Microwave - Science topic

Hassan Imam Rizvi please check email from to me

If you only upload a private copy the file is no longer accessible but it is listed in your research.

As a prospective doctoral student interested in coding and microwave antennas, a promising research direction is applying generative design and reinforcement learning to automate antenna design, optimizing parameters like radiation pattern, bandwidth, and impedance matching. Machine learning can also predict antenna performance, reducing simulation time and computational effort.

This research involves:

Thank you for your response, Jeffrey P Cheng

Maybe you're right, these two are not compatible. We already tried treating the tissue sections with various protocols using hydrogen peroxide to eliminate the peroxidase enzymes found on blood cells that cause the autofluorescence. They didn't work.

Maybe one day we'll figure it out!

EMI shielding (SEt) comes from two factors a) Reflection b) Absorption. For example metals shields em waves mostly due to reflection, while lossy dielectric and magnetic materials dominantly shield em waves by absorbing. That's fundamental.

i) SEt = 10 log (Pt/Pi)=10log(T)=10log (S21^2) is the total power transmitted through the material in dB scale. This should be in negative value because transmitted power cannot exceed the incident power, until there is an another source inside the material (as in case of amplifiers). For example -10dB SEt value means 10% wave passed through the material or other way round 90% wave blockage (either due to reflection or absorption) (mostly researcher use this value).

ii) SEr = 10 log (1-R) which don't have any physical sense, only introduced to satisfy equation SEt=SEr + SEa

For Example if R=0.99 (metal like high reflection) so SEr = -20 dB (which represents the power that is not reflected, its either absorbed or transmitted).

iii) SEa= 10 log(T/(1-R)) is also meaningless in real sense, only introduced, like SEr, to satisfy the above equation.

Let me explain through an example:

Suppose we have a material (a reflection dominant, like metals) with

T=0.01 (1% transmission)

R=0.98 (98% reflection)

A= 0.01 (1% absorption)

and R + T + A = 1 (law of conservation of energy)

With above values

SEt = 10 log(T) = -20 dB = (1%)

SEa = 10 log (T/(1-R)) = -3 dB = (50%)

SEr = 10 log(1-R)= -16.98 dB = (2%)

Now Only SEt is truly showing the transmitted wave, while both SEa (-3dB) and SEr (-16.98 dB) don't show the absorption and reflection value accurately.

iv) RL=reflection loss = 10 log (R)=20 log (S11 or S22) is simply the measure of reflected power. For a given sample RL value without SEt is meaningless, for example paraffin wax has RL value of <-30dB, it does not mean that wax is absorbing em waves, this is because almost all of the wave got pass through the wax, hence SEt value is necessary. Now most of the studies only quote RL values as the absorption for their materials, is due to fact that they have placed a PEC at the back of their materials so almost no wave is passed through it, for example copper clad PCB sheets etc. Most of the RL work in literature is to minimize the reflection from a metallic surface (like stealth techniques in defense industry) and hence measurements are done by putting a metallic sheet behind the absorbing martials to simulate the real operational scenario.

So in conclusion, Only two parameters T and R (SEt and RL) are enough to check the em behavior of a shielding materials.

a) If SEt= -20 dB and RL= -0.5dB (this is a reflection dominant shielding material)

b) SEt=-20dB and RL= -10 dB (this is a absorption dominant shielding material)

c) SEt=-0.5dB and RL= -20dB (This material is almost transparent to em waves)

What is about to use magnetrons?

Do you get the answer Tasfia Nuzhat

If 150 W is enough to maintain the optimum temperature of the reaction mixture, then work with this power level. For a magnetron from a household microwave oven, the hardest moment is switching on, since high voltage is supplied to it when the cathode has not yet had time to heat up. Therefore, to extend its life, it is best to work at low power in continuous mode.

To extend the life of the magnetron during continuous operation for 100-150 hours, you can try to turn off the filament current a few minutes after the high voltage is supplied.

Cavity perturbation with quartz tube can measure the dielectric properties with small amount of fine powder and liquid sample at certain frequency from room temperature to very high temperature.

Dielectric probe utilizing reflection method can do fine powder and liquid as well and can measure the dielectric properties with frequency sweep, but only up to 200°C (depends on the type of probe used).

Transmission line method using waveguide can do bulky solid measurement with frequency sweep within certain range (depends on the waveguide size) but only at room temperature.

The first one can do the pyrolysis in the furnace implemented with the kit using any gas that can purge into the quartz tube if you are not passivate the sample. And all of the three methods can do passivated sample.

Vikram Sawant

I will try to help... When considering making carbon dot precursors from different synthesis methods, there are several common parameters that should be considered: Temperature: The temperature regime in each method plays an important role in determining the structure and properties of carbon dots. Different temperatures can affect the chemical composition and morphology.

Reaction time: The length of the synthesis time can affect the quality and size of the carbon dots. It is necessary to optimize the time in order to achieve the desired results. Pre-materials (reagents): The composition and quality of the reagents (eg carbohydrates, salts, etc.) play an important role in the final properties of the carbon dots. pH value: Depending on the method, the pH of the medium can affect the aggregation and stability of carbon dots.

Pressure: Some methods, such as hydrothermal synthesis, may require pressure control, which affects phase changes and crystallization. Reaction Kinetics: How the reaction proceeds and the mechanisms behind the formation of carbon dots are important to understanding the final product. Characterization: Analysis and characterization methods (eg IR, Raman, TEM) are also important to evaluate the quality and properties of the obtained carbon dots.

By considering these parameters, you can get a better idea of ​​how each method affects the final products and optimize the synthesis process.

Could you please check 10.1109/ICFIE50845.2020.9266726

The paper about how can use the microwave in desalination and might be useful for you

This work would have the potential to produce an extremely useful research paper. New data of this type would be highly referenced by others. Food for thought...

A container made of metal will absorb microwaves, so you can rule out stainless steel. You can use a container made of dense aluminum oxide ceramic, but a much cheaper option would be a container made of laboratory glass (borosilicate glass) or porcelain.

Some peptides spontaneously assemble into hydrogels. I've found this especially problematic with shorter peptides (that precipitate with poor yield) that are predicted to fold into beta structure (in aqueous media). So you probably have synthesized a hydrogel. Congratulations.

Now, what do you want to do with it that you can do with a gel.

You can't rely on lyophilization.

TFA will dissolve it, and then you can do AAA, relatively quantitative.

You may be able to desalt it on Sepharose in 10% HOAc. And then what?

You may be able to run it on RPHPLC in 0.1% TFA. If so, you can run LC-MS.

Just saw this, thus more for posterity: the current Monowave product line by Anton-Paar (200, 400, 450) are microwave reactors. Monowave is just the name of the product. The Monowave 50 is a small **conventionally** heated pressure reactor. No microwave, but simply an easy to use autoclave with T and pressure programming/monitoring.

Thank you so much for your answer. I have found some similar answers in the literature. Thank you again

I agree with Paul. Results depended on the type of sample material and structure. If samples are biological you cannot use a microwave oven at all. Please keep in mind that a microwave oven will heat water inside the sample. If water distribution across the sample's volume is not evenly heat also will be uneven. I think that with hot air you'll get the same. Rotating the ample around all 3D axes may help.

Dear Mr. Rahul Kapadia,

Please refer my name, he know me. Then you can get support from him.

Best wishes

Dear James Garry, dear doctor, thank you, Dr. James Garry

wireless power transfer in cities or similar beyond the extreme nearfield should be minimized to keep EM pollution small

Hi.

The following books by ''Andrei Grebennikov'' can be useful.

1. Switchmode RF and Microwave Power Amplifiers

2. Broadband RF and Microwave Amplifiers

3. RF and Microwave Power Amplifier Design

Yes, use a simple stiring approach just mix the salt and ligand stir them. For detailed process I recommened to follow my paper ''Asymmetric supercapacitor device fabrication of pristine Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 with ultrahigh performance and cyclic stability''

The accurate expression for the dispersion relation of a polycrystalline bulk metal depends on several factors, including:

Therefore, there is no single "accurate" expression that fits all polycrystalline bulk metals. However, here are some options depending on your specific needs:

Ultimately, the best way to determine the accurate dispersion relation for your specific polycrystalline bulk metal depends on the available information and your desired level of accuracy.

Hexaferrite samples for microwave absorption studies can be prepared in a variety of ways. The most common method is the solid-state method, which involves mixing the appropriate oxides together and then heating them to a high temperature. Another common method is the sol-gel method, which involves mixing the oxides in a solution with a gelling agent and then drying the gel to form a powder.

The specific method used to prepare hexaferrite samples will depend on the desired properties of the samples. For example, the solid-state method is typically used to prepare samples with a high density, while the sol-gel method is typically used to prepare samples with a small particle size.

Once the hexaferrite samples have been prepared, they must be formed into pellets or other shapes for microwave absorption studies. This can be done by pressing the powdered samples into pellets or by casting them into molds. The pellets or shapes should then be sintered at a high temperature to improve their strength and density.

The following is a more detailed description of the solid-state method for preparing hexaferrite samples for microwave absorption studies:

The following is a more detailed description of the sol-gel method for preparing hexaferrite samples for microwave absorption studies:

Once the hexaferrite samples have been prepared, they can be characterized using a variety of techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The microwave absorption properties of the samples can then be measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA).

When choosing a protective microwave transparent paint, it is important to consider the following factors:

It is also important to note that some protective microwave transparent paints may require special application procedures. Be sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.

tuneshare

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Dichloromethane (also known as methylene chloride) is commonly used due to its strong solvency power, which allows for efficient extraction. While methanol is also a solvent that can dissolve certain components of the resin, it may not be as effective as dichloromethane in extracting all the desired compounds. Resin can contain various types of compounds (such as oils, resins, pigments, etc.), each requiring a different solvent or combination of solvents for effective extraction. Dichloromethane is favored in resin extraction for its ability to solubilize a wide range of compounds, including non-polar and polar substances. Additionally, it has a lower boiling point compared to methanol, making it convenient for evaporating and recovering the extracted substances after the extraction process.

The original material from where anthocyanin extracted is upmost important. It depends complex matrix. You should optimize the process.

ok

Dear Kanimozhi T. ,

The journal “International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies” is a hybrid journal meaning that you can choose for open access (and pay a fee) but if you decline that option then publishing in this journal is free of charge, see also https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-microwave-and-wireless-technologies/information/author-instructions/fees-and-pricing

So, in the subscription-based mode the journal is free of costs.

Best regards.

PS. Like more journals this journal has a so-called Green Open Access policy https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-microwave-and-wireless-technologies/information/author-instructions/post-publication-impact and for more details https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/open-access-journals/green-open-access-policy-for-journals This basically says that under certain requirements one can make a version (pre-print, accepted manuscript etc.) of your paper publicly available. See for final details enclosed file.

The propagation delay of microwave signals due to snow can be calculated based on the refractive index of snow and the thickness of the snow layer. The refractive index of a material is a measure of how much the speed of light is reduced when passing through that material. It depends on the dielectric constant of the material.

The formula to calculate the microwave propagation delay (Δt) due to snow is:

Δt = (2 * d * n) / c

where:

The refractive index of snow can vary with its density, temperature, and other factors. It is generally greater than 1, which means that the speed of light is reduced when passing through snow compared to its speed in a vacuum. As a result, microwave signals passing through snow experience a delay.

The thickness of the snow layer (d) is the distance the microwave signal travels through the snow. It's important to measure or estimate the thickness accurately for precise calculations.

Keep in mind that this formula provides an approximate calculation of the propagation delay due to snow. In reality, the refractive index of snow can be affected by its structure and other environmental factors. For more accurate measurements, specialized instruments and models are often used in scientific studies and engineering applications.

Hello,

In microwave characterizations, you must make sure that you followed the right procedures for characterization such as calibrations and sample preparations. Many factors could have affected your results.

I have the following advice for you:

1- Re-calibrate the VNA more than one time and characterize the sample each time to check the difference between results.

2- If you have any air gap in the sample, the results will never be accepted or OK. You must make sure to TOTALLY avoid the air gap. In my opinion, the best way to avoid air-gap is to fabricate your sample inside the sample holder (the one which you use during characterization) you can refer to my article in IET

@ One more thing, are you sure that there are not any air bubbles inside your sample? Having an air bubble inside the sample will also affect your results.

@ Have you checked the homogeneity of your samples? It is crucial to ensure that your sample is homogeneous.

3- You can also check the air gap by simply directing a strong light (for example, a mobile torch) to one side of the sample and observing the light on the other side of the sample (this method could help but it is not always effective).

4- Both sides of the sample should be smooth as possible.

5- If possible, try to characterize any other samples apart from your samples and check the results.

6- If you followed all mentioned advice and the results are still the same, then, I advise you to increase the thickness of your sample and also fabricate more than 5 samples and characterize all of them.

Any tiny or very small air gap will destroy your results. The air gap can never be accepted in such characterizations.

All the best!

But the issue is that I have less amount of powder alloy. Can this be possible for less amount of powder?

Yes

I have done long time ago (around 1980) some tests on this with E-coli and microwave pulses(there was also a related patent (in German) with microwave unless you go for heating its not really efficient. Playing on nonthermal effects (cell membrane breakthrough) it may be possible but its tricky its rather done now using high intensity and short DC pulses if you want to sterilize some liquid.

Maiada M Sadek I have had the CS136X for about 3 years now and I am not impressed. If you are doing small-scale peptide synthesis(0.05-0.3) you run into an issue with the small volumes not tripping the sensors, so the minimum volume that can be reliably measured is 5mL. I am currently dealing with an issue of things overdelivering by 40% which throws off all the molar calculations resulting in poor synthesis quality and extended purification times. I have been working with their team to troubleshoot but so far the basic cleaning/flushing doesn't seem to be helping. I would honestly go with the liberty blue by CEM, the Aapptec, or even protein technologies. I have personally used the Aapptec before and we didn't run into any issues for about 5 years as long as you maintain good synthesis practices for cleaning/flushing lines. My colleagues just purchase the protein technologies PS3 and they love it.

Yes, the transmission method can have an advantage over the reflection method in detecting small variations in the dielectric permittivity of the sample under test. This is because the transmission method provides access to both S11 and S21 parameters, while the reflection method only provides access to S11.

In the reflection method, the S11 parameter is related to the reflection coefficient of the sample, which depends on the dielectric permittivity and thickness of the sample. The sensitivity of the reflection method to small variations in the dielectric permittivity depends on the magnitude of the reflection coefficient, which can be low for thin or low-permittivity samples. This can make it challenging to detect small changes in the dielectric properties of the sample using the reflection method.

In contrast, the transmission method measures both the incident and transmitted waves, allowing for the direct determination of the complex transmission coefficient S21. This provides additional information about the attenuation and phase shift of the wave through the sample, which can be used to calculate the complex permittivity of the sample. The sensitivity of the transmission method to small variations in the dielectric permittivity depends on the magnitude of the transmission coefficient, which can be higher than the reflection coefficient for certain samples and frequencies. This can make it easier to detect small changes in the dielectric properties of the sample using the transmission method.

However, it is important to note that the choice of measurement method depends on the specific application and the characteristics of the sample being measured. The transmission method can be more sensitive to variations in the dielectric permittivity, but it may also require more complex experimental setups and calibration procedures. The reflection method, on the other hand, is simpler and more straightforward, and may be sufficient for certain applications.

Miguel Ferrando-Rocher

Hello dear friend, thank you

According to the article:

Do you think it is easy to use the thesis of trapezoidal dielectric shape in reality?

I just realized that I answered the wrong question. I thought about the harm from microwave ovens to the human body due to microwave radiation. However, the question was about damage from food cooked in a microwave oven. I think that microwave oven does not provide any harm to food and, consequently, to the human body. There may be very rare cases when food has very little water only in some parts of it. In this case, may be possible burning of these small parts. It will create burned protein and these small pieces may be cancerogenic.

There is one point not very adressed in this discussion yet; Normal glass is easy we get reflection and transmission depeending on the angle of incidence and polarisation of the incident wave.Hoever these days we often have glass with IR reflective coating which is basically a very thing optically transparent film and it does have often a certain resistivity perunit quare.This very thin resistive layer (but with Rsoften in the order of 10 Ohm) can lead to serious shielding in the microwave range (cell phone signals) and there are tehcniques how to make it still work as IR reflector but having passbands for cell phone bands

No, a quadrature coupler can't support wide bandwidth.

You are quite right, if the RF power allowed by the regulations to illuminate the whole body was concentrated in an area of skin the size of a cigarette end it would cause a serious burn. However, 5G radiation is not concentrated like this in any public area, for this very reason.

Hello

Yes, both the number of cells and their periodicity affect the Q-factor. Increasing the number of cells in the EBG structure can increase the Q-factor of the filter and also by optimizing the periodicity, you can achieve a resonant frequency that is closer to the desired frequency, which can also improve the Q-factor. Moreover, a higher dielectric constant substrate can increase the capacitance of the resonator which in turn helps us to further improve the Q-factor.

The dielectric properties of all the materials mentioned above can be analyzed using Impedance spectroscopy. We have to make a pellet of these materials and coat the surfaces with conducting materials like silver to make the connection with the LCR meter. We can put these connected pellets in Vacuum sealed heater to find temperature-dependent dielectric properties.

Articles are mentioned below:

1. V. N. Thakur, Ajay Kumar, Aakash Kaushik, Gurudutt Gupt, and R. S. Dhaka*, `High temperature dielectric and impedance spectroscopy study of LaCo0.7Nb0.3O3'Materials Research Bulletin, 158C, 112070 (2023).

2. Ramcharan Meena, and R. S. Dhaka*,

`Dielectric properties and impedance spectroscopy of NASICON type Na3Zr2Si2PO12' Ceramics International, 48, 35150-35159 (2022). https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.03668

3. Dielectric, modulus and impedance analysis

of (Ba0.9Bi0.1)(Ti0.9Al0.1)O3 ceramics

Yaru Wang Yongping Pu Zhuo Wang Xin Li Yongfei Cui

As I said already:AT 38 Ghz GHZ the penetration depth isvery small maybe 1 mm in human tissue and the output power in your simulation is probabaly normalized to 1 Watt

EBG Structures for Antenna Miniaturization" by D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert

Hi I am also working on delay and sum algorithm, if you got lucky then let me know please

E.g. https://www.laird.com/products/microwave-absorbers/microwave-absorbing-elastomers-and-films

Kari Wolff - I am in the same boat - no high heat digestion block but access to a microwave digester and need TKN of biosolids - did you have any luck?

It is easy to combine two independent microwave sources of similar frequency in a cylindrical or rectangular chamber using polarization decoupling. Even three such sources can be combined in a rectangular chamber. At the same time, they will be really independent - neither in phase nor in time.

Fundamentals of microwave and RF Design by Michael Steer, NC State.

I would avoid considering the magnitude of the negativity of Gibbs free energy. If this value is negative, and it usually is in the case of chemical reactions, it means that the process is spontaneous. .

Malcolm White I generally urge some caution on defining many of your listed products as metamaterials; strictly speaking, these devices must possess behaviors or abilities beyond those found in natural materials in order to qualify.

Simply being periodic strictly isn't sufficient, although that's what the term has degenerated into in the current literature, I suppose.

I have worked on some lower-frequency "metamaterial" applications (I would prefer to categorize them as artificial transmission lines) in the ~100 MHz range. Based on these, I think it shouldn't be too much effort to get this down to the ~1 MHz rage, but you would be working with fairly large components at this point.

Did you complete or find someone to work on project 3?

@WalerianMajewski this is the array we used in our phy298 experiments in 2013 refined for high-speed rotation

Hello. Did you get the code?

Fritz Caspers Tank you for the method. Primary interest is to asses the dielectric properties of MW sintered component in comparison with conventionally sintered ones to see whether the grain growth and microstructures are same or different. Did a preliminary assessment on binder removal in conventional upto 500 C and sintering upto 670 C.

I suspect the issue with trying to use a thermocouple or any contact sensor would be direct heating of the metals/materials of the sensor, not to mention the problem with the leads picking up the microwave signal and playing havoc with any electronics at the other end. I'd think your best bet would be to use a suitably shielded IR temperature sensor that could be exposed to the fields without damage and measure the temperature of your sample optically. The size of the sample may still be problematic there though since it will likely be difficult to focus just on the sample and not the container and housing as well.

Dear Shen Sunli,

The expression shown by you, for calculating the G/T is very standard expression given in all the text book and this correct also. But point here is how do we get the value of N as mentioned in your formula. you have suggested that you can measure value of N using spectrum analyzer, sir you should first know the noise figure of front end of a typical spectrum analyzer operation at 20 Ghz. It will suppress the noise out put from antenna which you are trying to measure. It will be very hard to notice any level change in spectrum analyzer (This is due to noise out put form antenna under is too low in term of spectrum analyzer noise floor). but when you use LNA at antenna out put port, this will amplify the noise output from antenna up to a level, which will be above the noise floor of spectrum analyzer. My suggestion to you, pl. try to arrange a LNA to get meaning full result. As G/T is a critical parameter of an receiving system. Even 0.5 to 1 dB. error will give serious bit rate error.

your second part of apprehension about cold sky and a hot star(like Cassiopeia A) these are two different approach.

If gamma is a complex number it is already in the form you want. The S11 you started with is actually S11(dB) which is 20*log10(abs(a+ib)).

S11(complex) is a+ib.

Sometime a and b are not available in a data file, but S11(dB) is and also the phase S11(radians) or S11(degrees), so you can still get the complex number.

Technology Integration via;

1. Joint Sensing and Communication,

2. Dual Function Radar Communication.

thus check for suppliers of coated glass for thermo reflective windows

Hello Clara, if one of you primary antibodies needs Tyramid boost and AR and one only Tyramide boost, the first treat your sections with the antibody without AR and then in the second step the antibody with AR. If both primary ab need Tyramide boost and AR, then you need only once a time with AR. After you have finished the first sequence you can continue directly with the blocking step (H2O2 etc) for the second sequence.

I agree with Prof. Hussain. In microwave the volatile content will evaporate due to heat production. While in shade volatile oil prevent.

I would say that this idea is not the right way to ; first you should never try to heat metals in a microwave oven because they are bad absorbers. And off hand I would say that there exist well established de-alloying procedures in industry but most likely not via microwaves.

Dear Javier Ernesto Vilaso Cadre,

For elimination of soil moisture, it must be careful about thermal decomposition of organic matter such as carboxylic and phenolic functional groups of the humic acids, fulvic acids and hydrocarbon compounds which are decomposed in 170-300˚C. Moreover, carbon oxidation of the organic matter is occurred in 360-460˚C. Therefore, it is better to het the soil in oven at 100 ˚C for 48 h.

Dear Itishree JOGAMAYA Das, both are possible depending on the requirements to be fullfield by the scaffold in a given task. Crosslinking is usually a choice when the mechanical properties, and in some applications such as drug delivery (to controle diffusion) are of concern. Please have a look at the attached file. My Regards

Hi, did you get the images? Can you please tell me should I collect S21 data from CST as I have only two antennas (one transmitter and one receiver) with breast phantom? And after that, how can I get those images?

I think where the holes are, it doesn't matter if they are up or down

I don't know the method of Hong and Lancaster. I would measure the resonator using a Vector Analyser, make sure the reference plane was at the resonator port, so that the resonance appears as a circle on the Smith Chart, passing through either the short circuit or open circuit point. The three Q values (Q_L, Q_E, Q₀) can be calculated using the frequency differences at the intersections of the circle with three pairs of lines.

1. 45 degree lines from the short or open point to the (0,1) and (0,-1) points, for Q_L

2. curves of unit normalised reactance or susceptance, going from the open or short point to the (0,1) and (0,-1) points, for Q_E

3. circular arcs joining the short and open points with their centres at the (0,1) and (0,-1) points, for Q₀

Thank you so much Thomas Cuff!

You can find input and output impedance by using SP_Probe from Probe components palette.

This is an everlasting discussion since more than 80 years. There are about 15000paper which say that there exists dangerous subthermal effects and 25000 paper which say that there is nothing below thermal effects (with a few exceptions like the microwave auditory effect)..now you may select..Maybe is like the chinese water torture..30 liter of water as a shower in 5 minutes are good , healthy etc..But the same dose as a drop every 10 seconds on the forehead drives you crazy after a few days

Best tools you may try

1. Microsoft word

2. LATEX

3. Scrivener

4. Freedom

5. Google docs (online)

Thank you Rishav Raj for the reply. Actually, I have shared only a small portion of the text file. I am attaching the whole text file. Please kindly have a look at it.

Analytical task:

What do you mean "microwave dilution of water samples?"

There is no need to digest the water samples.

The first step is Sampling

Polyethylene bottes have to use for all water samples .All samples for trace analysis must filtrate through membrane filters (0.45-μm micropore) and conserved with HNO3 with concentration from 0. 5 % to 2 % in accordance

with ISO 5667-1, 1980 - Water quality — Sampling —standard requirements

The reference solutions for the determination of Cu in water samples

were prepared by using Merck ICP-AES mono-element standard solutions in the presence of 1 mol l-1 HNO3.

Acid blank (1 mol l-1 HNO3) was prepared for measurement of the background signal in λa of the selected prominent line of Cu.

With kind regards, N.Daskalova