Science topic
Nuclear Fusion - Science topic
Thermonuclear reaction in which the nuclei of an element of low atomic weight unite under extremely high temperature and pressure to form a nucleus of a heavier atom.
Questions related to Nuclear Fusion
According to my research: the core of the sun is formed among gas masses. The formation of nuclei is initially by nuclear fusion. The collision of nuclei creates larger nuclei.
When the volume of the gas mass decreases, the volume of the core remains constant. In the core of the star, nuclear fusion stops completely.
I discovered a new nuclear model. This model is common to atoms and stars.
In my model, instead of nuclear fusion in the sun, other methods are used. These methods correspond to all the characteristics of the stars from the birth of the star and answer many mysteries.No nuclear explosions occur in the Sun's core, while the heat inside can reach such a level that the entire core disintegrates.
I prepared an article in which: the birth of a star to the death of a star is described. With all the details, with mathematical formulas. My method is classic. It is not quantum or theoretical.
Recently I noticed that the rotation speed of the sun's crust is slowing down compared to the rotation speed of the sun's core. I calculated the size of the inner core of the sun.
The radius of the inner core of the sun = 131000
The volume of my discoveries is large. in different elements of space and methods of nuclear enrichment and... and all based on my nuclear model. I have about 50 articles.How can I present my discoveries?
In the Sun, particles scattered from nuclear fusion cause nuclear fission in the core. And the entire core of the sun must explode quickly. Can't solve the mystery of the sun without a nuclear explosion?.
I would like to know why an FFHR's plasma has no need for high power amplification performance.
"THIS IS AN ABSOLUTELY SCIENTIFIC QUESTION"
The world witnessed nuclear fusion for the first time generating more energy than consuming (12/12/2022), at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (California USA) which was indeed an extraordinary feat and allows nuclear fusion reactors!
In the figure, it is possible to see the tiny ball (a sphere of tritium and deuterium) that became a star on Earth.
And now? Which paths to follow? Inertial Fusion or Magnetic Confinement Fusion?
Whatever it is, it will be essential for human life.
Tell us your original opinion about it!
PLEASE ANSWER IN ENGLISH ONLY.
VERY IMPORTANT: Participate only if you are original, be yourself give your opinion, do not put links or texts from "Genio Google" or things found out there on the web! No one has any interest in stupid web answers, if that's the case, please be so kind as to ignore this debate! Also, don't post your hurts and hates, and don't deviate from the subject at hand, thanks.
Sun’s Energy Budget: Has any relevance with Earth’s Climate?
1. How do we exactly know, whether, 4 million tons of mass gets converted
into energy each second, by considering, 600 million tons of H every second
gets converted into 596 million tons of He?
Is it just based on the atomic mass of He (3.97 times that of Hydrogen) and
Hydrogen?
2. Whether free nuclei and electrons has no role to play with - in the
Proton-Proton chain of Sun – in the context of - the marginal amount of the
proton’s mass getting translated into energy as per E = mc^2?
3. In the absence of any interaction with other matters,
how exactly neutrinos
(made by hydrogen fusion in core; where, 10^38 neutrionos per second are
released from Sun; and, which travels at speed, close to that of light)
released from the Sun does not necessarily cause cellular damage,
while a fraction of neutrions (10^15 neutrionos flowing through us each
second) keep simply flowing through our bodies?
4. How long Sun is expected to be in equilibrium,
where pull of gravity is assumed to match exactly
with the push of (fusion) thermal pressure?
5. What happens, when nuclear fusion rate
occurring at the core
gets slowed down
with time
(before core gets collapsed by gravity)?
6. Whether nuclear fusion rate (solar thermostat)
has anything to do with
the mean surface temperature of earth?
7. To what extent, the mean surface temperature of earth
would get influenced,
when the hydrogen content of the core
gets reduced with time
(only with Helium @ the center)?
8. How does mean surface temperature of earth would get influenced –
upon increased Sun’s luminosity – resulting from enhanced energy creation –
associated with the accelerated burning of hydrogen shell,
as the core starts collapsing?
9. Theoretically, upon reaching next 4 – 5 billion years,
whether, carbon core itself will get collapsed,
following the burning of Hydrogen and Helium shells
(proto-star; main-sequence star; red giant; planetary nebula; white dwarf)?
Or
Should we happy with concept of dark energy,
where a uniform source of repulsive gravity
keeps expanding the universe?
It is easier for scientists engaged in nuclear fusion to switch careers to permanent motion, so it is recommended to switch careers.
- The three formulas in the figure are the dynamic basis of this perpetual motion machine.
- The only difficulty is charge binding: the diffusion process of charges from A to B requires a constrained electric or magnetic field. The difficulty of this constraint is relatively small compared to nuclear fusion, and it is easy for them to switch to making perpetual motion machines. Suggest transitioning to nuclear fusion and engaging in perpetual motion machines.
- Although some progress has been made in nuclear fusion, there are still many technical challenges and high costs.
- There are various ways to implement perpetual motion machines, not limited to this model.
Would it be possible to use inertial confinement as used in nuclear fusion for the containment of tin plasma for the production of EUV light for semiconductor lithography?
Heat is transferred from low Temp. to high Temp. without consuming external energy. Compared to nuclear fusion, it is simple and easier to gain energy.
Combining the pictures to see the logical flaws and deviations from the experiment of the second law of thermodynamics.
1，Please take a look at the picture: Compared to the first law of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics is a pseudoscience: Perpetual motion machine is a result and engineering concept, which cannot be used as the starting point of theory (the second law)
2，In the second picture, the second law of thermodynamics was misused by scientists, indicating that this theory does not match the experiment.
3，The above two explanations indicate that the second type of perpetual motion machine exists. If you're not satisfied, you can read my other discussions or articles.
4，With the second type of perpetual motion machine, the energy and environmental crisis has been lifted. By using the electricity generated by perpetual motion machines to desalinate seawater, the Sahara desert will become fertile land, and there will be no food crisis. War and Poverty Will Move Away from Humanity
You should ask scientists why they are not generous enough to use method a and instead use fraudulent method b
ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) - a thermonuclear reactor, as well as an international research program related to it, the purpose of which is to explore the possibility of large-scale production of energy from controlled nuclear fusion.
Quoting CNN report: https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/12/politics/nuclear-fusion-energy-us-scientists-climate/index.html
"For the first time ever, US scientists at the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California successfully produced a nuclear fusion reaction resulting in a net energy gain, a source familiar with the project confirmed to CNN.
The US Department of Energy is expected to officially announce the breakthrough Tuesday."
We all know what All Mankind have been through for the last decades, of which the climate change, energy crisis, etc. have always been pains in the neck. They directly or indirectly caused the shortage, inflation, supply-chain disruptions, regional/global economic crisis, or even escalated conflicts. Now, here comes a promising solution! (I personally suppose such an incredible scientific breakthrough deserves multiple Nobel Prizes!)
Assuming this major scientific breakthrough is solid and safe. Here come more interesting questions that are perhaps worth our attention and discussion:
1. How long would it take for this scientific breakthrough to be transferred to engineering deployment and energy usage in our daily life? < 10 years, 10-30 years, 30 - 50 years, or > 50 years?
2. What could you think of the pros/cons of this breakthrough (e.g., would it help mitigate the climate change, poverty issues, and regional/global conflicts over energy and resources? ), and what should be first done before the deployment? Legislation, international treaties, environmental protection, and/or etc.?
3. How do you think this breakthrough will accelerate all mankind to the Type-I Civilization (according to Kardashev Scale) and become a Spaceborne Civilization/Species?
4. What would be your thoughts/ideas/advice/suggestions/opinions on this breakthrough and how it can better serve all mankind?
I must measure temperature and ion density of 3-10eV plasma of hydrogen and boron at 5-50 pascals
As long as there are magnetic and electric fields, I can not install sensors inside
The first ionization energy of Hydrogen and Boron are 13.9eV and 8.3eV that corresponds to 91nm and 149nm, but there are no sensors for that frequencies
I am exploring using fluxes to remove oxidation from tungsten tiles used in nuclear fusion reactors. The flux should not be extremely corrosive (though we should be testing some options of that nature soon) and should work at reasonable temperatures (about 650C or below). Are there any such options already being used in some industry, or any potential ones that come to mind?
Thanks in advance for your help!
My theory has G (Newton's Gravitational Constant) to be inversely proportional to the 4D radius of the Lightspeed Expanding Hyperspherical Universe (LEHU topology).
I need to simulate the Stellar Population under the epoch-dependent G assumption.
At this time, I consider that there should be a seed stochastic distribution of t_{ff} (which is inversely proportional to G*rho(0)
That distribution would be used over and over again to seed new stars at different epochs.
My problem is simulating the aging of previously triggered stars. For that, I need a consumption rate that is dependent upon GM. As far as I can tell, all star's processes are dependent upon the product and not just on the mass.
I welcome guidance.
I'm very skeptical about Quantum computers. First because of the Law of conservation of difficulties. If Quantum computers can solve problems impossible for classical computers (which are possible), then it must mean quantum computers are impossible to develop. Second, because for any meaningful real world applications that could revolutionize science you need a million qubits...but we are still at the 100 qubits mark (and 999,900 more to go). At this pace, Quantum computing will be the next nuclear fusion: chimeras that humans dream of but that never materialize.
What are your thoughts, professor?
Edit: "If Quantum computers can solve problems impossible for classical computers (which are possible), then it must mean quantum computers are impossible to develop"
If something is very hard to achieve but then quantum computers magically would be able to solve them, it means the difficulty has been transferred to the act of creating a quantum computer.
The harder the problems that can be solved by quantum computers, the harder it is to make one.
There is no free meal and no magic in technology...usually.
I need someone who is researching on Nuclear Fusion Reactor Technology...Is anyone there i want to join that researcher...
Suppose that you live in a large space shuttle, and there is no sun. How can you generate energy in order to supply your space shuttle and live? Is there any other way rather than nuclear fusion?
There are two types of hydrogen "burning" nuclear fusion processes in stars, namely proton-proton chain and CNO cycle. Has anyone looked at the feasibility of using the CNO cycle process in a tokamak to achieve nuclear fusion?
In time: Fusion figure.
I measured more than one megatesla close to H-B11 nuclear fuel during nuclear fusions. Must be confirmed.
Now it is open the possibility that the matter comprises quantified magnetic fields only
We have been torturing Tokamaks for 70 years. We have no results. Now we are building ITER worth more than 20 billion euros. It will be experimental only.Maybe we should go back to basics? Understand that there is a charge, that there is a mass, how the alpha particle is arranged. We need to understand how the Sun works. Please read the book "Electromagnetic gravity. Part 2" in my profile. In the solar corona, the ions rush towards each other. Electromagnetic field provides pushing forces. Do you agree with my suggestions on this topic?
The Big Bang theory proposes that the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) is a flash of radiation from a process called recombination which occurred when the temperature of the universe dropped through 3000 degrees Kelvin at a time around 370,000 years after the Big Bang.
It would be good to know if we observe this flash of radiation in a nuclear fusion reactor as the plasma cools through 3000K. I understand that the temperature required for nuclear fusion is around 100 million degrees C so it should be possible to observe this effect as the plasma cools though 3000K. My expectation is that you will not see a flash of radiation at this temperature but it would be good to know for sure from someone working on nuclear fusion.
Richard
To whom might be interested,
I have been thinking about prime numbers and how they might fit into our world, and this idea came to me that the primes might be constructed in a similar way to how elements fuse in stars.
To demonstrate my idea I wrote a short php script showing the construction of the first 25 primes. I have never seen anything like this before and I believe it is an original idea.
Would love to have some feedback on this from someone in number theory who have studied the primes.
Here is a link to the URL; https://www.gammaspectacular.com/steven/primes.php
Steven
.
There are PIDs but usually only the Proportional part of the PID algorithm is usually used
Mapping systems, as used in diesel engines
But make a several layer PIDs is difficult.
Map based systems (as example used in turbines or diesel engines) needs a lot of testing and works usually with new machines in controlled conditions
It would be better using an algorithm that adapt and slow increases or decreases control signal in order to obtain maximum performance.
Also some algorithm should advise of modifications out of expected values to advise about problems, making an efficient diagnosys of the system
I should need to use this kind of algorithm to control my simulations to reduce number of simulations but also to control my Miranda and Fusion Reactors
Perhaps some of the algorithms can be: Neural Networks, MultiLayer Perceptrons (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks. Also the new Support Vector Regression (SVR)
if the output power is less than the propulsion input power, how nuclear fusion can be used in fusion space propulsion.
In a Z-pinch test using Pulsotron-3 fusion reactor, I have seen at high-speed camera that a pyrex glass generated a beautiful green light during some milliseconds after the electromagnetic pulse was finished.
The magnetic field was over 300 kilotesla in the target that was several centimeters from the pyrex glass.
It can be seen under "Project log" here:
The pyrex glass was broken but I think there was not a high-temperature raise in the glass. What could generate the luminescence?
I have seen approximate formula depending on density and if it is fully or partially ionized.
I should add it to the excel table:
If there are several cases, I should like to add the cases to the excel table (I can use if inside excel formula), also visual basic can be used to include Bessel functions
Pulsotron-500K SE is open now until Jan31 to everyone that want participate in it!
The goal is to reach ignition by not heating electrons anymore in a nuclear fusion reactor.
I have read several papers about, but still I have not a clear idea. I have seen that as less density, higher plasma temperature and lower frequency the skin depth is higher. I think it can be calculated by reduce the frequency until the transmitted power is reduced due the electromagnetic field goes through the plasma
I need to calculate output ion current as a equilibrium plasma when affected by a current or voltage pulse.
In a fusion reactor, after fusions or transmutations, some ions scapes at high speed. If a positive ion is ejected and a magnetic field is generated, then electrons would goes exactly in the same direction generating and opposite field that would reduced to 0 the generated electric field. Fortunately in the P+11B fusion charges goes in the opposite directions to maintain a 0 kinetic momentum, then the field is 0 and electrons could be at the start of fusion, but also could go coupled to ions and not generate any EM field
Since each conversion process introduces more inefficiency during the production of electricity, wouldn't it be really beneficial to obtain the output of the fusion reaction particles as ionized atoms and use them directly to create a potential difference as if they are a power source?
Both England and China have drawing board plans for nuclear fusion power plants, which, everybody agrees, are absolutely safer than nuclear fission power plants, which produce 5% energy along with 95% radioactive waste.
I am using a solver to reduce the simulations of Miranda fusion reactors, as long as it has a lot of input data and needs some seconds to simulate (I use C++ and 8 threads)
My idea is that the algorithm generates some input datasets, obtain results and using the results throw new datasets in the better conditions.
I am trying a genetic algorithm to automatize simulations but needs a lot of unuseful simulations to work.
I think a more sophisticated method that obtains a more useful datasets
I added the result of one of the datasets.
I am designing particle accelerators that sends protons again boron particles at 550keV. I calculated the deflection angle using electrostatics only and can have the deflection angle of 2 particles, but I would like to know the probability of every angle when colliding with a large number of particle targets.
Exist a program, table, web or paper that gives that result for an energy?
Fusion nuclear power, once again implemented, could be the most powerful source of energy for mankind. Although significant progress has been made in this direction, fusion facilities have not yet been implemented. Nuclear fusion power could not yet be done, but their season is rapidly approaching. The advantages of nuclear fusion energy are enormous.
When nuclear fusion is controllable and energy is supplied indefinitely
I where looking for elements that can absorpt neutrons without generating radioactive materials in order to be used in future Pulsotron reactor installations, and I found that most of them in earth are suitable. I found that could work:
C, O, Si, S, N, H
The most percentage of isotopes can receive one or two neutrons being stable, but if a neutron would be subtracted it would convert in an unstable isotope.
About that I was happy to know that silice, concrete and limestone could be used.
At the dawn, of the 21st century during a reign governed by money and greed the buzz in the economic and technological race was to build an economy based on hydrogen. A couple years later with the financial internet crisis of 2001 all this buzz disappeared and we entered a reign of terror and war governed by a different type of ethics…
Now, we are facing a different challenge: the climate change due to the over consumerism and accumulation of pollution since the 19th century. After decades of foolish hard geo-engineering experiments scientists, engineers and technologists have to come up with all kind of ineffective “solutions” (some are doing worse than good) to master the astronomical forces involved in order to control the effects of climate change and continue business as usual…
Hydrogen is seen as a non-polluting way to store renewable energies and nuclear energy since its recombination with oxygen produce only pure water. It is a transportable fuel for vehicles and other tools and devices running on electricity.
Further, some scientists fascinated by the solar nuclear energy (“illimited source of free energy”) have convinced uneducated deciders that the ultimate goal was to master the nuclear fusion and build an experimental international power plant called ITER.
Please, justify your position by sound arguments.
Thank you in advance for your esteemed expert contributions and for your understanding.
Kind regards.
No personal attacks, insults, pollution of the answers with popular press clippings from other discussion will be accepted.
Our fusion reactor Miranda have dozens of parameters to adjust to obtain reactions.
Our simulator uses an easy algorithm to simulate our models running 16 threads but it is difficult to change all the parameters so we have few data to feed the learning algorithm, so we need a neural network with a very fast method that learns with few samples.
The problem is that the isolators parts of coils heat must be removed.
Isolation materials have low power transmission coefficient (about 0.6-2.5 W/mK) with respect copper (>400W/mK).
Unfortunately attaching directly copper parts to vacuum chamber wall would shortcircuit the internal coils
This problem was detected during the thermal design of Rita and Patricia fusion reactors
We should use it in calculus done on Pulsotron 500 machines
Dear RG colleagues,
Decay rate for tunneling through the barrier is calculated in many quantum text books. But, how can we proceed by reversing the situation where two approaching nuclei tunneling through mutual Coulomb barrier to come into nuclear force range to fuse together? Can we apply the scheme for calculation of the fusion cross-section for nuclear fusion reaction of the type d + d > 4He, using Gaussian type attractive nuclear potential along with Coulomb barrier?
Regards,
A Khan
Nuclear fusion reactors live and die on how well they store their plasma in their reactor. All reactors to date have been unable to store their plasma for long enough at a hot enough temperature to reach net gain energy. For this project, we are attempting to use lasers to plug the holes in the plasma bottle, and recycle the energy into the reactor using a combination of fiberoptic cables, scintillators, and laser gain crystals.
The question is the following. What is the cheapest way of checking our confinement idea? We think a fuser might be the best option, but it has a grid in the way of the plasma causing lots of plasma leakage through conduction. But, if we could shield the grid properly using the lasers, we could demonstrate the plasma confinement principle.
What do you the community recommend? What do you think the most cost effective way of testing plasma confinement approaches are?
I need deviate a current of 400keV plasma.
If I use a perpendicular magnetic field I would deviate electrons to one side in a circular manner and ions in the opposite, I should like deviate them in the same direction.
The second problem is how not focalize them, because using magnetic lenses should focalize in different positions electrons and ions
We want to calculate the heat loads on the divertor and estimate the results.
In this idea, the future is assumed to contain super energy grids that provide huge clean amounts of electricity, and fuel. The energy production systems are to mutually supply a typical complete daily electrical load curve, and providing hydrogen-based fuels for relevant utilization.
An energy production unit consists of a fission/fusion nuclear reactor, and an accompanied water electrolysis system which receive its energy requirements from the reactor. Thermal energy, electrical energy, hydrogen, and hydrogen-based fuels are then available.
Due to their limited capability of handling highly variable loads, the base electrical load energy is supplied from the nuclear steam turbine generators while the mid-range and peak load sectors are supplied from hydrogen-based generators such as fuel cells, and internal combustion engine units. On the other hand, hydrogen fuel distribution systems will be used for supplying loads such as hydrogen fueled cars, and other thermal loads.
From a technological point of view, these systems can be practically realized. The nuclear energy is considered a clean source that can produce a massive amount of thermal energy. The energy conversion process is classically performed using the nuclear fission of the uranium; however, recently, stable nuclear fusion for energy production is practically available. With the recently discovered carbon-based filters for direct desalination of seawater, an unlimited source of freely accessible freshwater is possible.
In my opinion, such systems will secure the energy for the future with least environmental impacts; however, many studies are required for ensuring the success.
Your feedback and discussion(s) will be highly appreciated.
Best regards,
M. EL-Shimy
Can we constructing a small system of heat generating fusion plant using tokamak magnetic confinement geometry, to produce a winding field in some ways similar to that in a modern stellarator, in the lab?
EBC (Environmental Barrier Coating) may be used for the protection of graphite inside the nuclear reactor based on nuclear fusion. If it is true then, what type of EBC is used there. If the statement is not true then, why it (EBC) is not used there.
The reactor based on fusion technology are the future power source. The use of magnetic field in stabilization of plasma under reactor core is quite challenging task. Please give me guidance to move forward toward the reactor technology by papers or book or valuable guidance or suggestions. For this i will be very grateful.
Unlike tokamaks, field-reversed configurations (FRCs) for magnetic confinement of thermonuclear plasma are often thought to provide high betas, gas pressure to magnetic pressure ratio. But what experimental evidence is there for such claims?
Can anybody provide me with a source for estimates about power output by fusion power? Can it be assumed that a fusion reactor has a power output in the range of some kilowatts? Thank you!
We know that in a water-cooled system, like plasma facing component in an ITER-like fusion reactor, the maximum heat flux at the cooling tube should be lower than the critical heat flux (CHF) with an acceptable margin e.g. 1.4.
By modeling convective and conductive heat transfer for a plasma facing component we are able to calculate the maximum heat flux. But, what about the CHF, how can we calculate it and make sure that the good margin is available?
How do I measure shine-through and power desposition in the first wall of Tore Supra tokamak? What method did you use?
With the attachment linked to my question, I am looking for open references to the fluid dynamics of implosion towards nuclear fission. It seems that all literature is either proprietary or classified. My work is open to all, instead.
We are using pure tungsten electrodes in a plasma focus device. While we thought we cleaned them well, with light abrasion, acetone and isopropyl, when we used them with a deuterium fill gas, the production of tungsten bronze and other evidence showed that we still had a lot of oxide left on. We must remove this before our next shots. I would also like to know if there is any way to be sure we have removed the oxide layer.
I would like to know that is there any other way to enhance the neuron flux level in a reactor without much change in the power level.
Like changing the mechanical design of fuel pin, fuel fraction, pellet design etc. to enhance the neutron flux level in research/test reactor without much change in the power level?
At the quantum level I hypothesis that if we supercooled protons and compressed two protons together they'd be able to overcome electrostatic repulsion and merge to combine as one. Then rapidly heat the combined protons, which would produce one of three occurrences. 1) 1 proton and 1 antiproton explosion, 2) The two protons stay merged and form a heavy proton, or 3) The two protons violently explode creating extreme temperatures.
Decreasing the protons to ~ 0K will decrease the strength of the nuclear moments allowing us to overcome part of the Coulomb Barrier decreasing the temperature needed for fusion.
Has this process been explored with nuclear fusion reactors?
I have to measure current due positive ions with respect negative ones but I can not use a magnetic field to measure them.
The system consist on a high density plasma thruster working over 50kV
I´m looking for an explanation for the fast direct reactions producing particles with discrete energies and the following compound reaction which results in a continuous neutron spectrum.
I was reading about the plasma-facing materials used in JET and ITER. I'm wondering why not a silica glass/graphite layered composite is used for that purpose, since amorphous silica is currently used as a radionuclide waste container (because of the flexibility of forming-reforming chemical bonds of its structure under radiation and the ability to accommodate any kind of ion) and graphite can dissipate heat so well. The proper alignment of the layers would permit heat dissipation with high efficiency. Why not?
I want to find data on fusion reactions like the ones in carbon and oxygen buring processes (12C+12C, 16O+16O) but fusing the other isotopes of C and O. The same for nitrogen and fluorine, etc.
As can be seen in the attached picture, the toroidal coils produces a magnetic field parallel to the tokamak torus circular axis Bx. The poloidal coils produces vertical magnetic field By, then the composed magnetic field is drawn as Bxy.
Then theoretically the particles that goes parallel to the magnetic field escapes, so does the particles parallel to Bxy exits from the tokamak?
It is known that nuclear binding energy makes it energetically favorable for protons to undergo nuclear fusion forming heavier elements. This fusion now goes on in stars, and it only occurs at high pressure and temperature.
At an early stage of universe evolution, soon after the Big Bang, the universe was hot and dense. Why is it that not all protons did the nuclear fusion at that time? Why is there so much hydrogen left?
I would like to know what is the optimum magnetic profile in a plasma confined in a straight cylinder with magnetic mirrors. The main problem is that coils are separated too much is that the magnetic field in the center goes under 20T but I need 25T.
It may depend on the confinement time, plasma temperature and initial plasma density.
In the reaction D+Li6 it is obtained He4+22.5Mev or Li7 + H+4.5 or 3.5Mev.
What is the angular distribution of the output particles (He or H) with respect initial D direction?
I should need the tables in barns or similar with respect incident energy between 0.3 to 3 MeV range in order to help in calculus.
It is needed to increase Pulsotron efficiency about 10-20%. One way could be add muons.
I have read that muon fusion is not feasible due it is needed more energy than released as long as it is needed 150-500MeV to generate them but some of them escapes with alphas.
As long as I can compress plasma using Pulsotrons, I could add a third tube to generate muons.
Would be useful to compress p+D plasma and adding muons to obtain more MeV than injected?
We know following reactions:
D+D = T + p
and
D+D = He3 + n
Why not: D+D=He4 + nothing?
It would be very interesting and important to get an answer within the quantum mechanics approach because nuclear fusion occurs anywhere (in Universe, in Tokamak, in an explosion of the little hydrogen sphere by the laser impulse ) where there are the moving with high velocity and high density of the charged particles which produce the high magnetic field each for another and interact each another by these strong magnetic and electric fields. I can not understand , why do the quantum people take into consideration the electric fields and absolutely neglect these strong magnetic fields ?
Is the role of these strong magnetic fields between nuclei, in fusion process, negligibly small ?
The switch must deliver the energy stored in 50kV capacitors. I would place some of them in parallel to obtain 0.5-2 Megaamps.
We could use a trigatron but I do not know if it would work well with AC current.
I could not use power mosfet or SCRs unless place them serially.
Other option is using a mechanical switch, but it would be almost impossible to switch in so short time.
We need also a trigger generator with more than 12 outputs that generates independent triggers within 1ns accuracy.
D+D reaction generates 14MeV neutrons that scapes from the reactor loosing its energy that could perform more useful chain reactions. The neutrons damages also the reactor container and generates radioactive isotopes increasing the operation cost.
Using a high pressure perhaps the cross section of D would be enought to capture neutrons to generate tritium that would react inmediatly whith other deuteriums.
The reactor size is between 10um and 2mm.
This study would will be useful in the design and operation of the Pulsotron-3 fusion testing device.
Is the resonance absorption more important than the collisional absorption?