Mineralization - Science topic

Here’s a concise and professional response suitable for ResearchGate:

Gross nitrogen (N) mineralization is typically higher under oxic conditions than anoxic conditions due to the greater efficiency of aerobic microbial processes in breaking down organic matter. In anoxic conditions, microbial activity slows significantly, leading to reduced mineralization rates.

While the exact ratio varies depending on soil type, organic matter content, and environmental conditions, studies have reported that oxic mineralization rates can be 2–5 times higher than those under anoxic conditions. For example, in some tropical soils, oxic rates were observed to be 3–4 times greater.

Regarding ammonium (NH₄⁺), mean residence time tends to be longer under anoxic conditions due to the suppression of nitrification, which relies on oxygen. This highlights the critical role of oxygen availability in regulating nitrogen cycling processes in soils.

For further reading, you might find studies like Chen et al. (2015) or Davidson & Galloway (2004) insightful, as they explore N cycling dynamics under varying oxygen levels.

you can deploy Copilot For effective ion exchangers for selective strontium (Sr) extraction, especially in solutions with high mineralization and a high Ca/Sr ratio, there are several approaches and materials that have been studied:

Recent Studies and References:

Educational Tips:

For more detailed information, you can explore the articles and reviews mentioned above. They provide comprehensive insights into the materials and methods used for selective strontium extraction in various conditions.

Inorganic ion exchangers for strontium removal from radioactive waste : a review | Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry

Removal of Strontium by Physicochemical Adsorptions and Ion Exchange Methods | SpringerLink

Ion Exchange & Water Demineralization Handbook | Veolia

digital.library.unt.edu

Good luck

Maybe fulgurite caused by lightning strikes due to the Fe-Si reaction which points to hight-T processes leading to fayalite which is also common to Fe slags

HGD

Dear Colleague,

the term "chert" is a technical term used for bio-chemical siliceous sediments and in this case obviously a bit mis-leading. Would you please specify your question and apply the most suitable term to the siliceous host rocks in question. To guide and facilitate the selection of terms and deposits, please have a look at the potential Au deposits:

1)Magmatic gold deposits

1)Volcanicmassive sulfide deposits (VMS)

(1)Kuroko-type (19f D)

(2)Besshi-type and Ural-type (19a B)

(3)Cyprus-type (19b B)

(4)Iberian-type (19e B-19e D)

(5)Greenstone-Belt-type (19c BC)

(6)VMS deposits of unknown type in medium to high grade metamorphic terrains (19i BCD)

2)Listwanite-type Au deposits related to ultramafic igneousrocks (19a A)

3)Gold deposits associated with felsic intrusions—igneousrocks (IRG-systems) (19c D)

4)Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits including co-magmaticbreccia pipes (19c DE)

(1)Calcalkaline porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits and Cu-(Mo) breccia pipes (19c D)

(2)Alkalic porphyry Cu-Au/ diorite porphyry copper (19c E)

5)Pyrometasomatic Au skarn deposits (19g CD)

6)Shallow high- and low-sulfidation Cu-Au-Ag deposits (19b CD)

1)High sulphidation-type/ quartz alunite-type Au-Ag-Cu deposits (19b CD)

2)Low sulphidation-type/ adularia-type Au-Ag deposits (19b CD)

3)Hot spring Au deposits bound to subaerial siliceous sinter (19b CD)

7)Mn-Au-Ag-Fe-Ba-F low-sulfidation deposits (19a D)

8)Alkaline igneousrock-relatedAu-Ag-Te deposits (19a E)

9)Carbonate-hosted disseminatedAu-Ag deposits(Carlin-type) (19h CD)

10)Cu-P-REE-U-Th-(Au –PGE) vermiculite deposits (19b E)

2)Structure-related gold deposits

1)Orogenic gold deposits (19a G)

2)Iron oxide breccias with Cu-Au-Ag-U deposits (19a F)

3)Sedimentary gold deposits

1)Laterite-saproliteAu-(PGE-Sn)-Fe-Al-Mn deposits (19a H)

2)Au-PGE placer deposits (19a I)

3)Buried (Paleo) Au-U-(PGE-Th) placers (quartz pebble conglomerate) (19b I)

4)Au-bearing banded iron formation (19a J)

5)Au-bearing black shales (19b J)

6)Au-bearing coal (19a N)

4)Metamorphic gold deposits

1) Metamorphic Au-As-Pd-Hg-Bi-Te mobilizates (19i IJ)

HGD

Yes, they can form together but in a sequential event.

Initially, the reduced fluid tends to cause the precipitation of pyrite, followed by a subsequent transition into a comparatively oxygenated state, attempting to precipitate magnetite.

Such type of occurrence has been reported by the following work,

Barla, Anmol, Sahendra Singh, and Rajarshi Chakravarti. "Genesis of metasomatic gold mineralization in the Pahardiha-Rungikocha gold deposit, eastern India: constraints from trace element signatures in chromite-cored magnetite and bulk rock geochemistry." Ore Geology Reviews 121 (2020): 103482.

Despite being called a "clonal" cell line, after multiple passages, you end up with a drift that generates a mosaic culture of cells that are different in their osteogenic differentiation potential. You could "re-clone" your line to identify clones that still have a good osteogenic potential: Get 30-40 single clones, expand, freeze, differentiate each clone with usual GP and vit C when confluent, and select/use only clone(s) that can differentiate and mineralize.

Refer to the following Link...

Dear Ms. Haddad,

Many thanks for your interesting contribution.

Best regards,

Nima Nezafati

All types of REE deposits are contolled by geodynamic processes such as rifting and deep-seated lineamentray fault zones this is true for carbonatites, alkaline magmatic rocks and ensimatic pegmatites

1)REE-P-Nb-Ta-Y-F-(Be-Zr-Th) deposits related to carbonatites

2)REE-P-Ti deposits related to alkaline igneous complexes (

3)REE-U-Nb-bearing pegmatites (in places, transitional into intragranitic deposits with Mo-W-U-Be)

4)REE-Nb-P-F- bearinghydrothermal iron deposits

5)Be- and Y-bearing alkaline intrusive rocks (nepheline syenite)

6)REE-F-Ba-Th- bearing vein-type deposits

6) is a faultbound type in the strict sense

For further reading see (all are open access/ see Researchgate)

DILL, H.G., BUZATU, A., BALABAN, S.-I. and RÜSENBERG, K. A. (2023) A mineralogical-geomorphological terrain analysis of hotspot volcanic islands -The missing link between carbonatite- and pegmatite Nb-F-Zr-Li-Be-bearing REE deposits and new tools for their exploration (Canary Islands Archipelago, Spain).- Ore GeologyReviews: (in print)

DILL, H.G and RÜSENBERG, K. A. (2023) Marker minerals in volcanics and xenoliths—An approach to

categorize the inferred magmatic rocks underneath the present-day volcanic landscape of Tenerife, Spain (NW African Rare Mineral Province).- Minerals: 2023, 13, 1410. 1-56, https://doi.org/10.3390/min13111410

HGD

I think the best conditions for antigorite formation include extensive hydrothermal hydration of ultramafic and mafic igneous lithologies such as in upducted ophiolite sequences. Magnesium-rich end members of olivine and pyroxenes should dominate the mineralogy of the igneous protoliths. My answer is based on my experience with world-class Nkamouna cobaltiferous Ni-Mn deposits developed on extremely serpentized units in southeast Cameroon:

You can apply PCA using the ASTER bands. Also, you can try to calculate feature importance using the raster values that can be extracted from different ASTER bands after a visual inspection of various color composite images (ASTER bands and PC bands). From the analysis of feature importance, you could get an idea of best optimum bands that can be used for your study. Mohammed Jalal Tazi

ASU

Hi Monica,

I know skeletal samples (bones and teeth). I did use human bones for my study. I am pleased to share my little experience with you, hopefully, it is useful. Please consider some things such as:

1. Type of histological slides. Are they positive charges?

The ideal slides I mounted the sections on are HistoBond®+ adhesive microscope slides (Paul Marienfeld, Australia). Positive charges enhance the adhesion of sections on slides. It also supports subsequent steps such as staining and washing. Good adhesion prevents the loss of samples during histological steps.

2. The thickness of sections.

I did try a series of thicknesses such as 5 um, 7 um, 10 um, and 15 um. The best thickness for adhesion on (+) slides is 5 um. The more thickness, the more annoying troubles. It also depends on the choices of fixing, for example, FFPE samples can be easily performed with thick sections (up to 50 um), due to the very long decalcification (up to 6-8 weeks). Another example is MMA (methyl-methacrylate) Resin, the samples are difficult to be mounted on slides with thicker sections (7-15 um thickness).

3. Decalcification time.

It influences softening process. Skeletal samples always have problems related to decalcification. How long is enough for decalcifying a bone specimen? To ensure your samples are not over-decalcified, an X-Ray can access the ending point of mineralisation. Please consider a quick surface decalcification (it takes one to two hours) prior to sectioning. For example, my FFPE/Resin bone block was still hard to cut/section by microtome/specific machine. I put the bone block face directly on 0.5 M EDTA for 30 minutes to one hour or two hours in a small container. Then, leave it on ice and section it at a choice of thickness ( 5 um thickness is a priority).

4. Embedding medium/solution.

Prior to embedding, ensure your samples are decalcified/ calcium removed completely. You can check the ending point of decalcification by X-Ray as mentioned above.

In brief, there are three main steps prior to sectioning and staining including:

Fixation (10% Formalin or 70% Ethanol) > Decalcification (4 - 8 weeks, check by X-Ray) > Embedding (Paraffin or MMA resin) > sectioning > staining > analysis.

Hope it helps!

If you are interested in reading details of my technique, please see my study here:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-021-00428-3.

Regards,

Good luck with your experiment.

Yes, they can and form supergene deposits sensu stricto, without any direct hypogene impact.

Supergene mineral assoication form a separate entity which evolveon their own without any hydrothermal impact only driven by combined processes of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, pedosphere on top of the lithosphere be it on normal parent rocks (Clark values) or enriched in one or the other elements by common lithological processes (Concentration Clark values).

See e.g., bauxite, claybands, blackbands etc. and more in the papers below

Have a look at:

HGD

Mineralization , is the process by which an inorganic substance precipitates in an organic matrix , while Decomposition, is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter

Youssef Snoussi

I hope you are doing well. It should follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. If not, as suggested by fellow researchgate members, you may re-evaluate the data and try to fit it again. I hope you will find the best fit. All the best with your research work!!

Oxidation and microbial proliferation leads to SOM loss. So as long as it is safe from oxidation and microbes there will be no loss of SOM. But still if tillage is done in soil and exposure of surface soil to sunlight is happen then it will take very less time for SOM to loss.

It is a lazulite (blue porphyroblasts of Mg-Al phosphate) aploid (see shearing of mica). These mobilizates come into existence during wall rock reactions with Al-enriched metapelites and in the course of an introduction of P via pegmatitic or aplitic mobilizates.

DILL, H.G., SKODA, R., WEBER, B., BERNER, Z., MÜLLER, A. and BAKKER, R.J. (2012) A newly-discovered swarm of shearzone-hosted Bi-As-Fe-Mg-P aplites and pegmatites in the Hagendorf-Pleystein Pegmatite Province, SE Germany:  A step closer to the metamorphic root of pegmatites. Canadian Mineralogist, Special Volume dedicated to Petr Černý, 50: 943-947.

HGD

Dear Panagiotis, thank you for posting very his interesting technical question on RG. In addition to the relevant literature reference suggested by SILAS DERENZO please also have a look at the following potentially useful articles which might help you in your analysis:

This article is freely available as public full text on RG so that you can download it as pdf file.

Good luck with your research!

I used to seed 25,000 cells per well( 24well plate) for alizarin red assay and it worked well. So you adjust your cell seeding accordingly.

Re: your question title, including adakite. Most igneous rocks that are called adakites (slab melts) are not (see Richards and Kerrich, 2007, Economic Geology); rather, high Sr/Y ratios - a common criterion used to call something an adakite - is caused by normal petrogenic processes. Some call these "adakite-like", but even this term is a misnomer. Just refer to the process and source. As Prof. Kay (who studied Adak Island in the Aleutians, 1978) said, the petrology world would have been much better off if the term "adakites" had not been invented by Defant and Drummond (1990). Avoid its use.

This publication should be useful for you: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805794105

Dear Saeid,

I am not sure my answer can totally satisfy your question 'cause I'm not working on identifying mineralization.

We got so many interesting results in applying CoDA in environmental geochemistry , and we also took some studies from Carranza which actually use CoDa approach in mineral exploration... Check the list below, and good luck!

Dear Mr. Trümper,

You can download on request the following comprehensive studies on the economic geology of Central Europe including maps:

DILL, H.G.,  SACHSENHOFER, R., GRECULA, P., SASVARI, T., PALINKAS, L., BOROJEVIC-SOSTARIC,  S., STRMIC-PALINKAS S., PROCHASKA, W., GARUTI, G., ZACCARINI, F., ARBOUILLE, D. , SCHULZ H., SCHMIDT, B. and  LOCMELIS, B. (2008) The origin of mineral and energy resources of Central Europe (map 1: 2500000).- Geological Society of London, London (on CD ROM).

DILL, H.G., SACHSENHOFER, R.F., GRECULA, P., SASVÁRI, T., PALINKAŠ, L. A., BOROJEVIĆ-ŠOŠTARIĆ S., STRMIĆ-PALINKAŠ S., PROCHASKA, W., GARUTI, G., ZACCARINI, F., ARBOUILLE, D., and  SCHULZ H.-M. (2008) Fossil fuels, ore –  and industrial minerals .- In: T. McCann (Ed.), Geology of Central Europe, Geological Society of London, Special Publication, London, 1341-1449 .

Show a list of the age of formation of mineral deposits arranged in order of element associations and site

DILL, H.G. (2010) The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology  from  aluminum  to zirconium.- Earth Science Reviews, 100: 1-420.

Shows among others hematite deposits worldwide and their origin

DILL, H.G. (1993) The Permo-Carboniferous metallogenetic evolution in Central Europe - An outline -. Compte Rendu XII. Int.Congress of the Carboniferous and Permian Stratigraphy and Geology, vol.I: 491-506.

Shows Late Variscan minerlization including the interval you referred to in your question.

I wish you much success.

H.G.Dill

Dear Mckenzie Dolack many thanks for your interesting technical question. Please have a look at the following potentially useful articles which might help you in your analysis:

and

Bioth articles are freely available as ublic full texts.

There are several labs in Canada to perform such analyses:

- Canadian Centre for Isotopic Microanalysis, U of Alberta

- Geobiology Isotope Lab, U of Toronto, Dept of Geology

- Isotope Science Lab, U of Calgary

also Carleton Univ. and U of Waterloo

Dear Dr. Wang,

for your questions you can only expect an reliable answer if you provide further details

1. What type of deposit do you deal with ?

2. Which deposit do you refer to?

3. Which craton do you mean?

4. What type of mineral assemblage within the deposit do you consider as being too old?

H.G.Dill

Hi Achraf,

It is possible that the ore hosted in the Neoproterozoic can be remobilized by the deep-seated fluids which would carry the metals to the Cambrian site where they can be redeposited. Beside geologic and tectonic data, geochemical analysis can be performed to find if any genetic relationship exist between the copper mineralization hosted in the basement and its cover.

The statement and answer from Mohamed Abd El Monsef is absolutely misleading because the metasomatic formation of beryl does not necessarily require a boron-containing fluid phase, and beryl does not contain any boron! In addition, in the publication cited, Mohamed Abd El Monsef and coworkers did not investigate any beryl mineralization or metasomatic processes that lead to beryl crystallization. The Sikait area is world famous for its emerald mineralization. Our publications on these important emerald deposits were also not mentioned or cited at all in the paper mentioned of Mohamed Abd El Monsef . Instead, we hereby offer our relevant publications, which show in detail the metasomatic formation of beryl in Eastern Desert of Egypt, in Habachtal, Austria, and in Gravelotte, South Africa.

The term residual refers to a residue left over after an in-situ weathering and removal of highly mobile component, e.g., by mechanical washing out of light minerals from a residual placers or cations by meteoric fluids leaving behind simple 7 Angstrom clay minerals of the kaolinite group of residual clays. In other words, a removal of highly mobile components or matters easy to decompose, e.g., be oxidation of organic matter (OM) conduces to an increase of the mineral matter (MM) within the regolith or the solum. In pedology the term relic soil is used instead of residual. By and large, removing the OM by whatever process it may be increases the MM. In this case this first general statement is correct, the second one makes little sense. If you remove the topsoil enriched in OM, the lower part abundant in MM will experience another relative increase.

H.G.Dill

Kindly check https://www.alberta.ca/soil-moisture-and-temperature-consideration.aspx

Organomineral fertilizer (organic + inorganic fertilizer)

Soil microbial activities are greatly influenced by C:N ratio of the organic material they are breaking down. The microbes require Nitrogen in addition to the carbon from organic materials to synthesize their own proteins and to continue breaking down the C-compounds. A high C:N ratio greater than 30 means the microbes have insufficient Nitrogen for their normal biochemical activities and therefore the entire decomposition process slows down. To speed up the process of decomposition such high carbon materials need an external source of additional Nitrogen.

Joc, these are likely not "low suflidation" epithermal veins, which form in extensional zones, without a relation to shallow porphyry intrusions. Rather, they are of the intermediate sulfidation style of vein, which can form <1 km (Victoria) from the associated porphyry deposit (FSE) and up to 3-5 km from the intrusive center (various examples in volcanic arcs of the Cordillera, SW Pacific, etc. See the paper by Sillitoe and Hedenquist, 2003.

For magmatic rocks use the Streckeisen “Double Triangle” with the (1976)

1. Si-enriched Q-P-A triplot defined by quartz, plagioclase, alkaline feldspar

2. Si-depleted F-A-P triplot defined foid, plagioclase, alkaline feldspar.

There exists a “Douple Triangle for plutonic/intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks.

Based on the quantity of these minerals you will be able to name each rock excluding some basic rocks (triangle: pyroxene-plagioclase-olivine or hornblende) and ultrabasic rocks (triangle: olivine-pyroxen(Opx/Cpx)-hornblende (Cpx))

3. Lamprophyre: defined by feldspar-foid vs. biotite, hornblende, pyroxene , olivine, melilite

4. Siliciclastic rocks: Triangle: feldspar-quartz-rock fragments vs. rock matrix

5. Limestones: textural differences similar to arenites: mudstone, wackestone, packstone, grainstone, floatstone, rudstones, boundstone (reefs)

6. Metamorphic rocks: Low grade stage-Double Triangle: Albite/microcline-biotite/chlorite-quartz

Medium grade- Double Triangle: Plagioclase/microcline-biotite/muscovite-

For high-grade metamorphic rocks, e.g., charnockite, granulite and eclogite different triplots exist ( I can send you some on request)

7. Pyroclastic rocks are identified and categorized based on their glass content, crystals and lithoclasts using triplots in the same way as shown above.

I wish you much success

H.G.Dill

To differentiate you need isotopic labelling, probably with multiple isotopes

Well,

https://iop.figshare.com/articles/_Comparison_of_the_tritium_concentration_a_EACs_equivalent_air_concentrations_of_CFC_12_b_and_SF_sub/1011859/1

Regards

Hi David, I usually wash the cells with DI water as many times is needed to reduce the background after the staining. I have repeated the washing process for up to 6 times. I would also recommend you to do Von Kossa staining, it gives you much less background. You can also decrease the initial cell density or Alizarin Red concentration, I use 40 mM (my protocol is attached). Good luck!

Dear Shiv,

you may check following publications to get some ideas on how to proceed:

Enders et al 2012 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.022

Spokas 2010 10.4155/cmt.10.32

Kuzyakov et al 2014 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12

Wang et al 2016 10.1111/gcbb.12266

Harvey et al 2012 10.1021/es2040398

and more...

BR

Nils

Hi Tayfun,

Thank you for your answer. Yes i already tried ImageJ and it works. The problem I have is that my bone sections differ in size (length and width of bone samples) and here I don't quite know how to account for that so it is comparable between different bones?

Dear Mr. Dos Santos Costa,

You can use almost all stratabound and/or stratiform mineral deposits older than Mesozoic to get an idea about the response of mineralogy and chemistry of mineral deposits in pelites to metamorphic overprinting. Orogenic processes along with P and T increases gave rise to metamorphic regimes of at least very low grade stage. While under these metamorphic conditions you will be able to distinguish sedimentary features such as bedding, marks, grain size etc. with increasing physical-chemical metamorphic conditions these primary characteristic will gradually get overprinted by dynamo-metamorphic and regional metamorphic processes which eventually lead to the creation of metamorphic felsic mobilizates.

To get swiftly acquainted with these sedimentary and metamorphic petrological conditions in various environments of deposition I give you a piece of advice to read the comprehensive overview given in

DILL, H.G. (2010) The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium. - Earth Science Reviews, 100: 1-420.

All mineral assemblages being enriched from Al to Zr up to ore grade are categorized as follows:

1. Magmatic

2. Structurebound

3. Sedimentary

4. Metamorphic

Select part 3. and 4.and see which of them have shales, slates, phyllites, mica schists or paragneisses as host rocks and you will be able to make comparisons among pelite-hosted mineral deposits in very low-grade conditions and those undergoing a more advanced level of metamorphic overprinting.

Further literature is cited there and hints are given to various basic studies.

I wish you much success.

Harald G. Dill

Dear A.B. Salman!

Some information concerning to the Nile Craton you may find in the following papers:

1) Mohamed G. Abdelsalama,*, Jean-Paul Lieegeoisb, Robert J. Stern 2002. Review The Saharan Metacraton Journal of African Earth Sciences 34 (2002) 119–136

2. Sultan, M., Tucker, R.D., El Alfy, Z., Attia, R., Ragab, A.G., 1994.U–Pb (zircon) ages for the gneissic terrane west of the Nile,southern Egypt. Geologische Rundschau 83, 514–522

3) R. J. Stern - A. Kr6ner • R. Bender - T. Reischmann A. S. Dawoud 1994. Precambrian basement around Wadi Halfa, Sudan: a new perspective on the evolution of the East Saharan Craton. Geol Rundsch (1994) 83: 564- 577

Dear Prof. Dill,

I will download your papers that discussed uranium mineralization associated with magmatic intrusions. In two of my latest publications, I cited your research work on hydrothermal fluid associated with intrusions. They actually guided my interpretation and discussion of results.

Once again, thank you Sir.

Without more information on your surface geology, this is a guess, but granites gnerally weather along joints formed as the overlying cover is eroded. In areas of deep weathering, clay could form along joints. It is also possible that a mafic dike of some variety could be causing this phenomenon. Sulfide mineralization is also a possiblity.

I am not an endodontist, but being an active researcher of this area I can comment on this question. As Prof. Karl-Heinz Kunzelmann it can be monitored using non-destructive testing methods.

Plenty of methods are available to quantify the results of testing using image processing and signal processing techniques.

Ankit Nayak

Good question. The over saturation of the saliva is what creates the deposition of "calculus" on the teeth. Too much and instead of being incorporated into the tooth, it accumulates on it. Remineralization is a process that happens on the nanometer scale in which calcium and phosphates are used to replace the lost ions (at least on the theoretical level). A great article that proposes a model is this one: Niu LN, Jee SE, Jiao K, et al. Collagen intrafibrillar mineralization as a result of the balance between osmotic equilibrium and electroneutrality. Nat Mater. 2017;16(3):370–378. doi:10.1038/nmat4789

thank you for your answer! That actually makes sense, since BMP2 is an extracellular signaling molecule. My doubts lay in an experiment gone awry, where my negative control exhibited significantly more normalized ALP activity than the BMP groups; trying to troubleshoot at this point. I might go with a Western blot to determine the amount of ALP in the lysate. I got about 2.4 mg/ml of protein for the BMP group and 1.1 for control. I was working with 500 ul of lysate for each group. I typically add 100 ng BMP

AOP usually are used for minarization of organic pollutants. So, if you have a metal-dye complex, only the dye will be converted to less hazardous materials by AOP treatment and the metal remains unchanged.

Dear Nima: the sample in the bottom (larger) picture you annexed shows three main sets of veinlets, but it is too small to define the studied zone as a stockwork, since these tend to be quite large volumes of fractured rock with closely spaced ore veinlets. Your veinlets are indeed closely spaced, and show some conjugated veins also. The Cu-Mo, Cu-Au, and Mo porphyry, and most epithermal lode deposits, usually have reserves in the order of hundreds of Mt or even Gt, if you can delineate a large sufficient volume of these fractured and veined rocks, then you will have a stockwork. Regards, Sebastian

I think the answer is that in some places, e.g. Olympic Dam, gold and uranium are found together, but in many other places gold is found without uranium, and in quite a few uranium deposits there is no recoverable gold. It depends on the type of chemical system that was operating.

Skarn deposits have variable mineralization styles, from Cu and base metals to Au, etc. Meinert et al., 2005 (SEG 100th Anniversary volume), has a very complete discussion of skarns, with some bits summarized below.

"Skarn deposits are one of the more abundant ore types in the earth's crust. Skarn is a relatively simple rock type defined by a mineralogy usually dominated by calc-silicate minerals such as garnet and pyroxene. Skarns are present on all continents and in rocks of almost all ages. Although the majority of skarns are found in lithologies containing at least some limestone, they can form in almost any rock type during regional or contact metamorphism and from a variety of metasomatic processes involving fluids of magmatic, metamorphic, meteoric, and/or marine origin. Although most are found adjacent to plutons, they also can occur along faults and major shear zones.

For the seven major skarn types (Fe, Au, Cu, Zn, W, Mo, and Sn) a general correlation exists between igneous major- and trace-element composition and skarn type. Plutons associated with Fe and Au skarns contain significantly more MgO and less K2O or SiO2, Au and Sn skarn plutons are more reduced, and Cu, Zn, and Mo skarn plutons are more oxidized than average. In terms of geochemical evolution, there is a fairly linear array from relatively primitive calcic Fe skarn plutons through Au, Cu, Zn, to W, Mo, to relatively evolved Sn skarn plutons. Calcic Fe skarn plutons are metaluminous, high in compatible elements such as Ni, V, and Sc, and have Rb/Sr <1. Relative to Fe-skarn plutons, Cu skarn plutons have higher Si, K, Ba, Sr, La, and Fe3+/Fe2+, and contain significantly less Mg, Sc, Ni, Cr, and V. Au skarn plutons are similar to Fe-skarn plutons in their metaluminous nature and their Si, Mg, Cr, and Sc contents and are similar to Cu-skarn plutons in their Ni, V, and Y content.

Following

Thank you specially Sir

Can you also try immunos with some specific markers and/or qPCR?

Hi Carlos

I hope you are well

This is good question which should be considered and this is true, scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite is composed of Ca and O that have the ability to mineralize. The ratio of Ca/p in HA is 1.67 so, in every scaffolds we try to obtain this ratio. Also, this ratio for mineralized scaffolds is so important. I think the Alizarin Red is not good choice but article at below can be helpful.

Hi dear Shahrokh

Pyrite would be better than others because it may high Mo contain. But for "Geochronological" study like Re-Os you must know approximate age of mineralization or host rock. Because Re-Os half-life is about 42 billion yaers and your host mineral (pyrite) must content a lot of Mo. This method would not answer on pyrite for after mesozoic age mineralization.

Pleased to meet you!

You're welcome @ Anam Hashmi

Fenites may be a promising exploration indicator for carbonatites. There's a review paper that came out in 2017 in Ore Geology Reviews by Holly Elliott et al about that. Its open access so you can freely download it here:

Usually increasing HAP will increase strength but also decrease porosity as well and could decrease cell to cell interactions. Use these article to obtain more efficient scaffold.

https://content.iospress.com/articles/bio-medical-materials-and-engineering/bme975

Best

Please find attached herein the spreadsheets for tourmaline and chromite. I am looking for the other 2 minerals; corundum and zircon, if I find them, will send to you immediately.

Regards.

Ahmed

Please go through the following article for detailed information

Soil organic carbon as observed in lowland of continuous rice cropping in guinea savanna..... 2017. Journal of Research in Environmental and Earth Science 3(3):25-34.

Co-efficient of humus mineralization can be calculated by equation of Bouvier et al, 2016

K2= (0.3t - 3)/[(1+0.05 X CL (%)) X (100 + 0.15 CaCO3)(%o)

t = annual average temp, CL % is the proportion of clay in soil, CaCO3 is the soil content of CaCO3 (%), known that 40.04 % is the content of Ca

Qualitative and quantitative differences in SOC can affect the rate of humification.

No! Only, certain vitamins are toxic at high concentrations and thus require a 'risk assessment' that includes the ADE (acceptable daily exposure). The concentration of minerals in a formulation is mandated in the US CFR (code of federal regulations). Use a TOC analyser.

Dear Sir

I think the links below will benefit you in your search

Best Regards

There are many companies in this area in China that can provide you with mica powder and so on.

Best wishes,

Liu Chenming

Full time-domain waveform inversion of controlled-source electromagnetic exploration of submarine massive sulphides Naoto Imamura, Tada-nori Goto, Junichi Takekawa and Hitoshi Mikada, Kyoto University

Thank you Osama !

Thanks for the letter, I will check it out.

Regards ! :)

Dear Sir

I think the following paper will benefit you in your search

Best Regards

Please see the attached file for more information https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_051878.pdf

I think to get true condition you should use intact soil cores and then sieve the soil before the 15N extraction.

Hi there,

you could try Alizarin Red in order to label Ca-phosphate accumulation, but you can leave the cells at least 15-20 in culture before test mineralization.

Good luck

Farmers are experiencing increase in soil nutrient through zero till, and increased nutrient uptake. But this requires more systematic scientific study.