Minerals - Science topic

Arkaprava Roy T

he Thermoddem database provided by BRGM should help you.

As I wrote I'm not a biologist or biochemist. I read that "the molecular mechanisms underlying the associated metabolic acidosis are incompletely understood. "

doi: 10.1681/ASN.2017111163

In the Rodale Institute studies on organic agriculture the way that organic matter transforms water relationships is revealed in the 40,000 lysimeter water samples on long term experimentation.

The transformation of the water relation is through the effect of increasing soil organic matter which changes the soil properties.

Soil organic matter opens the soil texture this in turn allows for greater percolation of water. In addition the organic matter and organo clay complex allows for increased retention of the water in the soil its self

One of the keys to these changes is managing the system for actively covering the soil surface.

In the Rodale experience cover cropping is fundamental as it reduces the losses of erosion which degrade rather than build soil.

When agrichemicals are withdrawn the active biological such as mycorrhizal fungi and fixing bacteria give soil conservation and improvement something which is absent in long term monoculture which decreases soil organic matter stocks;

Dear Arezoo

You can use TG (Thermogravimetric) analysis for measuring the amount of mass losses during the thermal cycle. After the analysis, you should determine the main reactions which are probably responsible for that mass losses. It can be followed by the calculation based on the stoichiometry. I guess after that you will be able to predict which reactions occur during the thermal cycle.

Best of luck,

Amirhossein

Dear Colleague:

APS minerals when surveyed under the SEM may show a pseudo-cubic outward appearance this is also the most common morphology of Na-K alunite s.s.s. In the majority of case the occur as massive aggregates where even with aid of SEM morphological criteria are not helpful and only EMPA and XRD can disentangle the complex s.s.s.

For further reading concerning the APS minerals with several images see:

DILL, H.G., FRICKE, A., HENNING, K.-H. and GEBERT, H. (1995) An APS mineralization in the kaolin deposit Desa Toraget from northern Sulawesi / Indonesia.- Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 11: 289-293.

DILL, H.G., FRICKE, A., HENNING, K.-H. and THEUNE, C.H. (1995) An aluminium-phosphate mineralization from the hypogene La Vanguardia kaolin deposit (Chile).- Clay Minerals, 30: 249-256.

DILL, H.G., FRICKE, A. and HENNING, K.-H (1995) The origin of Ba-and REE-bearing aluminium-phosphate-sulphate minerals from the Lohrheim kaolinitic clay deposit (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany).- Applied Clay Science, 10: 231-245.

DILL, H. G., BOSSE, H.-R., HENNING, K-H. , FRICKE, A. and AHREND , H. (1997) Mineralogical and chemical variations in hypogene and supergene kaolin deposits in a mobile fold belt--The Central Andes of northwestern Peru.- Mineralium Deposita, 32: 149-163.

DILL, H. G., BOSSE H.-R. and KASSBOHM J. (2000) Mineralogical and chemical studies of volcanic-related argillaceous industrial minerals of the Central American Cordillera (western El Salvador).- Economic Geology, 95: 517-538.

DILL, H.G. (2001) The geology of aluminium phosphates and sulphates of the alunite supergoup: A review.- Earth Science Reviews, 53: 35-93.

DILL, H.G., BUZATU, A., BALABAN, S.-I. and RÜSENBERG, K. A. (2023) A mineralogical-geomorphological terrain analysis of hotspot volcanic islands -The missing link between carbonatite- and pegmatite Nb-F-Zr-Li-Be-bearing REE deposits and new tools for their exploration (Canary Islands Archipelago, Spain).- Ore Geology Reviews: (open access)

DILL, H.G and RÜSENBERG, K. A. (2023) Marker minerals in volcanics and xenoliths—An approach to

categorize the inferred magmatic rocks underneath the present-day volcanic landscape of Tenerife, Spain (NW African Rare Mineral Province).- Minerals: 2023, 13, 1410. 1-56, https://doi.org/10.3390/min13111410 (open access)

All papers are available on request and can be downloaded from the Researchgate server.

HGD

Is this in a geological context? In food? In a body? Please give us more context and details if you want an answer, because I have no clue what you are talking about now.

Yes, water in the mantle can migrate towards the crust due to the elevated temperature at depth. This water induces mineralogical transformations through metasomatism during its journey. This phenomenon is common in subduction zones where tectonic plates converge, with one plate sinking beneath the other. As the subducting plate descends into the mantle, it releases water due to the high pressure and temperature. This water can then trigger chemical reactions with minerals in the surrounding rocks of the mantle and/or crust, transforming them into hydrated minerals.

Dear Rk Naresh please do recommend my answer if helpful,

Minerals are introduced and cycled through various stages in the formation of soil and the recycling of matter in the environment. These stages are typically part of the biogeochemical cycles that involve both living organisms and geological processes. The primary stages where minerals are added and recycled include:

In summary, minerals are introduced to the soil and recycled within the environment through a complex interplay of geological processes, biological activities, and human interactions. These stages collectively contribute to the maintenance of nutrient cycles and soil fertility in ecosystems.

Soil microbes play an essential role in the environment by contributing to the release of key nutrients from primary minerals that are required not only for their own nutrition but also for that of plants. Depending on the environmental or experimental conditions, organisms have been observed to increase weathering rates and also occasionally to inhibit the effect of abiotic weathering processes retarding mineral weathering. To respond and adapt to adverse environmental changes, microorganisms employ a striking combination of transcriptional regulatory circuits to sense and translate extracellular stimuli into specific cellular signals, resulting in altered gene expression and protein activities. Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants, promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants. Through biomining process microorganisms are applied to recover precious minerals and metals of commercial significance from mining and industrial waste residues. This technology is also applied for environmental clean-up sites that have been contaminated with heavy metals and other emerging pollutants. It is known that microorganisms play a vital role in remediation of soil pollutants like heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, etc. However, the indigenous microbes have a limited capacity to degrade these pollutants and it will be a slow process. Microorganisms help in cleaning up the environment. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals; convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals. Any change in the environment to which an organism responds to is called a stimulus. Response is the reaction of the organims to the stimulus. Tropism is the growth movement of the organism depending on the direction of the stimulus. The microbes can also adapt to the changing environmental condition by transforming to different cell types that help the microbes to maintain optimum growth in new environment. Soil bacteria perform recycling of soil organic matter through different processes, and as a result they produce and release into the soil inorganic molecules (PO 4 3 −, CO2) that can be consumed by plants and microorganisms to grow and perform their functions. Weathering is often divided into the processes of mechanical weathering and chemical weathering. Biological weathering, in which living or once-living organisms contribute to weathering, can be a part of both processes. Microbes are responsible for both production and destruction of foodstuffs and are a key element in reducing waste from spoilage. Some microorganisms can degrade plastics, toxins, and agricultural waste, but some convert excess fertilizer to nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas

Dear,thank you

Dear my brother Prof. Amr,

I recommend to use WinPyrox software and please read the associated paper for details about calculations of pyroxene endmembers.

All the best

Mabrouk

Micro-organisms, earthworms and insects help break down crop residues and manures by ingesting them and mixing them with the minerals in the soil, and in the process recycling energy and plant nutrients. Sticky substances on the skin of earthworms and those produced by fungi and bacteria help bind particles together. The microbes that work in the recycling role use the organic carbon in the organic matter as an energy sourceRecycling frees up nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus that are important to plant health. With regards to trophic levels, microorganisms are capable of being: primary producers, engaging in photosynthesis or other autotrophic processes; heterotrophic consumers that consume other microorganisms; or decomposers, breaking down dead plant and animal material to recycle their components as nutrients. Decomposing bacteria and fungi break down dead organisms. They help recycle minerals and nutrients to the environment, which can then be used by other organisms. As they decompose dead matter, the decomposers also respire and so release carbon dioxide to the environment, contributing to the carbon cycle. Microbes also play an essential role in the natural recycling of living materials. All naturally produced substances are biodegradable, that is, they can be broken down by living organisms such as bacteria or fungi. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation. Waste removed during the process is digested by microbes, and what remains is dried and disposed of in landfills, incinerators or applied to soil as a conditioner, depending on the source and process.

I would trust the XRD results. If the solution was highly supersaturated and contained a high amount of Mg, vaterite precipitation is quite likely. The vaterite probably formed by recrystallization from an ACC precursor. There is a huge amount of literature on this.

Are you sure it's tourmaline? - it appears to have a cleavage parallel to the elongation and the colour is homogeneous, unlike in most tourmalines.

From my experience with QCMD, higher overtone numbers are usually subject to more noise. The overtone number refers to which multiple of the fundamental frequency the crystal is vibrating at. For example, if the fundamental frequency is 5 MHz, the 3rd overtone would be 15 MHz, and so on. Each overtone probes a different depth into the material attached to the crystal surface. Because the wave penetrates deeper into the layer at higher overtones, it's possible to gather information about changes that occur deeper in the layer. This can potentially provide more detailed information about the sample. However, these higher overtones are also more sensitive to noise and other perturbations because higher frequency vibrations are more easily affected by factors such as temperature fluctuations, mechanical vibrations, and electrical noise.

Another important consideration is that at higher overtones, the assumptions of the Sauerbrey equation start to break down. The Sauerbrey equation assumes a rigid, homogeneous layer, but at higher overtones, the sensitivity to viscoelastic properties increases, and the layer may not behave as a simple, rigid mass.

Here are some references that you can read.

https://www.biolinscientific.com/blog/why-it-is-useful-to-use-multiple-overtones-in-qcm-measurements#:~:text=As%20a%20direct%20result%20of,perspective%20of%20the%20sample%20material.

FYI, we have just released GCDkit.Mineral, which serves exactly this purpose (recalculation, statistical treatment and plotting of mineral chemistry data). You can download it from https://mineral.gcdkit.org.

Dear friend Senthilkumaravelan Ayyar

The green coloration of the shrimp larval rearing tank water can be attributed to the presence of excessive algae growth, particularly the live microalgae Thalassiosira weissflogii in your case. Algae bloom occurs when there is an abundance of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, in the water, providing favorable conditions for algal growth. The high nutrient levels can be a result of excess feeding or inadequate water exchange and filtration in the tank.

To address the green water issue, you can consider the following measures:

1. Adjust feeding practices: Ensure that you are providing an appropriate amount of feed to the larvae and avoiding overfeeding. Excess feed can contribute to the nutrient load in the water.

2. Optimize water quality parameters: Monitor and maintain proper water quality parameters, such as temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen levels. Regular water exchanges and filtration can help dilute and remove excess nutrients.

3. Enhance water circulation: Improve water circulation and aeration in the tank to disrupt algal growth and promote better water quality. Consider using appropriate pumps or air stones to enhance circulation.

4. Use UV sterilization: Incorporate a UV sterilizer into the filtration system to control algae growth. UV light can help eliminate algae and reduce the green water problem.

Regarding the Vorticella infestation issue, Vorticella is a common ciliate protozoan that can attach to surfaces in the water, including the larvae. It can cause harm and lead to high mortality rates. To prevent or reduce Vorticella infestation, you can consider the following strategies:

1. Maintain clean surfaces: Ensure that tank surfaces, including tank walls and equipment, are properly cleaned and free from debris or organic matter where Vorticella can thrive.

2. Improve water quality: Implement proper water quality management practices, including regular water exchanges, filtration, and maintenance of optimal water parameters, to create an environment less conducive to Vorticella growth.

3. Use appropriate treatments: Consult with aquatic health professionals or experts to identify suitable treatments or additives that can help control Vorticella infestation without harming the shrimp larvae or other beneficial organisms in the tank. These treatments may include specific medications or natural remedies.

It is important to note that specific recommendations and approaches may vary depending on the specific species of shrimp, local conditions, and available resources.

In addition, my published articles can be of interest to you

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303976897_Using_Microalgae_for_Treating_Wastewater?

Chemical nutrients and energy tend to flow in the same direction for most of an ecosystem, but the main difference is that the nutrient cycle is recycled in the ecosystem while the energy flow is ultimately lost from the ecosystem to the universe at large. Decomposers are fungi and bacteria that obtain their nutrients from a dead plant or animal material. They break down the cells of dead organisms into simpler substances, which become organic nutrients available to the ecosystem.

The two main categories of igneous rocks are extrusive and intrusive. Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground. Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet. Sedimentary rocks can be organized into two categories. The first is detritus rock, which comes from the erosion and accumulation of rock fragments, sediment, or other materials categorized in total as detritus, or debris. The other is chemical rock, produced from the dissolution and precipitation of minerals.

The critical feature of the parent rock is its mineral composition because it is the stability of minerals that counts when metamorphism takes place. In other words, when a rock is subjected to increased temperatures, certain minerals may become unstable and start to recrystallize into new minerals. If there is too much heat or pressure, the rock will melt and become magma. This will result in the formation of an igneous rock, not a metamorphic rock.

Rock melts when the temperature of the rock increases to above the melting point of minerals in the rock. Rock melts when excess pressure is removed from rock that is close to melting. Rock may melt when fluids, such as water, are added. The critical feature of the parent rock is its mineral composition because it is the stability of minerals that counts when metamorphism takes place. In other words, when a rock is subjected to increased temperatures, certain minerals may become unstable and start to recrystallize into new minerals.

Flux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a solid structure. Much like heat transfer, flux melting also occurs around sub-diction zones. Partial melting occurs when the temperature on a rock is high enough to melt only some of the minerals in the rock. The minerals that will melt will be those that melt at lower temperatures. Fractional crystallization is the opposite of partial melting.

Water has the property of expanding below 40C. Thus, in cold regions when the temperature falls below 40C, the water content present in rocks expands. Due to this expansion of water or increase in volume of water, the rocks crack. Metamorphism occurs because rocks undergo changes in temperature and pressure and may be subjected to differential stress and hydrothermal fluids. Metamorphism occurs because some minerals are stable only under certain conditions of pressure and temperature.

The process of extracting mineral from deep under the soil is called mining and there are several methods we use in extracting the mineral. selection of these methods are based on the type of the mineral to be extracted, how valuable the mineral also affects the selection of the extraction method, grade of the mineral of influences the selection of the methods to be used. these methods include:

1. underground mining: It involves creating underground tunnels or shafts to access the ore body. Miners use drilling and blasting techniques to break the ore and extract it through underground tunnels. Examples of underground mining methods include drift mining, slope mining, and shaft mining.

2. open pit mining:Open-pit mining is used to extract minerals that are located near the surface or in large horizontal deposits. It involves the excavation of a large open pit or quarry, using heavy equipment such as excavators and trucks. The ore is then extracted from the pit or quarry using mining techniques such as drilling, blasting, and excavation.

Metals above carbon can extracted from its ore in the following procedures:

1. mining: that is extracting it from the ground

2.crushing and grinding:The extracted ore is usually crushed and ground into smaller particles to increase the surface area for subsequent processing.

3.beneficiation: the ore is processed to remove impurities and concentrate the desired metal. Various techniques such as gravity separation, magnetic separation, and flotation may be employed depending on the characteristics of the ore.

4.smelting: is the process of extracting the metal from the concentrated ore. It involves heating the ore at high temperatures in a furnace along with a reducing agent, such as carbon or carbon monoxide. The reducing agent reacts with the metal oxide in the ore, reducing it to the metallic form.

5.refining: The extracted metal from smelting may still contain impurities. Refining is the process of purifying the metal further to remove any remaining impurities. Techniques such as electrolysis or chemical processes are used to achieve the desired purity.

NOTE: some of these process may vary depending on the type of the ore you are dealing with.

Cementation happens as dissolved minerals become deposited in the spaces between the sediments. These minerals act as glue or cement to bind the sediments together. Cementation refers to the growth of new minerals between the sediment grains. These new minerals bind the sediment grains together. One form of cementation is growth of quartz rims on the surfaces of pre-existing quartz grains in the sediment.

Hi there, I am unable to export to a Channel5 project and I keep getting file name error stating that the "character: ." is invalid. I've tried several names so far, but do you have an insight on what the issue might be?

Chemical rocks forms when minerals that are dissolved in a solution crystallize. Limestone can form when calcite that is dissolved in lakes, seas, or underground water comes out of solution and forms crystals. They can also form from mineral deposits left when seas or lakes evaporate. Water (H2O) is polar because of the bent shape of the molecule. The shape means most of the negative charge from the oxygen on side of the molecule and the positive charge of the hydrogen atoms is on the other side of the molecule. This is an example of polar covalent chemical bonding.

Thank you Evgeniy Popov

Buenas noches, gracias por responder. Si me refiero a la zona que habla la Convemar, es decir donde el fondo marino es de todos. Zona de Fractura Clarion-Clipperton, la Cuenca del Océano Índico Central, el Océano Pacífico Occidental. siete (7) contratos para la exploración de sulfuros polimetálicos en South West Indian Ridge, Central Indian Ridge y Mid-Atlantic Ridge y cinco (5) contratos para la exploración de costras ricas en cobalto en el Océano Pacífico Occidental

Generally, qualitative and quantitative determination of mineral phases is performed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods.

Even amorphous content can be quantified using an internal or external standard. Another variant to deal with even multiple semi-amorphous phases is the so called PONKCS method.

Hello,

If I remember correctly, it is assumed that all Fe is trivalent in epidotes. This is worth reading:

To ensure effective wastewater treatment processes and minimize the environmental impact of treated wastewater, the mineral and trace element composition of synthetic wastewater must replicate that of the actual wastewater under investigation. Given that the composition of minerals and trace elements in wastewater varies widely depending on the source, such as industrial, municipal, or agricultural, the first step involves characterizing the wastewater by analyzing its pH, total dissolved solids, organic matter content, and mineral and trace element composition. The design of synthetic wastewater must be stable and reproducible, with consistent concentrations of minerals and trace elements throughout the study and the ability to be easily replicated in future experiments.

summarily, the mineral and trace element composition of synthetic wastewater must be meticulously tailored to closely resemble that of the actual wastewater being studied, while also being stable and reproducible for future research.

Keith Winfree That's what I mean by confusing. If I write that property A varies such and such with feldspar structure(s), it won't be immediately clear whether I refer to twinning, exsolution lamellae or state of order (a feature of what crystallographers would call structure).

Alcohol and formaldehyde preservation solutions are commonly used in the preservation of skeletal carbonates. However, there is a concern that these solutions may leach elements from the skeletal carbonates, which could potentially affect the accuracy of isotopic and elemental analyses.Several studies have investigated the effects of alcohol and formaldehyde preservation solutions on skeletal carbonates. One study found that formaldehyde preservation did not significantly affect the stable isotopic composition of skeletal carbonates, but it did result in a slight decrease in calcium concentration. Another study found that alcohol preservation did not significantly affect the stable isotopic composition or elemental concentrations of skeletal carbonates. However, some studies have reported that both alcohol and formaldehyde preservation solutions can leach elements from skeletal carbonates. For example, one study found that alcohol preservation caused a significant loss of magnesium from coral skeletons. Another study found that formaldehyde preservation caused a significant loss of strontium from bivalve shells. Overall, the effects of alcohol and formaldehyde preservation solutions on skeletal carbonates appear to be dependent on several factors, including the type of carbonate, the concentration and duration of exposure to the preservation solution, and the specific element being analyzed.

The high nickel contents indicate orthomagmatic, sulphide enrichment in the magmatic (mafic) host rock. In addition, in many mafic rocks, liquid segregation of a sulphide and oxide melt occurs, because of the capability of sulfide liquid to dissolve significant amounts of oxygen, leading to the crystallization of magnetite and incorporation of nickel from the sulphides. The amount of dissolved oxygen in a sulfide melt is dependent on the conditions and metal contents of the sulfide liquid. At very high nickel contents, another influencing factor is the degree of post-magmatic hydrothermal oxidation.

Combining feed enzymes, minerals, and probiotic microbes can have positive effects on the growth and health of aquatic animals, as each component plays a different role in supporting their nutrition and gut health.

Probiotic microbes are live microorganisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, provide a health benefit to the host. They help to improve gut health, nutrient utilization, and disease resistance. Feed enzymes, on the other hand, are proteins that break down complex nutrients in feed into simpler forms that can be more easily digested and absorbed by the animal. Minerals are essential nutrients that play important roles in various physiological processes, such as bone formation, enzyme activation, and nerve function.

When combining these three components, it is important to consider the specific needs and characteristics of the aquatic animal species, as well as the production environment and feeding conditions. In general, a balanced composition of feed enzymes, minerals, and probiotic microbes can be achieved through a combination of the following steps:

Overall, combining feed enzymes, minerals, and probiotic microbes can be an effective way to improve the efficiency of aquatic animal production, but it requires careful consideration of the specific needs and characteristics of the target species and the production environment.

Please, could you provide more details? What type of images do you have?

Hi.

This is a problem that has come up many times when test sample is in poor supply.

Unfortunately, any chemicals that might destroy the collector will also probably affect the flotability of the minerals. This might be caused directly because they react with or absorb onto them, or it might be the reaction products from destruction of the collector that do.

At the right pH you might be able to wash a lot of the hydroxamate, but it won't all go, and depending on the minerals present, you could be washing out surface ions which will also affect flotation.

Not good news. Sorry about that.

Rock minerals feed the soil microbes that transform the minerals into available nutrition for plants which produce healthy food for us. Improves water retention, boosts healthy crop yields, helps resist against plant disease and pests and maintains biodiversity.

Magnetic surveys are principally used in mapping lithologies and structural zones of deformation. The latter are critical in providing pathways for hydrothermal fluids, particularly around dilation zones creating by reactivated or intersected faults. Magnetic surveys are therefore principally used to determine the structural deformation history of an area and pin point structural exploration targets. Additional geophysical techniques are then employed to determine the presence of sulphides which commonly are associated with gold. Of particular use are for example IP, ERT surveys and the in-phase component of EM Surveys.

For geochronology, I agree with H.G. Dill to avoid solution processes whenever possible. You already have a fine to coarse powder that you can use with heavy liquid separation, clean up with acetone and hand pick the crystals after that. The main problem with acids is that you are dealing with undiuted version that have many drawbacks such as vapors, spill-over droplets, very strong reactions with powdered rocks and the non-least one, a higher health risk to the operator. These acids will eat through clothes and skin rapidly and one can end up in hospital for treatment if a pure HF droplet or vapor gets under the skin; it attacks the nerves and is extremely painful.

As for the effects of this rock powder dissolution method on the geochronology results, the problems can be many folds. Cracks in baddaleyite crystals can fill up with dirty acid filled with U and Pb from the dissolved minerals and a very thin (1-2 microns) layer of the surface can have partial leaching and/or contamination. This leaching can be offset by abrading the grains as with zircons in case of chemical geochronological analysis. The problem with using commercial grade is that you have no control on the amount of 204Pb you 'add' to the system through cracks and surface porosity. One mistake is to start with the assumption that baddeleyites are 'impermeable', which is not really the case. They have the same problems as zircons have.

The important thing is with which machine type you are measuring the iotopes, a 'classical' mass spectrometer from chemical dissolution and separation analysis or an ICPMS directly on polished grains?

Overall, the problem of baddaleyite separation and analysis are the same as with zircon, in both case the U and Pb are not that strongly attached to the crystal lattice, only the mineral lattice itself is strong enough to trap quite efficiently U and Pb. The best advice is to take the same precautions that one would use for zircon extraction and it should go well.

I don't wish to be political, but the Chinese government is not above manipulating the supply and demand for materials, however it has exposed itself to the free markets where supply and demand determine the ultimate pricing for materials. Rare earths are ultimately no different despite the near monopoly that China has.

Points to consider with pricing of rare earth supplies:

thank you so much Mohamed Lamine Malki for the detailed answer.

Dalibor Matýsek@, Noah Lewark@

Long ago we described a range of sulfate and associated minerals (gypsum, natroalunite, huntite, haloysite, pickeringite, K-alum, hydrated Fe-sulfate, epsomite, lecontite), grown along cracks in graphite schist in the huge Tarbela Dam on the Indus River. We figured, like Noah Lewark that they resulted from weathering of pyrite. The paper (Jan et al., 1985. Low-temperature secondary minerals from Tarbela. Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar (current name-J of Himalayan Earth Sciences) 18, 189-197) should be on the Research Gate, but if not and you are interested in having it, please let me now at <mqjan@yahoo.com>

Hello, I've read in papers about polymer composites and the authors use montmorillonite clay (MMT) to synthezise them, but i don't know if the MMT has the features that you mentioned.

I'm interested in this topic for future works.

Perhaps worthwhile to check out below:

A. K. Burnham, Chapter 2: Introduction to Chemical Kinetics, In: Global Chemical Kinetics of Fossil Fuels: How to Model Maturation and Pyrolysis [online], Ed. A. K. Burnham, Springer International Publishing, Livermore, CA, 2017. https://10.1007/978-3-319-49634-4_2

I made electrolyte solution of potassium ferricyanide/ferricyanide in pbs and it keeps degrading and decoloring in few days. I don't know why. I wish it can help you

That is a strange question. As Ioan Pintea suggested, 100% is a high quartz value for a quartzite, but 59% is a high value for your meta-basic rocks, but 59% might be a low value for a quartzite. The categories low, medium and high will be different for each different rock. You need to understand the purpose for making these categories. Is there any purpose? If not, why are you doing it?

Dear Dr. Kevin Azeuda

Chlorite is not a pathfinder in most cases, but it is easy to give us an indication for alteration which is usually associated with some type of ore deposits and mineralizations. I think you can find the relationships between the metals and copper, the factors that control the distribution of ore (in both cases massive or veins), the gangue minerals and the host ore minerals, the pathways for fluids, and the type and intensity of alterations. Understanding these parameters will help you to develop a geochemical predictive tool for the Central African Copperbelt.

-----------------

With best wishes

Mohamed Faisal

Pyrite Mineral

Is it the whole face of Mars, or a couple of square meters from a rover, or a microscopic mineral sample from one of the probes? The spatial extent and most importantly, which sensor of what mission is it from? Raw data or post processed? NASA and ESA make available various all sorts of spectral libraries to match your sample against: https://crismtypespectra.rsl.wustl.edu/ and https://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/

Mg , Fé and K can be determined by uv-vis spectrophotometry using complexometric reagents .Try To read my publications

Why you should eliminate the fragments of zeolite. I used basaltic pumice (Skorya) as an adsorbent in my doctoral thesis. However, I did crystallographic (xrd, xrf, sem-edx, BET and ft-ir) analyzes without interfering with its natural state. If I interfere with its structure, its name changes. Depending on the ordinary situation, it becomes modified scoria or actived scoria.

The generalized equation is ϵ˙=Aσntm, where A= C1, n = C2, m = C3.

The below links could be helpful to have more idea about considering the values for creep constants.

Power Law Creep Equation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Norton’s power law equation Archives - iDESIGN (idesignbest.com)

PII: B978-0-08-043637-1.50003-X (concordia.ca)

See the review of Voelz et al. 2019 (10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00012) for different iron mineral dissolution methods.

It depends on which iron minerals you want to dissolve but a dithionite exraction seems promising to me as long it its not magnetite .

Zinc deficiency photo University of Nebraska on maize.

There are tons of archived EO-1 Hyperion data at USGS Earth Explorer or you may order something from PRISMA.

At a glance, I found three different models for calcite. They are all fairly complicated combinations of electrostatic terms, Buckingham, Morse and Lennard-Jones potentials, and harmonic bond/angle/torsion terms. You will need to use the "hybrid" pair_style in LAMMPS, and subsequently define the pair_coeff separately for each component of the potential. https://docs.lammps.org/pair_hybrid.html

For the most recent of these potentials, by Raiteri et al. (2015), the authors provide a LAMMPS input file. Apparently you will need to request some modifications to the LAMMPS source code from the authors as well.

Pavese et al. (1996):

Archer et al. (2002):

Raiteri et al. (2015):

Please see separate message I sent you with file scans for strengite. In most cases, if you find a published paper with a needed reference spectra, please contact the corresponding author. The synchrotron community is generally very helpful.

There is only one way to learn to recognize and identify the mineral species you mentioned with their physical and optical properties such as color, crystal shape, grain shape, cleavage, fracture pattern, mineral association, host rock assemblage etc., use :

and learn!

It depends on what you are trying to test.

Some frothers can behave like collectors by themselves, and so if you are trying to test an actual collector, the presence of a frother can complicate things.

The presence of a frother is not necessary for a mineral to attach to a bubble in the presence of collector and then and float. While the froth may not be stable in the absence of a frother, the attachment of mineral particles to bubbles can still be observed.

Большое спасибо!

С уважением АС

Yes, they can, if you consider phytosiderophores are "small" enough:

See also, my article on phytosiderophores:

I'm sure someone has looked at Cys and Met specifically, but I'm sure it can be found with a google scholar or Web of Science search.

Because ferttlizes are supplying essentionl elements reqired for better crop growth development thereby increading biomass yield

Dear Ali Behrad Vakylabad many thanks for posting this interesting technical question. As a synthetic inorganic chemist I'm certainly not a proven expert in this field of research. However, I can suggest to you the following potentially useful article which might help you in your analysis:

The paper is freely available as public full text (please see the attaced pdf file). Also please see this Open Access article:

This article has been posted by the authors as public full text on RG, so that you can easily download it as pdf file.

I hope this helps. Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

If your colleagues prepare their material for sectioning using 'standard' biological TEM preparation methods, Osmium will also be present in the sections. Osmium tetroxide is used in the double-fixation method for standard Epon embedding.

The UA and Pb staining are used to help contrast and easily visualize the biological material within the sections. For your ESD purpose, you will get a cleaner signal of the minerals within the microbes if UA and Pb are not used for staining the sections. Unstained sections can be viewed within the TEM but this makes them harder to visualize. The minerals present within the microbes will be a higher atomic number than the elements that make up the microbes (C, H, N, O etc) which may aid you to find the microbes within the sections by their contrast. Osmium is also a high atomic number stain and so will further aid you in finding the microbes within the non-UA and Pb stained sections.

Thanks a lot.

Dear Bipul,

First of all you should mentioned about which part of India you are talking about! As different parts of India has different types of soils with various types of minerals. As you are studying in Tripura University so here I am assuming that you talking about Tripura soils. So in Tripura mostly it is red soils. So there you will get Kaolinite (1:1) minerals with abundant amount of hematite ( iron oxides) with sesquioxides (aluminium and Iron oxides). And you are asking for elements. So better mentioned essential nutrients (17) rather than elements. As red soils of Tripura are mostly acidic in nature so definitely Al and Fe will be there along with Mn. Lowland Rice soils will face Zn deficiency. Nitrogen along with phosphorus will be deficient. But still you should mentioned about type of tree.. whether coniferous or deciduous!

Best regards

Deb

It doesn't matter if the formula is calculated on 4 or 16 oxygen atoms. The monazite formula contains 4 O, but there are 4 formula units in the unit cell. If vacancies are not expected, the formula can also be normalized to 1 cation.

For any rock identification the more analysis one can do will give clues to the origin of the rock. There are so much data and research done around the world that one can compare with known data for better identification.