Nervous System - Science topic

Dear Colleagues, Cerebral hemispheres were believed to be the same and, therefore, function in a very similar way. Paul Broca in the 19th century demonstrated that, for most of the population, the language area was in the left hemisphere. However, it was not until the middle of the 20th century, when the discovery that the size of the planum tempo...

Modern neuroscience began from all reaching and fierce conflict between “neuronismo and reticulismo” – between neuronal and reticular theories of the organization of the nervous system; the conflict culminated in December of 1906 in Stockholm where Santiago Ramon y Cajal (the proponent of the neuronal doctrine) and Camillo Golgi (who advocated the...

INTRODUCTION 2. RISK FACTORS AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITION 3. SARS-COV-2 – MULTIORGAN DISEASE 3.1. Point of entry 3.2. Respiratory system 3.2.1 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 4. EXTRAPULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF COVID-19 4.1. Direct invasion by SARS-CoV-2 4.2. Indirect mechanisms 4.2.1. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System (RAAS) imbalance...

Numerous toxic substances are directly and indirectly discharged by humans into water bodies, causing distress to the organisms living on it. 6PPD, an amino antioxidant from tires reacts with ozone to form 6PPD-Q, which has garnered global attention due to its lethal nature to various organisms. This review aims to provide an understanding of the s...

Objective: to analyze quality of life and factors associated among public university employees retired due to disabilities. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of public university employees retired due to disabilities. A characterization questionnaire and the World Health Organization Quality of Life - Disabilities instrumen...

The regulation of body fluids and infusion fluid distribution is a critical aspect of intensive care management. In this chapter, we explore the various control systems that maintain fluid balance in the body, including the kidneys, nervous system, and hormones. We also discuss the impact of disease and medical treatments on these control systems a...

Background Behcet disease (BD) as a variable vessel vasculitis is mainly characterized by ocular involvement, genital and oral aphthosis, and erythema nodosum. However, major organ involvements including gastrointestinal involvement, nervous system, and vascular involvement are among the severe complications. Osteonecrosis is a rare complication of...

This comprehensive scientific review provides an in-depth analysis of both the natural compounds, pyrethrins, and their synthetic derivatives, pyrethroids, focusing on their classification, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, general and pharmaceutical uses, as well as their toxicity and environmental impact. Pyrethrins, derived from certain plant s...

The role of sensory feedback is well established in current models of motor control, evidenced by deficits in movement coordination resulting from impaired sensory function. When vision and touch are both available for object-oriented manual behaviors, these senses can be distinctly leveraged; vision guides movement planning while touch provides fe...

Background The association of maternal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with the risk of system-specific congenital malformations in offspring remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine this association and the risk difference between these two type...

In this article we summarize the main fi ndings on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sensory and perceptual processes. Initially, we present how SARS-CoV-2 behaves and what damage it causes to the nervous system. Then, we focus on clinical changes, psychosocial impairments, interventions, and technological innovations related to chemical sens...

To what extent can evolution be considered as the sole first principle that explains all properties of nervous systems? This paper proposes an innovative, mathematically rigorous perspective on understanding nervous systems from an evolutionary perspective, leveraging methods of nonequilibrium statistical physics. This approach allows for modeling...

Neurons underpin cognition in animals. However, the roots of animal cognition are elusive from both mechanistic and evolutionary standpoints. Two conceptual frameworks both highlight and promise to address these challenges. First, we discuss evidence that animal neural and other integrative systems evolved more than once (convergent evolution) with...

http://med expert.com.ua Вплив сапліментації йоду на адаптаційні можливості та активність стрес лімітуючої системи дітей раннього віку, позбавлених батьківського піклування 1 Національна медична академія післядипломної освіти імені П.Л. Шупика, м. Київ, Україна 2 Харківьска медична академія післядипломної освіти, Україна УДК 616.441 008.921.5 053.3...

When dysfunctions occur at some stage (or several stages) in the development of the nervous system, so-called NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD arise. Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders lead to or coexist with other medical, emotional and, importantly, neuropsychological conditions. This post will focus on describing the NEUROPSYCHOLOGI...

Electrical synapses are neuronal gap junction (GJ) channels associated with a macromolecular complex called the electrical synapse density (ESD), which regulates development and dynamically modifies electrical transmission. However, the proteomic makeup and molecular mechanisms utilized by the ESD that direct electrical synapse formation are not we...

Purpose To evaluate the outcomes of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) in the treatment of paediatric hydrocephalus. Methods We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases for articles published from 2000 to May 2023 (last search date May 6, 2023). Keywords searche...

In this work, we build upon a simple model of a primitive nervous system presented in a prior companion paper. Within this model, we formulate and solve an optimization problem, aiming to mirror the process of evolutionary optimization of the nervous system. The formally derived predictions include the emergence of sharp peaks of neural activity ('...

Neurological diseases are a major global health challenge, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Ultrasound therapy plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of neurological diseases due to its non‐invasive, highly focused, and strong tissue penetration capabilities. However, the complexity of brain and nervous system and the safet...

Like the human mind, the human body is the medium by which we represent ourselves, whether we are patients or healthcare providers. This paper concerns the significance of understanding the existential phenomenological side of a patient’s body within healthcare. To care for a patient’s body, one needs to be aware of how the body appears to itself,...

Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein essential for mitochondrial networking in most cells. Autosomal dominant mutations in the MFN2 gene cause Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2A disease (CMT2A), a severe and disabling sensory-motor neuropathy that impacts the entire nervous system. Here, we propose a novel therapeutic strategy tai...

Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the SARA-CoV-2, characterized by high infectivity and incidence. Clinical data indicates that COVID-19 significantly damages patients’ perception, motor function, and cognitive function. However, the electrophysiological mechanism by which the dis...

Abstract: The interplay of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and SIP syncytium (smooth muscle cells-interstitial cells of Cajal-PDGFRα+ cells) plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic regulatory mechanisms of the ENS-SIP system on colon motility during postnatal developm...

Expansion of repeat sequences within the human genome can lead to disease pathogenesis, such as Huntington's Disease, primarily affecting the nervous system. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of age-at-onset in Huntington's disease (HD) patients demonstrated DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes are modifiers of somatic expansion and may be potentia...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the smallest class of noncoding RNAs, which widely exist in animals and plants. They can inhibit translation or overexpression by combining with mRNA and participate in posttranscriptional regulation of genes, resulting in reduced expression of target proteins, affecting the development, growth, aging, metabolism, and other p...

The brain's remarkable ability to process and store complex information is closely tied to neural synchronization and desynchronization mechanisms. These intricately coordinated activities govern not only simple tasks but also higher cognitive functions, such as focus, learning, and social interaction. In this article, we delve into the evolutionar...

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), a family of proteins that support cellular proteostasis and perform a protective function under various stress conditions, such as high temperature, intoxication, inflammation, or tissue hypoxia, constitute a promising group of possible biochemical markers for obesity and cardiovascular diseases. HSP27 is involved in ess...

Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a neuroinformatic protein molecule with widespread expression across various tissues and organs. Recent investigations have unveiled its pivotal role in the skeletal system, primarily through its binding interactions with two co-receptors, neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1) and members of the plexin family. Prior research has confirmed...

Background & Aims: Due to the fact that nanoscale zinc oxide nanoparticles can pass through the blood brain barrier and have devastating effects on various posts of nervous system, the present study investigated the effects of N-Acetyl cysteine on memory retrieval, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and some blood serum oxidative stress factors on m...

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by non-progressive central motor impairments. Mild movement disorder features have been observed in DCD. Until now, the etiology of DCD has been unclear. Recent studies suggested a genetic substrate in some patients with DCD, but comprehensive knowledge about...

Numerous recent research suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has detrimental effects on the brain processes and may even cause significant neurological impairment during this continuing contagion. We detailed the potential pathways for SARS-CoV-2 entry into the nervous system, the subtypes of neurological manifestations, the underlying comorbidities, and the c...

This paper takes the perspective through the lens of Stephen Porges’s Polyvagal Theory in terms of three stages - social engagement, mobilization, and immobilization - to understand autistic meltdown. In 2004, Porges coined the term neuroception to denote an automatic neural process by evaluating safety and risk of the environment without conscious...

Objective Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We conducted this study to develop a risk score algorithm for VTE in patients with SLE that provides individualised risk estimates. Methods We developed a clinical prediction model of VTE in 4502 patients with SLE based on the Chinese...

Despite vitamin B12’s recognized importance for the nervous system, there is still a lack of research on the association between vitamin B12 and sleep, especially in primary care settings. We assessed vitamin B12 levels in adult primary healthcare users and investigated correlations with sleep quality, insomnia, and sleepiness. In this cross-sectio...

The requisite level of Vitamin D presence in a human body is important for maintaining the proper immunity system and associated health benefits in an individual. Sufficient level of Vitamin D in humans plays multiple body growth related aspects such as ensuring the one's teeth and bones to stay stronger, helps for the support of good immune system...

Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression are well-studied strategies of emotion regulation (ER). However, the results on their physiological basis are controversial. While in some studies, ER was accompanied by the inhibition of the nervous system, others suggested that ER even might increase arousal and engagement. We calculated the inter-...

We aimed to highlight disease-related and treatment-related complications of Behçet syndrome (BS) based on previous and recent studies and our own experience. The Behçet’s Disease Overall Damage Index is a newly developed instrument to assess damage in BS. Validation studies showed that damage is already present in some patients at diagnosis and co...

Neuronal communication involves small-molecule transmitters, gap junctions, and neuropeptides. While neurons often express multiple neuropeptides, our understanding of the coordination of their action and their mutual interactions remains limited. Here, we demonstrate that two neuropeptides, NLP-10 and FLP-1, released from the same interneuron pair...

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), also known as panarteritis nodosa, represents a form of necrotizing vasculitis that predominantly affects medium-sized vessels, although it is not restricted to them and can also involve smaller vessels. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous and characterized by a significant number of patients exhibiting general sy...

This study presents a novel, highly simplified model of the nervous system, inspired by one hypothetical scenario of its origin. The model is designed to accommodate both mathematical derivations and numerical simulations, offering a template for studying generalized principles and dynamics beyond the specifics of the referenced origin scenario. Th...

Arsenic is a natural toxin which is widely distributed in the environment, incurring diverse toxicities and health problems. Previous studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are also reported to contribute to As-induced adverse effects. LncRNAs are involved in the development of nerve injury, generally acting as sponges for microRNAs...

Cancer of the central nervous system (CNS) can crosstalk systemically and locally in the tumor microenvironment and has become a topic of attention for tumor initiation and advancement. Recently studied neuronal and cancer interaction fundamentally altered the knowledge about glioma and metastases, indicating how cancers invade complex neuronal net...

The evolving field of plasmonics has enabled the rise of engineered plasmonic nanomaterials to improve neural interface performance. Plasmonic nanostructures such as nanoparticles, if appropriately designed, can act as mediators to efficiently deliver light to target cells for less-invasive modulation with high spatial resolution than common electr...

The formation and maintenance of synapses are precisely regulated, and the misregulation often leads to neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders. Besides intrinsic genetically encoded signaling pathways, synaptic structure and function are also regulated by extrinsic factors, such as nutrients. O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT), a nutrient sensor...

Breast cancer is frequently the most diagnosed female cancer in the world. The experimental studies on cancer seldom focus on the relationship between the central nervous system and cancer. Despite extensive research into the treatment of breast cancer, chemotherapy resistance is an important issue limiting the efficacy of treatment. Novel biomarke...

Couples therapy is challenging in many ways because there are two people who are in distress, each wanting more from their partner, to be understood, and to be responded to emotionally. A common denominator in a variety of approaches to treating couples is verbal communication. This relies on what is available cognitively to the couple. However, so...

Alpha herpesvirus infections (α-HVs) are widespread, affecting more than 70% of the adult human population. Typically, the infections start in the mucosal epithelia, from which the viral particles invade the axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the nuclei of the peripheral ganglia, α-HVs establish a lifelong latency and eventually undergo mul...

G-ratio is crucial for understanding the nervous system’s health and function as it measures the relative myelin thickness around an axon. However, manual measurement is biased and variable, emphasizing the need for an automated and standardized technique. Although deep learning holds promise, current implementations lack clinical relevance and gen...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition of the nervous system that impairs movement caused by brain cell degeneration and it is most common after Alzheimer’s disease seen in old people. One of the most significant symptoms in the first stages of PD is vocal impairment. As a consequence, current research has focused extensively on...

Pharmaceutical poisoning is a significant global public health concern, causing approximately 190,000 deaths annually. This scoping review aims to comprehensively map the available literature on pharmaceutical poisoning and compare patterns between high-income countries (HICs) and low-middle-income countries (LMICs). A systematic search was perform...

Cadmium is a heavy metal that increasingly contaminates food and drink products. Once ingested, cadmium exerts toxic effects that pose a significant threat to human health. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to prolonged, low-dose cadmium exposure. This review article provides an overview of cadmium’s primary mechanisms of neurotoxicity....

The genetics underlying neuropsychiatric disorders are far from being fully understood. Moreover, the neurological and psychiatric disorders have overlapping phenotypic profiles, but the underlying tissue-specific functional processes are largely unknown. In a recent study, we explored the shared tissue-specificity among 14 neuropsychiatric disorde...

Melanomas are tumors arising from externally uncontrolled melanocytes that produce varying amounts of melanin. In this study, we report a case of melanoma with neurological impairment without evidence of cutaneous neoplastic lesions in an adult buffalo in the state of Pará, Brazil. Clinically, the buffalo exhibited apathy, decreased mandibular tone...

Physiology is the study of how living structures function and classic physiological orders have long been the pillar of our understanding of plant structure. This review provides an inclusive test of five key classic corporeal structures, shedding light on their fundamental standards and relevance in contemporary research. The entire study investig...

The mechanism underlying action potentials is routinely used to explicate the mechanistic model of explanation in the philosophy of science. However, characterisations of action potentials often fixate on neurons, mentioning plant cells in passing or ignoring them entirely. The plant sciences are also prone to neglecting non-neuronal action potenti...

In the last few years, vitamin D functions have been studied progressively, and along with their main role in regulating calcium homeostasis, the potential function in the nervous system and the link between different psychiatric disorders and vitamin D deficiency have been revealed. The discovery of vitamin D receptors in multiple brain structures...

Nervous system metastases (CNSm) are late events associated with poor outcomes in endocrine-sensitive HER2-negative breast cancer (BC) patients, especially in the presence of leptomeningeal disease (LMD). Effective treatments are extremely limited in this setting. The antibody-drug conjugate, trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-DXd), which combines the anti-...

Maps of the nervous system that identify individual cells along with their type, subcellular components and connectivity have the potential to elucidate fundamental organizational principles of neural circuits. Nanometer-resolution imaging of brain tissue provides the necessary raw data, but inferring cellular and subcellular annotation layers is c...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) can affect people from all racial and ethnic backgrounds, but, historically, the incidence of MS in the United States was thought to be highest in White individuals. More recent data suggest that the incidence of MS in Black or African American individuals is comparable to that in White individuals. In Hispanic or Latino ind...

A 73-year-old man was admitted with Cheyne-Stokes respiration and progressive disturbance of consciousness over the course of a month. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed signs suggestive of angioedema in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, external capsule, and subcortical white matter. Acute lead encephalopathy was diagnosed based...

In the biological nervous system, the integration and cooperation of parallel system of receptors, neurons, and synapses allow efficient detection and processing of intricate and disordered external information. Such systems acquire and process environmental data in real‐time, efficiently handling complex tasks with minimal energy consumption. Memr...

Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction in the lower urinary tract due to damage to the nervous system. One of the treatments that has shown important results is transcutaneous neuromodulation. The neuromodulation equipment available on the market does not allow remote activation or offer many resources for adjusting the parameters of the generated sti...

Morphine-induced antinociception is partially reduced in interleukin-31 (IL-31) receptor A (IL-31RA)-deficient mice, indicating that IL-31RA is crucial for morphine-induced peripheral antinociception. Herein, we examined the combined effects of IL-31 and morphine on the antinociceptive activity and itch-associated scratching behavior (LLS) in mice...

Regardless of the localization and severity of clinical manifestations, E affects the functions of not only damaged and adjacent, but also distant organs: liver, pancreas and thyroid glands, adrenal glands, cardiovascular and nervous systems. The true mechanisms that regulate the processes of implantation and development of endometrioid heterotopia...

Background and purpose: Repetitive bloodletting, promoting profuse diarrhoea and vomiting, the formation of artificial ulcers, and other aggressive treatment methods based on humoral theory and Brunonian medicine were used for patients with nervous system (NS) diseases until the end of the 19th century. These methods are also termed “heroic” medici...

Purpose Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) is a congenital anomaly affecting gastrointestinal neural innervation, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. The homozygous Ncx/Hox11L.1 knockout (Ncx−/−) mice exhibit megacolon and enteric ganglia anomalies, resembling IND phenotypes. Sox10-Venus transgenic mouse were used to visualize enteric neural cre...

The purpose of this chapter is to establish an overview of the functions of the nervous system from a basic perspective, and provide citations to other sections of this work providing additional detailed discussions. It opens with a Top Level Block Diagram followed by a Signal Flow Template of the neural system. Both of these can be further expande...

Optogenetic control of cells is a key life sciences method and promises novel therapies. Here we report on ChReef, an improved variant of the channelrhodopsin ChRmine, enabling efficient (nano-Joule) and sustained optogenetic stimulation of excitable cells. ChReef offers minimal photocurrent desensitization, a unitary conductance of 80 fS and closi...

Simple Summary This review explores various inherited neurological conditions found in dogs, which can be present from birth or develop later in life. Researchers use two main methods to identify the genetic causes of these diseases: wide-ranging genetic investigations and focused investigations on specific genes. Online Mendelian Inheritance in An...

Widespread species that inhabit diverse environments possess large population sizes and exhibit a high capacity for environmental adaptation, thus enabling range expansion. In contrast, narrow-range species are confined to restricted geographical areas and are ecologically adapted to narrow environmental conditions, thus limiting their ability to e...

Neuroinflammation is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammation provides protection in acute situations but results in significant damage to the nervous system if chronic. Overexpression of chemokines within the brain results in th...

Sexual motivation is an abstract concept referring to the mechanisms determining the responsivity to sexually relevant stimuli. This responsivity determines the likelihood of producing a sexual response and the intensity of that response. Both responsivity to stimuli and the likelihood of making a response as well as the intensity of response are c...

Introduction and importance Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes encompass a group of neurologic disorders arising from pathological processes unrelated to metastasis, metabolic disturbances, infections, coagulopathy, or treatment-related side effects. These syndromes can affect various regions of the nervous system, resulting in diverse clinical ma...

Introduction: The AIDS epidemic reached its peak in the 1990s, causing the deaths of millions before treatments emerged. Objective: Review the relationship between AIDS and dementia complex. Result: More than 50% of people with AIDS may develop AIDS-linked neurocognitive decline, resulting in subcortical dementia. This manifests as loss of attentio...

In the last few years, investigation of the gut–brain axis and the connection between the gut microbiota and the human nervous system and mental health has become one of the most popular topics. Correlations between the taxonomic and functional changes in gut microbiota and major depressive disorder have been shown in several studies. Machine learn...

Background IGHMBP2 is a crucial gene for the development and maintenance of the nervous system, especially in the survival of motor neurons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2S (CMT2S). Methods We conducted a systematic literature...

The neuropeptides Substance P and CGRPα have long been thought important for pain sensation. Both peptides and their receptors are expressed at high levels in pain-responsive neurons from the periphery to the brain making them attractive therapeutic targets. However, drugs targeting these pathways individually did not relieve pain in clinical trial...

Mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase) is a remarkable molecular motor crucial in generating ATP and sustaining mitochondrial function. Its importance in cellular metabolism cannot be overstated, as malfunction of ATP synthase has been linked to various pathological conditions. Both natural and synthetic ATP synthase inhibitors have been extensivel...

Acetylcholinesterase is one of the most significant known serine hydrolases, governing the mammalian nervous system. Its high rate speed, operating at the diffusion limit, combined with its buried active site feature, has made it a subject of extensive research over the last decades. Despite several studies focused on atomistic details of its diffe...