Nervous System - Science topic

This book covers a wide range of neuroreceptor topics, including receptor endocytosis and signaling and the role of neuroreceptors in health and disease conditions. It focuses on various important nervous system receptors and their biomedical applications, especially receptor signaling. The book provides a look into the current developments of vari...

Neurodegenerative disorders are intimately linked to metabolic disease that includes DM and impact a significant proportion of individuals across the globe with chronic disability and death. Metabolic disease affects all body systems and in regard to the nervous system leads to cognitive loss, demyelinating disorders, risk for infection, and neurop...

The foetal period constitutes a critical stage in the construction and organisation of the mammalian nervous system. In recent work, we have proposed that foetal brain development is structured by bottom-up (interoceptive) inputs from spontaneous physiological rhythms such as the heartbeat (Corcoran et al., 2023). Here, we expand this visceral affe...

Introduction to the Masticatory System and Dental Occlusion meets the need for a rigorous guide to the masticatory system and how it relates to dental occlusion to aid interventions. The text offers a sound understanding of functioning dental anatomy and the biomechanics that are essential to understanding dental occlusion. It covers all structures...

For the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, animal magnetism serves as a natural evidence of his metaphysics of the will. In turn, his metaphysics of the will reveals the true nature of animal magnetism. Therefore, animal magnetism can be approached from both natural and metaphysical points of view: from a metaphysical point of view, animal mag...

This paper argues that trauma is not solely an individual experience but is fundamentally shaped by relational dynamics. It explores how malfunctioning and maladaptive relationships can create and perpetuate trauma, embedding it within the nervous system. Drawing upon polyvagal theory, the concept of the social brain, and the role of oxytocin, it h...

Polyphenols, a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds found in plants, have garnered significant attention for their potential therapeutic properties in treating neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The Wnt/β‐catenin (WβC) signaling pathway, a crucial player in neurogenesis, neuronal survival, and synaptic plasticity, is involved in several ce...

A free calcium ion in the cytosol is essential for many physiological and physical functions. Also, it is known as a second messenger as the quantity of free calcium ions is an essential part of brain signaling. In this work, we have attempted to study calcium signaling in the presence of mitochondria, buffer, and endoplasmic reticulum fluxes. Smal...

A tumor is a collection of abnormal swelling of the brain cells in the nervous system. Exact brain tumor detection from MRI scans is critical for early detection and effective diagnosis planning for image analysis in the medical sector. If the tumor is not detected early, it can be fatal. Automated tumor detection methods are essential for early de...

Background The pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and diabetes mellitus (DM) is still unknown, despite clinical reports linking the two conditions. After investigating potential roles for DM-related genes in the pathophysiology of OSA, our goal is to investigate the molecular significance of the condition. Machine learning is a useful...

The innovative application of nanotechnology in neuroscience and brain-computer interfaces is running a revolutionary revolution. By precisely controlling ministerial size, shape and surface properties, scientists have designed highly compatible nanomaterials with neural cells and show great potential in accurately recording and stimulating neural...

Background Asthma is currently one of the most common of respiratory diseases, severely affecting the lives of patients. With the in‐depth study of the role of the nervous system and sex hormones on the development of asthma, it has been found that the nervous system and sex hormones are related to each other in the pathway of asthma. Objective To...

Pediatric neurodegenerative disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that result from progressive damage to cells and nervous system connections that are essential for mobility, coordination, strength, sensation, and cognition. Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Neurological disorders are disorders that involve th...

Homeostasis is a driving principle in physiology. To achieve homeostatic control of neural activity, neurons monitor their activity levels and then initiate corrective adjustments in excitability when activity strays from a set point. However, fluctuations in the brain microenvironment, such as temperature, pH, and other ions represent some of the...

As the production, usage, and disposal of plastics increase, the microplastics generated—plastic particles smaller than 5 mm—increases, exacerbating environmental pollution. In turn, various organisms become increasingly exposed to contaminated environments, potentially affecting humans through the food chain. Crucial findings from in vivo experime...

The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes haemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and permanent blindness and has been listed by the WHO as a priority pathogen. To study RVFV pathogenesis and identify small-molecule antivirals, we established a novel In Vivo model using zebrafish larvae. Pericardial injection of RVFV resulted in ~4 log10 viral RNA copies...

The cerebellum is a structure in the suprasegmental nervous system classically known for its involvement in motor functions such as motor planning, coordination, and motor learning. However, with scientific advances, other functions of the cerebellum, such as cognitive, emotional, and autonomic processing, have been discovered. Currently, there is...

Ecdysozoan worms (Nematoida + Scalidophora) are typified by disparate grades of neural organization reflecting a complex evolutionary history. The fossil record offers a unique opportunity to reconstruct the early character evolution of the nervous system via the exceptional preservation of extinct representatives. We focus on their nervous system...

The smoky brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, is a peridomestic pest inhabiting broad regions of the world from temperate to subtropical zones. In common with other related species such as the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, female-emitted sex pheromone components, named periplanones, are known to be key volatiles that elicit long-r...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of severe neurological disorders and long-term dysfunction in the nervous system. Besides inducing neurodegeneration, TBI alters stem cell activity and neurogenesis within primary neurogenic niches. However, the fate of dividing cells in other brain regions remains unclear despite offering pot...

Aim To analyse the association between gender and in‐hospital mortality odds ratios among patients in the Basque Country. Design Cross‐sectional study. Methods Admission data pertaining to the period between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2018 were gathered for all registered acute care hospitals (both public and private) in the Basque Country. O...

Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a leading cause of dementia, poses a growing global public health challenge. While recent studies have identified AD risk factors, they often focus on specific comorbidities, neglecting the complex interrelations and temporal dynamics. Our study addresses this by analyzing AD progression through longitudinal tra...

Background Despite the prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease in the aged human population and advancements in our understanding of the disease at the molecular level, we still lack a fundamental understanding of how cognitive dysfunction stems from alterations in cellular neuron dynamics and how it relates to the normal aging process. To address this g...

Background Previous studies have linked disrupted circadian rest‐activity rhythms (RARs) with increased risks for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. However, these findings may be confounded due to the observational nature and offer limited insights into causality. We aimed to employ target trial emulation to estimate potential causal effec...

Background Blood‐based biomarkers are becoming emerging tools, easily detectable and minimally invasive, to reveal neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, a comprehensive and up‐to‐date overview of the association between blood‐based biomarkers and brain parameters as measured by MRI is not available. The aim o...

In anomaly detection, methods based on large language models (LLMs) can incorporate expert knowledge, while task-specific smaller models excel at extracting normal patterns and detecting value fluctuations. Inspired by the human nervous system, where the brain stores expert knowledge and the peripheral nervous system and spinal cord handle specific...

Background Dementia‐related mortality increased significantly in the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States. Explanations for the rise in dementia‐related death rates are complex and multi‐factorial. Older adults with dementia often have other chronic conditions that result in increased risk of death. Residence in institutional se...

Background Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disease leading to damage to multiple organs and the nervous system, is associated with cognitive decline. Moreover, Vitamin D (VD) insufficiency/deficiency is implicated as a risk factor for diabetes. However, the specifics of the relationships between these variables remain unclear. Previous studies also h...

Neuromodulators have major influences on the regulation of neural circuit activity across the nervous system. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be a prominent neuromodulator in many circuits and has been extensively studied in the retina. Here, it has been associated with the regulation of light adaptation, gain control, and gap junctional coupli...

Neuropathic pain is a type of pain caused by an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Currently, there is still absence of effective therapeutic drugs for neuropathic pain, so developing new therapeutic drugs is urgently needed. In the present study, we observed the effect of Comp 6d, a novel silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)...

Recent experimental studies showed that electrically coupled neural networks like in mammalian inferior olive nucleus generate synchronized rhythmic activity by the subthreshold sinusoidal-like oscillations of the membrane voltage. Understanding the basic mechanism and its implication of such phenomena in the nervous system bears fundamental import...

Background: Neuromodulation has been shown to increase the efficacy of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedures. However, despite its ability to influence the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the exact mechanism of action remains unclear. The activity of the ANS via the intracardiac nervous system (ICNS) can be inferred from heart rate variabili...

Background The enteric nervous system plays a key role in the coordination of gastrointestinal motility together with sympathetic, parasympathetic, and extrinsic sensory pathways. In some cases, abnormalities in neural activity in these pathways contribute to disorders of gut motility. Where this is associated with damage or death of enteric neuron...

Small molecule inhibitors of the sodium channel are common pharmacological agents used to treat a variety of cardiac and nervous system pathologies. They act on the channel via binding within the pore to directly block the sodium conduction pathway and/or modulate the channel to favor a non-conductive state. Despite their abundant clinical use, we...

Our knowledge about the consumption of cannabinoids during pregnancy lacks consistent evidence to determine whether it compromises neurodevelopment. Addressing this task is challenging and complex since pregnant women display multiple confounding factors that make it difficult to identify the real effect of cannabinoids’ consumption. Recent studies...

Sox genes encode a family of transcription factors that regulate multiple biological processes during metazoan development, including embryogenesis, tissue homeostasis, nervous system specification, and stem cell maintenance. The planarian Dugesia japonica contains a reservoir of stem cells that grow and divide continuously to support cellular turn...

The environmental pollution poses a serious global health risk, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. Neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease, are increasingly prevalent and are characterized by both structural and functional abnormalities i...

A multifaceted and widely prevalent neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson's disease (PD) is typified by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The discovery of novel treatment(s) that can reverse or halt the course of the disease progression along with identifying the most reliable biomarker(s) in PD remains the crucial concern. RhoA in i...

Flavonoids, being prevalent in fruits and vegetables, are essential to the diverse stages of plant growth, development, and storage. Furthermore, flavonoids have been shown to exert substantial beneficial effects on human health, prompting heightened scientific interest in their potential advantages. This review elucidates the functions of flavonoi...

The nematode C. elegans is a well-studied model organism for characterizing the structure, connectivity, and function of a complete nervous system. Recent technical breakthroughs in 3D light microscopy and fluorescent protein tagging of individual neurons have brought us closer to capturing the neural dynamics of the worm at whole-brain resolution....

Cadmium is a heavy metal contaminant known to cause various health issues. However, limited research exists on the serum metabolomic effects of cadmium exposure in children. In this study, we recruited 42 children to analyze their serum metabolomic profiles, along with measuring urinary cadmium and creatinine concentrations, to evaluate the impact...

The development of the mind follows the path of biological evolution towards the accumulation and transmission of information with increasing efficiency. In addition to the "cognitive constants" of speech (Solntsev, 1974), which greatly improved the communication of information, people have created computing devices, from the abacus to the quantum...

Interorgan signaling events are emerging as key regulators of behavioral plasticity. The foregut and hindgut circuits of the C. elegans enteric nervous system (ENS) control feeding and defecation behavior, respectively. Here we show that epithelial cells in the midgut integrate feeding state information to control these behavioral outputs by releas...

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of intracranial extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (EES) poses challenges due to the absence of specific clinical and imaging features prior to surgery. It is crucial to differentiate the tumor from other small round cell malignancies postoperatively. OBSERVATIONS A 7-year-old patient was admitted to the authors’ hospital due to...

Background: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by Clostridium botulinum, are potent protein toxins that can cause botulism, which leads to death or neuroparalysis in humans by targeting the nervous system. BoNTs comprise three functional domains: a light-chain enzymatic domain (LC), a heavy-chain translocation domain (HCN), and a heavy-chain r...

Throughout the animal kingdom, several members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family act as proneural genes during early steps of nervous system development. Roles of bHLH genes in specifying terminal differentiation of postmitotic neurons have been less extensively studied. We analyze here the function of 5 Caenorhabditis elegans bHLH genes,...

(1) Background: The interaction between the human body and the Earth’s magnetic field at Schumann resonances (SRs) is one of the important fundamental questions of science that continues to be studied. The aim of this study was to create a working theoretical foundation for the interaction of the human body with SRs. (2) Methods: Extensive research...

Psychobiotics are a distinct category of probiotics known for their beneficial effects on human health, particularly in influencing mental well‐being. Typical psychobiotics include genera such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium. The gut microbiota influences bidirectional communication between the brain and the gastrointestinal (G...

Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv, v for variant) is a genetic disorder characterized by the deposition of misfolded transthyretin (TTR) protein in tissues, resulting in progressive dysfunction of multiple organs, including the nervous system, heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Noninvasive serum biomarkers have become key to...

Alzheimer Disease (AD) is a neurogenerative disorder that progressively damages the nervous system. Early detection of AD is crucial, as it allows patients to receive therapy at an earlier stage, helping to slow the progression of the disease. This research proposes a model with improved effectiveness and accuracy by combining Random Forest with En...

Background Results of recent analyses indicate that axon demyelination may play an important role in AD pathology. The MBP gene encodes a myelin basic protein involved in axon myelination in the nervous system including the central nervous system. Polymorphisms in this gene, as well as variations in expression, have been associated with multiple sc...

Background Structural and functional changes of the choroid plexus (ChP) have been reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nonetheless, the role of the ChP in the pathogenesis of AD remains largely unknown. We aim to unravel the relationship between ChP functioning and core AD pathogenesis using a unique proteomic approach in mice and humans. Method...

Background Despite the prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease in the aged human population and advancements in our understanding of the disease at the molecular level, we still lack a fundamental understanding of how cognitive dysfunction stems from alterations in cellular neuron dynamics and how it relates to the normal aging process. To address this g...

Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a prevalent age‐related neurodegenerative condition leading to dementia, yet factors regulating its polygenomic etiology and progression remain elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small RNA molecules regulating protein expression, play a role in neurodegeneration. MicroRNA‐34a (miR‐34a) is a crucial regulator of nume...

In recent years, it has been increasingly recognized that tumor growth relies not only on support from the surrounding microenvironment but also on the tumors capacity to adapt to – and actively manipulate – its niche. While targeting angiogenesis and modulating the local immune environment have been explored as therapeutic approaches, these strate...

Accumulating research has shed light on the significance of skeletal interoception, in maintaining physiological and metabolic homeostasis related to bone health. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how skeletal interoception influences bone homeostasis, delving into the complex interplay between the nervous system and skeletal system....

In the peripheral nervous system, sensory and motor axons are generally covered by wrapping glial cell processes. This neuron-glia interaction requires an intricate coordination of glial growth and differentiation. How this is controlled molecularly is largely unknown. At the example of Drosophila larval nerves, we show that glial growth is initial...

Purpose To determine the frequency of confirmed Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) cases in adult patients with three different clinical presentations consistent with early LNB. Methods Data were obtained through routine health care at the UMC Ljubljana, Slovenia from 2005 to 2022, using clinical pathways. The patients were classified into three groups:...

Neurotrophic factors are critical for establishing functional connectivity in the nervous system and sustaining neuronal survival through adulthood. As the first neurotrophic factor purified, nerve growth factor (NGF) is extensively studied for its prolific role in axon outgrowth, pruning, and survival. Applying NGF to diseased neuronal tissue is a...

This paper presents methods for FEM modelling the peripheral and central nervous systems with considerations for meshing and computational constraints. FEM models in this context are convenient for testing hypothesises about the effects of different stimulation parameters and exploring different electrode designs before moving to in vitro and in...

Animal nervous systems can detect changes in their environments within hundredths of a second. They do so by discerning abrupt shifts in sensory neural activity. Many neuroscience studies have employed change-point detection (CPD) algorithms to estimate such abrupt shifts in neural activity. But very few studies have suggested that spiking neurons...

Neurodegenerative diseases represent a group of debilitating disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of structure and function of the nervous system. Conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have profound impacts on the lives of affected individuals an...

Introduction: tramadol hydrochloride is a weak opioid agonist that acts by preventing the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and noradrenaline in the descending inhibitory neurons of the nervous system, thus modulating the perception of painful stimuli. After its introduction on the market, it was marketed as an effective analgesic, un...

Introduction: Robotic systems can help to effectively perform complex tasks in neurosurgery that require high precision, but due to the difficulty of operative access and the peculiarities of the anatomy of the nervous system, their wide application is limited. Objective: evaluate the effectiveness, economic feasibility and prospects of using frame...

The intestinal epithelium serves as an essential interface between the host and microbiota, regulating innate and adaptive immunity, absorption of nutrients and systemic metabolism, and mediating bidirectional communication with the nervous system. The intestinal epithelium suffers constant challenges to the proteostasis machinery due to its exposu...

Neuroradiology, as a modern branch of the neurosciences and radiological sciences, has an impact on global health, particularly on brain health. On the one hand, neuroradiology directly impacts diseases of the nervous system, such as stroke and inflammatory diseases, by providing an all-in-one package combining imaging, diagnosis, treatment, and fo...

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to an unprecedented global health crisis. While primarily recognized for its respiratory implications, the virus has shown a significant affinity for the nervous system, resulting in a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations. This literature review explores the intersection of...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Lead toxicity affects different body systems including the nervous system, resulting in brain damage, neuromuscular weakness, and impaired cognitive functions. This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina (AEVA) on lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity of the premotor cortex of adult W...

Objective: The FDXR gene encodesferredoxin reductase, which is a mitochondrial membrane protein and plays a role in Fe-S cluster synthesis. Loss of function in this gene causes intracellular iron accumulation, leading to dysfunction, especially in nervous system cells. To date, 46 patients with biallelic FDXR variants have been reported. While opti...

Analytical ability is the ability of students to describe a problem in learning material, in other words, students are able to know, understand, and apply what the teacher has conveyed. One way to improve students' analytical skills is to apply a learning process based on the TPACK framework. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of learni...

Objective: to determine the role of gastrointestinal dysbiosis in the development and progression of diseases of the nervous system. Theoretical framework: intestinal dysbiosis is an imbalance in the microbiota that affects its composition and functionality, contributing to digestive, metabolic and neurological diseases through mechanisms such as i...