North America - Science topic

The first edition of this book was published in 2018 with the aim of providing holistic and comprehensive material on the Internet of Things (IoT). The book has become a reference for various researchers and professional ICT practitioners. Some universities around the world, including those in Europe and North America, are also using this book as c...

Abstract Objective To map the existing literature on decision regret among patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and develop an integrated framework to understand its impact on patient outcomes and healthcare processes. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases was conduct...

This chapter assesses gender in digital archaeology theory and practice in Europe and North America. This is achieved by, firstly, presenting a discussion about who makes digital archaeology based on quantitative studies of journal authorship. The state of theorisation in digital archaeology and the challenge of androcentric biases are then discuss...

Debridement should be considered an integral part of the process of caring for a patient with a wound. To eliminate one of the main dangers associated with conservative surgical debridement is to disseminate to all nurses that before performing any type of debridement, the healing potential of the wound by assessing the blood flow is critical. Then...

The common house mosquito Culex pipiens s.l., widely distributed in Europe, Africa, and North America has two recognized biotypes, Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens and Cx. pipiens biotype molestus, which hybridize. Despite their morphological similarities, these biotypes may exhibit ecological differences. This complex ecological mosaic may affect the i...

Sibling sexual behaviour, despite historical and cross-cultural incest taboos and biologically driven incest avoidance, poses a persistent problem. We tested factors theorized to be associated with sibling incest in a cross-sectional online survey of 1,863 respondents with siblings mainly from North America and Germany. We found that 13% of partici...

This article describes the timing of migration and migration routes of Northern Saw-whet Owls in eastern North America.

Roads, while crucial for human development and economic growth, pose significant threats to biodiversity. Large-scale road risk assessments are essential for guiding infrastructure planning, particularly in identifying areas to avoid new construction or prioritizing regions for mitigation where road networks are already established. However, conduc...

Wildfires profoundly influence ecosystems, human societies, and economic activities as a global phenomenon. The continuing climate change increases the frequency and intensity of wildfire, resulting in urgent needs in searching for better fire management strategies. This paper aims to pave a pathway towards meeting this challenge through accurately...

Lyme disease is caused by an infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, and is the most common vector-borne disease in North America. B. burgdorferi isolates harbor extensive genomic and proteomic variability and further comparison of isolates is key to understanding the infectivity of the spirochetes and biological impacts of identified s...

Interruption of frequent burning in dry forests across western North America and the continued impacts of anthropogenic climate change have resulted in increases in fire size and severity compared to historical fire regimes. Recent legislation, funding, and planning have emphasized increased implementation of mechanical thinning and prescribed burn...

span>Global innovation, economic growth, and societal advancement require excellence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. This study performed a bibliometric examination of articles related to STEM in education. A bibliographic dataset indexed in the Scopus database from 1980 to 2023 was analyzed using Excel and VO...

Dudleya is a cinderella genus in the Crassulaceae closely resembling the far more familiar and popular echeverias. A new book 'Dudleyas' by Spath, Griffin & Moore published in May 2024 should reinvigorate interest in this genus. This current article summarises what is new in the world of dudleyas. Firstly, the genus has been shown to be monophyle...

This chapter discusses Non-Western perspectives on creativity to critically assess the legacy of Western creativity research. Its aim is to provide a panorama of different treatments of creativity, starting by presenting some issues with contemporary Western creativity and then giving an overview of how creation and creativity are understood in oth...

Continuous surveillance is critical for early intervention against emerging novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. Therefore, we investigated and compared the variant-specific evolutionary epidemiology of all the Delta and Omicron sequences collected between 2021 and 2023 in Kuwait. We used Bayesian phylodynamic models to reconstruct, trace, and compare the tw...

Elderberry ( Sambucus spp.) is an emerging and popular specialty crop in North America and worldwide. Both the fruit and flowers are being increasingly consumed because of their proven health benefits, mostly in the form of dietary supplement products. We explored changes in consumer knowledge and purchasing preferences regarding elderberry product...

Carbon Pricing Instruments (CPIs), such as Carbon Taxes and Emission Trading Schemes (ETSs), have been launched in several countries, primarily in Europe and North America, as a means of limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) which have been known to cause climate change. The adoption of these measures in Asia has been controversial, wit...

Global climate action is urgent, with forest carbon stock critical for mitigating climate change, yet vulnerable to its impacts. However, the long-term dynamics of climate-driven forest carbon stock have not fully been expressed. Here, we introduce the Forest Carbon Stock Accumulated by Single Tree growth (FAST) framework and constructed a counterf...

Plain language summary Passion in Computer Science Education: The Harm Behind “Do What You Love” In North America, passion for your work or studies is seen as a positive value. In computer science, being passionate is an expectation. When we interviewed eight computer science students at a large Canadian university about what makes a “good computer...

This chapter addresses the concept of stream rehabilitation planning. Various terms such as river and stream rehabilitation, restoration, reclamation, and remediation used in studies are discussed in more detail. Then, the historical background of the implementation of rehabilitation measures in five phases from 1860 to 2000s is presented. The foll...

Caregivers with an autistic child often experience stigma, which can lead to detrimental mental health consequences. Affiliate stigma is the internalization of, and psychological responses to, stigma experienced due to an individual’s association with a person who is stigmatized. Social support has been shown to mediate the relationship between aff...

This paper examines the system of conflict resolution maintained by a Roma group that has migrated from the Romanian regions of Transylvania and Banat to over 16 countries in Western Europe and North America. The analysis is based on a long-term collaborative ethnography that enabled the detailed reconstruction of 76 conflicts that occurred between...

Believing conspiracy narratives is frequently assumed to be a major cause of vaccine hesitancy, i.e., the tendency to forgo vaccination despite its availability. In this scoping review, we synthesise and critically evaluate studies that assess i) the occurrence of vaccine-related conspiracy narratives on the internet, ii) the prevalence of belief i...

Political and historical analysis of the settling of North America and the foundation of a new American nation

Purpose To clarify the associations of climatic indices with chronic respiratory symptoms, with a final aim to approximate the effects of climate change on them. Methods An e-mail survey was directed to the members of the Finnish Pensioners` Federation. The mean 20-years’ precipitation and temperature in each subjects’ home municipality were obtai...

Testicular cancer (TC) is a rare cancer accounting for 5% of total urologic tumors. It occurs in distinct age groups of adolescents and young adults unlike other cancers peaking in the older age groups. About 95% of TC arises from germ cells. The histological classification of TC consists mainly of seminomas and nonseminomas. Based on GLOBOCAN 2022...

Although the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) scale has demonstrated validity relative to the CABI attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention (ADHD-IN) scale with parent ratings of youth from North America, Europe, East Asia, and Central Asia, no study has evaluated the validity of the...

Background Patients with decompensated cirrhosis have a higher risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death from COVID‐19. The impact of demographics on these outcomes remains uncertain. Methods The SECURE‐Liver and COVID‐Hep databases were utilized to evaluate disparities in COVID‐19 outcomes. Patients were stratified by North American and E...

The growing popularity and expansion of esports have prompted an academic and legal debate, where its classification as either a sport or a form of entertainment remains unclear. This article explores the dual nature of esports, providing an overview of the legal and regulatory challenges it presents. It opens the discussion by addressing the space...

Available knowledge on in-flight reactions of nocturnal bird migrants to winds is reviewed, with emphasis on the challenging topographical and meteorological conditions in Western Europe, and differences from the situation in North America discussed. Conclusions drawn are used for a new approach: using individual radar tracks of nocturnal migrants...

High and Steep Dangerous Rocks (HSDRs) are widespread worldwide, and have always been one of the hot research topics in the field of engineering geology. To enable researchers in this field to better clarify the research object, content, and key scientific issues throughout their research process. This paper summarizes from previous studies: the cl...

Information about the distribution of genomic variation within and between nesting locations of waterfowl can aid in defining populations and conservation plans and inform harvest management. Identification of locations where shifts in allelic diversity occur is particularly important for Arctic nesting species nesting, a region currently experienc...

The jumping worm Amynthas tokioensis is invasive in North America, and has been expanding its range northward in recent years. Because low temperatures typically restrict the geographic poleward distribution of organisms, our goal was to characterize the cold tolerance physiology of adult jumping worms from a site in New Brunswick, Canada (c. 45°N)...

This study explores the relationship between Indigenous gender diversity, namely Two-Spirit identities, and property ownership and understandings of the land in Indigenous communities in North America, as compared to that of Western colonial ideology. As a society's economic structure can be understood by studying its mode of production and whether...

Banco National Park, a protected area, is the subject of incessant attacks through anthropogenic actions. This study aims to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors to safeguard the Banco national park. To achieve this, we used the contingent valuation method. The estimation of the simple tobit econometric model revealed the factors that...

College and university students often exhibit insufficient levels of physical activity, which negatively impacts their health, mental well-being, and academic performance. Social capital has emerged as a potential factor in promoting physical activity. This systematic review, conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines, examines the existing literatur...

Background Scaling is typically discussed as a way to amplify or expand a health innovation. However, there is limited knowledge about the specific techniques that can enhance access to or improve the quality of innovations, aiming to increase their positive impacts for the public good. We sought to identify, compare, and contrast scaling framework...

Background Gout, an inflammatory arthritis, disproportionately affects the elderly due to hyperuricemia, leading to significant health-related quality of life impairments and escalating healthcare costs. However, a comprehensive global analysis focusing on the elderly population is needed to inform effective interventions. Methods Utilizing data f...

Obesity is a chronic disease whose prevalence has increased to epidemic proportions in North America and across the world. Leading organisations in healthcare have compiled guidelines to help primary care practitioners screen, manage and treat patients with overweight and obesity. This review is the final part of our three-part series conducting an...

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), is a serious pest of over 43 species of hardwood trees in North America, China and Europe. The development of an effective lure and trap for monitoring A. glabripennis has been hindered by the fact that mate finding involves a rather complex series of behavi...

Taking into account the spatial dependence of floods is essential for an accurate assessment of fluvial flood risk. We propose novel extensions to the Fisher copula to statistically model the spatial structure of observed historical flood record data across North America. These include the machine-learning-based XGBoost model, exploiting the inform...

Around 48 species of gliding squirrels are present in the world; found mainly in tropical regions of North America, Eurasia, and southeastern Asia. The Kashmir Gliding Squirrel Eoglaucomys fimbriatus is a rare species of rodent that belongs to the family Sciuridae. It is a nocturnal species, resting during the daytime in tree shelters and emerging...

By adopting a heatwave (HW) definition with a ∼4-year recurrence frequency at world hot spots, we first examined the 1940–2022 HW climatology and trends in lifespan (duration), severity and recurrence frequency, by comparing the first and last 20-year periods of this 83- year record. Generally, HWs are becoming more frequent and more severe in the...

Dysphania atriplicifolia (Amaranthaceae), a species native to North America, has been recorded in 2024 from Algeria (Aïn Sefra, Naâma). This is the first record from Algeria and the second from the African continent; an unpublished old record from Egypt is published here. Brief information is provided about its morphology, distribution and habitat,...

Numerous ornamental plant species introduced to Europe have become invasive. Asclepias syriaca L. is a notable example and the focal point of our research. Native to North America, it was introduced to Europe in 1629 and is currently listed as an invasive species of concern under EU Regulation 1143/2014. In Romania, the species was first reported i...

In September 2020, the Western United States experienced anomalously severe wildfires that resulted in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions almost three times the 2001–2019 average. In this study, we investigate the influence of wildfires on atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) variability through a comparative analysis of observations from the Measurements...

Rotaviruses are well-recognized pathogens responsible for diarrhea in humans and various animal species, with Rotavirus A the most often detected and most thoroughly described. Rotaviral disease is an important concern in pathology of pigeons as well, as pigeon rotavirus A was proven to play a major role in young pigeon disease (YPD). However, rota...

This paper investigates the special issues encountered by these industries, given their reliance on digital technologies and the great value of the data they manage. The regulatory landscape in the U.S. and Canada is addressed in length, including major legislation such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the U.S....

The Western Interior Seaway (WIS) of North America witnessed a lush assemblage of marine vertebrates during the Upper Cretaceous. Most previous studies focus primarily on macrofossil remains, namely partial cranial and/or post-cranial skeletons. However, recent analyses of microvertebrate fossils (specimens less than 2 cm), with new occurrences of...

Background International consensus exists for neurodevelopmental follow-up care of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) to support timely intervention for developmental delays. Yet, documentation of how this care is implemented in Australia is lacking. This study aimed to identify, categorise, and understand care pathways and services suppo...

Extremes in lake surface water temperature can have profound impacts on ecosystems. Although extensive research has been conducted on lake heatwaves, little is known about cold‐water extremes, referred to as lake cold spells. Here, we employ a numerical lake model to investigate global lake cold spell dynamics from 1979 to 2100. From 1979 to 2022,...

Modes of climate variability, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO), have been shown to have large impacts on North American hydroclimate through their atmospheric teleconnections. However, short instrumental records limit our ability to examine the long‐term...

The threat posed by the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere motivates a detailed and precise estimation of CO2 emissions and removals over the globe. This study refines the spatial resolution of the CAMS/LSCE inversion system, achieving a global resolution of 0.7° latitude and 1.4° longitude, or three times as many gr...

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and its successor, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), have facilitated the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders. This presentation will explore the historical development, current state, and key impacts of North America's economic integration, highlighting both oppo...

The AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), established in 1993 with limited global sites, has grown to over 900 locations, providing three decades of continuous aerosol data. While earlier studies based on shorter time periods (10-12 years) and fewer sites (approximately 250) made significant contributions to aerosol research, the vast AERONET dataset...

Deer in northern temperate environments show behavioral and physiological adaptations to conserve energy during winter, including decreased movements. Whether these behaviors persist in warmer temperate environments such as the arid Southwest has received little consideration. We compared daily movements as estimated by continuous-time movement mod...

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ (16SrV-A) is the causal agent of elm yellows (EY), a lethal and/or decline disease of several Ulmus (elm) species and hybrids in North America and Europe. In this study, field observations and PCR assays were used to detect phytoplasma infections in diseased U. minor, U. pumila and U. glabra trees in southern Italy. Al...

The introduction of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses to North America in late 2021 resulted in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry, mortality events in many wild bird species, and spillovers into many mammalian species. Reassortment events with North American low-pathogenic virus were identified as early as February 2022 and over 100 genotypes hav...

There is a global movement to implement a One Health approach across sectors to holistically address emerging issues that have implications for public, animal, and environmental health. The operationalization of a One Health model can support knowledge sharing and build an evidence base for designing research programs and decision-making tools to e...

Technological advances have boosted the ability to obtain large and high-quality ecological data. These new technological tools have the potential to rapidly develop knowledge on how species behave and interact in ecosystems at relevant spatial and temporal scales. Comprehensive time-series datasets on the in situ behaviour and dispersal of wild or...

Quantitative infrared thermography (QIRT) has emerged as a prominent topic within the field of thermal performance testing of building enclosures. The majority of the previous research has been conducted in Europe and North America, with limited research activity in Asia. Against the backdrop of China’s carbon emission reduction goals, quantitative...

Distributional checklists of the extant, described species of five superfamilies of Hymenoptera of Canada, Alaska and Greenland are presented. In total, 296 species in 79 genera in 12 families are recorded: 55 species of Ceraphronoidea, classified in 10 genera in 2 families, 205 species of Cynipoidea in 58 genera in 5 families, 30 species of Evanio...

Public Significance Statement Decisions framed as opportunities to choose or reject are increasingly used by choice architects to influence decision outcomes in business and policy. However, since decisions can alter subsequent preferences (reviewed in Enisman et al., 2021), it is important to understand whether such framing interventions may inadv...

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is an important pest of maize, and a key target of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins. These exert a strong selective pressure, so susceptible plants (refuges) are planted together with the transgenic seed to lower such pressure. The system favored in North America...

Plain Language Summary Over the past year, several global AI‐based weather models were released and produce a similar quality of forecasts as traditional weather models. AI‐models are very fast and computationally cheap to produce forecasts. The evaluation of AI‐models has largely focused on single atmospheric variables at certain heights. To forec...

In industrialised areas of Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, vitamin B12 deficiency during infancy is thought to be uncommon and the majority of reported cases are in exclusively breastfed infants of mothers consuming vegetarian or vegan diets. We describe a breastfed infant whose mother eats a very diverse diet who developed growth...