Microgrids - Science topic

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ICIPS 2024 aims to bring together researchers, engineers, and practitioners from around the world to discuss the latest advancements in intelligent power and systems. The conference will cover a wide range of topics, including:

The conference will feature invited talks, technical presentations, and panel discussions. Accepted papers will be published in the ICIPS 2024 conference proceedings.

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Thank you very much Shafagat Mahmudova, for your guidance

Power Magazine International MARCH 23, 2023 by EMILIANO BELLINI : 'Solar curtailment vs. storage, work referred of Swiss researchers; NREL : Solar PV Curtailment in Changing Grid and Technological Contexts: Preprint by Eric O'Shaughnessy, Jesse Cruce, Kaifeng Xu ,Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( I am not sure as the copy of paper is not available with me and you can check and also keep me inform); Lori Bird etal: 'Wind and solar energy curtailment: A review of international experience, ElseVier: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 65, November 2016, Pages 577-586' (Access thru your Institution); Global Solar PV Brain Trust: ' Report of the Global Solar PV Brain Trust , May 2024

Sara_zaremanesh@pgs.usb.ac.ir

Sorry for the 1st broken link, here are more useful links about your concern:

1-https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/8/1217

2-https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/10/1656

3-https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1530550/FULLTEXT02.pdf

A microgrid is a local electrical grid with defined electrical boundaries, acting as a single and controllable entity. Depending on the size variation it can range from single microgrid to multiple microgrids, where Multi-microgrid systems are networks of interconnected two or more microgrids that can share power . single microgrids are more straightforward in terms of their geometrical parameters, multi microgrids offer greater flexibility and improve the reliability and resiliency.

you may refer these article for reference

To efficiently collect the dataset associated with an IEC microgrid, including fault and non-fault scenarios, you can use MATLAB along with Simulink for simulation purposes. Here's a general outline of how you can do it:

Here's a simplified MATLAB code outline demonstrating these steps:

matlabCopy code% Step 1: Load Simulink model model = 'IEC_microgrid_model'; open_system(model); % Step 2: Configure simulation parameters fault_types = {'Short Circuit', 'Voltage Sag', 'Line Fault'}; % Define fault types fault_locations = {'Bus 1', 'Line 2-3', 'Transformer 1'}; % Define fault locations % Step 3: Set up data logging simOut = sim(model); % Step 4: Simulation execution (loop over fault scenarios) for i = 1:numel(fault_types) for j = 1:numel(fault_locations) % Inject fault inject_fault(model, fault_types{i}, fault_locations{j}); % Run simulation simOut = sim(model); % Step 5: Data processing (extract features and labels) % Extract data from simOut and process as needed % Step 6: Dataset generation % Organize processed data into dataset format % Save dataset to file or memory end end

In this code:

You'll need to customize and expand upon this outline based on the specifics of your IEC microgrid model and the data you want to collect. Additionally, ensure that your Simulink model is appropriately configured to accurately represent the behavior of the microgrid under different operating conditions and fault scenarios.

Hi Mazen,

Check this paper out it may be of help.

From an energy balancing perspective it is possible. if the battery storage is empty and should be charged during the day when also other types of user are extracting power from the micro-grid, then the load can increase exceeding the normal capacity. But this will depend on how the BESS is configured and how big your battery is. Normally in the BESS there is a charging duration time that you can define. The charging duration time is having an impact o now much energy you are using from the grid to charge your battery. As shorter the duration time is set up, as more energy you will extract from the grid.

I would like to talk about the community resilience.

The centralized tertiary control in the AC microgrid involves ongoing adjustments to PI controller gains for stability and exploring the implementation of frequency and voltage droop controls to enhance power sharing. Attention to communication delays, accurate measurement points, and validation of the system model is crucial. Additionally, analyzing system dynamics and considering local control mechanisms can contribute to resolving challenges.

Usman Anka Abdulaziz Yes,the conference's Final Paper Submission Date is before January 12, 2024.

You can design a converter to control the power according to your load. It directly depends on the load characteristics. you have two options either control or topology optimization.

Because this frequency is very low, therefore, there is no problem and affection.

without converter: Limited control, Voltage, and frequency compatibility issues.

the source provides the power based on the load demand. i have defined a droop control to ditribute the power accroding to the connection adopted. the droop calcualtion is like this:

Pbat = 0.2;

Pmains = 0.4;

PFuel = 0.4;

Ratio_main = Pmains/(Pbat+Pmains+PFuel);

Ratio_bat = Pbat/(Pbat+Pmains+PFuel);

Ratio_Fuel = PFuel/(Pbat+Pmains+PFuel);

d1 = 0.25/Ratio_main;

d2 = 0.25/Ratio_bat;

d3 = 0.25/Ratio_Fuel;

the fuel power contribution is changing based on the droop percentage. So actually i want to limit the fuel power contribution to 1kw.

Dear Doctor

Go To

"Abstract.

In recent years, power grid infrastructure has moved from a centralized power generation model to a paradigm in which generation capacity is distributed across an increasing number of small power plants that rely on renewable energy sources. Systems for emerging distribution systems need a very new protection paradigm, architecture and philosophy making use of new protection devices and sensors such as digital relays, phasor measurement units (PMUs), smart reclosers and line sensors. This article examines the application of PMUs in smart distribution grids and from the point of view of prosumers.

Conclusion

PMU applications still face many challenges in distribution systems, such as inadequate phasor measurement accuracy and the lack of a communication network infrastructure that can support a large number of sensors and actuators with different technologies, but also advanced and persistent cyberthreats facing critical infrastructures such as the intelligent grid are also exponentially increasing and require a sophisticated defense strategy. In addition to RES and electrical energy storage, active loads such as demand-responsive loads and electric vehicles will also increase. All these factors introduce new challenges in the operation, planning, protection and control of distribution grids. The communication systems used and the pmu calculation algorithm will have to face the growing challenges of modern networks; therefore they will have to be increasingly robust and reliable. This article presents a review of the phasor unit of measurement applied to distribution grids that will radically change in this decade. Above all attention was given to its working principle and the various applications in this context. For detailed analysis, the appropriate references have been cited."

Thanks for the the thoughtful Answer, I have returned to the controller parameter several times. I will consider the precious idea and redesign the model..

You can take idea from my research thesis " Design and Analysis of Hybrid AC-DC Micro Grid

This is a very broad question and I don't think anyone can answer it to the point. If you are thinking about optimal energy management and power quality separately then there might be some answers in the literature.

For example, according to my understanding, if you are considering optimal energy management, the best way to achieve optimality would be Model Predictive Control (MPC).

However, MPC has limitations when applied to large or distributed systems where other methods such as Multi-agent become ideal candidates.

However, industry applications should be much more mature to define what 'large' means in the real world. In addition, almost all industrial applications use rule-based systems which is quite optimal when you optimize the rules with time.

Also, just bear in mind that there might be other solutions that are mentioned, that can achieve optimal energy management in the distributed system. However, MPC should be quite unbeatable in centralized systems.

You can have a look at this article

The PZEM004T energy monitor sensor is a highly useful component for smart microgrid energy monitoring. This sensor can measure various electrical parameters, including voltage, current, power, energy, and frequency, which are essential in monitoring energy consumption and production in a smart microgrid. By measuring these parameters accurately, the sensor can provide insights into energy usage patterns, identify potential energy wastage, and help optimize energy management in the microgrid.

In combination with other sensors, smart devices, and software, the PZEM004T energy monitor sensor can provide a comprehensive and real-time view of the microgrid's energy status. This data can help microgrid operators and energy managers make informed decisions about energy management and help them identify potential problems before they become critical.

To answer your question, The PZEM004T energy monitor sensor is an important component of an IoT-based smart microgrid energy monitoring system, as it provides essential data to optimize energy management, improve energy efficiency, and reduce energy costs.

Here is a link to our edited book on Grid Forming Inverters:

Need to consider checking the air cleaner, could be fuel is not clean so it is not fully burnt, or even the seals which allow oils into the chamber yet mixing with fuel and also the cooling system, sometimes if the cooling system is having any issues then it makes the block to expand hence producing holes that let oils and water into the chamber, rendering the engine inefficient

Hi Arif, have you find load profiles for microgrids in developing countries?

The simple way I can come up with now is to formulate an optimization problem with the objective function of the size of the battery (probably plus other objectives with weights). The constraints would be the operation limits of the systems, like voltage/current/ power limits.

Then, if the formulated optimization problem is convex, you can use commercial solvers (e.g., CPLEX) to solve it efficiently.

On the other hand, there are a few non-convex solvers (e.g., GUROBI, IPOpt), but it may take a longer time to solve. Another way is that you should first handle the non-convex constraints or objective terms by using convexification or approximation techniques, then use convex solvers which are computationally efficient.

My suggestions are:

Use average models for converters (easy if you are not interested to high frequency harmonics).

Convert continuous state models to discrete state to run at fixed time step (this requires a deep understanding of each module).

Decouple possible algebraic loops.

Simplify the models of cables and TL's.

With both provision should allow increasing the time step up to 10-50 useconds.

Eventually, is a phasor approach completely out of your scope?

go through this paper it may help you

In general, the microgrid system will be connected to the main system. But to preserve the security of supply they must also be operable in so-called island mode, i.e., not connected to the main grid. With an increasing number of loads and sources interfaced through Power Electronic (PE) converters, the dynamic behavior of the system is getting more critical. The controllers have to be properly tuned to avoid oscillations and possibly instability.

Source:https://www.sintef.no/projectweb/cineldi/research/microgrids/

You can find some models and benchmarks here:

thank you for sharing the links @veera mani

A system has to be evolved based on the generation and load requirements. If we try to use lower loading in the system designed for higher capacity there will be a under utilization of the system capacity.

INTERESSTED

Yes sir, I'm interested..

I would like to work on Multi-level converters

Also check please the following useful RG links:

The attached photo which is downloaded from the following link can also help to have a better understanding of such systems. You can also find a lot of useful information about the details of your mentioned system in the following link:

Dear Boris Arnaud Notchum Deffo :

A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. It can connect and disconnect from the grid to operate in grid-connected or island mode. The control techniques used in the microgrid are as follows:

These links will you to understand well about the control techniques used for microgrids.

Regards;

Ehtisham

I have done this work befor, and this is what I got

Comparing with the fundamental waveform on line ….

Hello Hussein Abubakr

Have you found a suitable journal yet? If not, here are some additional ideas:

International Journal of Energy Research

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Hi,

I hope you are using a non isolated half bridge(Since I can't see the Simulink file I am assuming this). You can do the average modelling of the bidirectional DC-DC converter either considering the boost operation as reference or buck operation as reference depending on your setup and objectives. If you need the technical details you may refer to the following sources:

1. S. Bacha, I. Munteanu, A. I. Bratcu, “Power Electronic Converters Modelling and Control: with case studies”, Springer, vol. 454, 2014.

2. Fulwani, D. K., & Singh, S., "Mitigation of Negative Impedance Instabilities in DC Distribution Systems", Springer Briefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 2017.

3. M. Mehdi, S. Z. Jamali, M. O. Khan, S. Baloch, and C. H. Kim, "Robust control of a DC microgrid under parametric uncertainty and disturbances," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 179,p. 106074, 2020.

4. F. Li and Z. Lin, "Novel Passive Controller Design for Enhancing Boost Converter Stability in DC Microgrid Applications," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2021.

That isn't easy to say because it depends on the local conditions.

If the area lacks sunlight, you can't generate electricity using solar parks. If the wind flow is weak, you can`t use wind farms.

Dear Mohamed Amine Hartani ,

Thank you very much for raising the interesting question.

As mentioned by other colleagues, there is a wide spectrum of methodology is available when it comes to energy management strategies for off-grid microgrids.

However, it depends on what exactly you want to optimize and up to what extent.

Please find some useful links where you can read about the topic in detail.

I hope this helps.

Best regards,

Kedar

Sahar Rahim I suggest reading these papers:

1.

2.

3. https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/energies/energies-15-00825/article_deploy/energies-15-00825.pdf

4.

Adham Osama Ahmed Take a look https://www.mathworks.com/help/phased/ref/phased.espritestimator-system-object.html

It would be helpful if you go through the manual of matpower: https://matpower.org/docs/MATPOWER-manual.pdf and function references: https://matpower.org/docs/ref/

You must read this article in order to have a better grasp of the choose and size damping resistors/virtual impedances for droop-controlled grid-forming converters in microgrids

You must read this article in order to have a better grasp of the construction of an islanded microgrid. https://terraverde.energy/best-practices-for-microgrid-project-feasibility-assessments/

Thanks adnan

Hello Rahman Syed ,

I agree with your observation, and not just in the case of circuits. The use of jargon coupled with the need to be first in some ultra-specialized area of endeavor can and does produce papers with little apparent mooring in day-to-day reality and need. I have always thought that every paper should be prefaced with a historical account of how we got here; a sort of roadmap for the generalist so that they may have some chance to come up to speed without having to consult external sources. Unfortunately, the world, being as it is, does not admit to this soft-start to most technical papers. Only review articles seem to take the time to try and ramp-up the explanation, and not subject the reader to a step-function discontinuity of information, and even here the results are many times suboptimal.

Regards,

Thomas Cuff

I recommend using Micro-Cap (http://www.spectrum-soft.com/download/download.shtm). All EE's at Emerson used Micro-cap, even though it cost $4,000 each. There are no other electronic SPICE modeling programs even close to Micro-Cap capability.

Micro-Cap is now free. Andy Thompson, owner of Spectrum Software, has retired.

Micro-Cap does worst case analysis --- changing the tolerances of components --- changing the temperature --- etc. And it is easy to use.

I have used Micro-Cap for all of my electronic designs since 2001. When I tested prototypes, they worked exactly as the model predicted.

The website --- https://NDAcademy.FoxPing.com/ --- 2.8 Electronic Cascade RC Filters --- and --- 7.2 Electronic SPICE Models --- provide examples.

Khadim Ullah Jan thank you for your reply, can you clarify more or provide related papers, please?

Dear Shamsher Ansari you are not wrong and I agree that the inverter needs a controllable input. However, this can also be represented by transferfunctions having said that, for example, BESS is considered as an input with sufficient stored energy, only the response characteristics are taken into the account.

Dear Avinash Deshpande :

The IEEE 2030.7 Standard for Specification of Microgrid Controllers provides an excellent basis for planning and specifying a microgrid, whether it is a small, dedicated microgrid for a single building, or a complex microgrid covering significant segments of a distribution utility. Pls have a look at these articles too:

Best Regards

Ehtisham

Dear Sandford Stebbings ,

Synchronization is to agree in time. So, in order to synchronize multiple sources such as the power inverters you have to choose the strongest one as the reference synchronization source. This source is better to be referenced to a crystal controlled oscillator for high stability.

Then every other inverter is to be synchronized by the reference taken from the microgrid as I proposed in the first part of my answer.

This means the local oscillator of the inverter must be synchronized to the reference by means of phase locked loop.

In summary my proposal is to take the strongest power fed to the grid is to be taken as a reference for all other source fed to the grid.

To synchronize any inverter to the grid please refer to the papers in the links:

and

Best wishes

Yes Dear Sarah Kassir , I completely agree with my colleagues Bashar Hamad Ameer L.Saleh , it can be done.

Best regards

Based on the type of objective function (linear, non-linear, integer etc....) and constraints, the search space is formed. Due to the presence of constraints (equality and inequality) the search space gets discontinuities which makes the algorithm to trap in the local minima. To overcome this phenomenon the researchers should devise the exploration and exploitation phase in such a way that the algorithm should not get trapped in the local minima. Undoubtedly, no algorithm will result in a way that iteration 7 and 9, 8 and 10 will give the same result. All algorithms are devised to find the minimum value in the next iteration when compared to the previous iteration.

Here is a simulated microgrid in Digsilent Power Factory containing PV, MT, and WT energy sources and V&F dependent loads. I hope this is useful for you.

Ping An

Absolutely not! Your values of 30F are quite astronomical! You CAN get super capacitors around 4F but they tend to be low voltage and will be VERY expensive. Typical long life ceramic capacitors used in DC-DC applications have values around 10uF. I would look very critically at redesigning your system, or seeing if there is something wrong with it. Capacitors are really only used for current ripple at high frequencies.

If it is not possible you COULD consider using a battery bank instead, Lithium Titanate battery technology could give you a similar high charge discharge rate.

If you can explain a little more about your system I might be able to give you some more pointers.

Hello dear,

Referring to your question, I would say it could replace conventional large-scale power plants with the concept of grid-forming inverters due to most of nowadays renewables are connected to the grid through phase-locked loop (PLL) for synchronization. However, there are various promising scheme to address inertia problem by simply adapting to the new power system paradigm or through adjustment in power electronic-based generators capability to remain connected to the grid even after disturbances to avoid complete shutdown.

There are innovative solutions, but in order to implement any solution, a precise analysis for the total system's inertia should be estimated.

Regards,

Mohammed

You can get a lot of published research on this topic.

Dear Venkatesan Vijaya ,

HOMER Pro is the best for off-grid Microgrid simulation.

You can see my articles in R^G as follows:

Dear Md. Adnan Faisal Siddique ,

First of all, you should decide the location of your Smart-Grid system.

Then, you can select what types of renewables (Solar PV+ what ?) will be installed in your system. Probably, you will add the Electric Vehicles charging systems at the Smart Homes of your Smart Grid System.

You need to consider the interconnection technology of your Smart Grid System.

You have to collect the data and then, model and simulate your Smart Grid System in the supportive software tool.

After that, you need to analyze your simulation results.

According to the amount of research funding, you can implement your Smart Grid System.

Then, you can consider your Smart Grid System be connected with the National Grid System and investigate what impacts from your System.

Dear Zawar Khan ,

For Secondary and Tertiary control of microgrids, please have a look at the following reference.

I saw the above useful answers. What I can add is that you can post your questions to PSCAD Q&A https://forum.hvdc.ca/

It's an interesting topic but can you please elaborate more about it. You can send me a message or contact me through e-mail: sayedz.shuvo@gmail.com

The bus capacitor is the common point of converters, where the powers of resources are clustered and fed to the load, besides being charged and discharge during transients of the load schedule.

So, to size the bus capacitor, first it's have to support the peak of load current and smooth the load voltage.

In general, the bus capacitor is the sum of parallel capacitors of DC DC converters, so you can size each converter separately as the easy solution.

Here is a starting point Adefemi

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