Nano Drug Delivery - Science topic

Suppose I need to target mitochondria to address malignancy-related problems. Are there peptide-based ligands similar to Nuclear Localization Signals (NLS) for nuclear targeting that can be used for mitochondrial targeting? Can Matrix Targeting Sequences (MTS) be used for this purpose?

We are designing a nano-drug delivery system based on PGLA. One of the components is Hyaluronic acid. There are several types of Hyaluronic acid such as sodium salt based with different molecular weights. Does anyone know the properties of Hyaluronic acid suitable for the formulation of the drug nano delivery system?

Dear Researchers: I hope this message finds you well! Currently, I am in the process of editing a forthcoming publication entitled A Handbook of Research on Plant-Based Natural Products and Herbal Medicine to be published by Apple Academic Press/CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group), an international publisher of progressive academic research. I would like to take this opportunity to cordially invite you to submit your work for consideration in this publication. Researcher interests and expertise should be in botany, medicinal plants, plants-based natural products, herbal medicine, herbo-nanoceuticals, etc., and I am certain that your contribution on this topic and/or other related research areas would make an excellent addition to this publication. We are in a need of only few informative chapters. If anyone want to contribute, please contact me on my email. This book will be published soon. Chapter proposals can be submitted to: akash.saklani777@gmail.com If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me. Thank you very much for your consideration of this invitation, and I hope to hear from you. ABOUT THE BOOK Herbal medicine is the use of plants for prevention and curing of different ailments/diseases. In general, widespread use in a traditional medicinal system may indicate safety but not efficacy of treatment, especially in herbal medicine, where tradition is almost completely based on remedies containing active principles at very low and ultra-low concentrations. Natural products are obtained from different parts of plants, and their chemical composition varies on different factor; therefore, the effect also varies from person to person. Herbal extracts are prepared on the basis of the information obtained from traditional medical healers. Herbal medicine and natural products have benefited a large number of people in past and have been found to have great benefits in addressing different diseases. So, there is huge potential for future discoveries from plants-based products and other natural products, which, thus, offer great potential in deriving important information about new chemical structures and their new types of action against pathogens. Keeping in mind of above point of view, this book is looking for research outcomes and strategies from academicians, researchers, and workers for better and fruitful outcomes. Objectives/Recommended Topics 1. Herbal medicine and natural products: people, health, and environment 2. Renaissance of traditional herbal medicine 3. Natural products and herbal medicine from medicinal plants 4. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of natural products 5. Herbal medicine in folk tradition 6. The therapeutic potentials of herbal medicine in treatment of different diseases 7. Therapeutic potential of natural products for drug discovery 8. Therapist and patient perspectives of herbal medicine in the treatment for substance dependence 9. Herbal remedies and natural products in pharmaceutical science as nano drug delivery systems 10. Influence of nanotechnology on herbal drugs 11. Nanotechnology in herbal medicines 12. Impact of nanotechnology on global trade of herbal drugs 13. Drug delivery system in Nano greens influence nano-based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects 14. The traditional and modern medicine from natural products 15. Comparison of medicinally important natural products versus synthetic drugs 16. Herbal medicine and natural products: today and tomorrow 17. Development of natural product and herbal drugs in a sustainable manner 18. Herbal medicines: possible risks and benefits 19. Herbal medicine in treatment of different disease 20. Traditional herbal medicines 21. Herbal medicine incorporated nanoparticles: advancements in herbal treatment 22. Herbo-nanoceuticals: a new step towards herbal therapeutics 23. Phyto-nanotechnology: enhancing delivery of plant based drugs

Best wishes, Editor: Dr. Akash Email id for contact: akash.saklani777@gmail.com Our earlier publications: https://www.igi-global.com/book/ethnomedicinal-plant-use-practice-traditional/232298

I am working on active targeting in nano drug delivery field. I want to have idea about width of folic acid shoulder in UV-Vis spectroscopy. Regards Nabeela Jabeen

Dear Researchers: I hope this message finds you well! Currently, I am in the process of editing a forthcoming publication entitled A Handbook of Research on Plant-Based Natural Products and Herbal Medicine to be published by Apple Academic Press/CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group), an international publisher of progressive academic research. I would like to take this opportunity to cordially invite you to submit your work for consideration in this publication. Researcher interests and expertise should be in botany, medicinal plants, plants-based natural products, herbal medicine, herbo-nanoceuticals, etc., and I am certain that your contribution on this topic and/or other related research areas would make an excellent addition to this publication. Chapter proposals can be submitted to: akash.saklani777@gmail.com If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me. Thank you very much for your consideration of this invitation, and I hope to hear from you. ABOUT THE BOOK Herbal medicine is the use of plants for prevention and curing of different ailments/diseases. In general, widespread use in a traditional medicinal system may indicate safety but not efficacy of treatment, especially in herbal medicine, where tradition is almost completely based on remedies containing active principles at very low and ultra-low concentrations. Natural products are obtained from different parts of plants, and their chemical composition varies on different factor; therefore, the effect also varies from person to person. Herbal extracts are prepared on the basis of the information obtained from traditional medical healers. Herbal medicine and natural products have benefited a large number of people in past and have been found to have great benefits in addressing different diseases. So, there is huge potential for future discoveries from plants-based products and other natural products, which, thus, offer great potential in deriving important information about new chemical structures and their new types of action against pathogens. Keeping in mind of above point of view, this book is looking for research outcomes and strategies from academicians, researchers, and workers for better and fruitful outcomes. Objectives/Recommended Topics 1. Herbal medicine and natural products: people, health, and environment 2. Renaissance of traditional herbal medicine 3. Natural products and herbal medicine from medicinal plants 4. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of natural products 5. Herbal medicine in folk tradition 6. The therapeutic potentials of herbal medicine in treatment of different diseases 7. Therapeutic potential of natural products for drug discovery 8. Therapist and patient perspectives of herbal medicine in the treatment for substance dependence 9. Herbal remedies and natural products in pharmaceutical science as nano drug delivery systems 10. Influence of nanotechnology on herbal drugs 11. Nanotechnology in herbal medicines 12. Impact of nanotechnology on global trade of herbal drugs 13. Drug delivery system in Nano greens influence nano-based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects 14. The traditional and modern medicine from natural products 15. Comparison of medicinally important natural products versus synthetic drugs 16. Herbal medicine and natural products: today and tomorrow 17. Development of natural product and herbal drugs in a sustainable manner 18. Herbal medicines: possible risks and benefits 19. Herbal medicine in treatment of different disease 20. Traditional herbal medicines 21. Herbal medicine incorporated nanoparticles: advancements in herbal treatment 22. Herbo-nanoceuticals: a new step towards herbal therapeutics 23. Phyto-nanotechnology: enhancing delivery of plant based drugs

For manuscript preparation guidelines and other details, please contact on the above given email Id

Best wishes, Editors: Dr. Akash Email id for contact: akash.saklani777@gmail.com Our earlier publications: https://www.igi-global.com/book/ethnomedicinal-plant-use-practice-traditional/232298

i am currently looking at a nanoparticle formulation for drug delivery to the brain. I want to be able to test the formulation and see if it has any in vitro activity as a drug delivery system

Hello, can anyone please named few potential drug delivery technologies that you think are novel and unique. Our comapny is looking to buy few drug delivery technologies that can serve us to compete for now and few next years. Suggestions are highly appreciated. Thanks in advance.

Regards

Dear all

I'm looking for a review article on application of niosomes in clinical trial.

the search term I entered yielded no exact results.

Is there any review article or table in this field?

We are using a gold nano rod platform to photo dynamically kill bacterial cells. I am currently looking for targeting agents that I can easily couple to the Au Nano rod base and are effective for E coli targeting. Using antibodies to target bacteria is a less desired option because of their size and multiple active functional groups that hinder with the coupling of "drug" that we are using to kill bacteria.

Any insights in this regard will be greatly appreciated. Thank you!

Most of the researches I went through suggest increased crystallite size after being loaded with a drug. However in a unique case, I have observed reduced average diameter after drug loading. Can there be a justifiable reason behind this? Kindly enlighten me on this topic.

If I want a certain antioxidant in a formulation to be penetrated into the skin , Is it ok to load it into ethosomes or the loading means that the whole package will be delivered ?

Dear experts,

As we dig into scientific papers investigating drug delivery systems using various nano carriers, one thing that attracts attention is the strategies the authors exploited to mask carrier toxicity. One of the well-known approach is to employ molecules with negative charges to mask positive surface charges in an attempt to reduce interaction of the delivery system with negatively charged components such as blood cells and proteins. However, when the surface charge reduced, the first victim will be cellular uptake of the nano carriers. So here comes the dilemma.

In fact, reducing surface charge of the delivery system in order to reduce toxicity is not even an approach! It makes a completely different delivery system with significantly reduced cellular uptake.

Has come the time to change our strategy yet?

At least lead researchers can guide naive ones to orient their studies better.

What do you think?

Is it possible for a person to crush a sustained release tablet for fast action?

In the developing world of technological revolution, the advancement of age related disorders like Alzheimer, dementia and Parkinsonism are also inevitable. Even though medicines are available for all of these problems, they are time bounded and person specific. In this scenario, it is vital to carry out additional investigations to promote the life style of these patients through out their life by exploring advanced medicines.

Are anhydrous compounds are just the concentrated form of hydrated compounds? Or do they really pose a chemical significance during synthesis reaction? Is it acceptable to use anhydrous compounds in place of hydrated compounds by just reducing the concentration?

Dear Scholars

Please Is there any publication you passed by or perhaps a journal on such new materials design and development you recommend?

Any tiny tip is appreciated

I'm looking for information of AgNPs in particular

Dear researchers/professors,

For my master's thesis I prepared insulin loaded nanoparticles (100 IU/kg) and gave them to rats via oral route. To compare my formulation I also gave insulin sc (2 IU/kg) to rats and collected their blood. When I measure the blood glucose level I saw the change and I put the blood in eppendorf tubes that has heparin inside. After centrifugation I collected plasma and used human insulin ELISA kit. The calibration solution created the color perfectly but my samples gave no color or absorbance so I wanted to get your opinion about what might cause this failure?

Thank you.

What are the most promising fields of nanomedicine? In essence, how can applications of nanotechnology in the medical field revolutionize the current health standards?

I know that it is the pivotal driving force for endosomal escape, via "proton-sponge effect", a mechanism explained by the acidification of the endosome or lysosome by "the pumping of protons, accompanied by the influx of chloride ions that compensates the proton influx into the vesicle. This ion influx causes an increase in the osmotic pressure inside the vesicle and thus a swelling process ruptures the endosome/lysosome, allowing the escape of the polyplexes before being degradated"[1].

But why? What does the buffering activity have to do with the acidification / H+ pumping to the intracellular milieu of the cell? Does the polyplex "attract" ions? Why? How?

[1] Agirre, M. et al - Low Molecular Weight Chitosan (LMWC)-based Polyplexes for pDNA Delivery: From Bench to Bedside , Polymers

I need some articles presenting nanoparticles use for gene therapy in details. In addition, their synthesis and mechanism of action. 

Thanks in advance

I am a PhD Biotechnology student. I want to do PDF. If anyone know about any position or any scientist is having any vacancy please let me know.

Thank you

Hello,

I am developing a procedure for liposome formulation,

the best two results I have, regarding the size, are: 21 (+/- 8) nm and 68 (+/- 36) nm. Which one is the best for drug encapsulation for health and food applications?

Or can one says that antibiofilm agents are antibacterial too?

What do you think are the major barriers or causes which stop nano particles from entering into mainstream treatment of lethal diseases in spite of success at lab scale?

We have synthesized gold nanoparticles by trisodium citrate reduction method.

After two days we got fibre like aggregation in our samples. Please refer the image.

Is it contamination or anything else ?

My test drug is insoluble water ( lipophilic). I want to load the drug to target brain mitochondria?

1. Which nanoparticle will be more appropriate?

2. how to confirm the drug loading?

there are many chemical databases, but the databases which can serve growing research in nanomaterials are practically non-existent, if a someone starts a new database of nanomaterials , which information should be covered, what would research community expect from such database

Given that most natural phopsholipids (PS, PC etc) are at their fluid phase (predominant fatty acids 18:2 and 18:3) at room temp, and antioxidants and vitamins are heat labile. If one were to avoid using organic solvents and just dissolve lipids in purified water in a moderately heated bath sonicator (above Tc), followed by extrusion for homogenisation. How can one increase encapsulation efficiency and optimise this process using minimal/basic/inexpensive equipment when making a liposomal suspension?

How do you determine the ratios of phospholipid to bioactives to water? There are a number of different ratios available online for example Chen et al 2012 uses 100mg phospholipids per 100ml. But surely the addition of preservatives or different compounds would affect this? Are there any hard and fast rules? any principles to follow in optimising the EE% with the ratio of the constituents?

Do explain in term of BET based parameters such as BET Surface Area, Langmuir surface area, Adsorption-desorption volume of pores and pore diameter.

Many people buy small sonicators (jewelry cleaners), lecithin and vitamin C. Blend the mixture, sonicate and expect they have liposomes. In fact many people do "scientific" videos explaining how to do it.

I'd like some expert opinions on whether this is possible or not and why.

Also think it's worth discussing why the application of heat and transition phase is important.

And anything else you can think of which is overlooked or misunderstood in homemade liposomes.

Finally what are the simplest and natural methods for homemade liposome creation which involves the least technical preparation if one were to actually create liposomes (LUVs) from PC.

Thanks in advance for for your stimulating answers.

Looking for some cost effective recommendations for a SEM on a budget for determining large unilamellar liposome characteristics (approx 200nm) ie size and particle uniformity, distribution etc. Something which is very user friendly with minimal consumables.

Thank you.

Hi, everyone:

I wanna find out a relative easy way to measure the kinetics of released iron oxide nanoparticles from some microcapsules, but it seems ICP is expensive and extremely useful on trace analysis. Therefore, I measured UV absorbance of Prussian blue generated by Fe3+ combined with ferrocyanide in aqueous solution at 680 nm, and calculate accumulative release of iron oxide nanoparticles based on a standard curve.

Please tell me the accuray and possiblity of this method to measure relative Fe3+ content.

If our nanoparticles showed enhancement of the activity of the loaded drug (lower MIC than the free antibiotic) , but its not showing sustain release when using dialysis tube method, also it is stable in phosphate buffer (the media for release).

is it mandatory that all nanoparticles should shows sustain release, or we can just accept the other advantages of these nanoparticles over the free drug!

i am simulating a wireless sensor nanonetwork for data collection and monitoring. i have to set The packet inter arrival time in order of nanoseconds and My simulation time is in order of a few microseconds. 

I need to know what kind of application needs such a fast monitoring like this? 

i would be greteful if you give me some examples

The drug is loaded in nano-particles and the nature of drug is highly hydrophobic.

Which term is more apt in which case generally we use zetapotential for nanoparticles?

Drug release study requires taking absorbance of samples at absorption maxima (Lambda max) of drug. What should be the approach in case of poly herbal formulation (nanogel). There are atleast 5 active components in the nanogel with different absorption maxima.

In this case, at what lambda max should the absorbance be taken?

In therapies that special cells or gen is targeted , after drug reached its target ,it is essential to enter cell or nucleus in order to play its rule with high effect .

what mechanisms do exist? does it differ from one tissue or cell type

to other ?

Recently, many reports have shown the adjuvant effect of ZnO nanoparticles or nanowires.

Some are showing good immunotherapeutic effects also. I am curious if anyone can help me to find out how ZnO is assisting the immune system.

I mean is there any specific mechanism?

I am

I want to determine the drug content in the cake.

Hi,

We are trying to draw a charged amine structure in HyperChem. We jotted down the structure as usual but it is showing without any charge.

Anybody has any idea about how it can be done???

I am preparing temperature responsive in situ forming hydrogel loaded with Dox-Liposomes. i need to measure the particle size and zeta potential of hydrogel loaded Dox-Liposomes. I also  need to determine EE% of drug from Hydrogel loaded Dox-Liposomes. During particle size measuring, size of hydrogel particle was very higher as compare to Dox-Liposomes. i performed it with dilution of hydrgel -liposomes suspension. Is dilution  require for particle size measuring? If require, then at which ratio?

I am loading Gemcitabine HCl into mesoporous silica nanopariticles. I took 25 mg of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and 10 mg of drug for loading purpose. I used PBS 7.4 as a medium to load the drug. The gemcitabine Hcl drug has negative charge in water at PBS 7.4 is -7. The mesoporous silica is also having negative charge in water at PBS 7.4 around -18. I am getting drug loading percentage around 2% only. The solubility of gemcitabine in water is around 25 mg/ml. My question is that

1) solubility of drug in particular solvent playing a major role?

2) pH of the solvent playing a major role because 

at pH 4,

          Charge of mesoporous silica is around -15

           Charge of gemcitabine is around 12

so, If I use PBS 4 as medium for drug loading, there will be more drug loading is possible? 

I am searching what is the maximum molecular radius for protein based drug and/ antibody related drug.

If any one know please let me inform.

Thanks in advance.

I need to shield a water-sensitive payload stabilized in DMSO envelop from premature degradation until it is delivered IV, had fused with cells and delivered the payload. I envision this as a having some sort of functionalized group dissolved in DMSO that would orient itself on contact with water and form a hydrophobic shield. Any ideas? 

I am preparing nanoparticle based drug nano carriers. I have seen in literature people discussing about 'long term stability' of nanocarrier. Long term stability' refer to  how many hours or days ??? What are simple ways or technique by which we can study this.?

If we dilute nanoformulation with the vehicle or decrease the amount of matrix, what will be effect on size, PDI and zeta potential and why?

how can I calculate the loading efficiency of volatile drug through TGA ?

one of plain polymeric nanoparticles and other polymeric nanoparticles loaded with volatile drug

I would like to know about the issues related with the application of metallic nanoparticles in ocular drug delivery. Specially for the drug delivery to the  the posterior segment of the eye. Which path they usually follow to cleared out from the posterior segment. What about the toxicity issue due to their possible deposition in the posterior segment if they are not able to move out from there. 

I want to administer Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) by orally.

What are the complication I will face with respect to MNPs after oral administration (toxicity, polydispersity, etc)

For Preparation of Alginate nanoparticles, what is the optimum centrifugation speed for sedimentation of product during synthesis?

Why is Doxil recommended only for patients with metastatic breast cancer who are at increased cardiac risk, such as the elderly, or patients with specific cardiac risk factors, even when it was proved that Doxil has better treatment efficiency and less serious side effects than concentional doxorubicin? 

The procedure I am following for drug release is:

A known quantity of drug impregnated microparticles were dispersed in 200 ml of phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS, pH=7.4) at constant temperature of 37 0C under constant stirring (100 rpm). The aliquots of 1 ml were withdrawn at different time intervals and same volume of fresh PBS solution was replaced in a receptor medium immediately after each withdrawal to maintain the sink condition. The samples were further diluted approximately and analyzed using Shimadzu UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 264 nm.

Any help or suggestions would be highly appreciated.

How to calculate 1) Amount of drug released and 2) Cumulative percentage release (%). The amount of drug conjugated particles in dialysis bag is 5 ml, Bath volume is 150 ml and sample withdrawn is 3 ml. The amount of drug used for synthesis is 1.8 mg for 10 ml solution, out of which 5 ml solution is taken for drug release study.

What I think is centrifuge filtration would it be a good test for encapsulation efficiency.

If anyone has any protocol, please share with me. 

I used copper to produce nanoclusters. I changed different ratios and concentrations of Cu and pH but I got particles over 100 nm and I couldn't decrease the size. How could I get smaller nanoclusters?

can more than one model fit for the same drug release profile. Is is required to fit each one by one and check fitting?

I am looking for 3D software to generate the 3D bio-images. Except bio-chemdraw software, does anybody know what software is appropriate? I would be so thankful if you provide me with the download link/ purchase link. 

How can I calculate total surface area of a liposome dispersion?

The liposome is composed of a mixture of lipids.

If I prepare Eudragit nanoparticles and later convert it to suspension and use it as nasal spray, would it be ok? Remember drug is neither for respiratory tract, nor it has to target brain. I have not seen any article so far in which eudragit alone has been used in the nasal route. 

Some journal wrote that the nanoparticles were filtered using filter paper or filter membrane after synthesis of nanoparticles. Can we use the nylon membrane directly for nanoparticles filtration?? 

Product Number: 000000000000058067

Description: MEMBRANES NYLON 66   0.45UM

which dosage form is  stays long in intestine

If some one is designing a vehicle for any kind of drug delivery, is this necessary that it should show anti microbial activity by itself? If it is so, then how to differentiate between the activity of drug and the vehicle?

I want to use  20-70 nm size of particles with good stability, I tryed to shynthesis several methods but i get less yield and agglomerate particles,please suggest me.

I am working on nanoparticles for the treatment of cancer. I am working with hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug. usually people (in papers) use 24 hrs for loading of drug in nanoparticle. My question is that if we increase the loading time like 48 hrs, 72 hrs, 96 hrs etc drug loading in nanoparticle will increase or not? what are the factors that are important for loading of drug in nanoparticle?

I am Dr. K. Ruckmani, Professor & Head, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. DST sponsored National Facility for Drug Development (NFDD) for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries has been established at our department, for which I am the Principal Investigator. NFDD is functioning with a mission to encourage drug discovery and development research at an advanced level. NFDD is being established with a vision of drug development, animal model development for drugs and chemicals of herbal as well as synthetic origin which makes a unique contribution to the global stream. This is also extended to the level of excellence in the areas of research by making collaborations with international research organisations and universities. We have requisite infrastructural facilities and well-established laboratories with sophisticated equipment like LC-MS/MS, H(U)PLC, UV Visible Spectrophotometer, Multimode micro plate reader, Inverted Fluorescent Microscope, Airway Mechanics Analyser (Inhalation Exposure with Whole Body Plethysmograph & Double chamber Plethysmograph), Nano particle and Zeta potential analyser. There is also an established cell culture and molecular biology laboratory, and we predominantly focuse on Pulmonary Research and Nanotoxicology. Since there is an Indo-Austrian Joint Research Collaboration call for, I would like to know whether researcher in the field of nanotoxicology/ drug delivery from Austria could join with me for this grant. This is a programme for Scientific and Technological Co-operation between India and Austria supported by the Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy (BMWFW) on the Austrian side and the Department of Science & Technology (DST) of the Ministry of Science & Technology on the Indian side. This grant covers the funding for exchange visits between India and Austria. I herewith have attached the detailed call for notification and the proposal format in which we are supposed to send a joint application. Kindly reply at the earliest as the deadline closes shortly.

I have been trying to detect the extent of apoptosis in adherent cells treated with doxorubicin. I am using flow cytometry-based detection with Annexin V-FITC/PI and getting ~ 30-40% population positive for only PI (upper left quadrant) added to another ~ 40% in upper right. Morphologically the cells do not look like necrotic, so this is weird to get such huge population in upper left.  My cell pellets look red and I am suspecting its basically dox contributing towards the red fluorescence, rather than necrotic/late apoptotic population. Does anybody have similar experience? I found people routinely using such kits for dox-treated cells. Can I get some alternative to replace PI that would not show emission in similar range as of Dox? Can 7-AAD be a better alternative? Any suggestion is appreciated. Thanks! 

Please give reference if possible.

Decrease of surface to volume ratio in spherical nanoparticles led to red-shift in SPR diagram. But in same size nanoparticles, shape alteration, from sphere to cube, with respect to increase of surface to volume ratio, caused red-shift in SPR diagram. It means there are other factors could have an affect on the SPR.

I would like to make a glucagon loaded nanocarriers and which will trigger the glucagon at low level of glucose?. Is it possible, or give some suggestions about this. Thanks in advance

FE3O4/PVP/Au Mnps

Also tell how much volume of liquid should be used to redisperese them. How much amount of sample should be taken to redispere in liquid.  Kindly give a detailed reply

hi

I study drug delivery in cancer,, and i want to know how should I Perfuse drug to rabbit. i use nano graphene oxide and nano Fe3O4.

perfuse will be done in ear vessel of rabbit

thanx

Dear friend can some body share me what exactly the drug encapsulation efficiency mean. What is the need? I have prepared the polymer solutions and loaded Ciprofloxacin drug. Films are formed by solution casting method. Dried in oven. I use to crosslink the films and study the drug release in aqueous medium. How to calculate %DEE. This % infers what? Please help.

i am preparing nanoparticles, drug is hydrophilic and entrapment efficiency is very low. If i find the drug release by dividing with the total drug taken its giving very low drug release so is it possible to find drug release by dividing with the total drug entrapped? Kindly send if there is any reference for it. 

I want to ask that if we are going to check the antibacterial effect of NP's encapsulated with the drug through disk diffusion method then how we can make a disc of NP's encapsulated with the drug? Is it necessary to add any diluent or binder to make the compacted disc.

Answers will be appreciated.