly. This reduces the breakdown of organic matter and nutrient cycling. Soil microbes, which are essential for processes like nitrogen fixation and decomposition, are less active, leading to lower rates of nutrient mineralization.
  • Spring and Summer (warmer temperatures): As temperatures rise, microbial activity increases, leading to faster breakdown of organic matter and mineralization of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Nutrients become more available to plants during the growing season.
2. Moisture
  • Winter (wet or frozen soils): In areas with snow or regular rainfall in winter, soils may become waterlogged, limiting oxygen availability for soil microbes. Frozen soils also inhibit microbial processes. In contrast, some regions may experience drought during the winter, which further reduces microbial activity and nutrient cycling.
  • Spring and Summer (variable moisture levels): Adequate moisture during the growing season supports microbial and plant activity, promoting nutrient uptake and cycling. However, excessive rainfall or irrigation can leach nutrients like nitrogen and potassium deeper into the soil or out of the root zone, leading to nutrient loss. Conversely, drought conditions can reduce nutrient availability due to reduced microbial activity and slower nutrient uptake by plants.
3. Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake
  • Winter (low plant growth): During colder months, plants go dormant or grow very slowly, leading to minimal nutrient uptake. This results in higher concentrations of nutrients in the soil, which can build up, especially nitrogen (if not leached away).
  • Spring and Summer (active plant growth): As plants begin growing, they start actively absorbing nutrients from the soil. During this period, nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are drawn down more rapidly, influencing their availability. If nutrient demand exceeds supply, deficiencies may occur, affecting plant health and growth.
4. Decomposition and Organic Matter Breakdown
  • Winter (slow decomposition): The cold temperatures in winter slow down the decomposition of organic matter (e.g., leaves, dead plants), which is a key process in the release of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon back into the soil.
  • Spring and Summer (active decomposition): Higher temperatures and more moisture in the spring and summer accelerate the decomposition process, releasing nutrients into the soil. This helps replenish nutrient levels and supports plant growth. However, it can also lead to nutrient losses if the process is too rapid or if there’s excess leaching.
5. Soil pH Fluctuations
  • Seasonal changes in pH: Some nutrients are more available in certain pH ranges, so seasonal fluctuations can impact nutrient availability. For example, in colder months, organic acids accumulate in the soil due to decomposition and microbial activity, which can lower soil pH. In warmer months, plant roots and microbes may help buffer these changes, but the overall pH level can still influence nutrient dynamics.
6. Soil Erosion and Leaching
  • Winter (erosion and leaching risk): In regions with heavy snowmelt or rainfall during the winter, there is an increased risk of soil erosion and nutrient leaching, especially if the soil is not protected by vegetation. This can result in the loss of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, from the soil.
  • Spring and Summer (erosion management): With warmer, drier conditions in the growing season, vegetation often covers the soil, reducing the risk of erosion. However, in some areas, heavy rains can still cause erosion and nutrient loss during the spring thaw or summer storms.
7. Soil Biological Activity
  • Winter (lower biological activity): Soil fauna like earthworms and microorganisms become less active in colder temperatures, which slows nutrient turnover. However, in some ecosystems, winter-fungi or specific cold-tolerant microbes may still contribute to nutrient cycling.
  • Spring and Summer (higher biological activity): Increased biological activity during the growing season supports nutrient cycling. Soil microorganisms break down organic material, releasing nitrogen and other nutrients into the soil for plants to absorb.
8. Nitrogen Cycle
  • Winter (nitrification and nitrogen fixation): Cold temperatures slow down the processes of nitrification (conversion of ammonia to nitrates by bacteria) and nitrogen fixation (by legumes or specific microbes), leading to lower soil nitrogen availability. However, in regions where nitrogen fixation occurs in the winter (e.g., due to winter cover crops), this can still contribute to nitrogen cycling.
  • Spring and Summer (increased nitrogen availability): The warmer temperatures and increased microbial activity promote nitrification and nitrogen fixation, making nitrogen more available to plants. However, nitrogen may also be lost through leaching or denitrification (conversion of nitrates to nitrogen gas), especially in wet conditions.
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I am looking to estimate how much TN and TP uptaken by plants (kg/day) (mixed between floating and rooted plants) in a wetland system. Please suggest the process or method in detail i could use to estimate that. Help provided shall be much appreciated. Thank you
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You will probably have to find a laboratory that can analyse for Nitrogen, commonly called an Elemental Analyser (they do CHN and sometimes S as well, carbon hydron nitrogen sulfur). If you want organic vs inorganic N, that's a little more complex.
Phosphorus is commonly analysed by ICP-OES, as part of a suite of elements, but not usually including C, H, N so you might be paying for two separate sets of analysis. There should be someone on campus who can direct you to a lab that does such work with both types of instrument.
As to harvesting and collecting the plant material: You will need waders, pruning shears and a shovel. And a friend to help. Plastic bags for immediate sampling of the wetland plants, and a heavy-duty sieve to drain the samples. Don't store the samples in the plastic bags though - they WILL go mouldy and that's not fun.
Lots of paper bags to store and dry the samples. A forced draught oven that gets to 80C with plenty of air circulation to dry the samples. Don't pack them in tight, you will cause a fire! Once dried you will have to grind or otherwise reduce the stems and leaves down to powder form (<1mm). This is probably also available at the analytical lab where you'll get the samples analysed.
Ultimately, the instruments will only need a gram or less of dried sample. HOWEVER, the sample size will depend on the scale of your wetland etc, so sampling must be representative. A 1-hectare pond is not adequately sampled with 3 x 1g samples. You might need to consult your local agricultural extension office for suitable sampling protocols if the rest of your lab doesn't have any prior knowledge to offer you.
Best of luck.
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Let’s explore the growing impact of nutraceuticals on human health: their bioactive compounds are gaining recognition for their integrative roles in disease prevention, chronic condition management, and enhancing overall well-being.
A special issue of Nutrients MDPI (Nutrition and Public Health section) is open for manuscript submissions until July 20, 2025.
Guest editors Dr. Michele Antonelli and Dr. Davide Donelli encourage submissions that deepen our understanding of nutraceuticals’ efficacy, safety, and regulatory frameworks. Accepted papers will be published online with open access.
Let’s discuss how nutraceuticals are shaping the future of evidence-based medicine!
🧬🌿
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I believe it is important to understand and research the novel benefits of nutraceuticals and their bioactive compounds. Bioactive macromolecules such as polysaccharides, β-glucans, lectins, lovastatin, peptides, phenolics, and flavonoids exhibit nutraceutical properties including antioxidant activity, anti-cancer effects, and anti-diabetic benefits.
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I have extracted sediment nutrients using 2M KCl in a 1:5 sediment:KCl ratio. I am facing some difficulty with the preparation of standards for the preparation of standard curve towards the analysis of extractable ammonium/nitrite/nitrate. The standards prepared in KCl are showing non-insignificant absorbances with ammonium reagents (phenate method). How do I remove the color developed as a result of the reaction between KCl and phenate reagents?
Also, is the KCl-extraction technique valid for sediment extractable nitrite/nitrate? In these cases, how do I prepare the standards in KCl matrix? Please point me towards relevant protocols if available? Thank you so much.
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Pleased to hear it! You are very welcome!
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Writing discussion need mechanism please
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AoA. Respected Sir I read the review paper mentioned below regarding the transportation and transformation of atmospheric metals for my research. I hope It'll be helpful to understand this Phenomenon.
Title: Transport and transformation of atmospheric metals in ecosystems: A review
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Can turbulent structure alter the nutrient distribution, leading to changes in phytoplankton growth? Could some phytoplankton experience changes in their vertical distribution due to turbulent transport?
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NPZ models as such are 0-dimension models and can't be used to present turbulent mixing. However, in most cases, they are used in conjunction with a hydrodynamic model which simulates eddy diffusion and water transport.
In that case and if assuming that all of the nirogen is a solute you can assume that the nirogen behaves like the salinity.
As for salinity - you can use the rules of sollution to assess the extent of mixing.
for instance if at T0 you have salinity of 35 at the surface and salinity of 32 at the deep water and at T1 you have salinity of 34 at the surface you can assume that the surface water are now a solute that contains 33% old deep water and 66% old surface water. where the 33% was calculated usend (Surface salinity delta)/(Vertical salinity delta at T0).
When actually making the calculation of diffusion effect, you will first have to take into consideration the effect of advection.
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Concerning lignin-degrading fungi in a substrate such as shredded corn-cobs, when will they start decomposing the lignin? Does it happen from the start or will it firstly take the readily available nutrients, such as sugars?
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Lignin-degrading fungi, such as white-rot fungi, typically prioritize the consumption of readily available nutrients (like simple sugars and other soluble carbohydrates) before turning to the more complex lignin component in a heterogeneous substrate like shredded corn-cobs. This sequential nutrient utilization strategy allows the fungi to conserve energy by using easily accessible resources first, which supports initial growth and enzyme production.
Sequence of Decomposition:
  1. Initial Phase - Readily Available Nutrients:When first introduced to the substrate, the fungi generally focus on metabolizing simple carbohydrates and readily available organic compounds, which require fewer resources and lower energy for breakdown. During this phase, fungi produce primarily cellulases and hemicellulases, which act on cellulose and hemicellulose, the carbohydrate components of the substrate.
  2. Transition to Lignin Decomposition:Once the simpler sugars and carbohydrates are depleted, the fungi begin to upregulate the production of ligninolytic enzymes, such as laccases, manganese peroxidases, and lignin peroxidases. The timing of this transition varies by species and environmental factors, but it generally occurs once the more accessible nutrients are significantly reduced, prompting a metabolic shift to utilize lignin as an energy source.
  3. Factors Influencing the Transition:Substrate Composition: A higher proportion of lignin may delay the onset of lignin degradation if alternative nutrients are abundant, as fungi will focus on simpler compounds first. Environmental Conditions: pH, moisture, oxygen levels, and temperature can influence enzyme production and activity, potentially altering when lignin degradation begins. Species-Specific Preferences: Different lignin-degrading fungi may vary in their approach, with some species beginning lignin decomposition earlier than others based on enzyme production capabilities and substrate affinity.
Enhancing Lignin Degradation:
To encourage faster lignin breakdown, some researchers condition substrates by partially removing simple sugars beforehand or applying mild physical/chemical pretreatments. These treatments make lignin more accessible and can promote earlier ligninolytic activity in fungi.
So, lignin degradation does not start immediately but follows the depletion of simpler nutrients. The fungi adapt by shifting enzyme production to meet the available substrate complexity.
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If data are given in mg/l or µg/l, is it possible to convert into mg/100g EP
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Yes, it is possible using the conversion formula in the FAO/INFOODS guidelines and a density factor from the FAO/INFOODS density database. Please see the attached references for details.
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A forest fire occured in Turkey. The total area was about 1700 ha. I am interested in sampling the site and also sampling control sites outside the burned area. My question is, would I represent the burn area if I sampled 4 plots about 6 ha in area. Within each plot, I would take 4 composite sample (each sample would be a mix of several soil cores). The plots would be the experimental unit. But they are very large. I wonder if this is too large? I would be comparing nutrient concentrations in the burn plots versus similar control plots (outside the burn). Fixed effect: burn treatment; Random effect: plot.
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What are you sampling for?: soil chemistry, soil physical properties, depth of fire penetration? Are you adjusting for known soil types in advance? It may be better to sample for some factors with many small soil cores (4 plots x 100 samples), while others may need only 4 plots x 4composites to get all you need.
Speak to your local friendly statistician now (before you go sampling), as they generally are less friendly when you turn up after sampling and ask for help with the analysis.
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A renowned professor recently posed this question, and I don't have an answer. Could anyone provide insight? Why don't we use water as the extractant to directly measure available nutrients in soil for analysis, instead of relying on more complex chemical solutions?
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Plants exude various organic acids from their roots that are used to solubilize mineral nutrients from the soil matrix. Microbes exploit the root exudates while also produce siderophores and their own organic compounds that can preferentially bind nutrients, all of which form a "rhizosphere" within the soil, altering pH and nutrient availability to the benefit of the plant.
If only "water soluble" nutrients are considered, the full complexity of the soil-plant-microbe-atmosphere ecosystem is reduced to a very small subset.
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Dear Colleagues,
I am working on histological observations of the gut of invertebrates.
My main research is on seasonal changes in the gut tissue of sea cucumbers.
This species ceases or decreases its feeding activity in summer and also decreases its feeding activity in winter.
In particular, the gut retracts or disappears in summer.
Gut retraction is recognised as a result of catabolising components in the body to conserve energy and to tolerate depleted stored nutrients.
Please advise if anyone else has researched this other reason for intestinal retraction in a professional manner.
Best regards.
Kai Tanaka
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Digestive system regression in sea cucumbers and other invertebrates can occur due to 1. Food scarcity 2. Temperature fluctuations 3. Dormancy/hibernation 4. Reproductive cycles 5. Molting 6. Desiccation 7. Disease/parasites 8. Stress/injury 9. Aging/senescence Sea cucumber-specific reasons: 1. Dietary changes 2. Burrowing behavior 3. Regeneration/autotomy Seasonal changes can trigger regression to conserve energy, reduce metabolic rate, and adapt to changing environments. Investigate: Gut morphology/histology Enzyme activity Gene expression Hormonal regulation
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Pig slurry is rich in major and minor nutrients. Is there any way to improve
/ Enrich its manure quality to be used in agriculture organically ? please share your knowledge.
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To organically enrich pig excreta and increase its nutrient quality, you can:
Compost with carbon-rich materials like straw.
Add organic amendments like biochar or rock phosphate.
Ferment using the Bokashi method with effective microorganisms.
Inoculate with beneficial microbes or compost teas.
Mix with green manures for added nitrogen.
Monitor pH and adjust with lime or gypsum if needed.
These methods enhance nutrient content and improve the manure's effectiveness as an organic fertilizer.
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I want to conduct broiler feeding trial experiment. But I don't have Cro2, Tio2 and other expensive chemicals/reagents to determine nutrient digestibility parameters such gross energy, Metabolizable energy and others.
Can you share me any simple method of determining these parameters by taking samples from fecal samples?
Thank you so much!
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Mebratu Melaku i was just reading the replies shared by C.A. (Kees) Kan and Mebratu Melaku and both have already answered and however as a summary I can add my points:
Simple methods for determining nutrient digestibility in broilers include:
  1. Total Collection Method (TCM): collecting and analyzing all droppings
  2. Indicator Method: using markers like chromic oxide to estimate digestibility
  3. Digestibility Trial: measuring nutrient intake and output over a set period
  4. Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) assay: estimating energy digestibility
  5. Ileal Digesta Analysis: analyzing nutrient levels in the ileum section
  6. Using prediction equations based on feed composition and bird performance
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One has to list down the details and understand that different feedstocks and the biogas digesters working on different feedstocks show different nutrient content value:
But when it comes to standardization of the same, one has to understand that the NPK values should be similar: From different feedstocks based Biogas digesters what would be the standard NPK - Nutrient contents of the digestate, and how consistent is it?
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Mewa Singh Dhanoa The four points you have mentioned about the Meta analysis of the feedstock, Non hierarchical cluster analysis, ANNOVA can give you combined means, and without replicate information unable to list other options is a perfect example of how the effluent can be treated in the laboratory . However the details shared by the other experts are highly recommendable and I shall also look into the thesis and the paper published by Felipe Guilayn as well as the book he shared and will shortly post the outcome in the discussion section as well
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Join us in shaping the future of #ClinicalNutrition research. This is a unique opportunity to showcase your latest research findings, in the field of clinical #nutrition. Submit your article today, and let us advance our understanding of nutrition-related issues and promote positive outcomes for patient care and public health. #Endocrinology #Diabetes Edit by: Dr. Osuagwu L. Uchechukwu Deadline: 25 November 2024 Access more: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special_issues/YB51885771
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Abstract:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are closely interconnected metabolic disorders with profound implications for global public health. Clinical nutrition plays a crucial role in both prevention and management of these conditions. This review explores current research and clinical practices surrounding dietary interventions, nutritional strategies, and their impact on T2DM and obesity outcomes.
Introduction:Type 2 diabetes and obesity have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, driven by lifestyle changes, dietary habits, and sedentary lifestyles. Effective management and prevention strategies are essential to mitigate associated health risks and complications. Clinical nutrition interventions offer promising approaches to improve metabolic health and quality of life in affected individuals.
Pathophysiology and Mechanisms:Understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms linking nutrition, T2DM, and obesity is crucial. Insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, and dyslipidemia are key contributors. Dietary components such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and micronutrients influence metabolic pathways, insulin sensitivity, and adiposity.
Role of Diet in Type 2 Diabetes:Dietary patterns, such as Mediterranean, low glycemic index/load, and plant-based diets, show beneficial effects in managing blood glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles. Emphasis on whole foods, fiber-rich carbohydrates, lean proteins, and healthy fats helps regulate postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Nutritional counseling and individualized meal planning are essential components of diabetes management.
Impact of Nutrition on Obesity Management:Obesity management involves calorie restriction, dietary modifications, and lifestyle changes. Low-energy-density diets, portion control, and balanced macronutrient intake aid in weight loss and maintenance. Strategies include behavior modification, mindful eating practices, and support from healthcare providers to achieve sustainable outcomes.
Nutritional Interventions and Clinical Outcomes:Clinical trials and observational studies highlight the effectiveness of dietary interventions in improving glycemic control, reducing body weight, and lowering cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with T2DM and obesity. Evidence-based guidelines advocate personalized nutrition plans tailored to individual needs, preferences, and metabolic profiles.
Micronutrients and Supplements:Micronutrient deficiencies, such as vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids, are prevalent in diabetes and obesity. Supplementation strategies aim to correct deficiencies and optimize metabolic health, although outcomes vary and require further investigation.
Challenges and Considerations:Barriers to optimal nutrition therapy include socioeconomic factors, cultural preferences, food accessibility, and patient adherence. Addressing these challenges through education, support systems, and community-based interventions is crucial for long-term success.
Future Directions:Advancements in nutritional science, personalized medicine, and digital health technologies offer promising avenues for enhancing diabetes and obesity management. Integrative approaches combining nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral strategies hold potential to improve health outcomes and reduce disease burden globally.
Conclusion:Clinical nutrition plays a pivotal role in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Evidence supports the efficacy of dietary interventions in improving metabolic parameters and overall health outcomes. Continued research, education, and multidisciplinary collaboration are essential to optimize nutrition strategies and address the complex challenges associated with these prevalent metabolic disorders.
Keywords: Clinical nutrition, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dietary interventions, metabolic health
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The idea is to design an IoT system that is able to capture real-time conditions from an oil palm tree to ensure optimal growth.
Nutrients such as Sulfur, Nitrogen, Boron, Zinc, Copper and Iron.
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N and P, adequate supply of K, Mg and S is particularly important in palm oil production. In addition, plants require nine micronutrients, namely iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chlorine (Cl), boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo).
1. In Palm Tree, begins as a uniform light-green discoloration of the oldest leaves and The golden-yellow petiole, rachis, and crown shaft it shows deficiency of Nitrogen
2. If the pinnae turn yellow, then brown, and desiccate, starting from the leaf tips then it shows Mg deficiency.
3. Yellowish- orange discolouration of the lower fronds and younger fronds also become pale and chlorotic, this symptom is called Peat Yellows then it shows Zn deficiency.
4. Reduced canopy size and smaller trunk diameter, also known as pencil-point, New leaves may be small, frizzled, and chlorotic it shows K deficiency.
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It will be an honor, if anyone can suggest the standard methodology for analyzing nutrients(N,P,K) in soil microbial biomass
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Maybe this paper can considerably suit your research !?
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Hi
I am trying to revive Pseudomonas aeruginosa from frozen glycerol stock and also from cryobeads. But there was no bacterial growth. I used nutrient agar, tryptone soy agar to streak on. Also I added glycerol stock to nutrient broth and tryptone soy broth but there was no growth.
I would appreciate your guidance.
Thank you
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Many thanks for your clarification, appreciated.
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Nutrient recovery is becoming the order of the day as purchasing NPK has become more costly lately. In the advent of food security issues, one is tempted to get cheaper means to produce nutrients for farming activities.
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I have no professional experience in agriculture and therefore cannot give you a qualified answer to questions about nutrient recovery.
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In other words, is it simply the nutrient supply that makes soil plants much less effective when they are closer together or does it have to do with the roots interfering with each other. If it's the former, would increasing nutrient supply allow for soil based plants to be planted closer together. Thanks.
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Hydroponic plants can be planted closer together than soil-based plants primarily due to the differences in how nutrients and water are delivered to the plants, as well as the reduced competition for these resources. Here are the key reasons:
Efficient Nutrient Delivery:
In hydroponic systems, nutrients are delivered directly to the plant roots through a nutrient-rich solution. This method ensures that each plant receives an optimal and consistent supply of nutrients, reducing the need for plants to spread out their roots in search of nutrients. In soil-based systems, plants need to compete for nutrients within the soil, leading to a necessity for more space to ensure adequate access to these resources.
Controlled Water Supply:
Hydroponics provides a controlled and efficient water delivery system. Water is directly supplied to the plant roots, ensuring that each plant gets enough moisture without needing to spread out. In soil-based systems, plants often need more space to access sufficient water, especially since soil can sometimes retain water unevenly, creating competition among plants.
Root Zone Optimization:
In hydroponic systems, the root environment can be carefully managed and optimized. Roots are often suspended in nutrient solutions or grow in inert media that allow better oxygenation and easier access to nutrients and water. This optimized environment reduces the need for large root networks, allowing plants to grow closer together. In contrast, soil can be compacted and less aerated, requiring plants to spread out more to access enough oxygen and nutrients.
Reduced Disease Spread:
Hydroponic systems often have better control over plant diseases, particularly those that are soil-borne. By eliminating soil, many pathogens are also removed, reducing the risk of disease spread. This control allows plants to be placed closer together without the heightened risk of disease transmission that might occur in soil-based systems
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From clinical sample we are trying to identify Staphylococcus aureus by using nutrient agar. Based on the appearance of colonies on the nutrient agar plate please describe the characteristics that would suggest the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Include details about colony shape, color, and Gram stain results.
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Isolation from clinical samples would typically involve blood agar, not NA. Any clinical microbiologist would recognize S. aureus and confirm, as they would with MSA.
Sumia's use of NA is not protocol. You should ask her why.
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Hello everyone,
I'm working on a project to develop an automated soil fertility calculator. We're currently stuck on the liming phase. We understand the entire procedure for calculating lime input using the bases method. However, we'd like to include the nutrient release per material, or at least understand the formula that should be used.
We've reviewed various publications that discuss the release rate of liming materials. We recognize that this concept is more related to the capacity of each product to suppress soil pH over time. We also understand that factors like humidity, particle size distribution (granulometric efficiency), and neutralization value play the most crucial roles. Despite this information, it's unclear to us what technique we should use to determine the amount of nutrients released from lime in the short and long term.
I hope this explanation is clear. Please feel free to ask any questions you may have.
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The nutrient release from liming materials, particularly those containing calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), is typically calculated based on their solubility and reactivity in the soil environment. The primary purpose of liming materials is to neutralize soil acidity (raise pH) and provide essential nutrients to plants. Here's a general overview of how nutrient release from liming materials is calculated:
1. Calcium and Magnesium Content: Liming materials such as agricultural lime (calcium carbonate), dolomite lime (calcium magnesium carbonate), and gypsum (calcium sulfate) contain varying amounts of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The nutrient content is usually expressed as a percentage of calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) or magnesium carbonate equivalent (MgCO3), which represents the effective neutralizing capacity of the material.
2. Solubility and Reactivity: The rate and extent of nutrient release from liming materials depend on their solubility and reactivity in the soil. Finely ground liming materials, such as agricultural lime and gypsum, dissolve more rapidly in soil moisture and react with soil acidity to release calcium, magnesium, and sulfate ions. Dolomite lime, which contains both calcium and magnesium, undergoes slower dissolution but provides a gradual release of both nutrients over time.
3. Soil pH and Buffering Capacity: Soil pH and buffering capacity influence the rate at which liming materials dissolve and release nutrients. Acidic soils with low pH require greater amounts of lime to raise pH and neutralize acidity. Additionally, soils with high buffering capacity (e.g., clay soils) may require larger quantities of liming materials to achieve desired changes in pH and nutrient availability.
4. Calculation Methods: Various calculation methods and models are used to estimate the nutrient release from liming materials in soil. These methods consider factors such as lime particle size, soil moisture, temperature, and microbial activity. One common approach is to use laboratory tests, such as the calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE) test or the calcium magnesium carbonate equivalence (CMCE) test, to determine the effective neutralizing capacity of liming materials and predict their impact on soil pH and nutrient availability.
5. Field Trials and Monitoring: While laboratory tests and calculation methods provide estimates of nutrient release from liming materials, field trials and monitoring are essential for assessing their actual performance in different soil types and environmental conditions. By conducting field experiments and observing changes in soil pH, nutrient levels, and plant growth over time, researchers and practitioners can refine nutrient release models and optimize liming practices for specific agricultural systems.
In summary, nutrient release from liming materials is calculated based on their calcium and magnesium content, solubility, reactivity, soil pH, and buffering capacity. By understanding these factors and employing appropriate calculation methods, farmers and agronomists can make informed decisions about liming practices to improve soil fertility and optimize crop production.
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Critical soil levels are determined using indicator plants and extractive solutions that mimic the nutrient extraction process from these plants.
Can indicator plants reliably demonstrate the nutrient extraction capabilities of other species?
Can an extraction solution accurately replicate the quantity of nutrients extracted from any species?
What is the difference between a critical level and a reference level, in relation to soil chemistry and the overall nutrient content in leaf tissue?
What characteristics should a tool have to better understand soil chemistry and nutrient availability for key agricultural plant species?
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Conventional chemical soil analysis can provide valuable insights into soil fertility by measuring key nutrient levels, pH, and other chemical properties. However, while it is a widely used method, its accuracy in assessing soil fertility can vary depending on several factors. Here are some considerations:
1. Nutrient Levels: Chemical soil analysis typically measures the concentrations of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and micronutrients like iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo). While these measurements provide valuable information about soil nutrient status, they may not always reflect nutrient availability to plants. Soil nutrient availability can be influenced by factors such as soil pH, organic matter content, and soil texture, which may not be fully captured by chemical analysis alone.
2. pH and Soil Acidity/Alkalinity: Soil pH is a critical factor that influences nutrient availability, microbial activity, and plant growth. Conventional chemical analysis provides a reliable measurement of soil pH, but it may not account for localized variations within the soil profile or temporal changes over time. Additionally, soil pH alone may not fully predict nutrient availability, as other factors such as soil buffering capacity and root uptake mechanisms also play important roles.
3. Organic Matter Content: Chemical soil analysis typically does not directly measure soil organic matter content, which is a key determinant of soil fertility and productivity. While indirect methods such as loss on ignition (LOI) or Walkley-Black method can estimate organic matter content, they may not capture the full spectrum of organic matter types and their contributions to soil fertility.
4. Soil Biological Properties: Conventional chemical analysis focuses primarily on soil chemical properties and may not capture important biological indicators of soil fertility, such as microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and soil biodiversity. These biological properties are integral to nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and soil health but are not typically assessed in routine chemical soil tests.
5. Interpretation and Management Recommendations: While chemical soil analysis provides quantitative data on soil nutrient levels and pH, interpreting these results and translating them into actionable management recommendations requires expertise and consideration of site-specific factors. Soil fertility management strategies should integrate chemical, physical, and biological aspects of soil health to optimize nutrient availability, crop productivity, and environmental sustainability.
In summary, while conventional chemical soil analysis is a valuable tool for assessing soil fertility, its accuracy and relevance depend on factors such as nutrient availability, soil pH, organic matter content, and biological properties. Integrating chemical analysis with other soil assessment methods, such as soil biological testing and field observations, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of soil fertility and inform effective soil management practices.
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I am a researcher of Soil science department. 5 months ago I had planted wheat for my research. The research design was split plot design. it has 3 replications, each replication has 2 main plot treatment: Farm yard manure @20t/ha and Biochar @ 20t/ha, and each main plot had 5 treatments:
T1: no N fertilizer,
T2: 100% recommended dose of Prilled urea
T3: 50% recommended dose of Prilled urea
T4: 100% recommended dose of Neem coated urea
T5: 50% recommended dose of Neem Coated Urea
after harvesting of wheat crops, there were wheat crop stubbles left 20 cm above the ground level. The wheat crop residues were not removed and incorporated in the soil after harvesting in April 12. Now in April 20 I had planted Mungbean in the same research trial, and no external fertilizers are used and is grown under residual nutrients of previous planting. The temperature here is 42 degree celcius during sowing of mungbean. I had been thinking to use mungbean as a green manure to increase soil fertility and ground cover in irrigated condition.
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I agree with Raghad, but wonder if you should also carefully consider the soil C fractions that you measure, and how frequently a;l the measures should be made. It may take years to have measurable effects, Paul.
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How can we evaluate changes/impacts of activities within one research period?
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See my recent paper on earthly temperatures Range changes (attached; in confidence to you please) for some ideas
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The question aims to figure out the best nutrient needs and application techniques for growing mushrooms in polybags using substrates other than traditional straw. In order to properly integrate these nutrients into the growing system, it explores different application methods, ascertains the optimal dosages or concentrations, and pinpoints the precise sorts of nutrients required for mushroom growth. The goal is to maximize mushroom yields and quality by taking care of these factors and making use of substitute substrates and container systems like polybags.
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Mushroom media is often prepared with all the requirements for growth and production. It is prepared and planted, and it is sufficient to produce 4-7 meals. Sometimes soybean meal powder is added to encourage the formation of fruiting bodies after the meal. 3
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There are many methods are available to predict soil available nutrients such as soil testing, plant testing, nutrient deficiency / toxicity symptoms on plant foliage etc. and recommending fertilizers without assessing the existing natural minerals resources. In this connection, study on the identification and quantification soil mineral resources, release pattern and prevailing environment may be highly useful not only to recommend nutrients and forms of nutrients suitable for particular crop besides saving of cost on unwanted application of fertilizers.
The execution of pedological and soil mineral resource based fertilizer application may also pave way for organic farming to great extend. Soil Scientist, pedologist and geomorphologist may start new dimension of discussion on this topic.
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Pedology is the study of soils in their natural environment. Pedology, in its broad sense includes soil survey, mapping, geomorphology, soil micromorphology, and soil and clay mineralogy with special reference to soil formation. Soil structure is an essential property of soil quality because it impacts the storage of carbon, inorganic phosphorus (Pi) availability, plant growth, and nutrient absorption. Soil aggregates, especially water-stable aggregate is a well-recognized part and an important index to evaluate soil structure . Fertilization has been proved to affect the formation of soil aggregates. Biofertilizers are now an effective way to increase crop yield and soil health in organic farming. The use of minerals that contain fertilizer nutrients in their native state is a very promising approach to reducing emissions associated with the processing chemical industries. Soil minerals serve as both sources and sinks of essential plant nutrients. Alteration in the pedological features by the plant community causes significant modification in the environment.
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I'm isolating bacterial from soil on Nutrient Agar media but after 4-5 days I see fungal growth start in the plates. I read about use of Nystatin to prevent fungal growth. How much quantity or concentration of Nystatin should I use for 250 ml of culture media.
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I add 50mg/L of Nystatin as a methanol solution (or rather suspension). The 50mg does not dissolve completely in 1mL of methanol but the suspension is homogenic so if you add this to warm agar (with stirring) then you get a somewhat even dispersal. Hope that helps...
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Thanks in advance for answering this question. It would be great if you could suggest any paper supporting this answer.
I found the following key information regarding the antennal gland in decapods.
The antennal glands (AnGs), which is also known as the green or maxillary gland, are located at the base of the antenna and connected to the external environment by the nephropore, consisting of a complex coelomosac and labyrinth (Holdich, 2002, Freire et al., 2008, Tsai and Lin, 2014). In decapod, AnGs are ion-regulating and excretory organs that are considered as important as gills in osmoregulation (Maddrell and O’Donnell, 1992, Charmantier et al., 2009). The AnGs play key physiological roles similar to the kidneys of vertebrates and the Malpighian tubules of insects due to their similar structure, which participates in filtering hemolymph to form urine and thereby maintaining the volume of the extracellular fluid and regulating its concentration of ions and nutrients (Lh, 1983; Lin et al., 2000; Freire et al., 2008). In addition to the control of hemolymph volume, it is also involved in the hyporegulation of hemolymph magnesium and sulfate, excretion of organic compounds, and reabsorption of the fluid, sugars, and amino acids from the primary urine filtrate (Holliday and Miller, 1984; Henry and Wheatly, 1992; Behnke et al., 1998). The AnGs are also the major site for the secretion of ecdysteroids from the hemolymph (Mykles, 2011). Recently, research has shown that AnGs are also a possible route of infection for viruses and parasites and may be involved in certain immune responses (Thrupp et al., 2013; Ryazanova et al., 2015; De Gryse et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101087
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Thanks very much, Muhammad Umar. Quite helpful information.
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I want to simulate soil erosion, water quality and Soil nutrients under various land use scenario. Please can ArcSWAT or QSWAT be used for this analysis? I would also welcome a suggested software that can perform this function.
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Hi Titus,
Yes, you are right. SWAT provides sediment yield data as part of the output as well as water quality and soil nutrients. Regarding the land use, it is part of model input, so different maps can be included to test land use impact. For the interface, you can use any.
Here are papers for each example:
Water quality and soil nutrients ->
Wish you all the best.
Best, Awad
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Is this technology reliable? How can they provide this nutrient status based on a infra red spectrometer?
Thanks
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Is some independent test report available about accuracy of the system?
I used it several years ago and P and K were not so accurate. How it is improved?
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Hi everyone
I am currently investigating the effect of iron deficiency on neuronal cells (SHYSY5Y to be exact). For this, I need to create an environment of iron-depletion in-vitro. While past publications have used iron chelators in media, this involves considerable quality control. This is why I am choosing to mimic an iron-deficient environment through serum starvation.
I am currently struggling to find publications outlining a validated method of serum starvation to achieve this, which would be of great help, as a trial- and error method in the lab is time consuming. Another concern is that other essential nutrients would also be depleted with serum starvation, that may affect any findings and therefore impact the validity of results. I am also interested in any iron-depleted media out there that I could potentially use?
Would greatly appreciate any advice, links to publications or methods I could follow.
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Ruchitha Venkatesh An effective method for preparing iron-deficient cell-culture medium without using chelators involves serum starvation, which mimics an iron-depleted environment. However, this approach may also deplete other essential nutrients, potentially impacting research findings. To address this, you could consider using commercially available iron-depleted media specifically designed for cell culture experiments, ensuring the controlled removal of iron while maintaining essential nutrient levels. Additionally, consulting relevant literature or protocols for serum starvation techniques in neuronal cell cultures may provide valuable insights and guidance for your experiments, reducing the laboratory's need for trial and error.
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The standard of different nutrients/metals has a pH between 2 to 4 and when we prepared the sample, sample had a pH between 5 to 7. When we ensure the pH of the sample is within the range of pH of standard use. We obtained different results as compared to non-adjusted results.
Can someone provide the literature regarding this issue? I have already studied the effect of pH but not relevant to the standard used. Thanks in advance
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In estimation of zn generally we may use standard of 0.4,0.8,1.2 ,1.6 and 2 mgkg-1 of DTPA solution.
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discussion and results on the effect of temperature on bacterial growth at 37,65 and 100 degrees Celsius using nutrient agar plate
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Temperature and disinfectants both play crucial roles in affecting bacterial growth.Temperature:High Temperatures: Most bacteria have specific temperature ranges for optimal growth. High temperatures can denature proteins and disrupt cell structures, inhibiting bacterial growth. However, extreme heat can kill bacteria outright.Low Temperatures: Cold temperatures can slow down bacterial metabolism, preserving food and inhibiting growth. Some bacteria can survive in a dormant state in cold conditions.Disinfectants:Chemical Agents: Disinfectants, such as bleach or alcohol, can disrupt bacterial cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to cell death.Concentration and Exposure Time: The effectiveness of a disinfectant depends on its concentration and the duration of exposure. Higher concentrations and longer exposure times generally result in better bacterial eradication.
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  • Summarize the concept of organic nutrient resources and their fortification in agriculture.
  • Illustrate the methods used to enhance soil fertility organically, emphasizing the importance of sustainable nutrient management.
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Organic nutrient resources are natural sources of nutrients for crops, such as manures, composts, green manures, and bio-fertilizers. They can improve soil quality, increase crop yield, and reduce environmental pollution.
Fortification in agriculture is the process of enhancing the nutritional value of crops by increasing their content of micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, and vitamin A. This can be done by plant breeding, agronomic practices, or biotechnology. Fortification in agriculture can help prevent malnutrition and improve human health.
Here is a summary of the concept of organic nutrient resources and their fortification in agriculture: Organic nutrient resources are natural sources of nutrients for crops that can improve soil quality, increase crop yield, and reduce environmental pollution. - Fortification in agriculture is the process of enhancing the nutritional value of crops by increasing their content of micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, and vitamin A. Organic nutrient resources and fortification in agriculture can work together to create more productive, sustainable, and nutritious food systems.
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Hello intellect.
I am working with an algal consortium to treat wastewater derived from cattle (CRWW). Different dilutions of raw CFWW (FCWW/dH2O; v/v) were used for algal cultivation. As a control, the raw CFWW was taken at the same dilution without any algal inoculation. After batch cultivation for 10–12 days, I looked at the nutrient remediation profile and found that the control group—which did not have any algal cells—performed better than the phyco-remediation group because of its own microbial consortium.
Before treatment, the raw CFWW is extremely turbid, brownish in colour, and smells strongly. However, after batch completion, the colour of the phytoremediation case lightened relative to the control case, and both cases exhibited no smell. There is a range of 1200 to 1600 mg/L for the maximum soluble COD.
I need advice.
1. When dealing with raw, unsterile wastewater, is it a good idea to compare phyco-mediation with control (having microbes)?
2. Can I add a sterilization step before beginning phyco-remediation (such as using chemicals as our real-time treatment goal)?
3. Can we add any steps to the flocculation or coagulation process before the algal batch culture?
4. Alternatively, to improve microalgal doubling time and nutrient remediation as well, we must add some nutrients in the form of N/P.
5. Is there a competition between the algal cell and the natural microbiota of CFWW in the flask inoculated with algae, and if so, why does nutrient remediation become sluggish?
*****The microalgae consortium that was used as an inoculum was a CFWW-adopted culture that was in its active phase when it was added to the flask that had raw CFWW in it.
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ACTIVE OR NON ACTIVE ORGANISM CAN BE USED FOR BIOSORPTION. YOUR RESEARCHED IS ON BIOACCUMULATION. THAT IS BIOCHEMICAL REACTION.
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How N fertilizer contributes to the crop and post harvest soil. Need an explanation with a suitable formula
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The nitrogen (N) contribution rate refers to the amount of nitrogen that a fertilizer provides to the soil. Nitrogen is a crucial nutrient for plant growth, and it plays a vital role in various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and overall plant development.
When you apply a fertilizer, the N contribution rate indicates the quantity of nitrogen that becomes available to the plants. Different fertilizers contain varying percentages of nitrogen, which is typically represented as the first number in the N-P-K (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) ratio on fertilizer labels.
The importance of nitrogen in crop uptake is significant. Nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are crucial for the formation of enzymes, chlorophyll, and other essential plant structures. Adequate nitrogen supply promotes vigorous vegetative growth, leading to healthier plants and increased yields.
Crop uptake of nitrogen involves the plant absorbing nitrogen from the soil through its roots. The availability of nitrogen during different growth stages is critical. For example, during the early stages of plant growth, nitrogen is essential for establishing a robust root system and promoting leaf development. Later in the growth cycle, nitrogen supports the formation of grains, fruits, and seeds.
After harvest, the soil's available nutrients, including nitrogen, may be affected. Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil, and if the harvested crop removes a significant amount of nitrogen, it can lead to a decrease in soil nitrogen levels. This reduction may require replenishing through the application of fertilizers or other soil amendments to maintain soil fertility for subsequent crops.
Balancing the application of nitrogen fertilizers is essential to avoid over-application, which can lead to environmental issues such as water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, under-application may result in nutrient deficiencies and decreased crop yields.
In summary, understanding the nitrogen contribution rate of fertilizers is crucial for optimizing plant growth and crop yields. Proper management of nitrogen fertilization ensures that crops receive adequate nutrients for their development, and it helps maintain soil fertility for sustainable agricultural practices.
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  • Compare the restrictions on nutrient use in organic farming with conventional agriculture.
  • Discuss the impact of these restrictions on crop yields, and evaluate strategies employed by organic farmers to overcome nutrient limitations.
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Crop growth was mainly restricted by the infertile soil due to the increased usage of inorganic chemical fertilizers. Though these inorganic fertilizers help provide immediate nutrients to the crops, they also lead to poor soil fertility and environmental pollution. So farmers can use organic fertilizers, which can help restore the soil's native nutrients and also lead to a better microbial population.