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Dear Scholars,
You all are well aware that COVID-19 has disrupted every aspect of our lives including K12 and higher education sectors. Keeping in view the WHO recommendations, nations are enforcing social distancing in all fields including primary, secondary, higher secondary and university education. If we think positively, then this culprit COVID-19 is a blessing in disguise as the people are now taking care of personal hygiene, cleanliness of their surroundings and trying their best to improve their immunity. Besides educational institutions are reaching to the students.
During the past three months, the schools and universities around the globe have extended their outreach from a confined classroom to the students` bedrooms. Now the students can learn with more flexibility without wasting their times in travelling to their respective schools. The online mode of education has proven fruitful as it has lead to reduce institutional expenses which they had been spending on building & maintenance of infrastructure, electricity, furniture, multimedia and computing equipment. There is likelihood that tuition fee may be reduced with time if the situation prolongs (god forbid).
Apart from the above facts, I personally believe that online mode of education can not replace laboratory and clinical training of students who are pursuing their undergraduate studies in medicine, dentistry, engineering and such other technical fields.
What do you think? Will this batch of undergraduate students who are learning through online media i.e. LMS, Zoom, Webax etc, be able to acquire the professional competencies required in their respective fields. If the answer is no, then how can we utilize online platforms to ensure delivery of the quality education and achievement of course and program learning outcomes?
Thank you .
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Well said
Zorica Popović
I especially like the phrase "Mission Impossible"...
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The big five personality trait model ( McCrae & Costa) describes 5 bipolar dimensions of personality. The model received some criticism but is still generally accepted and perhaps it is the only descriptive model of personality that is "widely" accepted. What do you think are the strengths and weaknesses of this model? Is it complete or not? If not, what is missing?
Best wishes Henrik
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Dear Dr.Samah Zahran,
Please, add money to your greatest assessment for personality perspective..
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50 percent of physicians joined the Nazi party. For some reason, they were more enthusiastic than other professions to collaborate with Nazis. Other professions did not have such high representation in the Nazi party.
I wonder about the possible reasons for that enthusiasm.
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  • Udo.Hennighausen@web.de: I feel that there are several reasons. 1871 the Jewish citizens got full citizen rights in Germany (the Deutsche Reich) and many of them started an academic career. At the same time, in the last third of the 19th century, a latent antisemitism rose in Germany, in all levels of the society. The work in a hospital may be compared with the work on a ship, the leading physician, often professor, had a right to order similar to the captain of a ship. This military thinking might have been one cause for the adherence to NS. Also many medical students at that time were members of academic corporations (Burschenschaften, Landsmannschaften, Corps etc.), where also authoritarian rules were lived. Perhaps doctors were jealous on the job-positions of Yewish doctors, as after 1871 many Germans of Yewish heritage or faith started a successful academic career or profession in private practice. Rebecca Schwoch (Hamburg) has done a great research work about the fate of the doctors of Yewish heritage or faith in private practice with licence for social insurance, who worked in Berlin: About half of the doctors in private practice with licence for social insurance in Berlin were of Jewisch faith or heritage. Another point is the idea of eugenics, half science, half ideology, which was discussed in all countries at that time and was cultivated be NS-ideology.
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Hello, dear fellow scholars.
I'm writing this post after the advice that I received to bring to your knowledge a lesson that I'm learning yet at the beginning of my academic career.
I'm one of the authors of a case report that has been published by the journal 'Archives Of Medicine' without our consent¹. Before the case report has been published, we have sent a formal e-mail soliciting to the editors the withdrawal of our intention to publish, because we have found that the journal was being investigated due to suspicious activities².
I'm currently a 3rd-year medical school student and this was the first time that we have submitted an article to a journal (me and my colleague, which also is a 3rd-year medical school student). I'm mentioning this just to contextualize the fact that we are pretty much beginners in the matters of scientific publications and we never even imagined that such thing as "predatory publishers" exist.
When we started to look for journals to publish the case report, we were looking for a cost-free journal, but at the time we submitted the article to the Archives of Medicine, by an honest mistake and lack of attention, we didn't realize that this journal has a publishing fee, and a few days after we had submitted the case report we received an e-mail with a charging bill of over 1,500 euros.
Immediately after receiving this e-mail, we started to write a formal message to the editorial board, explaining to them about our mistake, apologizing for the inconvenience, and soliciting the withdrawal of the intent to publish the case report. Also, we got suspicious by the fact that this charging form was asking for sensitive financial information (like credit card number, CVV number, and other info).
In the meantime, we came across a post (here in Research Gate) mentioning the suspicious activities about the IMedPub² (the group responsible for the Archives of Medicine). As soon as we found out these facts, we sent the e-mail formally soliciting the withdrawal of the intent to publish the case report. However, a few days later as I've mentioned at the beginning of this post, the journal published the case report¹ without our consent and ignoring our solicitation. We have only completed the initial forms for starting the publishing process and send them the manuscript by completing the on-line form but we didn't make any payment for the publication fee since we sent this e-mail soliciting the withdrawal of the submitting intention (even though, the journal published it anyway).
¹https://www.archivesofmedicine.com/medicine/atypical-case-of-chronic-granulomatous-disease-a-case-report.pdf
²https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_I_trust_OMICS_iMedPub_Conference_Series_Allied_Academies_Pulsus_Trade_Sci_SciTechnol_and_EuroSciCon
All this post was originated by the concern about the fact that our names are now associated with an article published by a journal that was under the accusation of suspicious activities and how this could affect our academic reputation and professional future.
We have received some advice to turn the situation public here in Research Gate to other researchers to learn from this lesson and also to hear your opinion. We'll appreciate it if you let us know your perspective about the case and if you can advise a better way of how to resolve this situation.
I apologize for this enormous text, but I think it was necessary to explain the whole situation with some more detail.
If you want to know more details about the original post, the link is the following: https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_proceed_in_cases_of_violation_of_copyright
Thanks for your attention.
Best regards,
Wilian Sant'Ana
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Thank you for the tip! Surely I'll add it to my checklist next time.
Regards.
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Indeed, I have observed that there is some scientific journals that listed in Scopus sources of not good quality from scientific point of view. At the same time some Universities are depending on Scoups in a similar manner to that of Thomson & Routers or Clarivate analytics.
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LanguagesEnglishAccessProvidersElsevierCostSubscriptionCoverageDisciplinesLife sciences; social sciences; physical sciences; health sciencesTemporal coverage2004–presentGeospatial coverageWorldwideNo. of records69 millionLinks
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Many journal publishers are opening their COVID-19 researches for free to the public. Among them which are the most useful? Is more famous one the better one?
If you got a research on COVID-19 on hand, which one of the following will you submit to ?
Which one is easiest to accept your publication?
Please vote as you like!
Other than those common opened platform below, you can also suggest any new ones you think is useful for COVID-19 research.
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Good question
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Many studies and analyes we do require statistics to back up. However, many times the results run out to be statistically significant, yet when interpret it in the clinical context, it is too small to be significant.
This is rather frustrating. Any solution for solving this?
Is those very small interval unit scale more easily affected?
Can we change our analytics method to cope with the results?
Beyond statistical significance: clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literature.
Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9(5):726–736.
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Good question
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Are immunity enhancer medicine (Homeopathic and Ayurvedic ) helpful to prevent yourself from Corona virus?
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AYUSH Remedies - Approved by Govt of India to fight against Covid19 - The basic
concept is to boost up the immunity - https://www.researchgate.net/deref/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohfw.gov.in%2Fpdf%2FImmunityBoostingAYUSHAdvisory.pdf - as advised by Ministry of Home Affairs ( MoHFW ) , India .
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In a paper deposited in BioRxiv entitled: "Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and different domestic animals to SARS-coronavirus-2" the team from Harbin Vet Institute intentionally infected several species of animals including cats with SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that the virus was transmitted between the cats, but no sympthoms of COVID-19 were observed.
This result is interesting in terms of an observation made by a medic from Spain - Sabina Olex-Condor that from the 100 patients serious with COVID-19 that she examined there were no cat owners. She suggested as a hypothesis that due to cross-immunity (cats are a known reservoir of coronaviruses) cat owners have milder sympthoms of COVID-19.
I'm aware that the paper from Harbin Institute is a pilot study, has many possible dead ends and limitations. I'm also aware that this cross-immunity hypothesis suggested by Sabina need serious assement due to limited number (and problalbly non-representative set) of patients.
Do you think that this is possible in terms of knowledge of human immunology? If the above is met do any of you have access to indepth demografic (?) data of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 to check this hypothesis?
Disclaimer: not an expert in medicine or veterinary, I study plant genomics, this is pure scientific curiosity.
I hope that your families and friends are well.
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I am a Brazilian psychiatrist with a master degree in preventive medicine. This year I will coordinate an academic ambulatory for medical students. I would like to teach deprescribing in psychiatry. The students are in the final year of medicine degree, and they will spend one month in this ambulatory. The ambulatory is part of a primary care setting which don’t have psychiatrists or other specialists. So, my major difficult is how to select patients? Which patients would benefit of this approach? Anyone has previous experience or suggestion??
Thank you!
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I feel there are two phases involved in this.
1) Deprescribing safely (following protocols so as to avoid acute withdrawal) and appropriately (are we talking episodic depression/situational anxiety...or schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, etc that can be of higher risk to or generally more difficult to treat without medications)
2) Treating the root cause underlying the diagnosis so as to deprescribe sustainably. This, of course, requires an understanding that these psychological symptoms are not “normal” and therefore have a reason for their existence that can be treated. Although physicians are not often familiar confident with rendering forms of therapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy, body psychotherapy, among others, half the battle is having real conversations with the patient regarding the nature of the problem (childhood abuse, specific triggers, chronic pain, etc). As a brilliant medical school professor once told me, “If you listen to the patient long enough, they will tell you the diagnosis.”
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How to remove toxic heavy metal traces like mercury, lead, cadmium etc. from solid herbal material or food material?
is there any specific methodology or technique to remove metal traces from solid material like food or plant herbal material?
so that after removal of metal, the solid material can be used as food or medicine.
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Solid herbal material or food material when manufactured, their composition already analyzed including its metals content , so there are no toxic metals exist to the composition of Solid herbal material or food material.
Normally, heavy metals removal processes are bio accumulation and bio-absorption, by plants .
I studied on bio accumulation and bio-absorption of heavy metals by seaweeds. It shows seaweeds actively bio accumulate and bio-absorb of heavy metals from water and sediment.
Other literature reports regarding bio accumulation and bio-absorption of heavy metals other plants.
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Empirical use of non-harmful drugs for patients is superior to evidence-based medicine ... or not
Does anyone use famotidine in COVID?
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I should probably also add that in addition to the increased risk for COVID-19 infections, using the drugs may increase the risk of other gastrointestinal infections for other pathogens. This would increase overall pathology as well as risk for any of these infections. Nutritional damage and other effects may also occur, even if not severe.
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Can we use artificial intelligence technologies such as Machine Learning and Deep Learning to help in finding medicine or vaccine for COVID-19. Any ideas?
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Yes! Please see the RG link below.
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What are the most important factors to considered when thinking about the cities of the future? What scholars to involve? Or, can we even leave some academic discipline behind and not include them in discussion?
This is just a teaser for an upcoming conference...
Theology in Rijeka and the Department of Philosophy of the Catholic Faculty of Theology at the University of Zagreb, the Department of Social and Human Sciences in Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Rijeka, the Faculty of Health Studies of the University of Rijeka and Faculty of Theology at University Nicolaus Copernicus, Toruń (Poland) - organize an international symposium, titled „The City of Future: Anxiety of Expansion“, which will be held on November 13, 2020 (Friday) in the Theology Building (Rijeka, Omladinska 14).
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One of the most important factors to ensure world peace is for city governments to prioritize good planning for the future, including conducting many scientific studies and investigations to determine short-term objectives and long-range goals.
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The situation is going worse and the health system in IRAQ is so poor to provide the simplest treatment needs of patients. What should we do in such a horrible situation?
Is there advice that should we follow to stay safe and healthy until they come up with the vaccine of COVID-19.
How to make our immunity stronger in this situation, what should we eat? what should we drink? what kind of medicine should we have to have at home?
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I am interested in how people and cultures view practitioners and supporters of Nutraceuticals. For generations, food or plant based substances have been used as a treatment for disease. The pharmaceutical industry has replaced grandma remedies. Charlatans have given the herbal drug industry a bad name. True believers of herbal cures though have also stretched the public's faith with cures for baldness to cancer and now to Covid-19.
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Thank you for your thoughtful answer. There is so much to learn and it is so easy to scoff at that which we do not understand. Continued success with your mission.
brigid
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How weather can be a factor in Corona virus spreading? As Africa is still safe from it.
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I am interested in collaborating with any researcher working on modelling corona virus using fractional derivatives. If you are a researcher or you have a related project, please feel free to let me know if you need someone to collaborate with you on this research study. If you know someone else working on this research project, please share my collaboration interest with him.her. I would be very happy to collaborate on this research project with other researchers worldwide.
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Thank you very much Dr. Abdelkader Mohamed Elsayed and Dr., Rashid Nasrolahpour ! I greatly appreciate that!
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Hello Colleagues
Recentrly, fungal infections cause an increase of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and in immunocompromised persons. What are the most recent recommendations and guidelines for the control and prevention of nosocomial fungal infections.
Thanks
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The last two decades have shown an increase incidence of nosocomial fungal infections in hospital environment.The important fungi that are implicated in nosocomial infections are Candida albicans, Non-Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Non-Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium species and others. We have isolated several fungal pathogens from burn wounds of patients admitted in burn ward of the hospital. Certain measures, such as personal protective wear, proper hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, thorough cleaning and disinfection, safe injection practice, avoidance of sharp needle and scalpel injury, and waste disposal besides prompt medical attention to skin injury, and appropriate treatment with anti-fungal drugs (fluconazole, itraconazole, Amphotericin B, posaconazole etc) can be effective to prevent nosocomial mycoses.
One see the following paper on nosocomial mycotic infections.
Alangaden GJ. Nosocomial Fungal Infections: Epidemiology, Infection Control, and Prevention. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2011;25:201-25.
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Hi all,
I am stuck at the following problem: I need to determine if there is a significant difference in Length of stay (LOS) in two groups: decendents and survivors, in different age groups. Can somebody help me with this? In a similar article I found they did use kruskal wallis to calculate this. Somebody some ideas to solve this in stata?
Thanks a lot!
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Hello Daniel,
The two independent variables (age group: 3 levels; and type of case: 2 levels) could be evaluated in a two-way anova design. If there is any concern about conformance to normality and/or homogeneity assumptions, then exact/resampling/bootstrap estimation may be used to derive the significance tests. These are increasingly available within or as adjuncts to many statistical software packages and libraries (e.g., R, SPSS, SAS).
Here's a couple of links that you may find helpful in this regard:
Good luck with your work.
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Consider the following voluntary scheme. There would be some eligibility requirements that would be consistent with the principles of health promotion. Only certain target groups would qualify.
You sign up and for walking 10,000 steps per day, you get a certain amount of money deposited directly to your cell phone. In principle, and in theory, what is wrong with this? In practice, people could cheat and so on but with the development of new technologies, it would be much more difficult to cheat so this disadvantage can be minimized. The funds for this scheme could come from a public-private partnership.
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Joseph Tham this is a great question and I applaud your efforts to plumb the ethical dimensions. I wonder if the responses would be equally well-received if it was inverted asking pretty much the same thing. " Would it be ethically acceptable to decline monetary incentives to those not reporting sanctioned health behaviors, such as daily walks?
Interesting as this scheme sounds similar to other health care and insurance company incentives. If I go for yearly check-ups, wellness visits etc., I receive a $500 dollar reduction on my health care premiums. Of course, I engage in this behavior because of the "incentive". But it could be equally be seen as punitive if I don't engage in these behaviors. It is designed so that my behaviors are not private. Sanctioned behavior becomes one of the public (or at least medical) records to be used in whatever fashion is deemed appropriate by whoever has access.
There are many ways these could be decoupled. They could have other parties that monitor the behavior and provide the incentive from stakeholders without telling the stakeholders who is receiving the benefit. Separating the validation from the medical and insurance records would encourage behavior while preserving privacy. But I suspect this, like so many other things, is not about promoting positive behavior as it is about mitigating risk and the affiliated cost of private information. So, while it is a blunt tool, it may be the best one available to all involved.
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aoa i have undergone analysis of differents researches if we reduced its reproduction by preventing pcr activity
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try to understand questions
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It obvious that use of expired medicines where there are alternatives is unacceptable. There are, however, situations where the only available alternative medical product (medicine) used for life-threatening disease condition is expired and left with bare hands. What do healthcare professionals do on this situation, especially in this covid-19 pandemic where procurement is a challenge? Based on the risks-benefits assessment - the risk of leaving a patient without alternative and using expired medicine to save the patient and its associated risks - if they clinicians are going to use the product, what strategies they should follow to avoid medico-legal issues and transparency with consumers.
Looking forward to hear back from you?
Kind regards,
Mulugeta
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Many products have an extended shelf life. Most people would use an expired EPI pen in an emergency situation if that was all that was available. On 05 Feb 2020, Medscape published an interesting article by Douglas Paauw, MD, "Are Drug Expiration Dates a Myth?" https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/924683_1
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Genome sequencing helps find vital information, for example the strain type, virulence, location of origin and differences between strains transmitted within the country and in other countries
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You can find a centralized database of genomes on https://www.gisaid.org/ . To access them, you have to register and it can take some time to actually obtain the info. Nevertheless, you can see the authors of the publications and contact them directly.
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I need two mammography datasets sourced by different counties or institutions where images are similar to each other.
I'm reading the International evaluation of an AI system for breast cancer screening released by google Jan-2020
They used two datasets. One from the UK (OPTIMAM) which needs permission for use. The other from Northwestern Medicine which again needs permission to use.
Are there publicly available datasets that resemble the two above mentioned datasets? especially the OPTIMAM?
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Dear Brian Formento,
-I would suggest you to try with MIAS dataset using following web addresses:
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FDA has issued guidance to provide recommendations to health care providers and investigators on the administration and study of investigational convalescent plasma collected from individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 (COVID-19 convalescent plasma) during the public health emergency.
The guidance provides recommendations on the following:
  • pathways for use of investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma
  • patient eligibility
  • collection of COVID-19 convalescent plasma, including donor eligibility and donor qualifications
  • labeling, and
  • record keeping
Because COVID-19 convalescent plasma has not yet been approved for use by FDA, it is regulated as an investigational product.  A health care provider must participate in one of the pathways described below.  FDA does not collect COVID-19 convalescent plasma or provide COVID-19 convalescent plasma.  Health care providers or acute care facilities should instead obtain COVID-19 convalescent plasma from an FDA-registered blood establishment.
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As we know that, every country will take a standard time to the approved patent of medicine, however in this pandemic situation, this will continue in the same process? Should we not consider the situational gravity for the greater good of humanity?
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Considering the seriousness of the current COVID-19, the agency authorized to issue patent, is advised to give patent to drug as early as possible so that the drug can be used to treat the COVID-19 patients.Early patenting of drug will certainly help to save the life of patients.
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I was working for a project. The computational part is done. Now it's time to write a paper. But I am procrastinating much and actually I am not sure how to start or where to start.Which part should I write first? How can I accelerate the process.
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Start with the materials and methods because you have already completed this part
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Is it fair and reasonable to say that in the medical sciences, English is widely accepted (universally?) by scientists as the main language for communication and defending research findings?
At this point in time, is this a valid statement?
Will this acceptance continue in the foreseeable future?
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Yes, it is used in many countries and most people understand.
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Academic journals publish original articles and higher level of evidence like review as their basis of survival. However, most journals also allow the manuscript type of "Letter to the editor" for readers in the field to reply previously published articles or on special events and issues like those once in a lifetime e.g. COVID-19.
As a researcher or author, do you think it is worth writing such a manuscript type?
Can you resubmit such "Letter" to another journal I'd being rejected?
Will you expect any citations from such "Letter"?
Will such "Letter" be externally peer-reviewed?
Is an underlying relationship with the editor an advantage of writing such "Letter"?
What do the editor expect you to write before accept your "Letter"?
Will "Letter" increase your h-index number?
There is no source of information on the acceptance rate of such articles.
Do you have any experience on the acceptance rate of such?
If such "Letter" is rejected, how will you handle the hard work with great effort paid?
How to write a letter to the editor that the editor will want to publish.
Can Med Assoc J. 1985;132(12):1344.
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As a researcher or author, do you think it is worth writing such a manuscript type?
Yes - especially to raise points of debate. A letter to the Editor can effectively be a form of 'post-publication peer review'
Can you resubmit such "Letter" to another journal I'd being rejected?
Yes
Will you expect any citations from such "Letter"?
Yes, in my experience
Will such "Letter" be externally peer-reviewed?
This is at the discretion of the Editor
Is an underlying relationship with the editor an advantage of writing such "Letter"?
It should not be
What do the editor expect you to write before accept your "Letter"?
Your letter should contribute intellectual value
Will "Letter" increase your h-index number?
A letter does not usually represent original research so not usually.
There is no source of information on the acceptance rate of such articles.
Do you have any experience on the acceptance rate of such?
Yes - it is easier to publish a letter to the editor compared to an original research paper. They take up less space in the journal
If such "Letter" is rejected, how will you handle the hard work with great effort paid?
Rejections are common throughout academic publishing. Take on board feedback from reviewers/senior colleagues and keep trying.
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What does it even mean? Are you suffering from Empathy Deficit Disorder (EDD)?
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Lack of concern and care for others. GED is a big word and encompasses many dimensions which is not easy to measure. Like all latent variable and concepts we need to test for validity and reliability before we can be sure of what we are measuring.
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In the age of Covid19, is there a basic conflict between science and superstition in the discipline of medical knowledge? Are there some simple, sensible, robust and reasonable ways to distinguish a scientific statement (or fact) from a superstitious statement?
To stay focused, the topic will concentrate on science versus superstition in the scientific discipline of medicine. We will try our very best to stay focused and not stray off track. it is very easy to wander off message and be all over the map. i will try to summarize the key conclusions from time to time.
In the age of the Corona Virus, there are so many statements out there. The statements may not be scientific. But if they are not scientific, are they false? Are they fake? Are they simply statements based on superstition.
What should we do if people believe in statements that are not based on science? Should we be polite and tolerate their beliefs?
As long as people do not harm others, then from society’s point of view, the fact that people hold non-scientific hypotheses is probably benign. However, the trouble starts when the same people act these beliefs, and then cause harm to others. The question arises: what should society do in this case?
Based on the discussion, there are two assumptions and four categories.
Assumption1: Beliefs cannot be justified or unjustified.
Assumption2: hypotheses can be disproven
Scientific hypotheses that are based on justified facts in natural causation. Or scientific hypotheses have not been disproven (I prefer the negative formulation because we may never be able to prove anything but we are unable to disprove it.)
Since science cannot give a definitive answer, there are many competing answers that merit our attention, and we may not be able to select among them.
Non-scientific hypotheses are unjustified facts that may be “proven” in the future with better evidence and facts.
Pseudo-scientific hypotheses: not sure where these fit in?
Superstitions are unjustified beliefs in supernatural causation.
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Joseph Tham, thanks for a thought provoking question. I think we should tolerate and respect beliefs and ideas that are not considered scientific. Our intolerance of such beliefs and ideas could be the result of a lack of understanding of the science behind them. We should therefore subject them to rigorous testing using the scientific method. A practical example is the fact that the World Health Organization has not dismissed out of hand the herbal remedy from Madagascar that is claimed to prevent illness from COVID-19. Instead the remedy is going to be tested using established scientific principles. The null hypothesis can then be rejected or accepted. This is how Indigenous Knowledge Systems contribute to scientific advancement.
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WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrious, Rich, Democratic)
Typically, WEIRD people have Western-influenced education. They are comfortable in international languages and have non-traditional values. Usually, they are young, hardworking, urban professionals with living and working experiences abroad.
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It is not easy for someone from outside the culture and education to integrate into the society, what more to offer advice to policy makers. This happened even to East Asian countries where the influencial policy makers are home grown.
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What are the merits, if any, in the challenges that lawyers and economists have raised against the Covid19 lockdown? How much weight should society give to the opinions of epidemiologists?
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Your excellent questions might be complemented by several additional ones: who is behind the epidemiologists? Who is financing them? Which are the real interests of the research funders? These questions are not related to conspiracy theories but to the Covid-19 reality. Cui bono the lockdowns? Who is paying for the side-effects due to lockdowns? What about those people who could not be operated on time and lost their lives because their operations were cancelled? Nobody is counting the collateral victims. Why? We know by heart Covid-19 statistics. Pandemic is the omnipresent topic everywhere. What about the vital questions of humanity? Have they just disappeared?
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In a patient with hereditary desminopathy (Thr341Pro DES mutation in a heterozygous state) with disease progression, a significant decrease in olfaction is noted. How can this fact be explained?
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I agree with Japneet Kaur. The problem in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons. The myofibrilar myopathy is a genetic disease that associated with the primary ciliary dyskinesia. The primary ciliary dyskinesia resulted in defective cilia and olfactory receptors.
Attached, please find the article describing both myofibrilar myopathy and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
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Some reports suggest that in the fight against Covid19, the use of ventilators have not saved lives. How do we assess these reports? Any merits?
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Ventilators are helpful in palliative medical care for some COVID-19 patients, but not all; therefore, ventilators should be made readily available even though only a fraction of patients will need them.
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Hi,
I am conducting a research project to see whether demographic/patient factors can predict patients who are likely to suffer a post-operative death (Categorical outcome Y/N).
I have conducted univariate regression procedure using SPSS Firths regression as I have a small sample size with the dependant variable being a sparse event. This has given me 3-4 variables with P<0.10.
DO I now proceed to perform a multi-logistic regression? If so, do I run Firths regression with all of these variables selected as co-variates or do I perform a more traditional multi-nominal regression model instead?
Any help would be appreciated as I can't find any guidance on this issue.
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Dear Suliman Ahmad,
Hi,
In order to graphically categorizing data, SPSS software does not have enough accuracy in graphical classification because it performs the classification operation with a linear criterion, not a point. Therefore, the results of the outcome from group classification are not accurate enough. This software is very suitable for statistical analysis.
Other software such as NTSYS-pc, PAST, PC-ord, CANOCO, TWINSPAN, Mathlab and etc are recommended for this.
Best,
Saeed
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COVID-19 has pull people apart from each other. Social distancing is the main way to prevent spreading of infection. Tele-medicine, once used for rural area remote healthcare model, is the emerging new way of practice under COVID-19.
Different specialties have different practicing needs, what difficulties do you encounter on applying tele-medicine under COVID-19 in your specialty? Will tele-medicine totally uproot the usual face-to-face room consultation of medical practitioners? And becoming the new service model?
What is your view?
Some references:
Virtually Perfect? Telemedicine for Covid-19
NEJM
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2003539
Covid-19 and Health Care’s Digital Revolution
NEJM
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2005835
Telemedicine in the Era of COVID-19
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.008
Keep Calm and Log On: Telemedicine for COVID-19 Pandemic Response.
DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3419
‘Healing at a distance’—telemedicine and COVID-19
Public Money & Management
DOI: 10.1080/09540962.2020.1748855
The Role of Telehealth in Reducing the Mental Health Burden from COVID-19
Telemedicine and e-Health
DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2020.0068
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Hello, in Portugal, during Covid there was a huge increase of tele consultation. Still some barriers were found:
- older people have more difficulties in using digital tools.
- 3G and 4G coverage is still low in some rural areas.
- Lack of good tele consultation tools available to be used, some physicians then still want to do the face to face consultation.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness". But some people believe traditional medicine is contrasted with scientific medicine.
What is your opinion? Can we use traditional medicine for treatment of COVID19? If your answer is yes, how do you want to do it?
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Please take a look at the following RG link.
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Describe impact of situation caused by pandemic of coronavirus COVID-19 on your Academic and Research activities.
Explain your action in a way to stay focused on Science and Preparing/Writhing/Publishing research.
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The gender gap: I do have to attend my child needs, specially related with the remote school activities plus cooking and cleaning the house. All these activities at the same time oh having a full time job as an specialist in higher education. Trying to get focus and reading for a while is such a goal!
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A famine of food does not necessarily mean that there is a shortage of food; it is the inaccessibility of food. Is it the same with the Covid19, in the sense that there is inaccessibility to medical resources?
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No, because without medical supplies, Coronavirus would show its true nature and cause a natural maximum pandemic. The protective gear only serves to modify the different curves
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after the colonization of vibiro choleraea in intestinal of human being than cause diarrhea after secretion of cholera toxin. in serious case how can stop that secretion?
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Treatment and management of cholera are best accomplished by the administration of copious amounts of intravenous or oral fluids to replace fluids lost from the severe diarrhea. The administration of antimicrobial agent can be shorten the duration of diarrhea and thereby reduce fluid losses. However, resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline has been reported. Therefore administration of additional antimicrobials such as azithromycin and ciprofloxacin may be necessary.
SOURCE: Mahon book
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Dear researchers
In your opinion, when is the peak number of cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)?
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When the virus becomes a reality for everyone to deal with as we deal with other viruses
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Some people claim that the people that need the vaccine the most are the least able to pay for the vaccine. Is this a correct claim? If yes, what should be the appropriate policy response?
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Joseph Tham how are you? i would like to answer that yes, but the role of this COVID 10 pandemia during the last 4 months showed that not, underline because according with the human kind`s history: health, education, and human peace progress never being something really important for political leaders in opposite way the budget for supporting war in all sense always being the main aim of the rich countries developing or even poor countries.
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The evidence suggests that the Covid19 virus jumped from bats to humans.
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I agree with Dr. Sadanand Pandey
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COVID- 19
Respiratory infections can be transmitted through droplets of different sizes: when the droplet particles are >5-10 μm in diameter they are referred to as respiratory droplets, and when then are <5μm in diameter, they are referred to as droplet nuclei. According to current evidence, COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes.2-7 In an analysis of 75,465 COVID-19 cases in China, airborne transmission was not reported.
Droplet transmission occurs when a person is in in close contact (within 1 m) with someone who has respiratory symptoms (e.g., coughing or sneezing) and is therefore at risk of having his/her mucosae (mouth and nose) or conjunctiva (eyes) exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets. Transmission may also occur through fomites in the immediate environment around the infected person. Therefore, transmission of the COVID-19 virus can occur by direct contact with infected people and indirect contact with surfaces in the immediate environment or with objects used on the infected person (e.g., stethoscope or thermometer). 
Airborne transmission is different from droplet transmission as it refers to the presence of microbes within droplet nuclei, which are generally considered to be particles <5μm in diameter, can remain in the air for long periods of time and be transmitted to others over distances greater than 1 m. 
In the context of COVID-19, airborne transmission may be possible in specific circumstances and settings in which procedures or support treatments that generate aerosols are performed; i.e., endotracheal intubation, bronchoscopy, open suctioning, administration of nebulized treatment, manual ventilation before intubation, turning the patient to the prone position, disconnecting the patient from the ventilator, non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation, tracheostomy, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 
There is some evidence that COVID-19 infection may lead to intestinal infection and be present in faeces. However, to date only one study has cultured the COVID-19 virus from a single stool specimen.  There have been no reports of faecal−oral transmission of the COVID-19 virus to date.
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As a public health measures to control the spread of the pandemic coronavirus, social distancing and home quarantine are implemented in some countries.
As a matter of fact, patients are absence from clinic under COVID-19, and clinic-based diabetic control monitoring becomes challenging.
Do you expect a change in diabetic control for these patients when staying home?
They have less exercise, and may eat more snacks at home.
Or in contrast, they are too bored, and have time to develop new exercise without pressure from work? Besides, they are banned from social around, and may eat drink less alcohol and eat less feast.
What do you think?
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COVID-19 will increase vascular complications
Coronavirus associated with respiratory distress and ph changes Both Quarantine &Thinking increase stress hormones so more oxidations Limited Exercise will increase blood glucose level
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What are the latest updates about the route of transmission and its impact?
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Dear Dr. Ebada,
We know very little about COVID-19 at this moment and its effects on the developing and/or mature brain. In general viral infections can impair charnolophagy (CB autophagy) which is the basic molecular mechanism of intra-cellular detoxification (ICD) for normal function to remain healthy. By attacking the most sensitive neural progenitor cells in the brain, the virus can alter their pluripotency and induce charnolosome (CS) destabilization implicated in inflammasome (particularly NRLP-3) activation to induce hypercytokinemia and charnoptosis (CB apoptosis) implicated in pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necrosis of sensitive hippocampal and other CNS neurons by releasing Panx-1, Viroporine, and gasdermins to cause Charnoly Body Molecular Pathogenesis (CBMP) implicated in early morbidity and mortality through its general (Viral) lytic cycle.
For more details, you may please refer to my books " The Zika Virus Disease: Prevention and Cure" The Charnoly Body: A Novel Biomarker of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics" Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder; and Nicotinism and Emerging Role of E-Cigarettes. I wish I could write more about it.
Dr. Ebada, It is all about Environmental Sanitation, our own Life-Style, Immunity, Mitochondrial Bio-energetics and intracellular detoxification through charnolophagy (CB autophagy), which is compromised by COVID-19 through CS destabilization to cause early morbidity and mortality by infecting the CNS. Thanks.
With Warm regards,
Sushil Sharma, Ph.D; D.M.R.I.T
Academic Dean
American International School of Medicine
Guyana, South America
.
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The image shows surgical and gynaecological instruments used by ancient Egyptians over 3000-5000 years BC. It explains how advanced medicine at that time, scalpels, forceps, curettes were known and what we use as surgical instruments date back to ancient Egyptians designs. The question is, do you have a history of medicine in your medical/health curricula? What are the objectives of this component? And how do you integrate this part to other elements in the curriculum?
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I agree with the answer of Dr. Om Prakash Sudrania .
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A milestone by Theodor Billroth in surgery and cancer surgery.
It is
- the 139th anniversary day (Jan 29, 1881)
Christian Albert Theodor Billroth (1829-1894)
performed
the first successful distal gastrectomy
for gastric cancer within 90 min
However, we may should be aware that everything in medicine surgery cancersurgery science needs teamwork
We are nothing without the Team!
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Theodor Billroth *26 Apr 1829 †06 Feb 1894
Remembering giants in science, medicine and surgery - German Surgeon & Co-Founder of academic surgery
Happy Birthday
"I can not understand how someone can read receptively only"
"Only those who know the past & present of science and art, will boost their progress with awareness"
~ Theodor Billroth
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COVID-19 is spreading around the world, and faeces were popular and agreed for the presence of viral RNA with different studies reported. Its presence mean that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the hosting organ for such coronavirus.
How are other parts of the GI tract system affected by this virus?
Reference:
Clinical features of covid-19-related liver damage.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Apr 10.
Pancreatic injury patterns in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr 01.
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Under COVID_19, most evidence and data are on adults, but more and more paediatric cases with some mortality are ongoing.
Let's gather all the paediatric related COVID-19 research here for referencing.
1) Yung CF, Kam K, Wong MS, et al. Environment and Personal Protective Equipment Tests for SARS-CoV-2 in the Isolation Room of an Infant With Infection. Ann Intern Med. 2020; [Epub ahead of print 1 April 2020]. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0942
2) Brooks Samantha K, Smith Louise E, Webster Rebecca K, Weston Dale, Woodland Lisa, Hall Ian, Rubin G James. The impact of unplanned school closure on children’s social contact: rapid evidence review. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(13):pii=2000188. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.13.2000188
3) Dong L, Tian J, He S, et al. Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn. JAMA. Published online March 26, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4621
4) Iqbal SN, Overcash R, Mokhtari N, Saeed H, Gold S, Auguste T, et al. An Uncomplicated Delivery in a Patient with Covid-19 in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 01.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2007605
5) Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 25.
6) Zeng H, Xu C, Fan J, et al. Antibodies in Infants Born to Mothers With COVID-19 Pneumonia. JAMA. Published online March 26, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4861
7) Zeng L, Xia S, Yuan W, et al. Neonatal Early-Onset Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in 33 Neonates Born to Mothers With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Pediatr. Published online March 26, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0878
8) Chen D, Yang H, Cao Y, Cheng W, Duan T, Fan C, et al. Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020 Mar 20.
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COVID-19 is in no doubt affecting every walks of life. Its impact towards every one and others' psychological and psychiatric health is significant, yet how should we quantify them?
Let's pull all related publications here for reference:
Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical DistancingThe Need for Prevention and Early Intervention
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In my circle of friends there is a lively debate if corona is as dangerous as our media and governments is trying to portrait. Im one of those who doesn't believe Covid 19 is so much more dangerous to the general population than, lets say the flu. With that said I dont mean I would like to contract it, or any other illness. What is your take on the current situation? Is Covid 19 in your view something to be feared or do you like me view it as something that should not affect our lives and our economy to the extent it now has. How does your society handle the issue and what is your take? Best regards Henrik
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Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is less fatal than SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) but it is highly contagious.
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Probiotics are live microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body. They can be found in yogurt and other fermented foods, dietary supplements, and beauty products.
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Under COVID-19, many human activities are suspended, public entertainment places are closed down. Football legends are almost fully cut off worldwide.
The targets for gambler to bet are less and less, no matter football, horse racing, boxing, bar ...
How do the psychiatric addictive gambler coping with their addiction under COVID-19?
In psychiatry, psycho therapy or behavioral modification is always used. Is COVID-19 helping these addictive gambler to run out of their obsession?
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In Hong Kong, currently popular legal physical (non-online) gambling would be horse-racing football and mark-six (a kind of lucky draw for numbers). Of course, there are many more different ones online.
However, the responsible organization (Hong Kong Jockey Club) closed down all the branches since COVID-19. There is a short period in between that it was re-opened, and many gamblers grasped the time to go in to refill or retrieval their accounts' money.
Unluckily, under social distancing rule, race course is banned for entry even for horse owners.
As a citizen, I can feel how broken hearts these horse racing gamblers are. And with time of few months, I feel that horse racing is falling out of colour.
Besides, football legends all over the world is closing as well. And bars for alcohol are all closed down by law too.
Of course, there is also Majong. Yet, shops providing these are also closed.
That's why I feel that people may shift their attention to others under COVID-19.
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The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact, often via small droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, or talking. While these droplets are produced when breathing out, they usually fall to the ground or onto surfaces rather than remain in the air over long distances.People may also become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their eyes, nose, or mouth. The virus can survive on surfaces for up to 72 hours. It is most contagious during the first three days after the onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease.
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Khem Raj Meena I agree with you. But everyone is scared again of the vaccination because of the numerous rumours around it
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Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses transmitted by infected mosquitoes. It is an acute illness of sudden onset that usually follows a benign course with symptoms such as headache, fever, exhaustion, severe muscle and joint pain, swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), and rash.
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A hospital-acquired infection (HAI), also known as a nosocomial infection, is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility. To emphasize both hospital and nonhospital settings, it is sometimes instead called a health care–associated infection (HAI or HCAI).
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Please see the following RG link.
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COVID-19 is putting a huge impact on the society by the isolation measures it brings. People are now working from home office, and every walks of life are pausing their usual work and life.
How about the booming exponential rise in COVID-19 researches? But a shut downed administrative team of the publishing office? And the loss of manpower towards battle over the. COVID-19 frontline?
With the limited journal space, will timely researches be delayed in publication? Which may miss out important messages towards the public!
Peer Review: Publishing in the time of COVID-19
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.57162
What's your view?
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Yes, I expect a delay in the publishing process under COVID-19.
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Dear Researchers,
The current Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China has been declared an "Emergency of International Concern" by the World Health Organization (WHO). The number of SARS-CoV-2 cases are consistently increasing around the world. We are doing a survey on SARS-CoV-2 in health professionals to understand the existing knowledge gaps in the Novel coronavirus disease. Thus, we request your participation in this survey and provide your valuable opinion.
Kindly participate in the Survey: 
We value your input and thank you in advance for your participation!
Sincerely
Akshaya Bhagavathula
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SARS-COV-2 Causing COVID-19: All you want to know
Read on this link:
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WHat do you think is the correlation? It's impact? and the possible transmission route?
Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2008597
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Many of us are doing ongoing prospective research, yet COVID-19 has paused our work for a while or even months because of the city shut-down. There is an unexpected huge increase in lost to follow-up in our research clinics.
How should we deal with these cases, and the associated data?
The selection bias caused by the lost to follow-up cannot be adjusted by study design, as it is started already. What methods can we use to adjust instead?
Can anyone simply explain how inverse probability-of-censoring weighted estimation technique work on this issue?
How to run it practically, e.g. by SPSS software? Or other higher level of statistical software is needed?
How about stratification-based methods or weighted methods? How are they working actually?
Any practical guide available online?
Great thanks in advance with all your help!
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The missing is likely random as affected by COVID-19. However, surgery groups tends to have less lost to follow up than medical treatment group
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Ventilator is running out of supply under COVID-19, especially severely ill patients require non-invasive or even invasive ventilator support.
When there is outbreak of COVID-19 locally, physicians are facing the difficulties to choose between different patients for the allocation of limited medical resources.
Is there any simple way to turn something on hand to a usable ventilation machine? No matter household electronic gadgets, e.g. fan, vacuum cleaner, or existing medical equipment.
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Will this extension increase the dead space of the breathing system, and weaken the ventilation?
What is the infection risk with this arrangement?
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When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or virions, consisting of: (i) the genetic material, i.e. long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts; (ii) a protein coat, the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an outside envelope of lipids. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms to more complex structures. Most virus species have virions too small to be seen with an optical microscope, about one hundredth the size of most bacteria.
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Conozco algunos centros comunitarios que trabajan con este tipo de medicina, y considero que parte de la sabiduría en ciencias de la salud parte de como se tratan las enfermedades actualmente en las comunidades de los pueblos nativos.
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En Puerto Rico se encuentra el Programa Doctoral en Medicina Naturopática. Tenemos varios centros con practicantes ND. Si te interesa mas adelante te envio la informacion.
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I am involved in a post graduate programme in medicine. I observed but in all modules where self-directed learning has been applied, students are not progressing as expected. My thinking was may be our transition was not well done. Any input well-appreciated.
Regards
Prosper
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Why is Self-Directed Learning the Better Approach?
With a variety of methods, for example, goal-based learning, that facilitate the self-directed approach as well as the ability to guide your own learning experience, self-directed learning already seems like the more appealing approach. Let’s delve a little deeper and consider some of the practical benefits of embarking upon a self-directed learning journey and, how this method not only impacts learners but, their organization as well.
The learner has complete control:
By choosing learning activities directly in line with their own interests/meet the needs of their end-goal, learners are more likely to engage with the content and therefore, take away beneficial points of interest to help better perform in their job role.
Rooted in the application of skills:
With SDL, learners are required to grasp the “how” and the “why” rather than the “what”. These acquired skills can then be utilized throughout their role for example, problem-solving, time management and communication skills.
Fosters a collaborative learning environment:
The social element of Curatr allows learners to interact with one another throughout their learning journeys. Subjects, problems and solutions can be debated by all learners and, ultimately, this encourages learners to learn from their colleagues and peers, creating a combined knowledge throughout an organization.
Meets individual learners needs:
SDL facilitates learning at one’s own pace. Relevance also increases because learners are motivated to learn from their own experiences while applying their newly-acquired knowledge to the job in hand.
A more convenient approach:
Through SDL, learners have the ability to learn whenever and wherever – for instance, listening to a podcast in the car, reading a short article on the train. Mobile versions help facilitate this possibility and, learning becomes much more manageable for learners to fit into the working week.
Overcoming the Pitfalls of SDL
Like with any learning approach, there are a few drawbacks to be mindful of when implementing the strategy into your organizations learning environment.
Loss of motivation:
With this approach, learners are now accountable for their own learning and, there is a risk that learners could lose motivation to continue. To overcome this, it offers the reflection feature that encourages learners to engage with their learning content, thinking back on what they have actually learned and the benefits of the learning material from a continuing professional development point of view.
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Hello!
I would like to understand in what cases blood or some other biological liquid passes through implant or graft with some porous microstructure according the Darcy law (thanks to the pressure differences).
I have an idea to produce a research about blood permeability through various implants microstructure, but unfortunately it is harder than I thought to found some justification in literature that blood actually could pass through such microstructure due the Darcy law. Thus, I would be grateful for your help in this question - maybe you have some papers about it or some other helpful stuff.
Sincerely, Catherine
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Gamal B. Abdelaziz , at this stage I think yes, thank you. I will discuss with my colleague who has an experimental machine about further details and maybe new questions will appear.
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Many efforts are spent to prevent, treat and stop COVID-19 spread.
but I think these efforts are fragmentary and not organized.
there is no platform for a scientific collaboration that could shorten the time of interesting findings, some nations hide some facts are a privilege of authorship or for other political reasons.
I think that all countries should a global platform for scientific collaboration.
Personally I have some ideas that could be proposed for the treatment of COVID-19 based on scientific facts but with the innovative mode of application, how and where can I try to apply them?
All nations should avoid wasting their time to find a solution for COVID-19 without international collaboration.
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till india is in second phase, as per world patient data india spreading rate is very low. but it may increase exponential. what you think about outbreak of corona virus in india.
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It is difficult to predict, but India is doing far better compared to other coronavirus (COVID-19) affected countries of the world.
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Hi,
I am conducting a research project to see whether demographic/patient factors can predict patients who are likely to suffer a post-operative death (Categorical outcome Y/N).
I have conducted univariate regression procedure using SPSS Firths regression as I have a small sample size with the dependant variable being a sparse event. This has given me 3-4 variables with P<0.10.
DO I now proceed to perform a multi-logistic regression? If so, do I run Firths regression with all of these variables selected as co-variates or do I perform a more traditional multi-nominal regression model instead?
Any help would be appreciated as I can't find any guidance on this issue.
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Hello Suliman,
You didn't indicate how small a number the less-observed outcome was for your data set. If it's 100 or more, I wouldn't worry at all about using ordinary logistic regression. If 50-80, then LR may be fine if you have only a modest number of IVs in your model. If it's, say, 10 or fewer, then you're better off sticking with Firth method or some adjustment thereto (see link below). There are other, penalty-added methods available; I just don't know how they might perform with your data.
It's possible that someone has done a simulation study that includes conditions that match well to your data set. If not, you could always try that, to be more confident about your ultimate choice.
Good luck with your work.
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Viruses can not be killed. If so does a person infected from CoViD-19 doesn't acts as a carrier after his cure?
That is if a person is infected with CoViD-19 and he is been cured by the medicine, does he has that virus in his body in deactivated form? Or the body kills the virus by phagocytosis by the WBC's?
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Please take a look at the following PDF attachment.