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I perform carotid artery surgery for perfusion via internal carotid artery, which fuses directly into brain.
But, I'm confuse to distinguish between external and internal carotid artery..
Once I have marked to the "expected" artery name, could you confirm it is correct (accurate)?
I think that CCA is divided into anterior large artery (ECA) and posterior thin artery (ICA)..
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Internal carotid artery supply blood to brain whereas external carotid artery supplies blood to facial area.
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A young lady 27 yrs old from Bangladesh, suffering from this skin condition from her early childhood manifested by discrete blackish spot extended over the back of her neck. No itching or pain. Recently patient diagnosed as a patient of ASD.
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1.Partial unilateral lentiginosis
2.? LEOPARD Syndrome
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What are the surgical options for doubling the bladder when it doesn't work and opens at the neck of the bladder?
I need assistance with a difficult clinical case.
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Please confirm male or female , age , continence. retrograde urethrography identifying duplication or possible ureterocele or diverticulum. Also exact opening of the UO's with any anomalous renal presentation. This is a complex case but needs more information for cohesive analysis.
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Perhaps because many long necked turtles live in fresh water.
Zug, George R.. "snake-necked turtle". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jun. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/animal/snake-necked-turtle. Accessed 16 July 2024.
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There are no giant long-necked sea turtles, In addition, if it lived in fresh water it would not be a sea turtle. The long-necked turtles all live in tropical or subtropical climates. This is just a silly question.
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I am trying to use engineering stress-strain data for nonlinear modelling of the isotropic material in APDL. There is of course no problem in elastic region. In plastic region, we have strain hardening till necking followed by strain softening zone till rupture. But how do I exaclty know when softening starts? Does softening always starts after necking?
a) If No. How can I confirm the softening zone from engineering stress-strain curve?
b) If Yes, then I can simply change the engineering curve into true curve and use available hardening model till necking. Then what about softening? Well, I tried to use damage critetia to model the softening zone. As we know, it needs true stress-strain data as an input to find diffetent damage parameters. So, can we use the conversion relation beyond necking and find damage parameters?
Any suggestions are welcomed and Thank You in advance.
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Thank you for the reply Yetoka Abraham Swu !
Most of the time we will only have engineering curve. I think the main problem here is the true stress-strain data after necking.
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I have a tensile test experimental data. The samples had been loaded above the strength limit (Necking). Which model has to be used in Ansys in order to define that material using those experimental data? Is Multilinear Plasticity Hardening Model enough as this model consider the tension before the necking.
Best Regards
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1. Start in the Ansys Workbench by selecting the Simulation tab and then click the "Materials" icon.
2. Select "Edit Material" from the drop down menu. A window will appear with several tabs. Make sure the "General" tab is selected.
3. Enter a name for your material, select the "User Defined" option under Material Model, and select "Nonlinear" in the Nonlinear Model drop-down menu.
4. Use the "Add Data" button to select your experimental data. Make sure to select the appropriate units for your data.
5. In the Data Settings tab, select the appropriate model type (i.e., Stress-Strain, Creep-Stress-Strain, etc.) and interpolation.
6. Select the appropriate units for your data and enter the Number of Data Points and Maximum Time for your data series.
7. Click the Apply and OK buttons to complete the material model definition.
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I am a final-year postgraduate student in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, pursuing an MDS course. I would like to proceed further with my studies in Head and Neck Clinical Oncology. Are there any courses available that consider my postgraduate degree? Additionally, I would like to know where I can pursue my research work while working with patients. Kindly guide me through the process.
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Vipulbhai VIRABHAI Solanki Thank you for your time and comments sir, but this is not the type of course I was looking sir, as I want a certified course which teaches chemo and radiation oncology whose entry requirement is a MDS oral medicine and radiology from India, for me to practise as a clinician back here in India sir.
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I am looking for CT datasets for any type of artifacts (Beam hardening, Scatter, Metal, Ring,...) for ( Brain- Head & Neck,...)
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Dear Colleagues,
Thanks for your prompt responses. But if we plot bifurcation diagram, lypanuov exponent and tragectory plot for function rx(2-3x) it shows different behaviour. So, it attracted my attention to do work on it. The bifurcation diagram of rx(2-3x) suggests that there is no bifurcation but only a little discrete chaos has rate of convergence good as compared with logistic map. If anyone interested in doing work on this new scheme, please send me the email through which we can communicate and whatsapp number also, so that frequency of interaction shall be increased and neck to neck traversing of results can be made jointly.
Manish
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Use two-parameter family in this case as: 2rx(1-1.5x), replace 1.5 by another parameter. You can do iterations like this:
or
I hope that it will help.
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Someone has knowledge about the link between trigeminal neuralgia caused by postural imbalances, especially in the neck and head?
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Thanks everyone for the great insights
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Hello everyone. I'm having a little conundrum in my lab. We've been running our h&e staining as usual and all of a sudden, slides present this "bluish" "smudged" area. It mostly occurs in glandular cells of colon, cartilage. We have tried troubleshooting it and:
- it is not the staining, as we had an external slide, and staining is perfect (colon)
- it is not a fixation problem as specimen are fixed long enough from 6hrs(small bxs) to 48hrs (resection post opening)
We are thinking it might be a processing issue, maybe the dehydration step, maybe a poor quality of alcohol (we use IPA).
Please see attached 2 bad staining from a colon bx and neck resection, and the external colon slide.
Hope someone could help.
Regards
AA
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You cannot expect the whole slide to be absolutely perfect. I suggest using the current protocol as any deviations may deliver worse outcome. You never know beforehand. Be aware: when you try a new protocol you are not necessarily improve the staining. However, you may need to be careful when placing tissue into an embedding frame/cassette before submerging the block into paraffin. careful, accurate placing of the tissue will deliver a better sample for future cuttings. people are using few tricks to ensure the perfect location of the tissue in the block, please read this protocol here Tissue Processing Overview: Steps & Techniques for Histopathology (leicabiosystems.com): Steps & Techniques for Histopathology (leicabiosystems.com)
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I use insulin syringe and give subcutaneous injection at scruff area of neck. But a drop is coming while removing the needle. I spin the needle before taking out.
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Laxman Subedi Thank you. Sorry for late reply
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52 years old asymptomatic woman presented seven neuroendocrine tumors localized in head, neck, body and tail of the pancreas that were observed at Gallium 68 Dotatate. These lesions were no observed neither CT nor RNM. This lesions ranged between 1,5 and 3,5 cm. The larger ones are localized in the body and tail (total of five lesions). Two lesions present 1,5 cm and are localized in the head and neck. All of these lesions shine at Gallium 68 Dotatate evaluation. Echoendoscopy and biopsy confirmed grade 1 nonfunctionanting neuroendocrine tumor ( 2% of KI 67 expression) in three lesions that presented between 1,5 and 3,0 cm of the diameter (head, neck and tail). She presents no comorbidities. What is the best management?
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PNETs are a heterogenous group and data is constantly changing the way we manage these leaions.
Numerous factors to take into account (some of them you cover), but these are best run through a MDT. Guidelines from NCCN feoup and ENET’s group helpful but still need to individualise
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Dear all,
Kindly provide your valuable comments based on your experience with surgical loupes
- Magnification (2.5 x to 5x)
- Working distance
- field of vision
- Galilean (sph/cyl) vs Kepler (prism)
- TTL vs non TTL/flip
- Illumination
- Post use issues (eye strain/ headache/ neck strain etc)
- Recommended brand
- Post sales services
Thank you
#Surgery #Loupes # HeadandNeck #Surgicaloncology #Otolaryngology
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A loupe with at least 3 to 3.5x magnification should suffice.
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Does anyone here have a protocol for the isolation and culture of primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells?
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You're welcome :)
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Regarding the choice of empiric antibiotics for deep neck infections, what are the latest treatment guidelines or recommendations?
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Hello. Although there are no official guidelines for treatment I recommend that you have a look over "Deep Neck Space Infections Empiric Therapy" in 2020 on Medscape.
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I am using an air sensitive solid compound in my experiment. the solid compound is sealed and labelled "air sensitive, Argon charged". I want to know
1. how to insert it in the flask without making air contact?
2. how to reseal the compound which is left?
the compound is terephthaldicarboxaldehyde. case number CAS : 623-27-8
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To safely and effectively use these reagents, glassware should be oven or flame dried, then the air displaced with a dry, inert gas (often nitrogen or argon). This creates an "inert atmosphere" inside an apparatus, one that will not react with the reagents.
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Subcutaneous injection at neck in mice
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Uwe Yacine Schwarze Thank you for the suggestion
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My evidence-based nursing of this past 40 years demonstrates we ALL bleed red.... and EACH of us has ONLY the next three minutes if anyone or anything has us by the neck and we cannot breathe.
Together we can "address" the need to bring timely care "In Case of Emergency" (Carolyn Jones Documentary)
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Dear fellow researchers,
I am looking for a freely available 3D-anatomcial scan of a rat's head (encompassing not only the brain but ranging from neck to snout).
CT or T1w MRI would both work and it does not necessarily have to be a standard template as long as the (adult) rat (preferably Wistar) was of average size and there are no obvious pathologies.
Can you reccomend any resources for that?
Thank you for your help!
Kind regards,
Peter
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Thank you for your input. Unfortunately, though, I could not find any non-human atlases other than macaques’ in the MNI’s resources
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Neck collars reduce the probability of brain trauma in contact sports.
Is this because impacts on trunk and neck veins being, just or persistently, hindered from a normal emptying can reach the brain far more easily than such exerted on arteries?
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Thank you for looking into this point, Dr. Singh!
But what about exploring the role of central venous excess pressures in archetypal multiple sclerosis with its vein-centered brain lesions?
It was great to learn what you think RE the link
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Cross-country motor biking is a sport worldwide. Passionate bikers also have world tour on motor bikes. These bikers came across a lot of TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS during biking. They may affect their neck, upper back or lower back due to various factors.
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Mostly they are suffering from Neck injuries i think...
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The gold standard for managing this situation was inhalational induction ( to avoid Airway loss) until the patient became deep enough to tolerate endotracheal intubation. This technique has been questioned recently because it is not as smooth as expected and on many occasions the situation is even more complicated and worsens in several ways. The suggested alternative is to put the patient to sleep and to administer long-acting muscle relaxant, so as to achieve an ideal situation for intubation, however, in case of losing the airway you should be able to perform an emergency FONA ( Front of the Neck access) using a scalpal, Bougie and a small endotracheal tube,
What is your opinion about the pros and cons of both approaches, do you have other suggestions?
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In any way you will be able to use a fiberoptic laryngoscope and ready for alternative intubation such as emergency tracheastomy.
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The strain hardening exponent plays an important role in sheet metal forming. The forming limit increases due to increase the n-value.
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I feel it difficult to answer this thread. I don't think that strain hardening exponent affects the necking position of the sheet during the forming process. The thinning of the sheet takes place at the weakest point.
Best wishes
PVR
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Hi,
I am trying to use Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method for assessing the physical workload due to gestures and body movements based on a stimulus.
I am referring to the following link for the assessment:
Based on the stimulus presented, the body movements is made for neck, back, palm, wrist and elbow.
Is there any other way I can assess the impact of stimulus on workload on the body parts as mentioned above?
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I agree with Paresh Chandra Ghosh
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I want to simulate a tensile test via ABAQUS. Here is the procedure,
- I have collected force, displacement and minimum cross section diameter during the experiment. By those, I can calculate engineering and true stresses and strains.
- After using the stress correction, equivalent stress-plastic strain data set has been used to define plastic behavior of material in ABAQUS. Since young modulus and Poisson's ratio are also available, ABAQUS/Standard can be used to simulate the experiment. Load-displacement results from experiment and simulation are matching before necking and after necking, simulation load drops respect to the experiment load. (figure 1)
- Trying to match load displacement results by changing stress-plastic strain as a trial and error method, the corrected data set changed back (increased) to the original (uncorrected) true stress-plastic strain. By that, it is like that by using uncorrected true stress-plastic strain data, simulation load-displacement matches the experiment results. Although, in this case neck diameter changes are not matching between simulation and experiment. (figure 2)
* Material: Aluminum / Experiment specimen: round / Simulation model: axisymmetric and 3D / ABAQUS step: General, Static
** Results were checked for mesh dependency, by using finer mesh and ALE. Still, no matching for force-displacement and neck diameter by using corrected stress-plastic strain.
I appreciate if anyone can explain what stress-strain data I need to use to be able to simulate a tensile test after necking, to have both neck diameter and load-displacement match.
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Hi mn ma
I think you would most probably need to input some material damage mechanism, i.e. ductile damage. The simulation looked fairly accurate in general. The deviation towards the end, highlighted by the difference in neck radius, most probably is some damage or void nucleating within the real material, but not within the model.
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Dears,
During a recent geological field study with students, we observed a structure (see image attached) and wanted to know what could the structure corresponds to. Based on its morphology and the geological context (Northwestern Oaxaca, Mexico), I assumed it could be a remnant volcanic neck. However, I am a little curious and would like to know more about the features that can make it easier to determine whether a structure is or not a volcanic neck.
We center our concern on the following two questions:
1. How could we recognize a remnant volcanic neck?
2. What features determine if the eroded volcano was placed under deep (or shallow) water or not ?
Thank you very much for your contributions.
Boris Chako Tchamabe
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I wonder if necking can occur during strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue deformation (R=-1)? I found that the fracture area is smaller than the initial area after low-cycle fatigue deformation in a polycrystalline superalloy. Can this be called necking? What is the mechanism of necking if the total strain amplitude is controlled?
The fracture surface is as follows. The area is about 27.5 mm2, which is smaller than the initial area (33.18 mm2 ).
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To the best of my knowledge, in the fatigue fracture surface, the area corresponding to the initiation region, propagation region and final fracture is dependent on various parameters such as the toughness of materials, fracture toughness, loading mode, max to min stress ratio, applied stress to yield stress ratio, temperature and so on. At first glance, in my opinion, the shown overview fractograph of the fracture surface is not representing the occurrence of necking. As you know, at the low-cycle fatigue regime, the crack initiation stage takes the small number of cycle of whole fatigue life and occurs at the smaller number of cycle in respect to propagation stage. In this case, it is obvious that area of the crack propagation region is considerably larger than crack initiation region. Also, the final fracture region has a smaller area than the crack initiation. This observation demonstrates the acceptable fatigue performance and the serviceability of the alloy in the mentioned conditions. In other words, the material has displayed a good fracture toughness during the fatigue straining. Also, in the case studies, the ratio of the initiation area to final fracture area is considered as an important parameter to evaluate the fatigue performance.
In summary, at the low-cycle fatigue regime, the area of fatigue crack propagation region must larger than fatigue crack initiation region. This strict viewpoint would not be exist for comparison of the area of initiation and final fracture region in the fracture surface.
I hope I have helped.
Regards
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Hello,
According to the power law, Stress=K*strain^n. Could someone please explain why an increase in strain hardening exponent n results in less material necking from this equation?
Please see the attached plot, here I used K=1 to ignore it's effect and I have varied n for n different values.
It seems that for the same stress put into the material, the curve at n=0.1 produces the smallest strain, where as the curve at n=0.5 produces the largest strain, up to strain=1. If the stiffest material is desired, is n=0.1 not more favourable here?
This behaviour changes at strains greater than 1, this has also left me confused.
Any clarification on this will be very much appreciated.
Thank you!
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according to the change of the behaviour at strain=1 this is purely mathematical since the exponent is n<1 (it's like the behaviour of square root). I believe that you care about cases with strain values much lower than 1. So, an increase in strain hardening exponent n results in less material necking since it represents a more "elastic" material behaviour. Check the following:
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It wasn't possible for me to do the injection preparations which would have answered the question to which other veins of the neck the cervical epidural veins primarily relate.
Did you make observations on this point?
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Occasionally, it is a single vein rather than a venous plexus.The venous plexus of hypoglossal canal also known as plexus venosus canalis nervi hypoglossi, circellus venosus hypoglossi and rete canalis hypoglossi is a small venous plexus around the hypoglossal nerve that connects with the occipital sinus, the inferior petrosal sinus and the internal jugular vein.
The cervical epidural veins are connected superiorly to the suboccipital plexus and to the anterior condyloid vein, which is in continuity with the inferior petrosal sinus. Laterally, the cervical epidural veins are connected to the vertebral plexus that surrounds the vertebral artery in the transverse foramen
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During formalin fixation of whole cadavers, using the perfusation method a huge swelling of tissues, especialy at the head neck region can be seen. How do you prevent such a swelling?
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Dear Dmitry, yes, I used NaCl flushing of the arteries before fixation,
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I'm looking for photographs of people both with and without face or neck tattoos. Ideally, the tattooed photographs would be created by simply photoshopping a tattoo onto the control photographs. I plan to use these materials in a demonstration that I’m creating for an undergraduate research methods and statistics course.
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Thank you all for your help. I found what I needed in the appendix of the following article:
Funk, F., & Todorov, A. (2013). Criminal stereotypes in the courtroom: Facial tattoos affect guilt and punishment differently. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 19(4), 466-478. doi:10.1037/a0034736
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Hello,
When uni-axial tensile test is performed, the stress-strain data obtained from test represents an average property of the specimen. Strain localizes in the necking area after necking occurs. In stress-strain data, local strain after necking is not accurately captured. The local strain after necking is a lot higher.
So question arises when doing FEA for cases where large local strain occurs at the area of interest. For example, in wiping-die bending, and hemming, the strain is localized along the bending line and strain magnitude is normally beyond what is obtained from test data.
So, now I have force-elongation data from the tension test. If I want to simulate those large local strains after necking in tension test ,
1) what material model is appropriate in Ansys?
I am asking this because multi-linear hardening models is valid until necking, since after necking this model assumes constant stress for strain beyond last strain data point.
Bi-linear hardening model goes along the tangent modulus after necking, this is not the correct representation of what happens on reality.
2) How can I get the stress-strain data, which can used as input in Ansys?
Thank you.
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A linear behavior in the hardening model just after the maximum engineering stress is a simplification of the real behavior of the material, but it gives you a simple model with one variable: the slope of this linear hardening Ep. You can modify this variable until obtain the most reliable result with the experimental tensile stress-strain curve.
If you use an exponential stress-strain curve instead of bilinear, it is not a bad option. You do not know the real behavior of the material after the necking. You are doing approximations, so both of them could be good enough. You have to define the parameters of your exponential model until reach the most accurate result with the experimental tensile test.
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Dear dr
A female aged 17 years presented with a cystic med neck mass subhyoied that move with protrusiin of tongue. Normal thyroid gland. Ultrasound showed cystic lesion
The diagnosis was thyroglossal cys
Cistrunck operation performed with excision of central portion of hyoied bone.
Histopathology showed papillary cell ca with clear margen of exission.
What is your suggestion for further managment??
Total thyroidectomy??
Followup?
With my thank
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Had a similar case few years ago, the decision was to observe the patient. You could always discuss it with the colleagues at your hospital's Tumour Board meeting.
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Hi,
I'm trying to model the failure mode of an simple rectangular FRP sheet with Hashin damage criteria, but I couldn't get the element deletion initiated, even though the HSNFTCRT (hashin damage criteria) for some elements has already become 1. Following are some clues and details for my modelling so far:
1) A homogeneous shell planar part was chosen so there's no much choice for the orientation, but the part is meshed in its fibre direction. Since the fibres are all unidirectional I don't think composite shell would make much difference.
2) For the material properties I entered elastic lamina properties with fail stress and strain, followed by Hashin damage criteria and damage evolution.
3) I tried Mesh > Element Type > Element Deletion ON, but the deletion could still not be initiated. Standard or Explicit didn't make too much difference.
4) When applying the load I chose a static, general step with a displacement load on one edge of the sheet. Changing the displacement value didn't make much difference since the job would abort close to the failure stress/strain from material properties.
5) I turned on STATUS, DAMAGEFT and HSNFTCRT in field output request, and for the results, the STATUS always gives an output of 1 and DAMAGEFT mostly gives 0, even though for some elements the HSNFTCRT gives 1, meaning the fibre tension failure criteria has been reached.
6) I realised it might be too perfect if a pure rectangular model is created, so I also tried to model a 'necked' sheet (like an hourglass shape rotated 90 degrees), but the jobs still get aborted due to 'too many attempts' or 'time increment less than minimum'. I think it's because that no element deletion is happening, and so the solution is not convergent.
I have searched for videos, tutorials and some other similar questions, but the results aren't too helpful. Therefore, I tried to make my situation above as detailed as possible. I appreciate for any ideas provided about this question, and for any other information I didn't mention above, I will try my best to check often and reply ASAP. Thank you very much.
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Thank you very much for the reply! I will contact you if there's any further question.
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Colleagues in research and engineering,
Through the practice of sewage-P recovery from wastewater treatment systems by crystallization of either MAP or HAP, what is the real bottle neck of this methodology/technology/process we are facing?
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The barriers on the way of nutrient recovery can be summarized as: 1)Technological, 2) Economic, 3)Political, 4) Social and 5)Legal. According to my understanding the main barrier is low phosphorus price in the market. However, I assume that you are interested in technical aspects of this process:
1) The enhanced biological phosphorus removal is the most relevant technique for P-recovery in full-scale. However, the EBPR may not perform well under different operational conditions.
2) The low overall efficiency of P-recovery is a challenge since we loose a significant part of Total-P in the sludge.
3) The recovered product is mainly considered as potential fertilizer. However by current technologies the quality is not good enough even as fertilizer.
In brief, we just started to understand the importance of circular economy and resource recovery. I believe that during time we can overcome majority of these barriers.
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Hello,
I want to find tangent modulus or acoustic tensor during a uniaxial tensile test. The experiment is on sheetmetal specimen. Abaqus 3D model is dynamic/explicit.
For formulation, you can refer to Haddag et al. (2009). I also attach the online pdf link. I want to find element of Equation 73.
I believe those parameters are not default in Abaqus. But they must be found on the background. Should I use VUMAT to get them? Are the parameters readily available or should I define them? Can you suggest an documents, guidelines?
  1. Haddag, B., Abed-Meraim, F., & Balan, T. (2009). Strain localization analysis using a large deformation anisotropic elastic–plastic model coupled with damage. International journal of Plasticity, 25(10), 1970-1996.
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Hi Volkan Ili,
I am afraid that the answer to your first question is yes, the linear perturbation is purely static, so any dynamics/temporal effects are lost, you will see only the linear stiffness effects = the tangent modulus.
On the subject of comparing bifurcation and perturbation, I can't really suggest studies I'm afraid, and I'm not that familiar with your field to give you good advice without reading up on it. But I wish you good luck with your work!
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Question- Cetuximab is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody used to treat head and neck and advanced colorectal cancer. What are the potential ocular toxicities associated with the use of this drug?
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Dear N. Belloumi
Thank you for your concern. Yes, that's the question!
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I want to compare some measures in two groups of patients. One group has undergone a procedure on the left side of there neck while other has undergone the same procedure on the right side. I would like to see if the measures are significantly different for the groups. The standard deviations in both groups are large and about equal to the mean and sometimes greater than the mean. Also I have a N of 30 for each group
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if your data are interval or ratio and the groups are independent, you can use t test for independent samples, given that data are normally distributed and there is randomization for tbe assignment for both groups. If the data are ordinal and the grojps are independent, you can use Mann Whitney U test.
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Hi i have to simulate an tensile test with a polymere in Abaqus.
The experimental tensile test has following stress strain curve as result.
I defined elastic an plastic material properties and so managed to simulate up to the ultimate strength.
Now I don't know how to simulate the material behavior, while necking till fracture.
Can anyone give a hint how to simulate this in abaqus?
Do i have to implement viscoelasticity with prony-series?
Best regards
Moritz Bauer
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The point is : do you just want to make curve fitting or do you want to really understand the material's behavior?
In the later case a unique charge curve isn't enough.
So if you only have the tensile curve, whatever fits the charge curve can be considered as good but may have no physical meaning.
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Is any such heartbeat sensor available that can be worn around the neck as a collar yet provide accurate readings.
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Yes, is available.....
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Elaborating, can we use these indices to determine diversity/abundance of 2 microorganisms at different skin sites (e.g. stomach, neck and hand) rather than determining the complete microbial composition at the 3 skin sites and then determining the Shannon and Simpson indices for 2 selected micro organisms?
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I suggest, you observe and calculate species abundance for ith species from your data set separately. Shannon and Simpson indices represent the diversity of a community as whole.
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I am simulating a dent test of double notched film of thickness 76 microns with ABAQUS (ductile fracture criterion). I am facing an issue of necking at crack tip. Element type is C3D8R with combined hourglass toughness. Elements at crack tip elongating without necking as shown in attached file. What might be the cause of this behaviour. I really appreciate your suggestions. Thank you.
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hello Dibakar
Second link is not working.
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ANSYS APDL question: I am trying to model a composite under tension test with material properties as follows- Material 1(Upper layer): E-10 MPa, v=0.49.and has creep and plastic properties.
Material 2(Middle layer): E- 280GPa, v=0.21,
Material 3(low layer): E=10GPa, v=0.45.
I am assuming perfect bonding between these materials. If I stretch it terms of displacement, no matter what the value is, I do not get results more than around 5% strain and the upper layer does not really have any deformation, I'm guessing this is because of very high level of elastic mismatch, is there any way to minimize this? 
I was also looking for resources regarding how to simulate necking in this three material system. 
Your help would be highly appreciated, Thank you!
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Dear Yeasir Arafat, my suggestion is:
Step 1: let Material 1 E=10 GPa, and check the results of the solution
Step 2: if step 1 is OK, start to decrease Material 1 E gradually and each time check the results.
I think you will discover the problem.
Best wishes...
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Thanks, Gordon,
My grade corresponds to make a dynamic modeling movement flexo neck extension, by analogy with a pair perform rolling,. I have little information about it, for example I have a picture that explains what I want to do my job.
I need to make a quasi-static analysis, simulated numerically in Matlab
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I could see the necking phenomenon in the ABAQUS CAE usıng C3D8R elements. i wonder how Abaqus does this prediction. i could find something related to the stress wave propagation in the deformed part in the explicit solvers, which help predicting the necking but i could not find any theoretical explanation for that in the documentation.
can anybody help?
thanks
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the neck appears numerically when the slope of the behavior law is lower of the stress value. With explicit code the wave propagation will help by localising the neck area by creating the instability, for implicit code the localization comes from other instabilities mesh, accuracy, type of elements ... 
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Hey,
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The Cancer Imaging Archive has a number of head/neck cancer patients with CT scans available for free download as well: http://www.cancerimagingarchive.net/.  You can sort by imaging location on the home page.  There are 3 data sets totaling around 400 patients.
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Hello. I extract RNA from different tissue types and it is best to add trizol sample and homogenize with Ultraturrax. If you extract the RNA with Kits'll lose lots of it.
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