Microbiological Procedures - Science topic

Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. are widespread pathogenic bacteria that cause Salmonellosis and Shigellosis, respectively. The resistance of these bacteria to commonly used antibiotics is a critical global challenge. The present study focuses on the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. along the Galle face to Mirissa coastal belt in Sr...

Bacillus cereus is a major foodborne pathogen linked to contaminated fresh meat that poses major health hazards to the general public since it may generate toxins and heat-resistant spores. Investigating B. cereus in fresh meat utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, this work focuses on bacteriophage-mediated biocontrol methods, biochemical and mo...

Background: When patients with bone infections, osteomyelitis continues to be the leading cause of morbidity. Osteomyelitis case management has become challenging due to the ongoing shift in the resistance pattern and the trend of organisms involved. In light of this, the current investigation sought to identify potential shifts in the patterns of...

Background: The global rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major public health concern due to its ability to resist multiple antibiotics, leading to increased hospital stays, costs, and mortality. Healthcare-associated infections caused by resistant strains of S. aureus are particularly concerning in clinical set...

The occurrence of pathogenic Vibrio species in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and the effluent-receiving waters is a significant risk to human health and needs to be monitored appropriately. This study aimed to assess the possibility of the Nigerian Abuja WWTP in serving as a reservoir for Vibrio species. Over a period of 12 months, th...

Background: Salmonellosis persists in Lagos, Nigeria, despite interventions. This study investigated antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella species from clinical, food, and environmental samples in Lagos. Methodology: From June to December 2018, 276 samples (86 blood, 80 stool, 40 hospital effluents, and 70 food) were collected for microbi...

Background: Most of the studies on antibiotic resistance are pre-judiced over the use of last-resort antibiotics for Multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO) and fail to acknowledge the effectiveness of older antibiotics. There is a dearth of information regarding the susceptibility of fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin, which are oral alternatives for such...

Background This research identified Streptococci spp. depending on culture, biochemistry, the Visual Information Technologies (VITEK) technique, ability to produce biofilms, and antibiotic resistance. Aim The goal of this study was to perform microbiological procedures to evaluate the qualitative qualities of mozzarella cheese against infective St...

The accumulation of poultry waste, comprising various materials such as broiler and layer carcasses, feathers, bones, blood, hatchery debris, and deceased birds, poses significant environmental and health concerns. These waste materials can lead to microbial contamination, foul odours, and the proliferation of pests like flies and rodents, thereby...

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common bacterium responsible for many cases of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The growing resistance of this organism to various antibiotics is reducing the number of effective treatment choices. The aim of this study is to ascertain the occurrence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated fro...

Background Antimicrobial resistance can vary significantly across different regions, making it crucial to understand the distribution of urinary pathogens and their susceptibility to antibiotics in specific settings. This knowledge is essential for guiding effective empirical treatment approaches. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance is an ongoin...

Farm product are majorly consumed globally, however, their level of contamination from microbes and aflatoxins from fungi species is worrisome. This study aimed to study the microbes and aflatoxin level in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), Ugwu (Telfairia occidentalis) and Bologi (Senecio biafrae) from two selected markets (Bodija and Ojoo) in Oyo Sta...

The rise of carbapenem-resistant bacteria exemplifies a significant worldwide health concern due to antibiotic resistance. This research examined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli (CPE) obtained from fomites at Madonna University, Elele Campus, Rivers State, Nigeria. One hundred swab sa...

Salmonellosis is a significant public health concern globally, primarily caused by the consumption of environmentally driven contaminated food and water. Salmonella enterica can infect human and animals via associated environment, that makes this bacterium one of the potential one health pathogens. Regrettably, irrational antimicrobial use (AMU) in...

Background The increasing prevalence of Candida infections and emerging antifungal resistance presents a significant challenge in tertiary healthcare settings. The epidemiological landscape of candidiasis is evolving, with non-albicans Candida species gaining prominence. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the distribution patterns of C...

Background Antimicrobial resistance represents a significant public health challenge, resulting in an estimated 4.95 million deaths annually. In response to the global escalation of antimicrobial resistance in prevalent hospital-acquired infections such as surgical site infections (SSIs), the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified critical...

Aims: To determine carbapenem-resistant genes associated to hospital-acquired Gram-negative bacteria pathogens from a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional study. Methodology: We collected 162 Gram-negative bacteria isolates from urine and wound cultures of patients suspected of having hospital-acquired infe...

Aims: To determine carbapenem-resistant genes associated to hospital-acquired Gram-negative bacteria pathogens from a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja, Lagos and Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Lagos, betwe...

Purpose The National Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance (NAP-AMR) in Tanzania is focused on blood stream infections and urinary tract infections despite skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) being common. This study assessed the proportion of laboratory-confirmed SSTIs, identify bacterial species involved, analyze AMR phenotypes, and investi...

Bacterial diseases of the urinary tract in children represent a major problem in outpatient medical settings. Their proper and effective management requires updating local knowledge of the types of virulent microorganisms responsible for pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs), as well as knowledge of their resistance patterns. Patients and metho...

Background Swine is one of the major sources of protein to humans worldwide; antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli has become a global public health challenge affecting both humans and livestock due to the presence of tetracycline resistance genes. Aim This study focused on molecular identification of tetracycline resistance genes (tet A and B)...

Background: The presence of microorganisms in milk cannot be totally prevented, making it a crucial factor in determining its quality. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the germs that can be detected in milk and other dairy products. Many S. aureus related foodborne disease outbreaks have been reported to be caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain...

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top global threats to public health. This study determined trends in AMR from 2016 to 2021 in a regional research laboratory in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Data from 2016 to 2021 was extracted from a database. Bacterial identification and resistance tests were made using the standard microbi...

One of the most frequently acquired infections is urinary tract infection and Escherichia coli is a major causative pathogen. This study aims to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing E. coli in urine samples of antenatal pregnant women attending Ajikobi Hospital in...

With the continuous presence of expired can beverages in the market space, the determination of microbial prevalence following increased cases of fungal diseases have become paramount. One hundred (100) canned beverage samples (expired and non-expired) were spotted and analyzed for microbial density, heavy metal concentration and proximate analysis...

Background/Aim: Hafnia alvei has gained increased attention in clinical microbiology due to its potential as an opportunistic pathogen that leads severe cases of gastroenteritis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance pattern of Hafnia alvei isolated from urine specimen in a tertiary institution, N...

Background: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is an important cause of nosocomial infection with Enterococcus faecium causing most of the VRE infections. Widespread use of glycopeptides in health care facilities has led to the development of VRE and enterococcal infections with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactamase producti...

Wound infection can cause delayed wound healing, and due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, treatment of wound infection has become less effective using conventional antibiotics. This has led to the search for an alternative treatment method, which ethnomedicine has proven to be promising. Thus, the antibacterial activity of Senna occidenta...

Escherichia coli O157:H7 serotype is worldwide zoonotic pathogen responsible for the majority of severe cases of human enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli disease. A cross sectional study was designed from November 2019-March 2020 with the aim of isolating E. coli O157:H7, detecting virulence genes and assessing its antimicrobial resistance pattern...

Metallo-beta-lactamases producing bacteria are of public health concern, owning to the fact that bacteria that harbour genes for their production are notably resistant to several antibiotics. This study was carried out to genotypically investigate the prevalence of MBL-production in multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae isolated from urine samples of U...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a potent nosocomial pathogen, causing several infections, mostly urinary tract infections (UTIs). The present study is thus aimed to detect the susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics from urine specimens, and virulence factor production such as (biofilm, and pyocyanin) which are regulated by quorum...

Background Ocular infections can harm the eye's anatomic structure on numerous levels. They are a global health issue. Endophthalmitis, a serious complication following cataract surgery, can result in substantial ocular morbidity and vision loss despite the administration of antibiotics. Bacterial ocular flora are the primary causative agents. This...

Increasing levels of pervasive harmful chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked to unprecedentedly high cases of several illnesses, loss of biodiversity, and environmental degradation, posing a threat to the sustainability of life. Several biodegradation procedures have been proposed for cleaning up contaminated sites...

Dermatophytes are fungal infections that affect the nails, hair, and skin. They are of three major genera, which are Trichophyton, Epidemophyton, and Microsporium. Dermatophyte is a pandemic, as it occurs throughout the world. This study determined the individual and synergistic effects of Ficus exasparata and Syzygium aromaticum extracts on both...

Background: Multidrug-resistant enterococci are emerging as prevalent nosocomial uropathogens. Before prescribing antibiotics, recent antibiogram of enterococci is essential for patients with urinary tract infection (UTI).Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patt...

This study aimed to explore the potentials of indigenous soil Fungi with the best degrading ability for effective and perpetual remediation. Soil sample was collected from a polluted site in Gbokoda, Warri, Delta state. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated using standard microbiologica...

: Pyoderma is an infection of skin or its appendages. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are most common causative agents of Community acquired Pyoderma and Gram negative bacilli are encountered to lesser extent. Emergence of drug resistance has caused increased morbidity and therapeutic challenge in the management of pyoderma cases....

Background: The worldwide emergence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing gram negative bacteria (GNB) has become a major problem observed over the last decade. ESBLs are considered as a threat since they are coded by plasmid and can be easily transmitted between species. The rate of hospital acquired infections caused by ESBL-producing...

Background: Neonatal bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a leading cause of mortality in developing countries, necessitating effective treatment strategies. Objective: This retrospective study investigated the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens causing neonatal BSIs in two tertiary hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh....

BACKGROUND: Cholera, a severe acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, remains a significant global health threat, par cularly in underprivileged regions with limited access to clean water and sanita on. In Pakistan, recurring cholera outbreaks highlight systemic vulnerabili es, including poor waste disposal, unsafe drinking water, and a...

Houseflies are a nuisance and can potentially transmit diseases to humans and animals due to their abundance and proximity to human habitats. Hence, this study aims to investigate the bacterial contaminations of house flies in different urban habitats and determine the resistance of these bacteria against various antibiotics. A total of 80 housefli...

Bacteriological sampling by dilution plating is an age old fundamental microbiological procedure being performed for enumerating viable cells. Serial dilution approach serves an integral part of it wherein a given fold dilution can be attained by stepwise dilutions using different sample volumes as follows: a 106 fold dilution can be attained by su...

Among Orchidaceae, only vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.) is farmed for human consumption. Mexico gave this plant to the world as a gift, and it has been utilized for many things over the years. This crop's characteristic perfume is not present in the green pod; instead, it develops during the curing process, which varies based on the nation and g...

Background: The prevalence and antifungal susceptibility profile of Cryptococccus neoformans was investigated among pregnant women hospitalized in a tertiary Hospital in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State capital. Methods: A total of (50) pregnant women were enrolled in the study and a subsequent 50 urine samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)...

Crude oil refining is a global insert responsible for the production of a wide array of petroleum based products crucial for various sectors including energy, transportation, and manufacturing. However, the artisanal form of crude oil refining, often characterized by its small scale and limited technological infrastructure, has emerged as a major e...

Health authorities were notified of a suspected outbreak of foodborne disease in a hospital in South Africa, where staff and patients reported acute onset of abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, fever and rigours after eating a chicken pasta meal. The aim of this report is to discuss the use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of bacterial isolates t...

Background Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease in Türkiye, which has significant direct and indirect impacts on the healthcare system and livestock. This study, which aimed to investigate the differences among Brucella spp. isolates originating from different regions of Türkiye, for implications for public health and veterinary medicine. Method Twenty...

Laboratory technicians and specialists play a crucial role in the healthcare system by ensuring accurate diagnostic testing, efficient microbiology procedures, and optimal patient care. This systematic review aims to investigate the pivotal roles of these professionals in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, microbiology testing, and patient care within...

Background : The hospital environment serves as a significant reservoir of microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, which can lead to in-patient contamination and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). MDR bacteria are predominantly found in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) due to the frequent use of invasive medical devi...

permits unrestricted, use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, or format for any purpose, even commercially provided the work is properly cited. Purpose: To address postharvest losses in the carrot supply chain caused by pathogenic fungi, this study evaluates the antifungal potential of ethanol extracts from Allium cepa, Zingiber officinal...

Background Diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide among all ages, and one of the leading causes of poor health and premature death in the developing world. Microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, are responsible for enteric infections among children. Excessive and inappropriate use of antimicrobi...

Health authorities were notified of a suspected outbreak of foodborne disease in a hospital in South Africa, where staff and patients reported acute onset of abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, fever, and rigors after eating a chicken pasta meal. The aim of this report is to discuss the use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of bacterial isolates t...

INTRODUCTION- Diabetic foot ulcer(DFU) is a dreaded complication among diabetic patients for which peripheral neuropathy and impaired micro vascular circulation are predisposing factors. Multiple hospitalization and increased exposure to antibiotics often lead to multidrug resistant infections, thus increasing the morbidity associated with the cond...

Background Early detection and proper management of maternal sepsis caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) can significantly reduce severe complications and maternal mortality. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance profile, and management of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae among sepsis-suspe...

Background: Invasive candidiasis, including candidemia, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in medically complex and immunocompromised children. Understanding the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida infections could help guide empiric antifungal therapy. Methods: This fungal antibiogram was created at a larg...

Introduction Tubercular pleural effusion (TPE) is a paucibacillary disease, and mycobacterial culture positivity from pleural fluid samples is rare and time-consuming, leading to considerable delay in initiating antibiotic therapy. However, in high-burden settings, the diagnosis is presumed in individuals based on adenosine deaminase (ADA) level an...

There have been increasing reports of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of some selected carbapenemase genes among clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from patients attending a private tertiary hospital in Southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted over two mont...

INTRODUCTION-Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infection which can affect all age groups. They lead to large proportion of antibiotic consumption contributing to development of antibiotic resistance .UTIs caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens have limited treatment options. Fosfomycin (FO) and Nitrofurantoin(NIT)...

The species diversity of fungi on cultivated maize varieties was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Rivers State University to identify mycotoxin-producing fungi in 6 maize (Zea mays L) varieties (Land Race (Local variety), Premier Oba Super 6, Premier Oba Super 2G, Premier Oba Super 13, SAMAZ 60, and SC719 Seedco). The experime...

Lameness is a crucial problem in dairy farming. It worsens the welfare of cattle, reduces the milk yield, and causes economic losses. The etiology of lameness is varied and the cattle’s condition may be infectious or non-infectious. The aim of this research was to analyze the biocidal properties of silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), and copper (CuNPs) n...

The study aimed at evaluating microbes associated with beard hair and their spore formation features, following the significance of spore dispersal and the trend observed with beard keeping. Fifty (50) beard hair samples were collected from adult male volunteers, who subjected them-self for swab collection exercise. Thereafter, the study employed a...

Microbiological assessment of surface water in Ikota, Ondo state Nigeria was carried out. Standard physicochemical and microbiological procedure was used to analyse microorganisms in water samples. The pH, Conductivity and Hardness were within WHO limit. The microorganism isolated from the streams water include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Ente...

The role of public washrooms in the eradication of open defecation in low and middle income countries is well acknowledged. Notwithstanding, the use of public washrooms come with its own challenges, thus providing an ideal setting for the growth and spread of diverse pathogens including Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study...

INTRODUCTION-Surgical site infections (SSI) are the third most common healthcare associated infections which areassociated with high rates of morbidity and mortality and causeincreased economic burden to healthcare systems and patients. Even with improved prevention strategies, SSIs continue to be a major threat of nosocomial infection with increas...

Background The incidence of urinary tract infections associated with Candida is increasing in Yemeni public hospitals. Objectives The primary objective of this research was to isolate specific Candida species responsible for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and to examine the antifungal sensitivity of these Candida isolates. Pa...

Contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods sold by street vendors for human consumption have become a global health problem. This was a cross-sectional study that examined the quality and safety of RTE street-vended fonds through microbiological procedures. A total of 33 food samples from 11 different food items were screened for heterotrophic plate...

The deleterious effects of aflatoxin-producing moulds cannot be over-emphasized in traditionally fermented food condiments like 'Ogiri' (melon paste), irrespective of their nutritional properties. Therefore, the use of essential oils as a biocontrol agent to control aflatoxin- producing moulds in food condiments like 'Ogiri' is a potential approach...

Infections due to Enterococcal species is 2 prevalent cause of Nosocomial Infections in health care settings. They are crucial because to their inherent resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, and low level aminoglycosides & their tendency to develop higher level of aminoglycoside and vancomycin resistance, which leaves few therapeutic alternati...

The dissemination of resistant pathogens through food supply chains poses a significant public health risk, spanning from farm to fork. This study analyzed the distribution of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) across various sources within the animal-based food supply chain. A total of 500 samples were collected from livestock, poultry,...

Background: The surgical site infections are the third most common nosocomial infection. The most common organism is Staphylococcus aureus. Nepal has a 4-7% overall prevalence rate for surgical site infection. The study objective was to find out the aerobic bacteria from surgical site infection and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in a terti...

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infections in humans and serious health problem in many parts of the world. Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are increasingly reported from healthcare facilities in Nepal and around the world. This study is carried out with an objective to assess the Prevalence of ESBL and carb...

The present study was conducted on bovine mastitis in three tehsils of district Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 124 cow milk samples were collected randomly and were screened for presence of subclinical mastitis through surf field mastitis test (SFMT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)and microbiological procedures to isolate Staphy...

Skin and skin structure infections are one of the leading causes of difficult to treat infections. Knowledge about antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns of the isolates yielded from pus specimens will help in efficient and effective management of patients. The aim of our study was to determine the aerobic bacteriological profile from...

Objectives This study aimed at understanding the prevalence, associated factors, and antibiogram of streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years at Holy Innocents Children’s Hospital, Mbarara. Methods This was the hospital-based cross-sectional study at Holy Innocents Children’s Hospital (HICH), Mbarara city in Uganda...

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It also contributes significantly to hospital admissions, particularly in low-income countries such as Ethiopia, where it accounts for major public health problems. This could be attributed to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in CAP...

Traditionally, the presence of virulence features have been thought to be a key factor in differentiating pathogenic from commensal strains. An understanding of virulence potential of Escherichia coli isolates from various sources is essential to help shed light on potential contamination/transmission rates between the various sources. This study w...

Skin and skin structure infections are one of the leading causes of difficult to treat infections. Knowledge about antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns of the isolates yielded from pus specimens will help in efficient and effective management of patients. The aim of our study was to determine the aerobic bacteriological profile from...

Traditionally, the presence of virulence features has been thought to be a key factor in differentiating pathogenic from commensal strains. An understanding of the virulence potential of Escherichia coli isolates from various sources is essential to shed light on potential contamination/transmission rates between the various sources. This study was...

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This study investigates the prevalence and plasmid-mediated resistance of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), revealing significant findings pertinent to public health. The research demonstrates a high prevalence of MDR isolates (20%) and highlights the s...

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation and associated with inflammatory responses in the lungs. COPD exacerbations can significantly impact patient health and often necessitate medical intervention. Understanding the bacterial etiol...

Mesophilic enzymes are easily denatured by the heat usually generated in industrial processes, hence the need to search for thermophilic bacteria for production of this important enzyme. Sawdust samples were collected from sawmills in Ede, Osun State, Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated, identified and screened for cellulase production using standard m...

X 1 GJRA-GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS At present times, aerobic nonfermenting gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) are associated with life threatening infections in patients of critical care units and re-emerging as multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens which is a major factor for patients' outcome. To isolate and identify gram negative nonfermente...

Traditionally, the presence of virulence features have been thought to be a key factor in differentiating pathogenic from commensal strains. An understanding of virulence potential of Escherichia coli isolates from various sources is essential to help shed light on potential contamination/transmission rates between the various sources. This study w...

The fastest-growing industry among all livestock is piggery, with traditional pig farmers from the lowest socioeconomic strata in charge of the pork sector and pig raising. Artificial insemination (AI) is the most widely used method for reproduction, aiming to boost fertility rates and increase supply. However, sperm quality can be negatively impac...

The soil has been a vehicle in the transmission of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study is carried outto investigate the antibiogram of bacteria isolated from oil-polluted soil in auto mechanic workshops around Rivers State University. Total of thirty-six (36) soil samples were collected from different locations (Maingate, Backgate...

Street vended foods attract the populace because of their savory taste preferred by the indigenous public, and have contributed significantly to the maintenance of the food supply chain. Consumption of street food is significantly increasing due to a busy scheduled life. Donkunu and its complementary sauce is a Ghanaian delicacy that has been consu...

Water is vital for life, and water void of bacterial contamination is vital for hospital consumption and use. This study aimed to determine the bacteriological quality and antibiogram of different water samples in some hospitals within Port Harcourt Metropolis. Water samples were collected in different hospitals in Port Harcourt and Obio/Akpor L...