Microencapsulation - Science method

Good morning, dear scientific researchers, this is Ferdinand. I'm new to the scientific world. I need to ask you how I can calculate the mg/g of anthocyanins (C-3-G) on a dry matter basis, based on your experience. This is a microencapsulated extract spray-dried. Could you please give me an example or some information? Your support would be a great help. Thank you in advance.

Dear all,

I am working on encapsulation of probiotics using Cellulose Acetate Phthalate (CAP). Even though the literature says it can be dissolved in aqueous solutions having mild alkali pH, I am not able to dissolve it.

Is there any tricky part that I should consider?

How can I dissolve CAP?

It can be dissolved in acetone but acetone can damage my probiotics.

Thanks in advance...

I do a research about microencapsulation Bacillus sp with sodium alginate matrix. after 4 weeks, my beads decreasing size be smaller than early and my bacillus still live (from viability test).

so, my question is bacillus sp on beads can consusm sodium alginate for their growth?

I am currently doing research for my thesis on bioencapsulation of Bacillus sp for controlling bacterial wilt in chilies. I use 4% sodium alginante and 3% calcium chloride by extrusion method for my encapsulation. however, my beads don't harden and tend to get soft. What I want to ask is why can't my beads be hard? and is the concentration that I use not right?

microencapsulation, chitosan and maltodextrin, antioxidant extract

If you are in the United States with access to lab to run fundamental tests on FRC, I have an idea for a collaboration. My expertise is in reduction of operational and embodied carbon in construction materials as shown in my recent publication

So I do not have access to equipment to test experiments in FRC area.

Please reply this message if you are interested so that we can discuss and agree on how to execute the plan.

Most of the biopesticides and microencapsulated pesticides are developed by using whey protein. Here what is the role of whey protein in bio-pesticides?

I'm trying to make a microencapsulation with 2% sodium alginate and 3% calcium chloride. The result did form beads but they did not last long, the beads broke and could not be picked up with a spoon

what's wrong with my method ?

I have a problem with solids recovery (yeild effeciency ) in microencapsulation when the mass of microencapsulated particles is more than the mass of material I use (mass of alginate, calcium chloride, water,.. ..). This makes yeild effeciency greater than 100%.

Thank in advance

I am trying to wash rotenone microencapsulated beads with a solvent but do not want the solvent to dissolve the microencapsulation for the purpose of quantifying rotenone loss during the study.

Thanks in advance

Hi:)

I need some help in microencapsulation and coating procedures of anaerobic bacteria(for example, Bifidobacterium).

I did make some forms of bacterial beads, but after that I had trouble checking its cell viability.

-> I couldn't get any of colonies in every dilution.

This was my microencapsulation and coating procedure ;

1) Autoclaved 2%(w/v) sodium alginate solution was mixed with the bacterial suspension(7 Log CFU/mL in PBS) in ratio of 4:1

2) The shell solution was 1.5% CaCl2 solution, and then I dropped the sodium alginate+bacterial mix solution to the prepared shell solution using syringe

3) Waiting 30 min for solidification

4) Collect the beads in sterilized tubes and freeze-dried for 48 hr

5) For checking cell viability after microencapsulation of the bacteria, 0.1 g of freeze-dried bacterial capsules were dissolved in 900 uL of 2% sodium citrate solution and plated on selective agar after serial dilution.

** In this step, I don't know whether it is normal but the capsules weren't seemed to dissolve completely. (It was like some debris floating in the solution)

The plating result was literally "nothing". I couldn't see any of colonies on the agar plate...

I don't know whether the procedure is wrong or it's just the anaerobic bacteria problem.

+) I did the whole procedures in general clean bench, not in anaerobic chamber.

I don't know if we have a freeze-dryer or spray-dryer here in our area that's why I'm opting to use Ionic gelation, is it an effective method? or can you recommend a more effective method that don't require expensive instruments?

Hi everyone. I am looking for a high temperature MPCM.

More specifically, I need the thermo physical properties of a microencapsulated phase change material with the melting temperature between 580K to 640K.

Is there any commercial MPCM with the mentioned melting temperature? Or any reliable correlation to calculate the properties of the MPCM?

Thanks

I am microencapsulating fish oil in polyethelene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000) by PGSS process. Could you please give me an information regarding recommended edible limit of PEG-6000 for human per day? Addition of source/ reference is highly encouraged. Thanks in advance.

Microencapsulation of Reservetrol and its water soluble method??

Please did anyone work on microencapsulation of ammonium phosphate in sodium alginate and gelatin? I am making microcapsules and use shell/core ratio 1 . Alginate 1.4% , gelatin 1% and ammonium phosphate 2.4% but the microencapsulation yield of microcapsules was poor 15% .. And when I increased shell/core ratio to 2 the microcapsules were inhered with each other and formed big aggregations because of alginate and film of alginate contain microcapsules was formed.. how can I increase the yield without having a film of alginate?

I started a new project about microencapsulation and orientated myself extensively the last few weeks. I want to try to make microcapsules by the method used in this article:

My school is not the greatest in having acces to articles, so I get acces through sci-hub or free articles. I was wondering if there was a supplementary of this article availible for subscribed users.

I would really like to have more detail on the method of encapsulation that they used and in specificly the ratio oil to water in the O/W emulsion.

thanks in advanced,

I am working on complex coacervation between gelatin and sodium alginate as shell materials and ammonium phosphate as the core material to form microcapsules for flame retardant of cotton fabrics. I used 3% core and 1.5% shell at high speed of mixing using homogenizer, then I did centrifugal at high speeds (8000 rpm) to separate the microcapsules from the solution, but the amount of resulting microcapsules was little, their weight was just 0.8 g and the microencapsulation was only 1%. I tried to increase the concentration of core and wall materials with keeping (core /shell) ratio, but the medium became gelling so I diluted it with distilled water, but also the amount of resulting microcapsules was little.

There is a thing, I used just distilled water to dissolve both core and wall materials in the emulsion because both of them can dissolve in water, is it necessary to use an organic phase to dissolve the core material? Does that effect on the amount of resulting microcapsules?

And is there another way to separate the microcapsules from the solution else the centrifuge method?

Kindly guide me how can I get proper hardening of of sodium alginate along with proper microencapsulation?

I am using 3% NaAlginate sol and different concentration for calcium chloride (0.2, 0.5 and 1 M). When alginate solution drips in the calcium chloride stationary solution it get the shape of droplet as I start stirring the CaCl2 sol. its shape is lost and becomes like a web.

Another problem is, some how I get very little amount of encapsulation but when I heat at 40 degree centigrade encapsulation pops out and oil leaks into the solution.

My experiment is all about getting Calcium Alginate dry microencapsulation.

I have to prepare probiotic fish feed pellets , so i have encapsulated probiotic strain to prevent from high temperatures. How can i prepare feed pellets?

Dear RG colleagues,

Looking for the "green perspective", we are developing the microencapsulation of additives (volatile oils, active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), etc.) in microcapsules of biopolyesters such as PLGA, PLA, others., using adapted emulsion-evaporation techniques. However, as it is mentioned in the State of the Art, the sticking of microcapsules in the process of removing of solvents is very frequent. Based on your practical experience, could you provide an advice to reduce the aggregation of microcapsules? Thank you for your input and best regards!

Good morning,

I am currently working on hepatocytes encapsulation in alginate microbeads for bioartificial liver applications. Since in certain cases I have problems of alginate degelification and cell leakage from the microbeads, I was wondering if there is an easy technique in order to create a surface coating on microbeads to avoid cell leakage.

I have read about layer-by-layer approaches using poly-L- ornithine (PLO) or poly-L-lysine (PLL). But I would like to know if some of you have already tried other techniques on alginate encapsulated hepatocytes.

Thank you for your attention,

Mattia

I am in search of a food safe adhesive/glue. "Food grade" is not adequate, as this is just a glue that comes into contact with food. I require a substance/chemical that can be consumed. Various waxes are an option, but they are difficult to work with. This adhesive will be dosed through small holes, so it shouldn't set inside the dosing system. Pressure- or temperature-activated, or microencapsulated adhesives would be ideal. Does anyone have any suggestions for adhesives, or companies that could assist with developing them? As I am not a chemist and do not understand polymers, I am finding this search challenging.

I working with bacteria and I will like to microencapsulation them with Glyceryl monostearate, Somebody have worked with this?

Kindly suggest the way to separate out microcapsules from CaCl2 bath, its washing method and drying process.

I am looking for high temperature (120-180 degree centigrade ) stable encapsulation prone to rupture only on mechanical contact.

Any guide?

i am working on microencapsulation of hydrohpic compund with whey protein, but data of paricle size on zeta sizer is coming different every time i checked it. i dont why? its coming high: above 1100 d.nm

Actually K ion is heat sensible.So when we go coconut water to be powder form by spray dry then how could i measure it?

Especially for thymol

I would like to know some inquiries regarding of microencapsulation:

How to determine the encapsulation efficiency?

How to calculate the encapsulated bioactive components?

What is the stability of encapsulated bioactive components in heat treatments?

There is a wide range of synthetic pesticidal formulations are available viz, SP, WP, EC, SG, WSP, Microemulsion, Microencapsulated etc. Which formulations are simplest to production in large scale?

we have a problem to preparation of 5% aqueous solution of gum acacia for using in coacervation microencapsulation with gelatin. Please guide us in detail producer?

Thanks

We are in process of procuring microencapsulator for encapsulation of pomegranate seed oil

I'm wondering if its possible to use Tween 20/80 as a carrier/solubilizer to dissolve a hydrophobic substance. So far, I tried heating either Tween to around 70C, and it manage to dissolve my hydrophobic substances. But when I remove it from the heat plate, it starts to turn into like white solid like ghee, which I guess happens because of the decrease in temperature to the cloud point?

Anyway,

I'm trying to understand the differences in both Tween. I read somewhere that tween 20 is better to emulsify small amounts of lighter oils; whereas Tween 80 to emulsify larger amounts of heavier oil.

Then I check the HLB value (wikipedia) in which:

12 to 15: detergent

12 to 16: O/W (oil in water) emulsifier

16 to 20: solubiliser or hydrotrope

Tween 20 (16.7) seems like a better choice as it can act as a solubiliser or O/W emulsifier compare to Tween 80. But then other sources said tween 80 is better to emulsify larger amount of heavier oil?Which sounds like its better to solubilised my hydrophobic substances.

Erm. Do correct me if I'm wrong.

Appreciated.

I'm working on the formulation of  Equol liposomes. I've Equol , Phosphotidcholine and Stearylamine I'm  mixing in the organic solvent ethanol, thereafter I've water and Carnitine that I'm mixing. Once I mix the two together, I'm subjecting the suspension to probe tip ultrasonic homogenization. Will this protocol be sufficient to get me 60-90nm  of Equol liposomes? Or I have to change my protocol? . Also, what's the guarantee sure way of quickly with a human eye , a test that can tell me that I've liposomes or not in my end state mixture? Thanks for your help

When performing encapsulation efficiency (EE), the plasmid still forms a complex with the polymer and cannot dissociate so I cannot detect any band on agarose gel.

please distinguish the differences between viability at simulated gastric juice and acid tolerance of microencapsulated probiotic microorganisms. 

The articles referred to the encapsulation (microencapsulation) of probiotics.

Are probiotics have the potential to use the chitosan particles are nanoencapsulation?

I am making agarose microspheres using W/O emulsion method. After washed with hexane and filtered to remove oil, i dried the microspheres with CaCl2 anhydrous. The product i obtained was a film of agarose in stead of powder. Therefore, if i used a vacuum dryer or freeze dryer, would the result be different? This might sound like a stupid question, however, the equipments required for vacuum drying or freeze drying are unavailable where i work. I'll have to send my sample to other places, which is innconvenient. If only someone can tell me whether these drying method are suitable in my case or recommend other methods to achieve agarose microbead powder. I will be extremely grateful.

I would like to make a small volume of emulsion to deliver a vaccine that contains a peptide and DNA oligonucleotide, using PBS for the aqueous phase and Incomplete Freund's adjuvant as the oil. I put 300 ul of each liquid in a 1 ml syringe barrel (plastic) and used a 1/8th inch probe sonicator. I repeat 10 sec bursts alternating with cooling on ice, for several minutes. It forms an emulsion (I'm not sure if it's w/o or o/w, but a droplet of the emulsion fails the dispersal on water surface test. Any suggestions on how to make it more stable? And how do you determine whether it is o/w or w/o? I use such a small volume because the DNA ODN is expensive and we only use 10 ul per mouse.

Thanks

Ed Roy

Is there a procedure on how to microencapsulate cells into an alginate gel? I was going to use Trypsin-EDTA to remove, centrifuge, and then add media to get cells. From then, I would add the cell/cell media into the gel via a pipette but with my growth factors to determine a suitable microenvironment.

Any and all help is appreciated. Thanks!

In other words, it could be encapsulated more drug than the amount of polymer used in the microencapsulation process, so as to produce, for example, a mirocapsule system containing 1,5 or 2 (and so on) mg drug/mg polymer matrix?

It is the first time for me to fabricate alginate-Ca beads, and I want to use an encapsulator to do it. After keeping the alginate solution droplet in CaCl2 solution for 10 mins, how can I get those beads out?

i have read some relevant papers, but they just mention that we can filter the cacl2 solution. I do not know how to do it and what materials should I use to filter.

Begging for help!

Hello colleague and Friends, 

I'am working on Bioadhesive films (HPMC2%+Kollicoat2%, Drug is midazolam Hcl) , iam preparing films  by solvent -casting method. For analyzing Drug content, iam dissolving film in 1mL of methanol+1mL of water(2hours), followed by filteration and analyzing it by HPLC. The problem is my experimental drug content doesn't match to my theoretical drug content. Experimental concentrations are atleast 40-50% less than the theoretical drug content. Is the drug still in gel matrix and not releasing the drug. Should i use different system to extract drug.

I am reading an article about Beta cells-alginate microencapsulation. As, I could not figure out what does peripheral perfusion mean exactly? I think it means to get nutrients, oxygen and glucose from the near blood vessels but i am still not sure.

i) Islet requirements for oxygen and the need for revascularization of encapsulated islets:

In the immediate post- transplant period, isolated islets are forced to depend upon diffusion of oxygen and nutrients through peripheral perfusion from the surrounding tissue within the site of transplantation (39), until revascularization by angiogenesis, a process that requires 7-10 days.

I would specifically like to know about the effective method of determining oxidative stability of microencapsulated omega-3 oil?

Although, there are different techniques used in the literature, I would like to hear the experience of people working on this area. 

Hie all,

Iam working on  microencapsulation technology. I am trying to use sodium alginate as a material to immobilise the cells. I tried using 4% sodium alginate along with 1.5% Cacl2 solution but couldn't achieve any satisfactory results. What could have possibly gone wrong? How can I troubleshoot this?

We are researching a survey of WPC (whey protein concentrate) and gum arabic to microencapsulation by complex coacervation.

Thank you

The evaporation is only 100uL, but buffer solution is only 1mL and membrane is dried after 24 hours. 

Attached photo and link 

How does PLGA encapsulated vancomycin look? Does it have powder like consistency? I am trying to encapsulate vancomycin in PLGA and PVA but after lyophilization I am getting pellet, not powder. How do I get powder like microencapsulated vancomycin?

I am using a anionic drug (490mg) plus an adjuvant (250mg of Polaxamer 188) in 100mL of ultrapure water (Solution A)

Then using a mother solution of an anionic polyssacharide (10mg) in 100mL (solution B)

I pick 25mL of A and 25mL of B (50mL final) and spray dry

But, when I spray dry (Buchi Nano Spray Dryer B-90), I cannot recover anything because all of these solids stay in the particle collector wall.

I am wondering that:

1) the solution (A+B) is too moist, because i am using 60 celsius.

2) the solution have high concentration of drug/adjuvant.

3) Polaxamer 188 is non-anionic and I using two anionic compounds). But all cationic adjuvants that i searched (I.e. benzalkonium hydrochloride) show high pulmonary toxicity.

I have two options that i can try:

1) Change the temperature (60 to 100 celsius to observe that the moist is the problem)

2) Change concentrations of Polaxamer 188.

Anyone can help?

I am going to start my Ph.D. research work soon.

I am interested in microencapsulation of active ingredients and incorporation of that in some dairy products.

Please suggest some recent area of research in this topic.

It would really helpful for me.

Waiting for valuable response !

Dear friends,

I've prepared alginate nanocapsules which are in distilled water. How can I dry them other than freeze-drying and spray-drying methods? In other word, in order to get a dried and powdered capsules what method you suggest?

My goal is to evaluate their stability in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF), So I need dried form of them. For example, according to a paper, 20-30 mg of microcapsules added to a glass tube containing SGF. 

Can anybody suggest me a proper protocol for the confirmation that my proteins are encapsulated and are safe within PLGA, since we need to use the same for antibody generation in Mice 

I prepared UF microcapsules with epoxy resin inside it. I want to measure the rate of release of the core material.

We conduct stability at 40C & 75RH for Cefixime capsule and use PVDC for more protection but unfortunately it falls in the accelerated stability although we use the same originator composition.

The API loss reach more than 5% from its initial value and that is consider as stability failure according to EMA stability guidelines, on the other hand we cannot make an overage without justification.

We notice there is swelling in the blister pocket indicate CO2 release.

Many works have been reported so far on various drugs belonging to many categories like anihypetensives, anti-lipidemia, etc etc. But i want to know if any of the drugs have been marketed?

I am working with probiotic bacteria and their application in foods. The topic of my research is the use of microencapsulation strategy for the improvement of probiotic viability. Now I am interested in investigating probiotic ability to survive in food in presence of additives (e.g. flavourings, sweeteners, aroma compounds and so on). Have you ever tested some additives?

Thank you.

Greetings, Annachiara

my blank NP absorbency in BCA method is higher than NP contain protein. it s maybe because PVA in blank NP or i dont have protein encapsulation. i confuse, also i used NaoH 1M and urea 10M+ SDS 2% and pbs for dissolve protein in pellet. please guide me if you have same experience,

I am trying to encapsulate a hydrophobic drug into liposomes and the drug absorbs at 290. After removal of unencapsulated drug though centrifugation, I can see high absorbance when I measure the absorbance of only the diluted liposomal solution (indicating the presence of ~ 90% of the added drug). However, while I try to disrupt the liposomes with Triton-X/SDS it decreases the absorbance substantially. I added 2% (v/v) Triton-X into the diluted liposomal solution and heated at 60 degree for 2 min, incubated for another 15 min at RT, sonicated for 1 min and then measured uv. While I encapsulated FITC labeled siRNA in another project of mine, I could see enhancement of fluorescence after addition of Triton.

In the same way that fluorescence quenching can be expected when the labeled things are inside in the liposomes, is it likely to happen for things that are not fluorescent like my drug?

Does the decrease of absorbance mean that the drug is not properly encapsulated inside the bilayer?

Also, if such an increase is likely to happen, should it happen only for drugs those are hydrophilic and entrapped within the aq. core rather than for hydrophobic drugs those are entrapped in the bilayer?

Please help! Thanks.

I have obsorved the problem while performing the HPLC.as rifabutin was entrapped within the polymer so i was trying to first seperately perform the blank i.e glucan and then our formulation (Polymer to drug ratio was 50:50) mobile phase is Acetonitrile and phosphate buffer(55:45) and Ph of buffer in which formulation was prepared was PBS (7.4) and sodium acetate buffer (5.2) the plane drug peak and the drug inside polymer was quite different in respect to retention time and Area.

So plz suggest some way to make our study easier

As we all know that when size of PCM microencapsul is smaller than 2 μm, it is subcooling.Is there any suggestion about overcome it?

We are developing a confectionery, so please help me to mask the bitterness of plant extract.

Please recommend me some book focussing on the techniques of microencapsulation and its applications for textiles?

I develop a repellent product in the lotion form by using microencapsulation technique. The active agent is encapsulated around the polymer wall. I don't want the microcapsule broken during the process. 

nice polymers for microencapsulation

Using 2% w/v Gelatin A and Gum acacia, 0.5gm crystalline drug and 1ml 10% tween 80.h20

So I adjust to ph to 3.8 and subjecting it to ice bath to reduce the temperature to 15C.

Repeat experiment twice:

I check the coacervate under microscope and

1) Replicate 1: I see spicky-like stuff sticking around it, and some floating around the solution.

2) Replicate 2: No spicky-like stuff. Surrounding clear

= Spicky stuff only appear after continuous agitation at 15C

I am guessing spicky-like stuff= probably gelatin+arabic. But why is it appearing so?

Is it because its been cool down too fast, as compare to replicate 2?

Hi,

I am not from pharmacology background. But I would like to determine my sample aqueous solubility after spray-drying. 

I chance upon paper below

"An excess amount from the samples (30 mg)

was added to 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)

at pH 7.4. The mixtures were vortexed for 5 min

and sonicated for 1 min and then centrifuged at

20,000g for 5 min. The supernatant was collected, filtered

through a 0.45-:m syringe filter, and diluted in

methanol. The samples were then analyzed using a

spectrophotometer"

Since, my sample wall cannot be dissolved by PBS. I used water in replaced. 

And my sample before spray-drying does not dissolve in water at all. So I just use 10mg.

But after spray-drying, its more soluble. Should I use it at 10mg as well? Or Excess like its written? 

Because I want to compare before and after spray-drying solubility. Seems right to use it at 10mg. To compare properly

Researchers who are working in the field of microencapsulation of protein, drug etc...

In my study, the Curcumin -loaded PLGA NPs shows the same XRD patterns as of pure Curcumin (crystalline). Means that the curcumin remained in crystalline nature in PLGA NP. However, via my literature readings/reviews, most Curcumin changed to amorphous state after loaded into NPs. Anyone have idea/suggestion to my case.?

Hi! I would like to enquire experts in complex coacervation of oil, why I tend to get a microcapsule like the following microscope image?

Should I be able to get individual capsules? because the lower phase of my filtered microcapsules looked like soaked powders. Would very appreciate anyone that could give me some advice of my outcome,

I followed the journal's method as attached which used 9000 rpm for homogenizing the oil added gelatin solution...would like to confirm whether my out come is correct...thanks

I would appreciate some advice on how to encapsulate an amphiphilic small molecule into a liposome.

My small molecule is amphiphilic – it has a hydrophobic aromatic core, to which two alkyl linkers are attached. These linkers have a basic nitrogen atom each, so these constitute hydrophilic groups. The salts of this small molecule are water soluble, while the neutral form is poorly soluble in virtually everything (except acids and DMSO).

Unfortunately, the only lipids I have on disposal to prepare the liposomes are standard, 99% pure Sigma Aldrich egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. I have tried the standard approach: made a thin film out of the lipids + compound salt, suspended the film in water and sonicated the suspension. I extruded through 0.2 µm filters, precipitated the liposomes via centrifugation and had only about 9% encapsulation (which is to be expected, since the compound salt is water soluble, only 9% could statistically be “captured” by the forming liposome, the rest remained in solution, out of the liposome). How can I increase this yield? On the other side, when I took the neutral form, which is poorly water soluble, I had a higher encapsulation % (which is to be expected) but the precipitate after centrifugation could not be resuspended in water, and had a very high compound to lipids ratio (meaning these are not “good” liposomes).

The additional problem is that I have a really small amount of both my compound and the pure egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, so I can’t afford “throwing them away” on too many different experimental approaches. Also, this is a completely new area of work for me, and I have no experience in liposome preparation. Any piece of advice would be helpful. Thank you!

nanocapsules made out of urea bonds

I tried with acetonitrile but the quantification failed with a very low concentration of the drug

PLGA nanoparticles containing HIP complex of drug+surfactant (size 150 nm) from non entrapped complex (size 250nm) for determination of encapsulation efficieny, can I separate them by dialysis?

Dear all, would like you to help me? The case, in my research I maked curcuminoid loaded in solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and I got the problem to calculate entrapment efficiency (EE). This is my composisition a part to make SLN, 0.1 gram curcuminoid, 0.5 gram poloxamer, 1 gram palmitic acid, all mix in 100 mL reverse osmotic water (RO). I followed yadav V et al. 2008 method to calculate EE.

1st. 3 mL SLN solution is setrifugated to separate SLN and unentrapped curcuminoid.

2th, the pelet (assuming contain curcuminoid in SLN) is added 3 mL methanol to extract and suck out the curcuminoid. Next is sentrifugated this solution to separate lipid and curcuminoid solution.

3th, solution contain 2 part, pelet and supernatant

4th. check supernatant absorbance 5th. by using a standart curve, the concentration of curcuminoid is 0.019489 mg/mL. 6th.EE = 0.019489 /1 = 1.948%.

Is my calculation correct?

Microencapsulation as one of the most important techniques has remarkable effect on probiotic survival. There are several techniques to encapsulation of probiotic bacteria such as spray drying and spray chilling.

I have attached an epoxy with a nanofiller material in presence of a solvent and have microencapsulated it. The shell material is Urea-Formaldehyde.Now I am facing difficulty to prove that the core materials have actually been encapsulated successfully. I have studied SEM,TEM, optical microscopy but nothing seems to confirm the core materials convincingly.

Currently I am working with PEGDA hydrogel to encapsulate cells in a PDMS housed microfluidic device. The recurrent problem is that after photopolymerizing the PEGDA prepolymer solution (UV through the glass slide of the device) I notice a separation between the boundary of the hydrogel and the PDMS micropillars.

Can anyone please explain why this happens and recommend papers or a type of crosslinker/molecule that will allow me to achieve the proper PEGDA-PDMS bonding interface?

What are the analytical tests that can be done to test the vitality of microencapsulated bacteria?

I would like to use encapsulated PCM in water storage, which companies supply that?

Kind regards,

Ivica

Will it be possible to replace formaldehyde with other bifunctional acids like adipic acid or terephthalic acid or any other bifunctional acid, so that the use of formaldehyde can be avoided. kindly give your suggestions.

I did the experiment a number of times buy am still not able to obtain the expected result. I would like to seek help from everyone. The protocol as follows:

1. Dissolve 1%maltodextrin and 1%CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) separately in sterile distilled water.

2. Centrifuge probiotic culture and wash with PBS.

3. Dissolve pellet with 1% maltodextrin and follow by CMC, stir using magnetic stirrer for 5 minutes.

4. Perform acidity test for the mixture.

Result obtained: survivability of control sample is higher than malto+CMC encapsulated sample at pH1.5 for 90min.

May I know which step went wrong? Or, is it a MUST to perform spray drying process in order to obtained the encapsulated cells?

Thanks.