Motor Behavior - Science topic

In 1974, AG Feldman published on the equilibrium-point idea in Biofizika (Feldman, A.G., 1974. Change of muscle length due to shift of the equilibrium point of the muscle-load system. Biofizika, 19, 534). E Bizzi of MIT made his career testing the equilibrium-point hypothesis in the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s. The hypothesis is based on the idea of activating pools of neurons to produce direction vectors that aim the eyes or the limbs toward one point of body space. Some evidence from this idea comes from the electrical stimulation experiments done in the frontal lobes and spinal cord of frogs, cats, and primates (Giszter, Mussa-Ivaldi, Bizzi 1991; Graziano et al. 2002ab; Tehovnik and Lee 1993; Ward 1938).

The reason the answer to the question is important is that we (Tehovnik, Hasanbegović, and Chen 2024) are writing a book that will discuss the equilibrium-point hypothesis within the context of automaticity, consciousness, and vertebrates.

Professor Miguel Nicolelis (2019) has published a free copy of his contributions to BMI (brain-machine interfaces) emphasizing his twenty years of work starting in 1999 and continuing through 2015.* Until 2003, Nicolelis had no competitors, but shortly thereafter Andersen et al. (2003), Schwartz et al. (2004) and Donoghue et al. (2006) joined the field, and tried to eclipse him and his associates [as described in Tehovnik, Waking up in Macaíba, 2017]; they, however, failed to achieve the eclipse, since the information transfer rate of their devices were typically below 1 bit per second at an average of about 0.2 bits/sec, much like what Nicolelis’ devices were transferring (Tehovnik and Chen 2015; Tehovnik et al. 2013). By comparison, the cochlear implant transfers 10 bits/sec (Tehovnik and Chen 2015) and therefore has been commercialized with over 700,000 registered implant recipients worldwide (NIH Statistics 2019).

BMI technology is still largely experimental. Willett, Shenoy et al. (2021) have developed a BMI for patients that transfers up to 5 bits/sec for spontaneously generated writing, but it is unclear whether this high rate is due to the residual movements (Tehovnik et al. 2013) of the hand contralateral to the BMI implant. To date, the most ambitious BMI utilizes a digital bridge between neocortex and the spinal cord below a partial transection to evoke a stepping response that still requires support of the body with crutches; but significantly the BMI portion of the implant in M1 enhances the information transfer rate by a mere 0.5 bits per second, since most of the walking (86% or 3.0 bits/sec of it) is induced by spinal cord stimulation in the absence of the cortical implant (Lorach et al. 2023). Accordingly, BMI falls short of the cochlear implant and thus BMI developers are years away from a marketable device. The pre-mature marketing by Nicolelis at the 2014 FEFA World Cup of his BMI technology (Tehovnik 2017b) should be a warning to Elon Musk (of Neuralink) that biology is not engineering, for if it were a BMI chip would now be in every brain on the planet. See figure that summarizes the information transfer rates for various devices including human language.

Hello

Have a good life Ensha,Allah

I am going to educate the measurement the motor behavior and performance in the various level for MA course of motor control and learning.

What are the best references (book and article) you knowing and suggest about "measurement and assessment motor performance" for motor behavior students?

Some suggested references are mentioned in attached image. Please consider it.

Thank you

Hello

Have a good life Ensha,Allah

I am going to educate the measurement the motor behavior and performance in the various level for MA course of motor control and learning.

What are the best references (book and article) you knowing and suggest about "measurement and assessment motor performance" for motor behavior students?

Some suggested references are mentioned in attached image. Please consider it.

Thank you

I am happy to share my new paper related to EV applications, which is currently an emerging area of research. I request everyone to please share my paper with your knows or groups.

In single phase induction motor auxiliary winding in series with switch results are not show in Maxwell RM Xprt.

can someone please suggest me what could be possible wrong parameters I have entered. Due to this, software is showing the starting charactristics of motor like starting torque, efficiency and output power.

some pictures of results are attached for your review.

if anyone can help me, I can share the simulation file.

Thanks your review and answers.

Is it possible to know if a gesture is controled volontarly or automaticaly, or partialy automaticaly? Is there a difference for this assesment between a single gesture and a cyclic activity like walking?

Is it possible to run motor at 700rpm and rated torque being applied to shaft, if speed is controlled using variable frequency variable voltage drive?

Induction motor is of 4kw.

Rated voltage is 400V, and rated speed is 1430rpm.

I plan to have at least 10 ERT2-Cre activated and 10 control mice. I wonder with how big groups to start the injections, since I will inject repeatedly for 5 or 7 days. Some mice will likely drop out due to irritation by injection, some will drop out for other reasons. Some additional ones might drop out during behavioral analysis (mainly motor behavior and different cognition analyses, no additional invasive proceedures).

Thanks in advance for your input!

Hi

I'm PhD student in Iran in motor development, motor behavior. I am interested in working with you and my thesis is on Autism children too. Could you please tell me more about the conditions to do the project?

I know this might seem difficult in the sense of how to predict when the subject will start imagination, but: How can I trigger TMS stimulus with the beginning of the process of imagining a movement in order to secure effects on MEP outcome parameters changes? I heard that we can train the subject to imagine the movement when he will hear some kind of sound! When should I apply TMS pulse, at the beginning or during sustained state of the imagined movement?

Age-related loss of complexity in physiological, neural, cognitive and motor systems is a widely accepted hypothesis in the aging literature (see Lipsitz & Goldberger, 1992 for an introduction).

I am preparing grip strength test for the first time. According to previous papers, people give three or five trials for each mouse and then these results are averaged to one. Seemingly these results are acquired in one single day. But there is suggestion that experimenter needs to repeat all of these tests in next two to three days, maybe to assure accuracy I guess. So could anybody give any advice? Is it really necessary to test for several days? Under what conditions should we do that?

Thank you very much.

For a motor behavioral study I need to stick some plastic pearls on the back of my pleurodeles but I observed that the glue used (RotiColl) was dissolving the skin of my animals. It seems to be darker, modifies the texture of the skin and then leads to an injury. We used this glue for few years and it's the first time we have this kind of problems. If you observed this in your studies tell me what you did to get through that. Maybe we should try another glue so if you have any suggestions about which glue you are using I'm listening! Thanks for your answers

In the last years I have studied how CNS and Spinal Cord interact for generating a reaching movement.

I'm writing on the current opinions about how CNS controls reaching movements. Because there are a lot of different positions about this topic i want to be sure that no one is omitted in my thesis.

So, in your opinion, which are the parameters encoded by the motor cortex in a motor command? Or, in other words, how CNS controls reaching movements?

I study generalized motor programs in the walking pattern of people with Down Syndrome by motion analysis. I don’t have a treadmill in the laboratory. How can I change the speed of the walking pattern in this group of people?

I have studied several articles in which speed was changed this way:

Walking like walking in the park as slow walking and walking like the person is late as fast walking have been considered.

But I think this method is not suitable for mentally handicapped people. Does anyone know of a different method?

What equipments do you suggest for the motor behavior or human performance LAB? (for psychological, motor control and learning and biomechanical factors).

Is there any other equipment(s) more valid than the Vienna test systems?

Would you separate your suggestion with each group?

I am planning to study the force of a motor response in children with disabilities.

I need to video tape the movements and upload the videos in a system that allows me to obtain the angular velocities. The difference in angular velocities will give me the force of the movement.

Self-talk strategies and its effect on focus of attention

Many of these people do not understand the assignment because of mental retardation. Homework should be simple enough to be understood and properly weigh the factors considered. Is there a site or group that may propose certain principles for designing appropriate tasks? I simplify cognition software but I have a little problem in the design of motor tasks for example to assess the impact of feedback or ...

In modeling biologic rhythmic actions as limit-cycles, it has been reported that a negative Duffing term (i.e. -x^3) represents decreasing of variability near reversal points (or softening spring). The question is what type of "variability" we mean here? Spatial? Temporal? Any other type?

How could it be proved or visualized based on Duffing equations or any other method that variability decreases near reversal points?

Please support with evidence if possible.

With co-morbidities, alcohol dependence and depression.

In a nutshell, here is my general question (I have a few more specific ones later): What is the best test of motor performance (other than the forepaw adjusting steps test) for motor impairment in the rat 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease (PD)? First, some background/explanation:

The rat unilateral 6-OHDA model of PD is the best rodent model for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia since you achieve severe (~99%) striatal dopamine depletion, recapitulating a late-stage PD model. However, the model is problematic for behavioral testing in some ways because the rats have a unilateral motor impairment, but most tests of motor performance allow the rats to use their whole body to accomplish the task.

To get around this, the forepaw adjusting steps test was developed, in which an experiment holds one rat forelimb and requires the rat to rapidly initiate and terminate movement with the other forelimb (Chang et al 1999 does a great job of characterizing the test). The test is wonderful, but I think it is a good idea to have a second test of motor performance (you know, that idea of convergent evidence).

Other standard tests of motor function such as motion chambers, rotarod, beam balance, etc. do not isolate bodily hemispheres so I don't think they are great. Your thoughts on using these tests with this PD model?

One more specific question: What do you think about the vibrissae-elicited forelimb placement test? (see video by Dr. Shallert's lab here: http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/HomePage/Group/SchallertLAB/6-OHDA%20placing.mpg). I've piloted the test out and it seems to work well, but I am worried that is it essentially the same as the forepaw adjusting steps test (a test of forelimb akinesia that uses somatosensory stimuli to elicit movement). Would you consider this "too close" to the forepaw adjusting steps test to be a useful second test of motor performance?

Edit: I should have noted that I am looking for a test that can be used with and without L-DOPA and/or other drugs on board.

I have a PEBL expeirment but Fitts' task in this program is a little different.

We are observing a very steady low frequency oscillations in the semg during isometric contraction. Anyone can recommend some reading associated with this?

We are going to calculate EMG Relative and overall timing of the throwing task.

If you have ever observed an ant moving about it is a remarkable thing to see. Their exoskeletons move at the speed of light. They can push objects around many times their size. And never tempt them with a morsel of food for they will recruit all their family and friends to join the feast as they jointly devour everything on the plate. This is all done with a nervous system that contains vastly fewer cells than exists for the human brain (i.e. 250,000 neurons vs. 80 billion neurons).

So what about having an ant control an external robotic device?

First, there is a common notion in the field of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that 'the sum of one part of the brain equals the whole', namely by extracting signals from a dozen or so cells from one region of the brain one will be able to recreate all the signals to move a whole body with effectiveness (e.g. Pais-Vieira et al. 2013). This would be considered an absurd proposition for any scientist who has ever studied a whole brain system for the generation of movement (e.g. Schiller and Tehovnik 2001).

Second, it is known that after some 50 neurons the signals extracted from the brain begin to saturate for the control of external devices (Tehovnik et al. 2013; Tehovnik and Teixeira e Silva 2014). This bottleneck is partially related to the fact that recordings are made from one part of the brain without any consideration of how these signals interact with other parts of the brain to produce movement.

Third, since movement is generated by an entire system of neurons (Schiller and Tehovnik 2001), it might be more productive to use a 'systems neuroscience' approach for the development of BMI. The study of the ant brain with its fewer neurons than that of the human brain but with its highly advanced locomotor repertoire might be one way to approach this problem.

I'm a Motor Behavior's Ph.D. student. My interest is how performance in fundamental skills changes with age (children, adolescents and adults). l am having troubles finding articles in this area. I need some recommendations of authors or studies in this area.

although one reason may be TVR and reciprocal inhibition bt that would affect antagonist not agonist.

I am designing a sequential motor learning program for improving diabetes gait, but I don't know which parameter has priority over others to show trend of improvement in the process of gait training?