Mycotoxins - Science topic

Try to weight your sample m and the isotopologues reference m* so that the ratio of the area I/I* is close to 1. Afterwards, you can calculate the unknown sample m using the formula in the following paper...

Koehling, R., Hellriegel, C. (2015). Characterization of Stable Isotope Caffeine as Reference Material for Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry. Analytix Volume, 2.

Breidbach, A und Ulberth, F. (2015). Two-dimensional heart-cut LC-LC improves accuracy of exact-matching double isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements of aflatoxin B1 n cereal-based baby food, maize, and maize-based feed. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 407, 3159-3167.

Schrader, T. J., et al. "Further examination of the effects of nitrosylation on Alternaria alternata mycotoxin mutagenicity in vitro." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 606.1-2 (2006): 61-71.

... To examine other targets for mutation, the metabolites Altertoxin I (ATX I), Altenuene (ALT), Alternariol (AOH), Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), Tentoxin (TENT), Tenuazonic acid (TA) and Radicinin (RAD) were reexamined ± nitrosylation, using Ames Salmonella strain TA97, sensitive to frameshift mutations at a run of C's, as well as strains TA102 and TA104, reverted by base pair mutations at AT sites and more sensitive to oxidative damage. ... These results suggest ATX I, AME and AOH induce mutations at AT sites, possibly through oxidative damage, with nitrosylation enhancing ATX I frameshift mutagenicity at runs of C's. Nitrosylated ATX I was also directly mutagenic in mammalian test systems.

You can visit this website:

Saeed Ghasemi Good luck

Albert Khakimov You should request the price from your local Agilent and Perkin Elmer official dealer. If you expect to use it in a certified diagnostic laboratory, you will be requested to pay for annual technical service. The cost of equipment may include up to 50% of the initial price taken by the local dealer, and about 5% of the technical service price.

P. Anbazhagan Please refer to this

Also check https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/85e34968-8b2f-45be-8d47-e100887ed210/etd_pdf/d254bf9765c99874123ca1a0dd927416/ruscito-selectionofdnaaptamersformycotoxins.pdf

Srinivasu Kurella there are few available and already Dr Chinaza Godswill Awuchi has shared with you many of them and he has nailed it and was reading the links shared by him and it is perfect i do agree with his comments and hope so these are helpfull to you as well

Also check https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK350566/

Check this link of a paper on Research Gate from 2021 (PDF:) Natural Co-Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Unprocessed Oats Grown in Ireland with Various Production Systems (researchgate.net)

Most of research on modelling of toxins in grain has been done at 1990-s. It is unpleasant and health-risk work . Main factors are:

1) initial infection of grain (species diversity) , weather (rains, temperature) in field before the harvest, disease control technology (fungicides)

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-1452-5_10

2) Infection level (CFU), species diversity, grain damage (insects), humidity (water activity), temperature, CO2 and O2 inside the grain bulks , storage period

check this out

Check this out

Kindly check https://www.citrisafe.com/the-use-of-mycotoxin-binders-in-detoxification/

I would suggest enquiring at Romer Labs. They are in Singapore, Austria, UK and USA. They routinely analyse for a broad range of mycotoxins. Check their website.

Also check https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/11/658/pdf

Hello,yes you can extract mycotoxin from the substrate. You may culture the fung in a specific media preferred by this fungi .

Laboratory Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis: From Diagnosis to ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/459405/

Dear Dr. Vivi Koletsi,

Do you need the mycotoxin in feed anymore?Pribolab is specialized mycotoxin standard and reference material in different matrix(such as corn ,feed wheat) , customized different concentration range. If you need, please send mail to me: gracetan@pribolab.com

the antiboy of mycotoxin was located in the column, when the extration solution was passed the column, the antigen of mycotoxin in your sample solution will combined with the antibody, other ingredients willbe washed away. finally, the mycotxin was washed by methanol from the column, you can get mycotoxin, this method is high specific.

we can provide all kinds of mycotoxins standards and mycotoxins in different matrix, please send me your requirement: gracetan@pribolab.com

By processing during fermentation (silage) from selecting quality feed ingredients. During fermentation, it should meet the ideal moisture content and should be anaerobic to prevent the formation of fungi/molds.

Fungi produce numerous secondary metabolites (SMs) and numerous SM biosynthetic gene clusters have been annotated in fungal genomes. These gene clusters are often large, yet conserved across numerous fungal lineages, and thus presumed to provide evolutionary advantages. SM production likely evolved to inhibit other microbes competing for the same niches, deter mycophagous animals, infect hosts, etc. Mycotoxins are a subclass of SMs that cause dysfunction/toxicoses in animals. Phytotoxins are another subclass of SMs that cause dysfunction in plants. Some mycotoxins also affect plants and some phytotoxins also affect animals. Mycotoxins that can act as necrotrophic phytotoxins include DON and related trichothecenes in Fusarium, and fumonisins and AAL-toxin in Fusarium and Alternaria, respectively. I don't know if aflatoxins or ergot alkaloids have been shown to be required for plant pathogenesis. Of course there numerous other host-specific and -nonspecific phytotoxins produced by Fungi, but I believe the mycotoxicity of these are low-to-none or not investigated.

Hope this helps!

Yes, I agree with that calculation, 160 times the result, per gram. You need to compare your sample to a reference to get that result that you multiply by 160.

Agree. Stachybotrys chartarum produces mycotoxin indoors when growth conditions change to threaten its existence, for example, the removal of water source. When growing outside under the bark of aspen trees produces no mycotoxins. Move same spores inside to wet drywall, they will grow, then when it dries, mycotoxin production begins. All probably have same simple scenario.

Nanoparticles diffuse within the tertiary structure of mycotoxins,changing its configuration and rendering it inactive and because of certain desruction of toxin molecule

I think this

help you.

Various kits are available (AgraStrip® test kits, Rida kits, etc) for on-site testing. These allow a rapid analysis of a wide range of both food and water samples with a assay time of around 3 minutes and have been shown to give better qualitative or quantitative results. They can also detect multiple mycotoxins from the sample.

Hello, you can also use immunoflow systems like new RIDA®SMART APP:

The next generation of quantitative mycotoxin analyzers.

See info below for more results.

Good luck!

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals. Because of their pharmacological activity, some mycotoxins or mycotoxin derivatives have found

Dear Dr. Steyn

You can search other plants with a similar properties. This is one described a general usage of steam sterilisation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/immunoaffinity-chromatography

Nahid Rahimifard and thank you guys so much!

I did not understand what you mean by extracting the enzyme from the bacteria because the localization of the enzyme in the bacteria will determines the method. However, the attached two review papers will answer your question:

1. Ji, C., Fan, Y., & Zhao, L. (2016). Review on biological degradation of mycotoxins. Animal Nutrition, 2(3), 127-133.

2. Loi, M., Fanelli, F., Liuzzi, V., Logrieco, A., & Mulè, G. (2017). Mycotoxin biotransformation by native and commercial enzymes: present and future perspectives. Toxins, 9(4), 111.

Still there are too many different mycotoxins and too many different bacterial toxins for an answer.

Following

Following

Thank you @Laith. IN fact, the second article you sent me only studies association/correlation of sensitization to food and inhalant allergens in patients with rhinitis. Thus co-sensitization and subclinical sensitization can be the resaon. I have to thank also @Irene and @George for their inputs. As I really see, there is not much infomration about this topic

I really care about your wonderful opinions and valuable feedback. Thank you so much

Dear Colleague

I attach to you a manuscript about extraction of Aflatoxins and Fumonisins from corn and rice seeds. I wish it may help you.

Comptes rendus biologies publich in french without charge

Thanks a lot for all responders

Aflatoxin research started in the 1960s. There is a book from 1989 Mycotoxins in Dairy Products H.P van Egmond editor , Publisher Elsevier ; this might be of great help to you

Not all the old information might be easily available on the internet, but I am certain that there will be WHO/FAO documents on this topic as well, so check their websites

Hello,

Dr Ochodzki and Goral reached as high as 10000 ppm in the study Production of mycotoxins by selected Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum isolates cultured on rice and wheat grain.Also, they reported high variability among isolates for DON production.

Hope it helps

Carlos

The ion-mobility MS sounds interesting, but if you look into the details- i.e. the resolution provided by current instruments - in many cases it is illusory.

The resolution is about 100. It means that for specific applications you can use it, but generally - no.

regards,

G

Rapid method may be used for qualitative analysis while ELISA is used for quantitative analysis for sure with limitations of sensitivity. The efficient method for quantitative analysis is the Liquid Chomatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for its specificity, sensitivity and accuracy within its Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ).

although no safe level exist.still creteria for regulation,

1. natural occurence of specific mycotoxin in specific commodity

2. mean levels of mycotoxin

3. daily mean consumption of that food item by per person i.e. survey has to be conduct to find this

4. then apply aformulae to calculte dietary intake.

5. Trial on animal model to determine minimum level of specific mycotoxin for onset of clinical symtoms

by combing all thes infor in aformulae you can have a limit for a specific mycotoxin

it will depend on 1

1. detection technique

2. detection of limit

Dear Samuel, the most efficient mycotoxin reduction method for rural areas is simple sorting. removing moldy kernels from corn can lower the exposure to aflatoxins by more than 90%. Sarah DeSaeger published work on this in Food Additives and Contaminants:

Other techniques such as Irradiation have been studied in model system but so far failed to show success in real life application. Alternative treatments are the application of alkaline solutions, called nixtamalization, as traditionally done with maize in South America. This especially impacts fumonisins (produces hydrolyzed fumonisins) but also zearalenone and deoxynivalenol.

Best regards,

Benedikt

Dear Mr. Mahesh The matter is that the сlay-based toxin binders, due to their physicochemical properties, are able to bind only certain polar (Log Pow <1) and moderately (non) polar mycotoxins (1 <Log Pow <3), for example, NIV, DON, FUM, AFLB1 and others. And if in the feed there are mainly such toxins, then these sorbents can improve the physiological state of animals in vivo. But, if nonpolar mycotoxins dominate in the diet (Log Pow> 3), which constitute about 50% of all known mycotoxins, such as ZEN, OTA, ENN, BOV, apicidins, terpendols, ophobolins, etc., such sorbents as a rule, are useless. With best regards, Alex I. Sotnichenko, PhD

Dear Oluwagbenga

Thank you very much

Regards

I see some problems:

Dear Patrick Heinrich,

Thank you for sharing the information.

Kind regards,

Mariam.

Dear colleagues, there is an ongoing project 4prima financed by the EU Horizon 2020 Program. i don't know if we would be able to prepare something from now till 15 of february..you may check for it :

and check the 4prima website.

while waiting your answers i wish you a good day.

Sincerely

Andre

Mycotoxins are toxin substances produced by fungi or molds. The major mycotoxins are: Aflotoxins, AFB1 etc. Aflotoxins may be degraded by the fungi Aspergillus species ( Mishra and Das, 2003; Wu et al. 2009). It can also be metabolized by certain species of actinomycetes such as Nocardia asteroids, Rhodococcus erythropolis etc. Laccase enzyme can degrade AFB1 (Alberts et al. 2009). The bio-factors that supports detoxification are: Available nutrients, Lipoic acid concentration, Oxygenating and conjugatic plant enzymes, Presence of active enzymes like phytase etc.

Dear M.A Baloch

Pls. find the attached files

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152220/

Hoping this will be helpful

Regards

Prof. Houda Kawas

yes , you can use uv light but no enough

I have been used on my research the strain thar i obtained fro NRRL colection under de number 2999. I very higher Aflatoxins B1 and B2 producer

20

If you can prove beyond doubt that it is definitely the wells, just send the data back to the company. Should be easy enough to prove with another similar assay run through the same washing and dispensing protocol showing that other assays have no issues.

That said, variability between replicates in my hands is usually attributable to:

- Poorly designed dilution series (foaming, transferring <10ul to >1000ul volumes, insufficient mixing)

- Insufficient blocking of wells (fill to brim, block minimum 1h 37C)

- Insufficient washing of wells (leave last wash of each step to brim for 5-10 min)

Companies usually develop certain number of plates per manufacturing run and test a percentage of those in settings that show errors that you are describing.

Hello Dear

Mycotoxins represent a risk to the feed supply chain with an impact on economies and

international trade. A high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin

The following article may be useful in this field

You most welcome

Houda

The simple answer is; the relationship is not sufficient.

The reasons are quite simple (and long known):

Dear Jing Yee,

I send you further HPTLC applications.

P.S. For me personally is HPTLC densitometric method for mycotoxins determination very good cost/benefit approach, but instrumentation is relatively expensive at the purchase (for example CAMAG  equipment - scanner and sample application)!

Best regards

Vladimir

yes offcourse.zahoor my thesis paper accepted you are co-author

Primarily with following objectives.

Metabolic support & Management of hyperglycemia

Lipid management

Obesity Management

I asked in my school and I didn't find any lab. working in mycotoxin research,  hopefully I find soon 

I agree with  Prof Houda kawas. for identification of Fusarium species, I add attachment below. 

Hey

Look PDF attached ,article published by yan et al 2015 associated with your question

may  help to answer your question.

Best regards

I have no idea on this matter

Amel, certainly type cultures of high mycotoxigenic strains are of limited scope and non available in culture collections. However given that there is a high amount of substrate specificity, biotic and abiotic factors that influence the toxigenicity of filamentous fungi, you could try experimentally mimicked scenarios with isolates of Aspergillus ochraceus or Aspergillus flavi species complex i to tranfect and produce OTA and Aflatoxins.  I am sure you would be at ease to recover them from cereal plants.

@Oadi Matny: 

Which one of layer containing toxin? The residue or the supernatan? Can I used ethyl acetate or aceton to collect the toxin as alternative methode? thanks for your responses.

@Ajay Gautam: Ok thanks

Hi Aleksandra, Fusarium mykotoxins are pre-harvest mycotoxins and resulted host plant energy converts into defence mechanism molecules. Fusarium infected most susceptible stage anthesis in maize, wheat etc. Most nutrient goes to anthesis process root to inflorescence. Inflorescence infected by pathogen, utilises nutrient for multiplication and plant also utilise nutrient for defence mechanism. 

See following links and paper

Aflatoxin B1 is 27%

zearalenoneis 34%

deoxynivalenol 13%

ochratoxin A 21%

they are the concentrations 

Dear colleagues, thank you for help!

Are you concerned about the aflatoxin or the conjugate? As indicated above the aflatoxin itself is quite stable. The protein (BSA) and  (stability of)  the conjugate might be a different story.

Thank you very much for the very helpful responses

Dear Vladimir,

thank you for your contribution and interest.

If I cannot find a group who is already producing OTA for toxicological studies, I will buy it from a collection bank.

The problem is that, I am not just searching for an OTA producer, I am really looking for the high OTA producer in grain growth medium and collection banks have several OTA producing strains but unfortunately, those strains OTA production (yield) are not characterised and finding an high OTA producer is like searching a needle in a haystack.

Best wishes,

Mehmet

Dear Dr Adam, Thank you very much for your advice.

Hello Maha,

The challenge that you would have is preventing the kernels from sprouting. The infection requires high Relative Humidity (70-80%) and temperature of 22-28C, depending on the Fusarium species you are using. Below a couple of options:

(i) You my want to grow wheat until the heads emerge. Spray them at anthesis with F. g. or better yet F. colmorum (induce more DON in the kernels). Then treat the daughter seeds with your seed treatment, germinate them and assess the levels of DON. The difference between the check ad treated should give you a better idea on the efficacy of your seed treatment.

(ii) place healthy and un-healthy kernels untreated and treated with your seed treatment on Petri Dishes with F. g. or F. c. cultures and assess the DON levels in the young seedlings. 

Good luck and look forward to hear from you regarding what worked and what didn't.

~Abdel

Dear Mr Ostry,

Thank you very much!!!

Have a nice day,

Mariam.