National Accounts - Science topic

Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Karnataka State, India Humans depend on ecosystems for their basic needs, such as food, fuel, minerals, water, air, etc. All forms of interaction between ecosystems and people, including in situ and remote interactions, are often referred to as ecosystem services. The supply of an eco...

The primary objective of this study was to forecast olive production. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was used in time-series analysis to achieve this objective. The study estimated world output data for the years 2023–2027 based on data from 1961–2022. The combined proportion of olive production from the top five countri...

Gross fixed investments represent a fundamental component of national accounting and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). They measure the value of economic resources allocated for the acquisition, construction, or improvement of fixed capital assets, such as buildings, infrastructure, machinery, equipment, software, and technologies. Gross fixed investme...

It is known that two accounting models/systems have emerged worldwide, each based on one of the two accounting currents: the continental accounting model resulting from the conceptual or deductive current and the Anglo-Saxon accounting model resulting from the pragmatic or inductive current. Each country has its own accounting system that reflects...

We provide the first estimate of the Polish national, regional and sectoral GDP in the interwar period. We find that the Polish economy's performance in the interwar period was much better than it was assumed before. In the years 1924 – 1938, the real GDP per capita increased by almost 40% or by 2.3% annually. As economic growth was stronger in th...

The objectives of this study are focused on a comparative legal analysis of the importance of achieving consistency between the legal, tax and accounting qualifications of financial leasing transactions within the economic and legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), as well as offering an assessment of the potential of transposing different e...

The study examines the impact of monetary policy on stock market development in Nigeria, using data covering the period 2015 to 2023, obtained from the CBN Statistical Bulletin, WDI, and OECD National Accounts data files. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Granger causality tests were applied for the estimation and analysis. The AR...

In Morocco, energy efficiency offers an excellent opportunity to improve the country's economic competitiveness and increase purchasing capacity; energy efficiency also contributes to strengthening energy security and reducing the country's energy dependence. The importance of energy efficiency measures is also reflected in the country's determined...

This paper constructs an empirical, multi-sectoral, open-economy Stock-Flow Consistent (SFC) model to assess the long-term macroeconomic impact of a sustained climate-induced decline in Tunisia's agricultural production. Our framework captures the main interactions between climate-driven agricultural impacts, the real economy, and the financial sys...

The new evidence provided by the codification of intangible assets in national accounts and firm statistics provides the opportunity to test the Schumpeterian creative response hypothesis according to which (i) the generation and exploitation of knowledge are characterized by high levels of risk, (ii) firms in equilibrium are reluctant to undertake...

If inequality in the lower income class is much larger than that in the higher income class in a high-inequality country, i.e., income distribution is highly leftward inequality-imbalanced in the country, policy-makers may prioritize lowering the inequality in the lower class by relevant policies such as an increase of social transfer and enhanceme...

Вступ. Фінансові баланси є одним із основних інформаційно-аналітичних інструментів управління господарською діяльністю. Вони будуються на основі методології системи національних рахунків, слугують основою управління фінансовим станом держави та процесами економічного відтворення в галузевому й інституційному розрізах та у зовнішньоекономічному аспе...

This paper introduces a novel approach to decomposing consumer price inflation. Expanding upon the established decomposition method for the value-added deflator, our methodology combines the cost structure of the consumption expenditures from the input–output table with quarterly national accounts data. This enables a detailed breakdown of HICP inf...

The study of economic growth indicators is of fundamental importance in estimating the effectiveness of economic development plans, as well as the great role it plays in determining appropriate economic policies in order to optimally use the factors that lead to the dynamics of growth in Iraq, especially during a certain period of time. The gross d...

Assigning an economic value to cultural ecosystem services is important to promote their sustainable and rational use. Valuation of such services requires a non-market approach as they are not traded on markets and, thus, have no directly observable market price. The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting – Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA) aims...

This research study intends to explore the impact of Indo-Nepalese trade trends on Nepal's gross domestic product (GDP) by highlighting the India-Nepal trade relationship and trends. Bilateral trade trends refer to the changes in the volume, value, and composition of goods and services exchanged between Nepal and India over time. Economic policies,...

Title Four of the General Law of Government Accounting (LGCG) regulates the financial information and public accounts that must be submitted by public entities on a periodic basis, while section IV of Article 46 of the same law indicates that the public administration will allow the periodic generation of financial information, particularly related...

This study explores the link between the capital share and income inequality over the past four decades across 56 countries. Calculating the capital share from national accounts alongside top income share data from the World Inequality Database, which is based on the Distributional National Accounts methodology, we ensure the consistency in the the...

This work is part of a new theoretical framework that starts from the process of the dual and coordinated division of knowledge and labor (DCDKL) or from dual and coordinated specialization of knowledge and labor (DCSKL) not only of human capital and intermediate capital but also of the State that remains in the process of specialized development....

In the past, there have been several projects to include distributional aspects in the national accounts framework. Household distributional information will also be covered in the forthcoming version of the System of National Accounts as well as the G20 Data Gaps initiative, which sets household distributional information as a priority. The starti...

). This poses the question of how these institutions adapt to a changing environment and what factors shape their structure. We provide updated information on 17 National Accounting Standard Setters (NASS) from 15 EU countries plus Australia and USA. The results reveal the four most relevant dimensions of each NASS (nature, organization, financing,...

This article contributes theoretical and empirical elements to the debate on the supposed supremacy of the inflation targeting strategy in Colombia to ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency. In the fulfillment of this constitutional mandate, Banco de la República is held responsible for the lower economic growth and, consequ...

At present, the evaluation of the results of innovation is important when choosing promising investment projects for all levels of management—from economic entities interested in the implementation of innovative strategies to federal authorities responsible for science, technology and innovation policies in the country. At the same time, great impo...

The observed inflation differentials across euro area countries, along with the divergence between the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) and GDP deflator trends within countries, highlight the potential role of country-specific institutional and structural characteristics in shaping inflation dynamics in response to import price shocks. Th...

This paper traces the benefits of international accounting standards – their contribution to harmonization andglobalization by purposing and tasking for accounting management. Measuring in details their pros and conseffects on the division of labour, financial innovation, company transactions and cost of capital it could beauthor’s recommendation f...

This study shows the way tax rules, rather than accounting ones, affect the measurement of receivables for the purpose of preparing the financial statements of Italian private (unlisted) companies according to national accounting standards. Through the distribution approach, it shows that Italian companies are likely to account for bad debt expense...

The goal of this study is to describe and summarize the differences between national accounting rules and international standards, then the valuing and analyzing their effects on business decisions, management performance and economic environment in Hungary. Financial data are from published financial statements and Hungarian Business Information d...

The domain of sustainability reporting has seen a substantial proliferation in recent years. Many standards, guidelines, and voluntary regulatory mechanisms have emerged, yet a specific IFRS on sustainability doesn’t exist. This paper provides a critical analysis of desirability for the institutionalization of sustainability reporting in a form of...

The main objective of the article is to determine the changes in the income and expenditure of the national economy of Russia from 1961 to 2009. To solve this problem, the author applied research methodology of the economic system-a three-sector static equilibrium income and expenses using a statistical system of national accounts. As a result, on...

The great work to create the conditions of transition to accounting in accordance with international and nationalstandards has been done in the republic. A number of regulatory accounting and reporting regulations for alllevels regulation have been adopted. However, a number of issues of the problem under study don’t getsufficiently complete soluti...

The article raises questions about the methodological aspects of the formation of the chart of accounts, which depend on the singularities of national accounting systems, the users' information needs, and the problems solved by the system. The study identified three types of charts of accounts: the chart of accounts oriented to financial accounting...

The Maltese economy recovered strongly after the financial crisis of 2009 and its labour market kept the pace with the rapid evolution of the economy since EU membership. This labour market resilience has to be seen in the context of important labour market reforms undertaken in recent years that have played an important role in raising the Maltese...

The European Commission has recently started a project aimed at harmonizing EU public accounting systems through the development of European Public Sector Accounting Standards (EPSAS). The project is a response to the lack of coherence between primary public-sector accounts and government financial statistics, in order to strengthen the economic go...

TRANSACTIONAL ARCHITECTONICS The article examines the problems of institutional architectonics of modern society and, in particular, its transactional component. Within the framework of transactional architectonics, the author identifies the architectonics of the transactional sector, and for a more accurate assessment of its scale, proposes to cha...

'Net zero by 2050' has become a mantra for the majority of UK Parliamentarians, policy makers, and academics. However its pursuit encourages a reliance on unproved technological fixes. In this report we explore how to reach ‘near zero by 2050’ with known technologies and physically defensible assumptions. Using our 7see model, we show the implicati...

The article examines the economic essence of fixed assets as long-term assets that play a key role in ensuring the production process and forming the financial results of an enterprise. Theoretical aspects of fixed asset accounting are highlighted in accordance with national accounting standards, as well as practical aspects of their presentation i...

In Hungary, initial pensions are indexed to average net wages, reported by official earnings statistics (ES). However, there is an alternative statistical source on labour income, the national accounts (NA). The latter indicate a markedly lower rate of growth in wages than the ES for the period between 2010 and 2020. We claim that the ES overstated...

The study of economic inequality has evolved from the classical works of S. Kuznets and A. Atkinson to the modern approaches of A. Sen, J. Foster, A. Shorrocks, G. Palma, and T. Piketty, which take into account the impact of globalization, technological changes, and political decisions. Economic inequality is understood as the uneven distribution o...

It has been more than two decades since the publication of the United Nations Handbook on the System of National Accounts (Salamon & Anheier, 1994; Einarsson & Wijkström, 2019). This international standard setting approach for data collection, measurement, and reporting of national data has been joined by others including the United Nations, World...

Linearly constrained multiple time series may be encountered in many practical contexts, such as the National Accounts (e.g., GDP disaggregated by Income, Expenditure and Output), and multilevel frameworks where the variables are organized according to hierarchies or groupings, like the total energy consumption of a country disaggregated by region...

This paper investigates the impact of different accounting bases and financial reporting frameworks on the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) in the public sector. Specifically, it examines how various accounting approaches (cash, modified cash, accrual, and modified accrual) and reporting frameworks (national accounting standards, International Pu...

Despite the extraordinary relevance of revenues, their topic is too little addressed in the theoretical discussion of accounting. Now is a good time to revive the international discussion, since the first experience of applying IFRS No. 15 on revenue is already known. An additional motivation for the Author was the NAS on revenue published in his h...

North Eastern India has nine percent of India's geographical area and contributes three percent to the country's gross domestic product (GDP). In relative terms, it is one of India's economically laggard regions. However, given its natural resources base and strategic location, NER has the potential to become India's "powerhouse" in terms of trade...

The study aims to assess the state of Ukraine’s foreign economic security and the challenges associated with its ensuring. The integrated assessment methodology of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine was employed, which is based on a quantitative analysis of indicators that reflect the state of foreign economic security. It involves the characterist...

China has been at the forefront of adopting emerging technologies to drive its economic transformation towards sustainability. The country’s green GDP accounting framework aims to capture the environmental costs and benefits associated with economic activities, providing a more comprehensive measure of the nation’s true wealth and progress. However...

This research explores the relationship between environmental sustainability, well-being, and economic output, specifically critiquing the predominant reliance on GDP as the main progress indicator. The study selects variables such as GDP, well-being metrics, and environmental indicators based on their critical roles in reflecting both economic per...

В статье рассмотрена история создания показателя ВВП и системы национальных счетов. Проанализирована современная динамика показателей номинального ВВП и ВВП по паритету покупательной способности в абсолютном выражении и в расчете на душу населения в России, США, Великобритании, Китае и Индии. Рассмотрена критика ВВП как показателя, созданного для к...

Background In 2021, an estimated 750,000 people died from malaria. Despite this significant burden, globally, malaria incidence and mortality rates have substantially dropped over the last 30 years. However, growth in spending on malaria and improved outcomes have recently stagnated. This development has made it more important than ever to understa...

This paper investigates the potential of utilising historical agricultural production data for enhancing road freight transport forecasting, focusing on cereal production. This study applies a multiple linear regression analysis using national statistical accounts and secondary data. The data were sourced from Finland’s Statistics Agency and the Na...

Soybean is an important crop for food and animal feed. Production and area both continue to increase and expand into new areas and countries. Spatially explicit information on soybean cultivation is essential to crop monitoring, production estimation, and national accounting systems. However, its cultivation in diverse climate conditions, landscape...

Research and Development works (RD works) in accounting is increasingly used both in Poland and globally. The potential benefit of numerous tax breaks is an incentive to implement innovative solutions. The article aims to verify research hypotheses through a chi ² independence test concerning the need to create a new national accounting standard re...

This paper explores the potential of electronic invoice data to enhance the System of National Accounts (SNA) and facilitate a Real-Time Economy (RTE). The rise of data science and advancements in information and communication technologies have increased the use of big data in economic statistics. E-invoice data is being digitized in Europe to dete...

The evolution of Forest Sector Models (FSMs) since the 1960s has marked a significant advancement in forest economics and policy analysis. However, this development is limited to North America and Europe's nations; tropical countries, crucial for biodiversity, carbon storage, and deforestation, face a notable scarcity of FSMs, often attributed to t...

Despite its relevance, measuring the contributions of the bioeconomy to national economies remains an arduous task that faces limitations. Part of the difficulty is associated with the lack of a clear and widely accepted concept of the bioeconomy and moves on to the connections between methods, data and indicators. The present study aims to define...

Rezumat. O recunoaștere și evaluare corectă a elementelor de cheltuieli în baza unor criterii concrete stabilite de Standardele Naționale de Contabilitate determină înregistrarea ulterioară a acestora în contabilitate. Reflectarea contabilă a cheltuielilor are scopul de a calcula în final profitul obținut. Concomitent cu obținerea profitului, apar...

Audit independence is a fundamental principle essential for maintaining the integrity and credibility of financial reporting. This abstract explores the regulatory frameworks and standards that support and ensure audit independence across various jurisdictions. Key regulations, such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the United States and the Internation...

This study evaluates the effectiveness of renewable energy policies in reducing urban carbon emissions, with a focus on key policies such as subsidies, tax incentives, renewable portfolio standards (RPS), feed-in tariffs (FiTs), and carbon pricing. Using secondary data from global energy databases, the study applies a quantitative approach, includi...

Investigating the factors affecting the quality of auditing is one of the topics of interest to researchers and the reason is that increasing the quality of auditing will lead to investor confidence in the accuracy of financial statements and reduce agency costs. In this study the effect of national accounting standards on the quality of the indepe...

The purpose of the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is to improve the quality of the database for modelling, including, but not limited to, policy analysis, multiplier analysis, price analysis, and Computable General Equilibrium. This article contributes to constructing the 2017 national SAM for South Africa, incorporating regional accounts. Only in...

The purpose of the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is to improve the quality of the database for modelling, including, but not limited to, policy analysis, multiplier analysis, price analysis, and Computable General Equilibrium. This article contributes to constructing the 2017 national SAM for South Africa, incorporating regional accounts. Only in...

Foreign investments in overseas coal-fired power plants (OCPs) largely impede decarbonization efforts, yet their global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have not been sufficiently quantified. Here we analyse investment data from 908 OCPs worldwide, and then reveal current annual emissions of 0.53 GtCO2 yr⁻¹ and a historical cumulative total of 26 GtC...

Objectives The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is an extension of Input-Output tables that records macro and meso-economic accounts of a socio-economic system. Its main objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships among different economic sectors and agents. The SAM can be used for various purposes, including econo...

An intact, species-rich natural environment forms the basis for human life. It provides clean water, nourishment and sufficient space for a wide variety of activities and experiences. However, while the services provided by functioning ecosystems are recognised in environmental reports, the factor of natural capital has to date hardly played any ro...

This paper examines the Office of the Accountant General of the Federation and the relationship between the Nigerian economy and the Treasury Single Account Policy (2015-2024). The Nigerian economy has developed slowly over the years, which has led to little to no improvement in the country's residents' standard of living. The study's overall goal...

The Corona pandemic has confronted official statistics, and national accounts in particular, with enormous challenges. New, previously unobserved phenomena had to be integrated into the system and it became necessary to operate with missing and changed data bases. At the same time, the legitimate information needs of the general public and decision...

The international aspects of marketing cost accounting cover various approaches and practices that influence companies’ management decisions and financial reporting worldwide. Implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) ensures the unification of methods for recognizing and classifying marketing expenses, contributing to transpa...

The objective of this research is to propose a methodology for the construction of the R&D Satellite Account of Ecuador. For its development, inputs such as R&D capital expenditure, net operating surplus, other taxes less production subsidies, fixed capital consumption, and software duplication were utilized. The methodology is based on two phases...

International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) have been implemented to address sustainability challenges and encourage international cooperation. The effectiveness of IEAs remains a topic of discussion, particularly in the context of addressing climate change. As CO2 emissions are influenced by a country’s economic activity and population size, the...

The aim of this article is to estimate the main categories of classical economics in Iran from 1986 to 2016 using the method of Shaikh and Tonak (Citation1994). The article first provides a theoretical discussion on the distinction between productive and unproductive labour, and this distinction is used to analyse the distribution of total value in...

Background To understand the utilization and burden of emergency medical conditions (EMCs), we assessed EM Department (EMD) data from the Health Management and Information System (HMIS) of India and EMC from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD). Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of HMIS and GBD data for 2019. We extracted EM...

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are global accounting standards. Many countries have gradually applied international standards to replace national accounting standards. This study aims to test the factors that affect the ability of Vietnamese enterprises to apply IFRS. We surveyed 863 managers and heads/deputies of the accounting...

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a significant public health challenge in developing nations, accounting for the most critical mortality rates and illness burden globally. Approximately 74% of annual worldwide deaths are attributed to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with 77% of these fatalities happening in nations with low or middle incomes...

Compound indices in economic literature are proper criteria to evaluate the function and the gap between the status quo and the goals of economic programs and policies. This research is aimed to present and evaluate the compound indices of economic justice from the viewpoint of Islamic approach using OECD method. The findings of the research show t...

Pension in the national accounts and wealth surveys: how do they impact on economic measures? 1 In past, there have been several projects to include distributional aspects in the national accounts' framework. Household distributional information will also be covered in the forthcoming version of the System of National Accounts as well the G20 Data...

The analysis of production networks plays a crucial role in understanding the economic landscape and addressing development issues. This paper applies network theory to analyze the Moroccan production network, examining its holistic structure, industries and cluster. It uses national accounting data and OECD datasets from 66 countries. Our investig...

Background The war invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 led to mass migration. By January 3, 2023, nearly a million people sought refuge in Poland. The Polish Act on Assistance to Ukrainian Citizens provided comprehensive support, ensuring legal residence, free medical insurance, social benefits, and access to education and employment. Simultaneous...

Objective: To evaluate the association between maternal migration status and preterm birth, and whether better access to antenatal care mitigates the risk of preterm birth. Design: Population-based cohort Setting: Sub-national health management information system, routine data, Lombardy region (Italy). Population: First singleton births of women ag...

The article examines the changes in the Russian population’s propensity to save in 2011-2020 in the context of national (SNA) and transfer (NTA) accounts. The calculation of the Households Savings value on a gross and net basis is methodologically consistent with the National Transfer Accounts Manual, the System of National Accounts 2008, and the o...

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of patterns and trends in the open-source software (OSS) contributions by the U.S. federal government agencies. OSS is a unique category of computer software notable for its publicly accessible source code and the rights it provides for modification and distribution for any purpose. Prompted by the Federal S...

National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) in advanced countries have generally adopted chain-linking in their national accounts. The United States uses a chained Fisher, an example of a superlative index number, in its national accounts. However the Fisher is only one of an infinite number of superlative index numbers. So an important issue is how sen...

The IMF, established in 1944 to stabilize global economies post-WWII, originally overlooked colonized regions. Its role evolved after the end of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 and the 1980s structural adjustment programs, which often harmed Global South economies. The allocation of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) favors wealthier nations, highlight...

Technical advances enabled real-time data collection at a large scale, but lacking standards hamper their economic interpretation. Here, we benchmark a new monthly time series of inter-industrial flows of funds, constructed from aggregated and anonymised real-time payments between UK businesses, covering 5-digit SIC codes industries for the period...

We produce estimates of the full distribution of all national income in Australia for the period 1991 to 2018, by combining household survey with administrative tax microdata and making adjustments to match National Accounts aggregates. We find that inequality of post-tax national income is lower and increased less than inequality of survey-based (...

Monitoring of global climate regulation ecosystem services is needed to inform national accounts, meet emission targets, and evaluate nature-based climate solutions. As carbon monitoring is context-dependent, the most useful methodological approach will depend on the spatial extent and resolution, temporal frequency, baseline, available data, fundi...

Introduction Meritocracy, a concept revered as the cornerstone of fairness and equal opportunity, is critically examined in the context of neurosurgery. This article challenges the notion that success in this demanding field is solely determined by individual abilities and effort. It reveals that factors such as background, gender, and socioeconomi...

SUMMARY The existence of the shadow sector in the economy is one of the global economic problems of the modern world. Despite the fact that the origin and development of the shadow economy took place in the wake of commodity-monetary relations, the first attempt at scientific research of this problem is related to the 30s of the 20th century....

The study entitled “Assessing the Role of FinTech in the Economic Growth and Development in Rwanda (2018-2023)” was conducted to assess the validity of one hypothesis, which was divided into two hypotheses: there is no significant role of FinTech in economic growth of Rwanda and the second is there is no significant role of FinTech on economic deve...

The release of microdata from the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (2022–23) now allows evaluation of methodological advances on nowcasting poverty developed over the last decade. A key issue raised has been the difficulty in the use of national accounts consumption growth as a measure of survey consumption growth, with many using non-sta...

Important expectations are placed globally on the private sector to take part in co‐governing sustainability challenges. With increasing recognition that business organizations depend and impact on natural capital, biodiversity, and related ecosystem services, it has become pivotal for companies to be able to appraise and manage such issues. This c...

This article examined the influence of the establishment and development of professional accounting organizations (PAO) on the evolution of accounting practices in Nigeria. The study examined the various roles played by prominent institutions such as the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN), the Association of National Accountants o...

The aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of bringing a temporal dimension to input-output multipliers. In particular, we are interested in forecasting quarterly final demand components from a series of sectoral value added. The Monthly Estimator of Economic Activity (EMAE) is one of the most important economic situation indicators provid...

As the green transition is set to accelerate swiftly over the next decades, its implications for labour markets and workers are of key concern to policymakers. The aim of this paper is to review different methodologies to identify green jobs in crosscountry comparable data that are regularly and timely available for EU Member States and assess thei...

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their targets are highly interconnected and require international collaboration. In this context, the G20 organization of 20 countries/units, founded in 1999 holds an important position being an important political and economic platform for addressing various developmental concerns. With 75% o...

This study has adopted the actual household expenditure data from the national accounts to construct a true inflation rate (using the Fisher index) and found that the official inflation rate in the 33 OECD countries was an overestimate of true inflation for 23 and underestimate in 10 countries in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The result...

Main Stories • In December 2023, net migration was 685,000, a 10% decrease from its all-time high in December 2022 (764,000), but still a 47% increase compared to December 2021 (466,000). Among internationals, 41% immigrated to the UK to work, 34% to study, 7% for family reasons, 11% for humanitarian and asylum, and 6% for other reasons. • In Dec...

This study makes an effort to calculate the economic worth of the unpaid domestic work that Indian housewives perform but which is not included in national income statistics. Taking measure the number of hours spent on household tasks like cooking, cleaning, childcare, eldercare, shopping, etc. using time-use surveys. Based on the female labor forc...

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la influencia de tres tipos de cambios estructurales en la distribución del empleo entre hombres y mujeres en México: la intensidad del empleo, la tecnología y la demanda final; y si los estos cambios han reducido la brecha y la segregación en el empleo por género. El análisis empírico se desarrolla mediante...

Background Health systems have a dual imperative to take action on climate change. First, they must develop climate resilient health services in response to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on health. Second, they must reduce their own carbon footprint since health systems are a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emis...

Nigerian atmospheric and social environments have suffered environmental abuse and degradation occasioned by the indiscreet acts of companies in a bid to improve their values. This study investigated environmental nation accounting and firm value in Nigeria. The study used ex-post facto research designs, and population which also formed sample cont...