Mobile Computing - Science method

There are various ways in which cryptography can be applied to value-added services in mobile networks. One way is to use encryption to secure the communication between the mobile device and the service provider. This can be done by using algorithms such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) or RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman).

Another way is to use digital signatures to authenticate users and transactions. Digital signatures use a combination of public and private keys to prove the authenticity of a message or transaction. This can be particularly important for financial transactions or other sensitive transactions.

Finally, it's important to use secure protocols such as TLS (Transport Layer Security) or HTTPS (HTTP Secure) to ensure that all communication between the mobile device and the service provider is encrypted and secure. These protocols can help to prevent eavesdropping and other types of attacks that can compromise the security of value-added services in mobile networks.

Technology by E and I transaction

Himadri Nath Saha, it seems to be a fascinating motivation scenario. The investments and the continuous growth of streaming games have imposed new requirements of response time (i.e., ultra-low latency). I am looking for DSP systems where latency-sensitive applications can be easily deployed on geo-distributed constrained resources avoiding creating a multi-tier of components.

intelligent agent for service delivery in mobile cloud computing

Social media today does for us now what the TV and radio did before. It psychologically tricks us into believing that we are in a group, and that we are interacting with people.

Because we are a gregarious creature, we find peace of mind being associated with others. Loneliness is our greatest enemy.

We find comfort and support through the use of computers and cell phones.

People may idealize and daydream about gardens but if you rephrased the question to read"

"If you had to give up one or the other, which are you prepared to give up TODAY and right now .... your garden or your computer & cell phone?"

Virtually everyone will hang onto to their electronics.

And rightly so...

Good question. Remember, 4IR is about digitised dynamical systems. That is, things and people interconnected, digitised and fast-moving. So, the education system must emphasize analytics and appreciate sociology. Call it interdisciplinarity.

absolutely you need thousands but for positive images yoy can generate them if you want o detect just one shape object using opencv_createsamples

as a part of circular economy such transformation brings smaller, greener, flexible autonomous vehicles that impact transportation in smart cities

I think MATLAB 2018 gives a nice interface for Raspberry pai. So this looks quite easy on Raspberry pai than other platforms.

Thank you Prof.Amina Bouraoui

Any FMIPv6 omnet++/inet source code example please? I just wanna test a project I am working on.

Regards,

Hi Andrea. There is a paper that compares Polar H7, PPG (from phone-cameras) and ECG. Results showed that the technical error of estimate (TEE) was acceptable for PPG and Polar H7 once compared with the gold standard (ECG).

Peter and Martin you are absolutely correct in your definition.  Thanks,

First, the communications overhead from a distributed algorithm that needs several iterations to converge to a solution, typically makes it impractical for a direct application of the algorithm.

Second, a distributed algorithm with built-in fairness considerations will typically be vulnerable to malicious nodes that misbehave. 

Third, the interactions with transport layer protocols such as TCP (which have different fairness mechanisms) will make it difficult to obtain a balanced solution for most situations.

go for literature and try to design them in CST or HFSS.. it is best way to start your work

Thank you all for help. I'm looking for a way to evaluate my proposal fog computing architecture in term of latency minimization ( I have found one paper that modeling the data flow in the network in four phases:

Data Generation, BSN Transmission, Data Aggregation, and WiFi Transmission

So : 

fog transmission time = Data Generation + BSN transmission. 

while using the cloud, the transmission time = Data Generation+ BSN tranissmission +Data Aggregation +Wifi transmission. 

I need to calculate these four phases based on the given equations in this paper. for example to calculate BSN transmission = [ Lp/rm*1/(prm)^2+Lm/rm*(prm) ]. where the input of this equation as follow:

Lp : indicate the length of a polling message. 

rm : represent the data rate in BSN.

Lm : denote the length of a BSN data packet.

prm: denote the packet delivery ratio of data transmission between all the motes and the aggregator in both directions.

I'm wondering how I can find these values (to be used as input to calculate the equation).

Please help if you know how! or you may guide me to another simple way to evaluate the latency in fog environment. 

Hello,

Thinskpseak (https://thingspeak.com/) of MATLAB is a very suitable tool for IoT experimentation. Devices such as Arduino, XBee etc. can be easily connected. You can run Thinkspeak in localhost (https://github.com/iobridge/thingspeak) and can be integrated with MATLAB for analytics.

Some blogs-

You can use gem5, combined with Xmulator.

I have a definition according to ITU-T in

IoT –  Internet of Things (Page 4)

Best regards

Anatol Badach

dear 

if you simulate the VM in cloudsim , please share your code with us

Regards (Talebi@Europe.com)

It would matter a lot when your technology stack is proliferating into new spaces where either/both space and time are constraints. I would like to bring to this discussion a major avenue of future, a potential market, and a topic of research interest - IoT (Internet Of Things). With almost every device that is capable of connecting to the network, one cannot expect every device around us to have enough compute and storage power right from day-1 for their code and execution. Code optimisation is crucial here.

Besides, ignoring code optimisation could never be assumed would have an upper bound on the extent of ignorance. Even a server with multiprocessing compute power and peta bytes of storage capacity cannot sustain a code which is not optimised in time and space over a long run. So, whatever be the platform on which your software is running, code optimisation always matters, just that we see immediate effects of it on low-end devices, and see it after few years on high-end ones.

Dear Benmir,

Here is the additional documentation on the subject.

Best regards

Hi Joel.

Thank you for your comment.

I am aware of that there exist several types of low-cost GNSS receivers and that pricing is less and less of an issue. If you look into my recent GPS Solutions article however I do not focus on "cost" comparisons to existing receivers on the market. But I focus rather just on the quality of low-cost single-frequency receivers (code/phase precision estimates), it happens here to be ublox receivers, and the multipath suppression abilities when using two different types of antennas (low- and "medium"-cost). I also showed the importance of antennas briefly in another article that I worked on in early 2015 and submitted to Journal of Geodesy. If the "trend" of low-cost receivers and antennas was already out there by then, I don't know? The "high-cost" terminology for dual-frequency receivers is only used as a "reference benchmark" to illustrate to the readers where we were "before" with only the GPS constellation in orbit.

It is, at least in my mind, quiet astonishing to see that the current low-cost single-frequency receivers can be shown to have the same magnitude of code and phase precision as "traditional" high-cost dual-frequency GPS receivers as long as multipath is surpressed (by e.g. the antenna). This leads then to competitive ambiguity-resolution performance and positioning precisions as long as the number of satellites in the multi-GNSS model (almost) doubles the number of GPS satellites and the baselines are relatively "short". I think this and the cost give a valuable insight into how future GNSS network developments can possibly be made (densified?), and I've been happy to see that manufacturers are also starting to focus on it.

/Robert

Simulation is the only way to convince community showing the results

 There are some effects such as slow down process and restricts many of the process

Agreed with the above statement.  Because IPv6 address space is 128-bits (2¹²⁸) in size, containing 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 IPv6 addresses.  This is significant increase from IPv4 which only contains 4,294,967,296 or 4.3 billion IPv4 addresses (IPv6 is 7.9×10²⁸ times as many as IPv4 addresses).

According to Gartner, only 6.4 billion connected "Things" of IoT will be used in 2016 whereby there is still plenty of IPv6 addresses to be used up for IoT purpose.

Yes, there are many IoT training offered by academic institutions as well as software & hardware products companies.  E.g., you can refer to the following YouTube link:

In general spectrum sensing is based on Eb/No (Signal to Noise ratio) . so you choose any communication model (Rayleigh, Rician, AWGN etc.,) and utilise the concept of Probability of error and Signal to Noise ratio for your work

There are many ways to extract apk file from your mobile, but the easiest way is the following:

Step 1: Install ES File Explorer App

Step 2: Open ES File Explorer App and goto Library -> Apps

Step 3: Select the app for which you want the apk and click on Backup (you will see many options after selecting an app) option.

Step 4: Get your apk file from sdcard/backup/apps folder.

Most of the MOOC application replied on the stable internet access, it was designed to retrieve, interact and digest in that way. I wonder if we consider the infrastructure limitation, this may closer to the traditional e-learning research with a medium that people can bring home and launch standalone.

This idea sounds a little bit old fashion, but it may provide an insight to re-invent the MOOC for internet limited region, or even more, a more localize style MOOC, when I read this news: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/23/cuba-offline-internet-weekly-packet-external-hard-drives

This is the most vitality news to see how people interact with the information technology, in their own way. Sorry, not provide too many useful research resources, hope this helps to gain you some new ideas. :)

This lancing business will bring in more productivity at lower cost; with energy saving to the country and resource (time & money) savings to the employee. In the hind sight, many of the work would become de-skilled as operational and "lower cost' contracts will be substituted or hired.

Socially, Rich will prosper by outsourcing projects, poor will be happy working and earning at home. Trend projection will be a ramp for the work provider while the growth to poor employees will be horizontal

I agree with Andrii to see VR as another interface. In my opinion, despite the hardware costs, the main challenge is how to deal with almost-perfect "immersiveness" of VR-systems.

I don't think VR is able to mimic natural environments perfectly some time soon. In the meantime, there is the posibility to get stuck in some kind of uncanny valley of interaction. VR's killer-app won't be "reality", the user always has to adapt to not-quite-reality, to the benefit of VRs advantages. I think the challenge is, to develop a common set of techniques to communicate differences to reality or VR-specific rules in VR without disturbing the users interaction.

The analysis of the interactive relations among interface elements using a structuralized method can help user interface designers to satisfy the different requirements of design and improve design efficiency. This study develops a three-stage structured user interface design approach for complex information systems consisting of multiple components. First, the Quality Function Development (QFD) approach is used to confirm the user's design demand and its mapping components. Next, the Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) technique is adopted to construct a clear model of a hierarchical structure. Finally, the Impact Matrix Cross-Reference Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) approach is employed to analyze the effect and dependence among the overall design components, and to consider the relationship network graph of distribution of components in the system.

This is my research article, I hope  to help you.

I am not very much interested in programming So cant help you 

Sorry dear

Thank you....Mahaboobeh

i came across late for this dataset..but its on the same track...

I will really nice, if you can share the implementation work of it....

I am following weka and prom.....is there anything else which is more helpful to this research....

The question is rarther whether mobile grids were actually alive at some point. The reviewers raise some crucial issues, and it the job of your research paper to convince then otherwise. One way doing that is to perform experiments with such a system on a meaningful scale and show that the issues are actually not that problematic.

If this doesn't work out then the reviewers are actually right, and the current solution will be hard to publish. But instead of throwing everything away you can consider a different type of application using the same solution you have developed now. Just try to remove heavy computations with something more mobile-friendly.

Finally, if nothing comes to mind on how to relabel your results you should consider moving on and scrapping the project. Like they say: when you discover that you are riding a dead horse, the best strategy is to dismount. You can still use the experience from this project to get better results in the future.

Hexagonal cell shape is perfect in cellular architecture because it cover an entire area without overlapping.

Satellite radios are most commonly used by consumers in automobiles as it offers better sound quality and more station programming choices over traditional AM and FM radio.Consumers typically pay for Satellite radio programming on a monthly subscription basis.

Thank you, Michael :-)

And sorry for my late answer

Die gsma hab ich in meinen Recherchen bisher einfach übersehen. :-(

Dear Frithiof

Look here:

You have already a good answer, but I believe that its and interesting whitepaper the one in my link.

Good luck in your research 

This landscape of architecture in IOT from device to application.

That would depend, as you have several types of cross-platform frameworks (tools).

A framework like Phonegap will make apps that render within a WebView. There will be performance issues and limitations when using WebViews, but it depends on your use (case). If you want to create hybrid apps (WebView-based), check out Ionic Framework, leveraging Cordova and Angular.

Another approach to cross-platform, is React Native (or NativeScript, Tabris.js, etc.), where you still write JavaScript for (business) logic, but the user interface is actually native. So it doesn't render to a WebView, but you get actual native performance. Perhaps you should check it out as well.

Depending on what level of description that you want, I think http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~gareth/ISL/ provides an excellent introduction to LOOCV (and other CV) for non-statisticians. And it is freely available to download from that url.

sorry I do not have the expertise to answer this question.

Not so easy to answer. However, one idea - if I understood you right - would be:

based on your GPS environment, filter wikipedia using the GPS and the category mechanism in wikipedia to select whatever you want in your environment.

 Ed, I think that you have an interesting question here.  There are numerous indoor activities that could benefit from more fine-grained position awareness (trade shows, conferences, schools, etc.) and I think that it is just a matter of time before we see more and more iBeacons around.  The question that I have about this is the logistics of maintaining the infrastructure.  Any kind of sensor needs power and even with the best battery life that we currently have there is a fairly short time limit for the utility of the beacon.  If we start "throwing" lots of these into the environment what will the near future look like when the batteries start to fail?  I see some work on the use of these sensors and beacons but have not seen much on the long term prospects for the technology - IMHO this will be a big issue for Internet of Things.

In my opinion you would like to model context-awareness as top-level concept in a very generic way, and to specialize that for the specific applications that you take into consideration. You should definitely have a look at the work of Dockhorn Costa [1], because she has presented a conceptual modelling approach that is more fundamental than Dey's type specific bound definitions of context [2].

Success with your research!

       Paul

REFS

Hi Ashish,

Additional literature for your perusal.  All the best.

By: Younky Chung. International Journal of Software Engineering & Its Applications. 2014, Vol. 8 Issue 5, p43-52. 10p. 3 Color Photographs, 10 Diagrams. DOI: 10.14257/ijseia.2014.8.5.05.

By: Shahzad, Abid; Hussain, Mureed. International Journal of Grid & Distributed Computing. Dec2013, Vol. 6 Issue 6, p37-50. 14p. 1 Diagram. DOI: 10.14257/ijgdc.2013.6.6.04.

3) MOBILE SECURITY: DESIGNING A NEW FRAMEWORK LIMITING MALWARE SPREAD IN THE MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING.

By: GHALLALI, MOHAMED; EL MIR, ABIR; EL OUAHIDI, BOUABID; BOUNABAT, BOUCHAIB; EL HAMI, NORELISLAM; ELMIR, BADR. Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology. 11/30/2013, Vol. 57 Issue 3, p354-366. 13p.

By: Asokan, N.; Ekberg, Jan-Erik; Kostiainen, Kari; Rajan, Anand; Rozas, Carlos; Sadeghi, Ahmad-Reza; Schulz, Steffen; Wachsmann, Christian. Proceedings of the IEEE. Aug2014, Vol. 102 Issue 8, p1189-1206. 18p. DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2014.2332007.

By: Khan, Abdul Nasir; Mat Kiah, M. L.; Madani, Sajjad A.; Khan, Atta ur Rehman; Ali, Mazhar. Journal of Supercomputing. Dec2013, Vol. 66 Issue 3, p1687-1706. 20p. DOI: 10.1007/s11227-013-0967-y.

By: Chun, Se-Hak. Personal & Ubiquitous Computing. Jun2013, Vol. 17 Issue 5, p965-969. 5p. DOI: 10.1007/s00779-012-0532-3.

Regards,

Fung

Mobile grid computing can be categorized as a peer to peer computing, any peer to peer simulation tools can be used to simulate it. One of the simulation tools example is PeerFactSim.KOM. 

I used Mosync "http://www.mosync.com" for building couple of applications and you can simply use JQuery mobile within Mosync to create whatever applicaitons you would like to create. You can use any webservice and call it with ajax from your JQMobile pages to interact with your server. So all what you need to do is:

1. Learn JQMobile

2. Learn Ajax calls

3. Have a web service that controls and interacts with your database and code. (I personally use web2py framework as a server and write my controllers with python).

4. Create a hybrid application or an HTML5 application inside mosync and start adding JQMobile pages inside it and call your web services using ajax.

5. Build to any platform.

6. Test your project either on the web, phone emulator or connect your phone to your computer and test it.

Let me know if you need any more information.

I could easily find it in Google. Hope to give a useful reference for you.

Cloud  Simulators :-

OpenNebula ,OpenStack, and Eucalyptus., CloudSim, GreenCloud, iCanCloud, NetworkCloudSim, VirtualCloud, MDCSim and CloudAnalyst

Mobile Simulators :-

microsoft app-v , softricity

have a look on

(1) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gandhi_Bipinchandra/publication/265058807_IRA_Technique_for_Desktop-as-a-Service_in_Cloud_Environment/links/53fdcf060cf2364ccc0911b0?origin=publication_detail

(2) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gandhi_Bipinchandra/publication/265058562_Survey_on_Resource_Management_Strategies_for_Desktop-as-a-Service_in_Cloud_Environment/links/53fdc8f20cf2364ccc090710?origin=publication_detail

ARM processor are often powered by small battery when being used extensively in consumer electronics, including PDAs, tablets, mobile phones, digital media and music players, handheld game consoles, calculators and computer peripherals such as Hard drives, printers, and routers.

The new ARM cortex are more energy efficient than new Intel Atom processor But only in terms of GHz/ W), but it is only a simple 32 bit RISC, whereas Intel has a powerful 64 bit CISC architecture. 

Intel x86 processors can deliver up to 3.6 GHz while consuming up to 130 W, or at the low end 1.8 GHz at 40 W. The ARM line of chips has been reported to deliver 1 GHz at 700 mW [320] (down by x50 in terms of GHz/W) and can reach up to 2 GHz; while still consuming less than a watt (down by x 75 in terms of GHz/W), So thr power savings seem to be substantial.

Hi Jong Hoon,

well, that's a tricky topic. 

As Bhaskar already pointed out, some people do even think that it doesn't make any sense to provide Cloud Computing service on mobile devices. I strongly disagree with this, BUT i believe that the perspective for Cloud Computing services on mobile devices needs to be a different one compared to usual Cloud Computing services. If you are interested in this, please have a look at the following publication:

M. Jansen. About the Necessity to Change the Perspective for Mobile Web Services. In: Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Symposium on Web Systems Evolution, 2013

Furthermore, i usually understand Web Services as one of the core enabling technologies for Cloud Computing enrivonments. Therefore, it might also be interesting for you to have a look at a publication we have published about an environment that allows to deploy standard Web Services to mobile devices:

M. Jansen. About an Architecture That Allows to Become a Mobile Web Service Provider. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services

And about using it for mobile Cloud Computing:

M. Jansen. About Using Mobile Devices as Cloud Service Providers. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science.

Furthermore, some colleagues of mine already integrated this kind of technology into a mobile Cloud Computing environment:

J. Guillen,  J. Miranda, J. Berrocal, J. Garcia-Alonso, J.M. Murillo, C. Canal. 

People as a Service: A Mobile-centric Model for Providing Collective Sociological Profiles. In: Software, IEEE (Volume:31 , Issue: 2 )

M. Jansen, J. Miranda, J.M. Murillo. Implementation of Asynchronous Mobile Web Services. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science, 2014

So, if you are interested in this topic, i would appreciate getting into further contact with you about it.

Cheers,

  Marc

Hi there,

I'm working on a similar library. Mine is called HPX. It provides a C++11/14 compliant interface for task based programming (async, future etc.). We extended the standard in a straight forward manner to also support distributed memory parallelism through the same interfaces. In addition we added some more API functions to make everything slightly more composable. Check it out at http://github.com/STE||AR-GROUP/hpx

This is very interesting question and QoS in IPV6 is based on following parameters.

– Bandwidth

– Delay

– Inter-packet Delay Variation – Jitter

– Packet loss.

- Latency.

The IOT, big data, and ubiquitous computing will I predict introduce untold complexity, as humans respond to immersion in situations of actual or possible ubiquitous monitoring with real time data analysis across real and cyber worlds. One vision is that humans may attempt to adapt and learn responses and controls, perhaps even focusing on engineering bio and profiling outputs readable by sensors. There may be an increased movement to switch off or seek invisibility as privacy becomes a more desirable and less accessible attribute. Data destruction or disruption may be an optional feature. Generic 'types' of identities based on similar groups of people may be preferred by users rather than personalization. Technologies that could allow humans to negotiate and have visibility to control and monitor their own attention, interactions, preferences and predictive patterns in the sea of technologies and networks will be in demand I think. Context aware apps may be device independent, with users flipping identities for different aspects of interactions in different situations. New challenges will be for trustworthy reliable technologies adapt at negotiating control and autonomy between individuals, communities and environments. Energy harvesting will be huge.

Hanno raised very important issue of data safety, neuroethics, electronic health records (EHRs) security and ability to be out of the network. When we take into consideration cloud computing and distributed processing - these threats are even larger. But it seems to complicated to solve them here, I'm afraid.

Have you thought about some IEEE 802.15.4 devices which are doted with a Time of Flight (ToF) ranging engine such as JN51xx family form NXP (http://www.nxp.com/techzones/wireless-connectivity/jn51xx/jn516x.html). Also you can fuse the ToF measurements with the RSSI and LQI Provided by IEEE 802.15.4 to get better accuracy.

You ever tried this kind of topic. I mean have you applied such kind of algorithms or not?

Hi, according to samsung tests of their 5G tech, it will go up to 1 Gbps for about 2 km distance.

The tasks or jobs in CloudSim are called Cloudlets.

Tutorials and examples:

* http://nile.wpi.edu/NS/

* http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/

* http://www.cs.bu.edu/groups/itm/SATS/simulation.html

ps. NS2 shouldn't be tagged as "Mobile Computing" - it can be used to model mobile protocols but it has nothing to do with Mobile Computing as such.

All of the aforementioned technologies will do the job. However, you must consider the following points before selecting any technology

1. Required Transmission Range

2. Required Bandwidth

3. Energy Consumption

4. Availability (bump technology is still new)

We still lack convincing design patterns for large web applications, ones with of the order of 100 pages and post actions.

Dozen of localization techniques are available. You can read about Time-Of-Arrival (TOA) or Time-Different-Of-Arrival (TDOA) techniques which measures the time of a signal takes to arrive at some number of sensors to estimate distance from mobile receivers. You can also read about using an Received Signal Strength (RSS) of a message broadcast from a known location of mobile receivers to compute the estimates position by using lateration, angulation, cellular proximity, dead-reckoning and etc. Another use of RSS is profiling which construct a map of RSS during training phase. Sensors then estimate their position by matching observed RSS values with the training data.

It dependes what you mean by "context of use," there are several papers that look at accruately predicting the context a mobile device is currently in. This year at CHI there was a paper where they tracked where phones were kept (pockets, tables, purses) using interviews and phone data. They were able to accurately determine the context of phones using existing sensors.

Phoneprioception: Enabling Mobile Phones to Infer Where They Are Kept

J. Wiese, T. Saponas, A. Brush

Is this what you are looking for in terms of context?

Rohitash ,

The current trend is to put the computing in cloud based systems as you have said, but in my opinion, we are then not truly leveraging mobility to its maximum extent. While I do not see the cloud based system being replaced any time soon, I would think that we need to move towards more efficient front end algorithms and truly take advantage of the distributed nature of current device to advance mobile computing.

I think Cloud computing and big data are the future research when it comes to distributed computing. Size of data are becoming increasingly bigger and bigger, also storage facilities are becoming a huge concern. This is where Cloud comes in, to help for easy storage and accessibility. Although both research areas are making waves at the moment and will surley be around for the next - say 5 years to come.

Hi Ahmed, can you be more explicit about what you mean by mobile computing ? architectural point of view ? network point of view ? programming paradigm ? ...