North America - Science topic

Why have changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation increased during the 20th century? Can climate change be predicted in the future?

The North Atlantic Oscillation explains a large part of the climate variability across the North Atlantic Ocean From the east coast of North America across Europe, many studies of the North Atlantic Oscillation in extreme weather conditions in this region, especially in Winter is relevant. It has motivated a significant study of this pattern. However, an overlooked feature is how the North Atlantic Oscillation has changed over time. There is a significant increase in the variance of the pattern. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) increased during the 20th century from 32% in 1930 to 53% at the end of the 20th century. Whether this change is due to natural variation, a forced response to climate change, or a combination thereof is not yet clear. However, we found no evidence for a forced response from the Model Comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) set of 50 pairwise models. All of these models showed significant internal variability in the strength of the North Atlantic Oscillation, but were biased toward it. In the region, this has direct implications for both long-term and short-term forecasting where regional climate changes are extreme. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a pattern of variability associated with sea surface pressure over the North Atlantic Ocean with a subpolar low and subtropical high. The NAO is associated with large-scale changes in the position and intensity of both the storm track and the jet stream over the North Atlantic, and therefore plays a direct role in shaping the atmospheric transport of heat and moisture across the basin (Fasullo et al., 2020). ). It has also been shown that the NAO has a large effect on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and therefore the oceanic heat transfer, and this is the largest time scale of 20-30 years, which leads to changes in northern hemisphere temperatures of a few tenths. a degree (Delworth and Zeng, 2016). NAO has positive and negative. It shows significant interannual phase and changes. The positive phase of NAO shows between the two phases of pressure below the normal limit in the subpolar region and high pressure above the normal limit in the subtropics. It is often associated with a decrease in temperature and precipitation, an anomaly in southern Europe and an increase in precipitation, an anomaly in northern Europe, the effects of the NAO across the basin and the positive phase are also associated with it. Positive temperature anomaly in the eastern United States. The opposite pattern and its effects are observed during the period when the NAO is in its negative phase (Weisheimer et al., (2017). It has long been established that the NAO dominates climate variability over a large part of the Northern Hemisphere. The eastern coast of North America across Europe to the center of Russia and from the Arctic in the north to the subtropical Atlantic Ocean (Horrell et al., 2003) is one of the important components of winter variability and is related to the frequency and intensity of weather extremes. in Europe (Hilock and Goodes, 2004; Scaife et al., 2008; Fan et al., 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to understand the scale of natural variability in the NAO, how the NAO responds to changes in external forcing, and whether these If current climate models fail to account for natural variability or NAO forcing, this could lead to radical predictions of extreme climate change in Europe on time scales of decades to centuries.An index for the NAO is often identified in one of two

ways. The first approach is to calculate the normalized difference in surface pressure between the subtropical high (Azores High) and subpolar low (Icelandic Low) over the North Atlantic sector. The second approach is to perform an Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on sea level pressure over the North Atlantic region. An EOF analysis separates the variability in the sea level pressure into orthogonal modes, with the first mode containing the largest proportion of the variability and each subsequent mode containing progressively less. When an EOF analysis is used to calculate the NAO, the first mode indicates the NAO index, while the second and third modes usually provide the North Atlantic ridge and Scandinavian blocking patterns (Cassou et al., 2004).

We have searched literature in Norway and North America trying to find evidence that brown or black bears preyed on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), despite the fact that these fish spawn in shallow streams, much as Pacific salmon do -- which is where Pacific salmon are highly vulnerable to bears. Does anyone have an explanation why Atlantic salmon are (apparently) not preyed on by bears?

Hi all,

I am looking for a detailed online source of maps of desert areas in North America produced annually since 1979, freely available (ideally). Could anyone point me in the right direction please?

I discovered this Cunaxid in a soil core sample and tried to key it. I came down to Scutopalus, which if correct is the first record for the genus in North America. Since I'm new to this I would like expert confirmation. I attached photos below of all the relevant features for identification.

Global mean temperature has increased by 1.09 degree since pre-industrial and cause considerate inpacts. However, as a result of paucity of long-term observations, I guess that there are only some regions in Europe and North America have the climate record of mean temperature during 1850-1900 (pre-industrial period). Therefore, the so called "global warming" is not global especially in polar regions where an amplification effect found. So what is the spatial scale of global warming in IPCC AR6? Can anyone shares some researches or suggestions?

I am looking for information on shipping container sea carriers in north America. Market size and total containers that are moved inbound and outbound the North American continent. This is for a school project. The end goal is to make recommendations on how to reduce the movement of empty shipping containers.

I am writing a description of Musineon naomiensis and would like to have your most recent circumscription of the species in the genus. My email is l.shultz@usu.edu

So far my investigation led to WHO data and the OECD metropolitan database on air pollution. Are there other data sources, other indicators? Maybe not at the global scale but more regional (e.g. Europe, North America)?

Nasal Spray for Prevention/Early Treatment of COVID-19 Works in Mice

A newly discovered small molecule could be sprayed into people’s noses to prevent COVID-19 illness prior to exposure and provide early treatment if administered soon after infection. When the molecule was evaluated in mice engineered to display human receptors for the coronavirus, morbidity and mortality were reduced. The encouraging results held across experiments with several SARS-CoV-2

From data released by a team of reseachers across 3 Universities in North America

I saw very different works during my researches. For some people, a species can be considered exotic in Europe when its native range is quite far from the continent, i.e. North America. Others prefer to consider it exotic when the native range falls in a different biogeographical region, i.e. a species from the Mediterranean Basin found in Germany.

If we are talking about phytophagous arthropods, things get worse, because their movement usually depends on their host plants, and therefore, on their introduction in different areas for gardening and horticulture purposes.

Please help me identify the different SST regions effecting monsoon regions of South America and North America

Floristic Quality Assessments (FQA) are an increasingly used tool in assessing the ecological integrity of natural areas in North America. Each species is assigned a coefficient of conservatism (C-value) on a scale of 0 to 10, which corresponds to its tolerance of anthropogenic disturbance and/or fidelity to a particular habitat. Species lists can be used to calculate mean C for a specific site and sites can be compared.

Is this tool or something similar used elsewhere in the world? Has anything analogous to it been used for taxa besides plants?

Is there anyone who can give me some studies and statistics for brain drain from North Africa to Europe and North America?

I'd like to submit a research proposal on the potential of human migration as a vehicle of pathogen movements from South to North America. Basically I need a collaborator with experience working with migrants in the region. Thanks !!!

This discussion will focus on research that is related to FDI. It will primarily be a discussion and a sharing platform of Resources and Knowledge for the research on FDI. It is with collaborating that we can improve upon the quality of the research on FDI. I will be sharing my resources here so that the scholarship can benefit from it and a lot of time and effort that is put into searching for resources and knowledge about the research is saved here.

For The Sake of Research

The source of the data is UNCTAD.

Ranking and metrics of Journals of Finance in SCOPUS

| 2001-12 |

|INFLOWS & OUTFLOWS|

|INSTOCK & OUTSTOCK|

Source UNCTAD

Hello,

I am looking forward to applying for a postdoc position soon, I was wondering what websites are common for posting postdoc ads?

Thank you

Hello! I'm a new observer on the iNaturalist system, and I mostly post insect macro photos ( https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&user_id=cback&verifiable=any ).

I find that Mecoptera, in spite of their relative abundance, diversity and phylogenetic interest, are an orphan group in terms of systematics references, at least for North America. I read your comment on BugGuide about the non-availability of Penny's monograph. Has anyone managed to secure a copy of this document? It would be a starting point in order to provide high quality photos of specimens with a verifiable ID. Grateful if you can spare the time for a reply,

Regards,

Christian Back

I am currently working on my dissertation and I selected Peter Garrett's theoretical framework for Language Attitudes, I am not able to access many studies but the critical one is the one mentioned above. I will be highly obliged if someone shares the complete study with me.

Thank You.

Garrette, P., Bishop, H. and Coupland, N., 2009, Diasporic ethnolinguistic subjectivities:

Patagonia, North America and Wales. International journal of the sociology of the

language 195, 173-99.

Hello all, surprisingly (to me) most of the research on social networks and poverty seems come out of the Europe, Asia and Latin America. In addition to Robert Putnam, is there anyone else you know doing case studies in the USA?

I want to check how the humidity, temperature affect the product quality inside a container during transportation. An ocean-going mother vessel passes through different tough weather conditions which may affect the apparel product quality. My target is to assess the quality degradation of a jute-made product during transportation from Bangladesh/India to Europe/North America. From some practical experiences, we came to know that the jute-made products became yellowish/greenish and deformed when they reached the stores in Europe. So maybe some special finishes or techniques can protect the goods from these kinds of problems, but for that, we need to understand how the deformities are happening. We will simulate similar atmospheres in the laberotory and test the goods to see the outcome.

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Two new variants of the coronavirus were detected in the U.K. and have now been followed to other parts of the world including South Africa and North America. The South African variant could be more problematic than the U.K. strain. Will these strains pose a problem for the new vaccines?

We recently had a discussion if in the face of climate change it would make sense to plant species from Southern Europe or South Germany in North Germany not being native there. The hypothesis was suggested that the greater the distance of the native range, the greater the probability and the magnitude of effects on ecosystems. This would mean, for example, that a species native to North America or central Asia would probably have a greater effect on German ecosystems than a species from Hungary or North Italy. However, I haven not found a paper which gives evidence on that hypothesis so far. Can anybody help?

Why do you suppose that nomadic people have been able to survive better in South Central Asia and Eastern Europe, where there exist ongoing conflicts than here in North America?  do you think their lives will be like 50 or 100 years from now? Will the nomads still be moving their sheep and cattle down the road?

Hoplosternum littoral bony fish from warm regions of South and North America, the males guard the nests and also attack humans.

either review papers, or good papers on some of the common species.

Many thanks

I am looking to understand how different native trees with different functional traits compete against Japanese knotweed.

The traits I want to consider include:

1. Species with different light requirement( e.g light demanders versus shade tolerants)

2. Species with different nutrient requirements (e.g species that do well in nutrient rich soils versus those that perform well in poor soils)

3. Species with different growth rates (e.g fast growing versus slow growing)

4.Species with different root forms (e.g deep rooting versus shallow rooting)

5.Species with difference in seasonal adaptation (e.g evergreens versus deciduous trees)

What tree species, native to Northeast America, should I select to compare for each functional trait I am considering?

Hello, I have some liquid humate samples for the analysis of betaines. Is there's any lab in North America (commercial or academic) that can help with this analysis?

Even though North America countries have investment opportunities in general, deep analysis must be made before deciding in which country to invest. Country-specific considerations must be taken in regard while making analysis. Legal aspects, geographic location and free trade agreement must be analyzed also.

I am working on a project to profile/quantify volatile compounds and their evolution during dough fermentation by various yeasts I am screening. I am looking for an independent or university laboratories in North America and/or Europe with experience in this area. Thanks for recommendations.

Best regards,

Ayo Adewusi

Eating insects in many tropical countries in Africa, southeast Asia or Latin America is a well established practice. Could this become a viable farming activity for countries in the northern hemisphere? What would be then insect species that may be successfully grown in north America and Europe?

Starting an undergrad project in my lab but having trouble finding a key to soil fungal spores. Need something that would cover AMF of tallgrass prairies of North America. Thanks in advance!

I have looked through a fair amount of ecological and agricultural literature, and I've been unable to find a reasonable estimate of when Trifolium repens was introduced.

Does anyone have an estimate of when T. repens was introduced to the North American continent?

Thanks,

Nevin

I am writing my dissertation on WPBR in the Northeast and am wondering if the disease has yet been found on P. longaeva, confirming the presence of the disease on all native white pines in North America. If so, is there a journal article you recommend that I could cite?

In North America, leaders start talking about national security jeopardized by climate change and air pollution. What is the situation in your country ?

Dear Colleagues,

We are scholars and researchers from the Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University in Cairo. We placed and sending our inviting call for editors affiliated to institutions in Europe, Asia, and Latin and Northern America and Africa specialized in architecture and urban studies to join the editorial board of our forthcoming journal. We plan to have our journal indexed in Scopus, WoS and CrossRef. 

If you are interested, please send us your information via the link https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/38B9ZFF

We are very much looking forward to fruitful cooperation with you!

general question deals with religious history in the North America.

In recent years we have seen a cooling in the Sahara, North America, Europe.Some kind of ambivalent feeling: global warming in the press and real cooling in reality

There is only so much blood to be wrung from a stone. Projectile points and bifacial flaked stone technology, in general,

cannot by themselves elucidate the culture history of pioneering New World populations. Too little is knowable about behavior, society, and religion by reference to flaked stone artifacts only. In this nicely crafted paper the author pushes the limit about what can be learned from flaked stone points. Clearly, it is time to take a new tack -- to use other data sets to address questions that need answering.

Sites that can teach us about Clovis social behavior and ritual behavior exist. We do not have to belabor flaked stone artifacts. Proboscidean kill and butchery sites with organic preservation and an abundant record of Clovis behavior await reporting. Let us turn to them and give projectile points a rest!

To collect research data, I am looking for an underwater camera that can last for more than 3 hours under the water.

In fact I'm aiming for something like this: https://www.seaviewer.com/

It would be necessary to be able to film during several hours (So a GoPro or equivalent is not suitable) with a camera fixed on a pole under water with 3 or 4 m of depth. My problem is rather to know what I have to use technically with a colored water and limited transparency (IR or not, lighting or not, type of camera).

All suggestions are welcomed!

I obtained my master's degree in International Management from the University of Liverpool through a distance-learning program. As I developed an interest in education, I am looking for universities that offer a distance-learning PhD program in that field, outside of North America.

I am trying to look for whether the use of the biological theory of race has reduced or transnationalism has a different way of classifying people into different categories (e.g. diasporas, ethnicity, or geographic origin of the migrants, etc.,) with distinct status and power!

how does Badoe and Miller (2000) review North America studies demonstrate the land use transport system interaction?

We are conducting a research that investigates relationship between Corporate Sustainability Performance and Corporate Financial Performance in banking industry. We want to analyze differences in perception among different regions of the world. For now we used North America, Europe, and Asia. But results are inconclusive.

Anyone has a better idea? Maybe according to Human Development Index or legislation regime?

Could anyone recommend studies focusing on the range expansion of tropical and subtropical species due to climate change? I am particularly interested in recent or predicted range expansion to temperate zones (Europe or North America) of terrestrial fauna.

Best,

Francisco Amorim

When elementary Principals request a move to the secondary panel, they oftentimes are granted their wish provided they assume a Vice-Principal role. However, secondary Principals requesting experience in the elementary panel will automatically be placed as a Principal. The question is what is the leadership philosophy behind this leadership practice?

In North America, for example:

1. Archean provinces (eg Superior Craton) have high-grade granulite-gneiss and low-grade granite-greenstone.

2. Earlier Paleoproterozoic has high-grade granulite-gneiss provinces (eg Talston, Thelon, Cumberland) and low-grade sedimentary-volcanic provinces (eg Trans-Hudson).

3. Southeastern Proterozoic provinces have high-grade granulite-gneiss (Grenville Province) and granite, greenstone and calc-alkaline plutons (eg Yavapai and Mazatzal provinces).

Questions

A. What do the high-grade granulite-gneiss belts represent? More eroded crust? Localised regions of thermal-tectonic pulses and plume activity?

B. What do the low-grade provinces of corresponding age in each of the above cases represent by comparison?

Four global episodes are correlatable with Kenoran, Hudsonian, Grenvillian and Pan-African Events in North America.

Radiogenic heat and thermal blanketing by continental crust may be factors in their origin.

However, why these 4 particular episodes? How are they successively explained and what are their different mechanisms? Are they all really orogenies? If Archean was hotter then perhaps high mountains not built?

I am working on some future projections of Hurricane-induced Storm Surges. I want to model the surges under different scenarios for 1.5 degrees and 2.0 degrees increase in the global/regional temperature. My study area is North America (Gulf of Mexico and East Coast in particular).

Any guidance and help will be much appreciated.

I am looking for a university or a research institution in the field of urbanism and city planning that is interested in hosting and funding a series of seminars that are related to the impacts of political change and politics on the built environment as well as the physical transformation of cities.

Some topics could be:

Transformation of cities post the Arab spring revolutions

Urbicide and postwar reconstruction

Border settlements and regions

New Capitals

Forced displacement

Impact of the waves of migration on cities

Planning for control.

Any suggestions?

I suspect this may vary by state.  How many states follow the Federal Rules of Evidence in respect of competency testing and oath taking?

Do any states have ages above which children are presumed to be competent?

According to the results of clinical trials and large registries there are significant differences in the digoxin indication in North America and Europe. There are conflicting data in the use of digoxin in patients with HF.

Hi, I need to find the atmospheric HNO3(nitric acid ) concentration around North America, anyone who can tell me where to download the global or regional atmospheric HNO3, or is there any typical value for it? I really appreciate your help.

It seems likely that researchers approach handedness with either an orientation towards medicine specifically, in which case a shorter inventory or else a performance-based measure may be appropriate, or towards science (there is evidence that with long inventories multiple handedness factors emerge).

The closest to a standard inventory has been the ten-item Edinburgh, but researchers in North America have tried several alternatives, as well as short ones, e.g. a 4-item questionnaire. Also the FLANDERS has been translated into several different languages. Cultures do vary in left-handedness prevalence, and individual items may also show cultural variation but it seems possible that a standard measure might facilitate progress. I myself proposed a few years ago an eight-item version of the Edinburgh.

Human Intellectual Capital is a most valuable asset that may not always be well understood, measured or valued properly. Given the current globalization and education trends, it is evident that brilliance may be born and strive anywhere on the planet today. Is there a way of comparing the value of Human Intellectual Capital generated in the different regions in the world?

I'm struggling to find decent base maps of western North America for publication with QGIS. I'm relatively new to the program, but have some experience. Does anyone have a preference for a map that best shows geographic features and geopolitical boundaries, while still allowing clarity for population sampling localities (Lat/Long)?

So far I've used some basic tools in ggmap (R) but I would like to customize a bit more for my audience. 

Thanks in advance. 

want to know the acceptance and reliability of Passive continental margin model, Crystalline axis model, Accreted terrane model and Carboniferous-extension model

Please list 3 Companies in North America that do Magnesium Corrosion Testing with a 10% brine solution at 350F and 10ksi pressure. So far all of the companies listed have said they can't do this testing. Other recommendations are welcome. Any tips for what pressures are commonly available would also be nice.

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)

Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

Somebody can recommend some research group?

This question aims at comparing impact of climate change on household in different continents. What is the most most recent finding?

I'm looking for keys or descriptions to tarantulas of Mexico and North America,

I have this: Smith A. 1994. Tarantula Spiders: Tarantulas of the USA and México. Fitzgerald Publishing, London. 196 pp. but I'm also looking for this: Peters, H.-J., 2005. Tarantulas of the World: Amerika's Vogelspinne Insektuto, Konchuaikokai . or the most recent.

To be more specific I need these keys or descriptions:

Aphonopelma bicoloratum. Struchen, Brändle & Schmidt, 1996

Aphonopelma braunshausenii. Tesmoingt, 1996

Aphonopelma mooreae Smith, 1995

Bonnetina papalutlensis. Mendoza, 2012

Bonnetina cyaneifemur Vol, 2000 *

Bonnetina rudloffi Vol, 2001

Bonnetina tanzeri Schmidt, 2012

Brachypelma albiceps. Pocock, 1903

Brachypelma hamorii. Tesmoingt, Cleton & Verdez, 1997

Brachypelma kahlenbergi. Rudloff, 2008

Brachypelma schroederi. Rudloff, 2003

Brachypelma verdezi. Schmidt, 2003

Citharacanthus alvarezi. Estrada-Alvarez, Guadarrama Martínez, 2013

Cotztetlana omiltemi. Mendoza, 2012*

Cyclosternum obscurum. Simon, 1891

Cyclosternum palomeranum. West, 2000

Hapalopus aldanus. West, 2000

Hemirrhagus chilango. Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003

Hemirrhagus coztic Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003

Hemirrhagus elliotti (Gertsch, 1973)

Hemirrhagus eros Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003

Hemirrhagus gertschi Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003

Hemirrhagus grieta (Gertsch, 1982)

Hemirrhagus mitchelli (Gertsch, 1982)

Hemirrhagus nahuanus (Gertsch, 1982)

Hemirrhagus ocellatus Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003

Hemirrhagus papalotl Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003

Hemirrhagus perezmilesi García-Villafuerte & Locht, 2010

Schizopelma masculinum (Strand, 1907)

Sericopelma panamense (Simon, 1891)

Someone could help me?

If so, is this the scoring system that is used as part of the Welfare Quality Protocol for Pigs?

Or does the type of scoring system used vary among studies?

Hello!  I am studying the aquatic macrophyte Elodea canadensis as a nonnative species in Europe.  I would like to receive published research, grey lityerature, or even "personal observations" on nuisance growth of this species in warm climates (e.g., Mediterranean, subtropical), including from its native distribution range in North America.  Thanks a lot!

I am looking for help in identifying seeds in the diet of waterfowl in California. In Europe, we have for example http://pierre.legagneux.free.fr/index.html as well as a digital seed atlas for the flora of the Netherlands. However, I have not come across anything similar for North America. Although plants.usda.gov is great for distribution and photos of plants, it does not provide images of many seeds.

I found a bryozoan on wooden docks at Ilwaco, Washington State, USA, which is rather unusual. It has bilaminar erect, flexible fronds. There is no gymnocyst, the cryptocyst is smooth, and the mural rim has fine serrations. There are 2-3 mural pores. and sieve plates between the zooids. It is a rather beige brown color, looking a bit like snake skin.   It was very abundant, looking like a pile of leaves. We have a tentative identification of Membranipora lingdingensis, a species from coastal estuaries in China. Does anyone have any knowledge of this species, and know what vectors might have brought it to the Pacific Coast of North America? 

The business operated in Manhattan from the Early National - post Civil War period and dealt in hardware and plate glass imports.  It was located on Maiden Lane (94 Maiden Lane but included at times adjacent buildings).

Besides the landmark study on the building and brief references to CVS Roosevelt in various secondary sources on the Roosevelt family, can anyone lead me to any primary sources? I am curious (and question the accuracy of the statement) about how secondary source claims that the company achieved a monopoly on the import of plate glass. I want to understand how the business operated. I know family members sometimes traveled to take orders but did they use jobbers, and how did they operate?

The company received most of their shipments from Liverpool but bought glass from France, England, and Germany. How did that work? Did they have a representative abroad? When plate glass arrived in New York, how was it transported and stored? Did they only order by the job or did they keep an inventory in their maiden lane warehouse? Was the plate glass stored on upper floors and the office on the ground floor? Different sources say the plate glass import part of the business was sold to the Briish firm in 1876 (date?). Which firm?  How did they advertise their wares?  Also, family members sometimes operated additional hardware import companies including one titled Roosevelt & Company. Were they rivals or connected?

Any sources (business or otherwise) about CVS Roosevelt (Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt, or Cornelius van Schaack -- sometimes spelled Schaick) would be most appreciated. He had a "mansion" on Union Square at Broadway and 14th St. until his death in 1871.  

He had a son and a grandson with the same name unfortunately.  Also any info on the business dealings of Theodore Roosevelt Sr (the presdient's father).

Today there is too little information about Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) and about the practices of it's implementation in North America, Europe... The most popular systems at a school level or regional level are OpenEMIS, Fedena, OpenSIS. UNESCO usually shows the practices of implementation of such systems in less developed countries.

1. Do you know the examples of implementation of such systems at country level in developed countries?

2. And OpenEMIS demo doesn't give all the information that is described in UNESCO reports. In a demo version there is only the list of staff and the list of pupils. Does it mean that OpenEMIS cannot be used for today?

3. Are there any other systems which are implemented on a country level (Analytical Information Systems in Education)?

The trajectory of the bolide that struck Chicxulub is said to have been from the southeast to the northeast. Therefore, a debris field should have peppered North America. Assuming that a portion of the ejecta consisted of larger rock fragments which were propelled to extremely high altitudes, what velocity would they have reach before striking the ground and with what force? May we assume that they would have created secondary craters?  Where?

Homeland and overseas operations are influenced, among other factors, by laws and external investment policies. Do North American companies take profit of lighter laws in Latin America to develop practices that are not even allowed in North America? (e.g. shale oil & gas fracking techniques). I am starting a self-funded new project on these matters, I am open to join highly motivated researchers.

Relates to an undescribed species found by a colleague for which we are searching for possible clues.