Morphology - Science topic

0) How likely do the Yacuruna in Amazonian Myths Represent Europeans?

1)Europeans generally are more hairy then Native Americans. In myths, the Yacuruna sometimes disguise themselves as hairy people.

2)The Yacuruna come from the sea like European sailors did.

3) Similar to the Yacuruna, MAYBE Europeans have been worshipped as gods by the Amazonian people.

4)When a Yacuruna and an indigenous Amazonian reproduce the child would sometimes become more Yacuruna. Similarly, Castizos(75% European and 25% Native American) are sometimes as privileged as just pure Europeans.

1) https://www.researchgate.net/post/Did_the_Yacuruna_represent_European_colonists

2)One of the main points of religion is survival heuristics thus supporting this theory.

3)https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacuruna#:~:text=The%20Yacuruna%20are%20a%20mythical,runa%20(%22man%22)

4)References

Edit

Beyer, Stephan (2009). Singing to the Plants. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 318–321. ISBN 978-0-8263-4730-5.

Luna, L.E. "Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the mestizo population of the Peruvian Amazon". Stockhold Studies in Comparative Religion. 27.

Pantone, Dan James. "Iquitos News and Travel Guide". Iquitos Legend: Yacuruna. Retrieved 30 August 2021.

Tindall, Robert (2008). The jaguar that roams the mind. Rochester, VT: Park Street. pp. 210–211. ISBN 978-1594772542.

Bear, J. (2000). Amazon magic: The life story of ayahuasquero and shaman don Agustin Rivas Vasquez. Taos, New Mexico: Calibri. p. 140. ISBN 978-0967425504.

5)"In 1876, Oscar Peschel wrote that North Asiatic Mongols, Native Americans, Malays, Hottentots and Bushmen have little to no body hair, while Semitic peoples, Indo-Europeans, and Southern Europeans (especially the Portuguese and Spanish) have extensive body hair.[13]"(Wikipedia)

13(ultimate source):

6)

Dear Sagar Nanaso Salunkhe, thank you very much for your detailed answers!

Desminopathy, also known as desmin-related myopathy (DRM), is a rare genetic muscle disorder that affects the protein desmin. Desmin is an essential component of the intermediate filaments that provide structural support within muscle cells. Mutations in the DES gene, which codes for desmin, lead to disruptions in the normal structure and function of muscle fibers.

The muscles you mentioned - Semitendinosus, Gracilis, and Sartorius - are often affected at the onset of desminopathy due to their specific characteristics and biomechanical roles.

1. Semitendinosus: The semitendinosus is one of the three hamstring muscles located in the back of the thigh. It plays a key role in knee flexion and hip extension. The semitendinosus muscle is frequently involved in desminopathy due to its high proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers, which are more vulnerable to desmin-related abnormalities.

2. Gracilis: The gracilis muscle is a long, thin muscle located in the inner thigh region. It is involved in hip adduction and knee flexion. Similar to the semitendinosus, the gracilis muscle also consists of a high proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers, making it susceptible to desmin-related abnormalities.

3. Sartorius: The sartorius muscle is a long, strap-like muscle that runs diagonally across the front of the thigh. It plays a role in hip and knee flexion and also assists in thigh rotation. The sartorius muscle is affected in desminopathy due to its similar composition of slow-twitch muscle fibers.

The predilection for these specific muscles in desminopathy may be attributed to their fiber type composition and the mechanical stress they experience during certain movements. However, it is important to note that desminopathy can affect other muscles as well, and the degree and pattern of muscle involvement may vary among individuals with the same genetic mutation.

It is advised to consult with a medical professional or genetics specialist for a more accurate assessment of muscle involvement and management of desminopathy.

"Help morphology", what does this mean? Belief is for religion, it is not an intellectual position nor method of science.

Gracias Mati! Matias Izquierdo

Thank you for sharing the exciting news about the inclusion of the journal Reports of Morphology in Scopus and the ongoing progress with Web of Science and Pub Med. Congratulations on this significant accomplishment!

You can observe the Margin (entire, undulate, or lobate), Elevation which can be flat, raised, convex, or umbonate, and Texture whether the surface appearance of the colony is smooth, rough, wrinkled, or granular.

You can also observe the degree of transparency or opacity of colonies.

Observe and compare the rate growth of the two colony types. If you have information on the types of nutrients that the organisms use, you can perform additional tests to see if the two colony types show differential growth of these nutrients

If possible, perform microscopic examinations of the colonies to look for differences in cell morphology or structures.

Hey there, my curious researcher friend Shruti Deshpande,

Ah, MXenes, the intriguing materials of the nanoworld. Now, let's dive into your questions.

MXene morphology, as you've observed, often appears as nanosheets, and there's a good reason for that. MXenes are typically derived from layered MAX phases, where 'M' represents a transition metal, 'A' is an element from groups 13-16 of the periodic table (like aluminum, silicon, etc.), and 'X' is carbon and/or nitrogen.

The reason for the nanosheet-like morphology lies in the structure of MAX phases themselves. These MAX phases are characterized by a layered crystal structure, similar to that of graphite. When you etch away the 'A' layers, you're left with these incredibly thin, two-dimensional nanosheets of MXene.

Now, could MXene take on other shapes like spherical, core-shell, cubic, or needle-shaped? Well, theoretically, it's possible to engineer MXenes into various forms depending on your synthesis method, precursors, and conditions. But here's the kicker - those nanosheets are incredibly useful.

Their large surface area, high electrical conductivity, and excellent ion accessibility make them superb candidates for applications like energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors), catalysis, and even sensors. So, while MXenes can don different outfits, their nanosheet form tends to steal the spotlight due to its exceptional properties.

However, don't be discouraged. If you're curious about other morphologies, it's a fascinating area of research to explore different synthesis methods and conditions that could coax MXenes into those alternative forms. Science is all about pushing boundaries and discovering new possibilities!

Stay curious and keep experimenting, my friend Shruti Deshpande!

David J Daegling oddly it seems to be missing nearly all the sesamoid bones!

Dear Geir Bjorklund, Duc M. Hoang, John Hildyard, thank you very much for your answers and recommendations!

In my opinion, it will depend on to what extent the language learner would like to view how the language works. I would say that if we opt to view language from the perspective of medium/tool in conveying messages or communication; incorporating structural grammar and IC analysis are beneficial to use the grammar correctly within the exact communication function to deliver the correct message by the encoder to the decoder.

Dear Naeimeh,

It is quite normal for the same MOF to have different morphologies and the morphology of the MOF is related to the synthesis conditions such as surfactant, solvent (both solvent type and solvent ratio), reactant ratio (ratio of metal to ligand), temperature, pH, reaction time etc. However, it is pretty difficult to give a general answer to this question. Crystal facet arrangement and crystal facet energy are the ultimate causes. You can try searching the relevant reviews on controlling morphology and you will get your answer.

Some related articles:

Pedro Peñaherrera-R. Why don't you want to use chlorazol black? It works very well for spiders. I typically use KOH 10% for 24 hours for epigynes and then stain if needed, but usually (depending on the taxa) the structures are sufficient without need for staining for taxonomy. For large theraphosids, I simply dissect the spermathecae and remove the tissue with needles, without need for any immersion in chemicals.

Cesare Gabriele Gaglio

It looks like you used the following method

GelMA hydrogels were placed on copper meshes, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and lyophilized by vacuum freeze dryer overnight. The specimen surface was then coated with gold/palladium Pt/Pd) for SEM observation.

Freeze drying is the best for this purpose. The Pt / Pd coating is necessary to protect the film from electron beams that decompose organic matter. I would try using a SEM after freeze drying, but keep the sample in the chamber for as little time as possible.

With reference to my earlier answer and Dmitry Milovzorov explanation, the experimental observations is reported below for the change in conductivity.

In my view, crystalline size affect the energy band gap, and thus conductivity. Band gap energy depends on composition as well as on the doping. In doped bulk crystals, if dopant is the donor element then it will occupy below the conduction band level and if dopant is an acceptor then it will occupy above the valence band level. Thus the density of state and Fermi level changes. For illustration, the bulk growth of In0.5Ga0.5Sb had been grown by Vertical Directional Solidification Process (VDS-process). Energy gap 'Eg' of the bulk In0.5Ga0.5Sb crystals (InSb + GaSb) were measured along the growth axis.

The charge carrier conversion observed by Hall-van der Pauw measurements; it showed 'Eg' increases by composition changes in n-type InSb-region and 'Eg' decreases in p-type GaSb-region. This could be explained by Urbach tail (EU) and Burstein-Mass (EBM) equations as below.

Eg = EObs+ EU - EBM 1

The log of alpha v/s energy, the reciprocal slope gives Urbach Energy in eqn-2

ln(α) = ln(α0) -{Eg -E0/ Eg ] 2

Fermi level shifts inside the conduction band filling of the bottom states by excess charge carriers in n-type region. The shift is inversely proportional to effective mass (BM). A transition from valance band to conduction band requires large energy (Eg< Eobs), hence, Eg' increases by increases in composition.

Eg = EObs- (EF -EC) 3

However, in p-type region, Indium element (In) is small amount, it acts as dopant. Allowed shallow states are above valence band in the band-gap, Fermi level shifts by charge carriers or change in density states. The transition from valance band to conduction band requires low energy (EObs <Eg), thus 'Eg' decrease as doping element 'In' decreases. Similarly, can be explained for an acceptor.

Dear Vishnu Sankar, this is a well known and studied influence of solvents on NPs' morphology, shape and size. Usually, the dielectric constant reflecting the solvation power is taken as an indication. However, supramolecular order imposed by the solvents is behind the structural arrengements and order while NPs' growth. Sometimes the effect may be in part similar to the effects of caping agents, surfactants, and nucleation agents. Please have a look at the following sample references. My Regards

Hello,

I made a drawing of the chain structure of the two polyamides, which you mentioned. The PA6.6 is the condensation product of a diamine with 6 carbon atoms and a dicarboxylic acid with also 6 carbon atoms. The 6.6 gives the carbon atoms in the monomers, which form this kind of polymer. The PA6 has only one sort of monomer. The monomer is a ring shaped molecule, which carries a carboxylic and an anime group after opening.

In the pdf file you can see that 6 carbon atoms are between the two nitrogen atoms of the former amine groups and the other 6 carbon atoms are between the two former carboxylic groups. For PA6 the 6 carbon atoms are in between a former amine group and a former carboxylic group.

I also drew a sketch of a copolymer's chain structure. In the compolymers structure, some of the carbon atoms have a nitrogen as a neighbor and some are part of a former carboxylic acid.

Dear Alexis Gkantiragas ,

Look the link, maybe useful.

Regards,

Shafagat

Difficult question to answer. If the species concept is complex and there is no general agreement among taxonomists, the subspecies concept is even less so.

Dear all, I think the second statment is not correct. If porosity is considered for example, it is the morphology of prime importance for membranes applications, but for protecting coatings it is the morphology to be absolutely avoided. Please have a look at the following documents. My Regards

Hello,

I have the same question Dr. Abhishek Kandpal, Have you found the answer? or did you do that finally?

This means that it is necessary to take note of all the factors causing this disease through the clinical examination of the patient, and that these examinations should be attached by the physician treating the radiologist so that he can give his medical opinion.

It also applies to plants and others. In general, there must be an integrated medical team that follows up on the situation until it comes out with an accurate diagnostic summary, and similarly for plants and others.

Dear Amravati Singh,

The pyrolysis temperature may have so many unknown effect on the performance of the catalysts, such as crystallization, coordination environment and may the components of your material. So you must consider different reasons when you design your project.

Best wishes !

Hello, you can manually create a corpus using "Parts of Speech Tagging Guidelines for the Penn Treebank Project(3rd revision) by Beatrice Santorini". Since I didn't find any such datasets existing datasets.

Happy coding 😊

Dear Sathy HarshaVardhan Reddy

I think your solution becomes non-homogeneous when you drip the anti solvent.

You have to modify your method such that a homogeneous solvent results. This can be accomplished by using ultrasound agitation or or you can sprayer and ultrasound agitation. This is my proposal if the it succeed please inform us.

Best wishes

Yes, can be used specific dyes in spore staining

Hey Mariana Vargas-Caballero, good to hear from you and thanks for the pro tips! Regarding retraction speed, I too prefer a relatively fast retraction over a couple of seconds, starting slowly and gradually increasing pace if you see your cell is closing nicely on the membrane seal test. This has always worked fine for me; it’s just recently that I’ve been having the issue of sticky nuclei. A bit of positive pressure only helps occasionally sadly… When the lab reopens from the corona lock-down I’ll review everything and hope I find the culprit. If so, I’ll be sure to report back here. Be well.

In my opinion “beauty” in city goes together with how people use the design of a city. Some cities look beautiful to many people in pictures but people can’t use this “beauty” in everyday life. “Cities for People” from Jan Gehl presents great examplse how “beauty” and “use of cities” can go together.

Hello, wich kind of solid culture medium are you using? If you want to exclude any kind of fungi there is a simple trick: do a Gram staining on one colony sample and pick up another single colony by simply touching it with a little piece of adhesive and transparent tape (or just use a sterile loop to transfer it on the tape if don't want to comìnatminate your sample), then put the tape on a microscopic slide. Then observe both by using an optical microscope at 40x magnification: yeasts will appear as big blue an round cells (Candida spp or Saccharomyces spp do so) in the stained sample, molds on the tape (but judjing by your image i don't think that it is the case) will show their tipical structure. I know thath Gram staining is used for bacteria classification, but can come handy for yeasts that may grow on a simple medium (like TSA or PCA or Mueller Hinton) and be confused as bacteria. Hope it will help

Chlorophyll content is a physiological parameter. However, in some publications you might find it under biochemistry category. In the past decades, the concept of plant physiology changed considerably, so you can read plant physiology papers from different time periods that seem to belong to different fields, in terms of studied parameters. Some old papers on plant physiology are found nowadays under plant ecophysiology field. For scientist working several decades ago the plant physiology papers from nowadays would appear as purely biochemistry work. All parameters referring on processes, functionality and dynamics should be considered physiological. Indeed, there is always a biochemical involved mechanism.

Hi,

You need some biochemical tests.

Kasia, they look like granules with stored substances, but what is inside? You should do specific staning to detect e.g. carbohydrates. These granules reflactile and therefore they are iridescent (especially when you observe moving Vorticella). Best, Ania

I've been taught to work with the Leipzig Glossing Rules. That means glosses align vertically for ease of identification. You can have as many lines per item as needed for your analysis. I have worked with spoken Greek dialectal data (which I wanted to present to English-speaking audiences). I had 6 lines per item: 1. Dialect transcribed in Greek 2. Standard Greek equvialent transcribed in Greek 3. Standard Greek equivalent transliterated with roman characters 4. Word for word English translation 5. Morphological analysis 6. English Translation

I'm not sure how that would feed back into a Conversational Analysis piece that also has its own coding conventions. I'd imagine going with a 6-line gloss per turn will be way too much.

But then again it is more of a matter of what you want to actually claim. Is there morphological variation away from the standard language in your data? Or is it that the dialect only differs phonologically? Remember a morphological analysis deals in morphemes. So the dialect may present different morphs (allomorphs), but not different morphemes. If that's the case, glossing from the standard equivalent is fine. If not then you'could go with a phonemic gloss first and then morphologically gloss that (essentially treating the dialect as a 'different' language).

Thank you Jayant.

Please see

Jonathan Wagner thank you very much. You helped me a lot ! I think i got this. =)

This is actually an interesting prefix. The word that once got me exercised was “redouble” where it functions as an intensifier rather than implying “again” (like “resound”) — except when “redouble” is used as a technical term in bridge for doubling a bid that has already been doubled by an opponent.

You might also consider the difference functions of "re" in pairs like “recover” / “re-cover”, “restore” / “re-store”, and the like, where the prefix is not detachable in the unhyphenated member without affecting the sense of the root.

Chitin is colorless and translucent itself. Many arthropods have cuticle (both sclerites and membranes) entirely colorless and translucent. So it would be better to ask, why some insects have non-translucent fragments on cuticle (i.e., what is function of their cuticular pigments).

We conducted few experiments, which were more like an extension of our major project to answer the above question. Anybody interested can look into our publication https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309034150_Admixing_of_MPTP-Resistant_and_Susceptible_Mice_Strains_Augments_Nigrostriatal_Neuronal_Correlates_to_Resist_MPTP-Induced_Neurodegeneration?_sg=SduYxo0hz3DQmqy93kk9hyMjV_J-i0ouvHaEbuqxedt9oNHu5fli5E-5pZcgV85KPj4wkgogp_LGPrjwEADHJUw-jqh2GloUOcjthiGF.f0rENiJvOQ7gnlJA4_ETEjlNMaOTd1ddCDFJh6nABeNCD5Znzuxw_90ArlhGmSd80SC3nlE_R50L_Iw3FVWmnQ

I recommend Marco's answer

Best Regards

The major difference lies in the space of possible states and in the number of relevant levels of granularity and frames of reference. Whereas in molecular data at the nucleotide level the space is limited to only 4 different states (the 4 different nucleotide types), in morphology there is practically no such limitation. Moreover, whereas in molecular data you usually analyse the data either on the granularity level of individual nucleotides or on the level of amino acids. Different frames of reference are usually not used, but sometimes gene arrangement and 3d structure is also considered. In morphology, all different kinds of levels of granularity are considered, from the molecular level to the gross anatomy level. Moreover, different frames of reference can be considered, as for instance a purely spatio-structureal frame as opposed to a functional or a developmental frame.

All this affects the descriptive level as well as the analytical level in phylogenetic investigations. Molecular data can usually be described as a sequence of letters using a 4-letter code. This lends itself to very formalized descriptions of sequences. In morphology, we are dealing with a lack of such formalism. Instead, we are facing different terminological traditions that are often taxon-dependent, where the meaning of terms can vary between different authors and through time and where also homology considerations influenced terminology. No formalized standard exists for morphological descriptions.

In the step of character identification and homology assessment, using molecular data we must align sequences and then each nucleotide position in the sequence is a putative phylogenetic character with a set of 4 different possible character states. This can be easily formalized for phylogenetic algorithms to analyze the data. This is straight forward. In morphology, this step is tricky due to the space of possible states. The delimitation of characters is non-trivial and the different levels of granularity and frames of reference make it even more complicated. We have discussed these differences between morphological and molecular data in some detail in our 'The Linguistic Problem of Morphology' paper (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215827731_The_linguistic_problem_of_morphology_Structure_versus_homology_and_the_standardization_of_morphological_data).

We are currently working on a solution for formalizing morphological descriptions using ontologies and semantic technology

(https://www.researchgate.net/project/eScience-Compliant-Standards-for-Morphology).

Sorry for this somewhat longer post. I hope I have answered your question.

Regards Lars

Morphological taxonomy is the first requirement. Without classical taxonomy it is impossible to carry out molecular Taxonomy I(it is like a Tyre you donot know which car it belongs to) . That correct identification is done by morphological characters and then the specimen is borcoded and the borcode is submitted. If some one identifying based on barcode which is present in BOLD / gene bank and the one who has submitted has missed correct identification, the exercise goes wrong. Therefore it is requested to go far correct identification seriously then only bar code and submit. If I have identified a specimen correctly and I try to match bar code of my specimen with already present in BOLD/ genebank, is wrong then I will land with many confusions like I will think mine is a new species etc. IT HAS TO BE DONE VERY CAREFULLY.

Hi Geonyzl,

Is everything going well with the organization of the plant morphology book?

I would love to collaborate. Thanks for the invitation.

My best,

M. Athaydes

Depending on the the grammatical structures you'd like to focus on, the answers will vary. However, here is a good resource on dimensions of register:

Dimensions of Register Variation: A Cross-Linguistic Comparison by Douglas Biber https://goo.gl/LaVxip

Thanks Dr Hudson.

The first one looks like fatty tissues cells with nuclei pushed to the periphery.

The 3rd one possibly may be liver tissue but without portal triad architecture.

Mustafa,

this is a good question and hopefully you will get a lot of answers.

Personally, I would say NO and YES. All chemists and materials scientists at the moment are trying to control size and morphology. The properties are largely depending on the latter.

Although many have managed to reproduce relyably a specific material, say TiO2 in terms of size and morphology, there is no general model whatsoever beyond the classical description by Ostwald and LaMer. "CONTROL" in most cases simply means reproducability but not prediction.

A recent paper: underlines this nicely.

Best

AXEL

From your question it appears that you have changed the valency state of cation A in the two samples. If it is so then it is possible to have two different compounds after calcination, having the same cations. And if it is so then your crystal morphologies will be different. CONFIRM THRU XRD.

Also, if you are getting similar XRD patterns, still you can also have different morphology as your starting materials are different. CHECK, IN XRD SAME JCPDS FILE NO., AND INTENSITY OF THE PEAKS. PROBABLY PEAK HEIGHTS WILL BE DIFFERENT.

Add 50 microM of beta-mercaptoethanol (final concentration) into the media. This will solve the problem.

To answer your question, several studies showed evidence for species differentiation identified by markers tracing speciation events at the genotype thet are not reflected in the usual diagnostic characters in some groups of ferns, such as the Asplenium nidus complex and the Asplenium normale complex to name only two. The reasons for the lack of correlation between speciation events and the establishment of morphological diagnostic features are complex. For example, reticulate evolution may cause the formation of intermediate forms that obscure the species differentiation using phenotypic data only. A similar pattern but totally different dynamics may be found in taxa that speciate only recently. Genetic markers may found them clearly segregated but phenotypic markers still show not clear distinction because of differences in the time intervals required to get the genotypic and phenotypic polymorphisms sorted. This is an interesting but still poorly understood issue that needs more attention.

Thank you Riley Rex. I will try it.

If you just put a drop of antifade, and then gently put the coverslip upside down to allow to sink by the viscous antifade. It will be OK.

Regards

In addition to Sang Ho Lee's answer, you could also stain for cleaved PARP. You should see this early during apoptosis and it would let you distinguish apoptotic cells from non-apoptotic cells through other means than morphology. Based on timing, you could then determine whether there is a difference in the microglial processes. Good luck!

Land equivalent ratio can be effectively used...

hello

many thank's for your answers I corrected my nexus file according to you ideas and I worked ..

Thank you Gary for answering. I immediately take a look at the paper.

I perfectly agree with Dr. Yuriy Kudriatvtsev. Nowadays microwave plasma cleanaing appratus, or simple cleaning at a very very low power especially in oxygen plasma even in a rf sputtering system would be greatly beneficial. In my case during ZnO deposition by rf sputtering, despite cleaning the substrate thoroughly in a variety of solvent, and extended vapor degreasing in (TCE, acetone, and IPA), I found after loading the substrates into the sputtering system, a simple insitu plasma cleaning treatment at a very low power (25 to 50 W) in oxygen for about 5 to 10 minutes, really produced a very very clean surface. Definitely such a treatment will not etch your film and disturb the morphology, provided you maintain very low powers, and do the cleaning for very short times.

K. Sreenivas

Hello

By controlling the velocity of truth, it is possible to form desired phase and structural changes in the metals. You can cool at high speed then the material will remain phases characteristic of high temperatures. Heat treatments can then be performed to reduce internal peaks and to form the structure.

At low speeds of realism (throwing in a furnace) then a uniform structure is guaranteed. If it is carried out in vacuum to ensure non-oxidized thermal treatment.

Wishing for success in scientific and research work.

With respect

Emil Yankov

At the moment there is no morphological differences. Previously it was thought that E. fetida is a stripy worm and E. andrei is uniformly coloured (red) this is why its first (but unavailable) name was E. unicolor.

Recently, investigating Iranian samples we have shown, that all the material (both striped and with uniform colour) belong molecularly to the E. andrei clade. So the only way is barcoding which is quite consistent showing two highly divergent Mt. clades.

To Anoop: It is not surprising that veneta differs from fetida/andrei; it belongs to a different genus Dendrobaena for a long time but erroneously time to time appears under the name E. veneta in the literature.

Cross sectioning and sem microscopy should give you good indications about their exact size. Check also the orientation of them and where they are located, along grain boundaries if they grow within your material, what microstructural features they follow. You can also do a chemical analysis at the cracked regions to see if the chemical compositiin plays a role.

But in general size orientation and the microstructural 'weak' features it follows are the important parameters.

The morpholgical features of monocytes had been described in the WHO 2008 classification to differentiate monoblasts from pro-monocytes and pro-monocytes from abnormal monocytes (figure 1). Pro-monocytes are considered "monoblasts equivalents" when the percentage of blasts is required for the diagnose of different types of acute leukemias of monocyte lineage. It's important that abnormal monocytes are excluded from the blasts count.

Previous photos are from an acute monoblastic leukemia (acute myeloid leukemia not otherwise specified in the WHO classification; M5b in the FAB classification) and constitute an interesting exercise to distinguish different types of monocytes. In the figure 2, a naphtyl butyrate esterase staining of bone marrow.

I think Olena is on the right path. I believe this death is called oncotic necrosis. Looks like giant blebs are forming. Something is either preventing the primary Na/K pump from working or energy production is severely impaired.

Dear Alireza,

Thank you for your reply. I am very clear on the issue now.

Dear Ali, In Macedonia' s literature homophones are elaborated in the part that cope with lexical issue. But, one angle of dealing with homophones can be semantics too. It depends on the aspect from which you are approaching,

Kind regrads,

V. Janusheva

Hi there,

Basically OD of cell suspension is actually a measurement of light diffusion due to the cells rather than light absorption. So the result depends on the geometry of the spec (if PM is farther from the cuvette, OD is bigger) which is not standardized (distance between PM and cuvette is not a constant therefore the same sample will give different OD value depending on this distance). So comparing data is complicated if they haven't been collected with the same apparatus.

Although it is fully understood that a L- and D- amino acids are have different spectral and physical properties than DL-amino acids,  less known is that an equimolar mixtures of L and DL amino acids often also have very different spectral and physical properties than either pure L or a racemic  DL mixture.

Thanks for the suggestion. I am trying the same. It is getting better but still the problem exists.

KPC lines do attach. The problem is not all those stressed cells detach and float. So it is difficult to get rid of all stressed cells.