Media Communications - Science topic

Thanks Dr for your reply.

To explore the basic techniques of media communication used by politicians/government agencies or news, you can use several text analyzes such as semiotic analysis, narrative analysis, critical discourse analysis. Some of these methods will help you analyze the content of their communications. If what you want to analyze is communication techniques (speech for example), you can use a rhetorical approach which I think is quite suitable with a communication perspective.

In addition, to the conclusions in the article

about weaknesses in using kurtosis to determine a policy punctuation several other scholars have very recently also raised significant concerns whether the use of kurtosis in Punctuated Equilibrium Theory is an adequate way to determine if a policy punctuation has occurred. Readers may access below a list of other recent peer reviewed articles that analyze significant inadequacies in using kurtosis in Punctuated Equilibrium Theory in public policy:

Are you interested in the aged-care debate in Australia and Malaysia? Check out our latest journal article on media power and passivity in constructing this important issue. In 'Passivity and exclusion: media power in the construction of the aged-care debate in Australia and Malaysia,' we delve into the ways in which media shapes our perceptions of aging and elderly care. Read more at

Hi, Emmanuel, what kind of media or communication research exactly do you have in mind? What kind of scientific essay do you want to write?

What is your research exposition? The research problem could be epistemological-theoretical, historical-systematic or empirical-comparative. In addition, what conceptual and methodological framework (for example, quantitative, qualitative, or combined) should the research paper follow?

Can you elaborate on your research point of view?

I have conducted several studies related to the topic. Please refer to my ResearchGate profile and almost all of the articles are open access - let me know if you want any of the questionnaires (and constructs).

Of course, cartels obstruct the content of the message. In dictatorial regimes, they used to play one melody and only one instrument. In some regimes, cartels in media ownership direct the content towards the interests of the channel owners only, it does not matter What is useful to the viewer!!!.

Thank you

Adding to the respected colleagues, the IRS are made of a two dimensional array of sub wavelength patches provided by pin or varactor diodes such that one can phase shift and control the amplitude of the reflected wave from each patch.

One can control the phase shift by changing the diode bias. The diode is sufficient to change the phase shift from 0 to pi.

Where you want to insert the filter and why?

For more information please refer to the presentation in the link:https://www.ltu.se/cms_fs/1.203003!/file/Emad%20Ibrahim.pdf

Best wishes

Media content creation has a significant element of art. Writing is an artistic process. Advanced video projects seek to create a mood and tell a nuanced story, which are artistic things. Good photography tells a story and produces a strong reaction from the viewer.

There are many business aspects to mass communication, but creating the content itself is a creative, artistic process.

No one cares. The idea that there are people lurking out there to steal your ideas is a legend that graduate students tell each other. Even if you told someone your idea, the'd still have to do the research and write an article. Ideas a a dime a dozen. In an Hour I could probably come up with ten viable projects. I do it with graduate students in my office. In an hour I send them off with three or four topic ideas. I do it every year with a colleague. We spend half an hour brainstorming, come up with three or four articles, outline them, then pick which ones we want to be first author on. Stop worrying.

human safety spaces, freedom thought, feeling arising

Charles Glaser

And

Isaac Mathew

Thank you. I think I wanted to clarify a point of view only for further discussion and to look for possible solutions in the future.

https://idea-udl.org/research/pole-2-public-history/literary-journalism-and-war/literary-journalism-and-war/

https://www.scimagojr.com/

From the link above, search journals according to the subject and then go to the home page of each journal and find out the APC of the journal.

Regards

The kind and structure of the data you have will determine the suitable ML technique you will adopt.

Trobar (Occitan and Castillian verb).

In 16th century Spanish, there is an opposition between "metrificar de repente", i.e. during the performance, and "de pensado", i.e. previously ; both happened without recurring to writing.

Glosa (a poetic and a musical genre in 16th Century Spain)

Décima (a poetic genre that is practiced across the Spanish Speaking world)

Variation

Mimesis / Imitation (see Gregory Nagy's Poetry as Performance).

I recommend the article published by Younghwan Kim, Wonjoon Kim, and Minki Kim in Energy Policy 66 (2014) 475–483, available in RG.

This is a tricky question. Tricky because the target audiences’ response to attempts at decoding an advertisement will be heavily influenced by their cultural, and demographic backgrounds among other parameters related to their socialisation. The advertisements’ message may not be universal. Respondents will perceive, interpret and synthesize their personalised version of the message through a cultural lens. As stated, the audience come from a multicultural background, which may translate to a variety of versions of their truth, which may not be the message the marketer intended to convey. This may be what the marketers are wary of. Subtle cues also involve time and motivation to decode. Maybe the target audience is not willing to invest the time to engage with the advertisement. In all it is a novel idea, but it needs more research as you are engaged in.

if you want to see your video distribution you can go to youtube analytics https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1714546?hl=en&ref_topic=3029003

if you want to have information about other videos maybe this article will be helpful http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.222.7857&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Thanks - yes, would be interested. Currently I am focusing on Australia and the UK - will explore other parts soon. 

Have you considered media exposure; since the following language outlets could essentially be interpreted as a type of media. A detailed description is on page 154, while page 158 contains the measures.

Actually, I ''stole'' it from the David Lean masterpiece, 'Lawrence of Arabia', one of the truly great films.

Would be a bit more happy with it tough, Gloria, if we remembered--and as this year's billion-dollar election/jokefest clearly showed--that the 'progressive'Left can be as hate-filled (and hate-inducing) as the reactionary right.

SALON is a rag, but there was one good article a while ago on the election in which an unnamed but very senior pollster was quoted as opining: 'All that the 2016 election really comes down to is that economically under-privileged heterosexual white males finally figured out a way to do identity politics of their own. It's called Donald Trump.' (paraphrase).

The nice thing about IT is that absolutely anybody can use it for any purpose whatsoever--just like with nukes.

Dear Rozália, thank you for your input. Yes, I am aware of that term. I was however wondering for a more specific form of computer mediated communication that is shaped by (mass-)media practices. Such as communicating brands, labels, and staging photos and images online in the form of advertisments (although it is not companies that are behind the communication - but everyday people). But it is obvious that the individuals are shaping their communicating in lieu of marketing campaigns etc.

Attenuation of radio waves in water depends most on the frequency.  To work underwater, radios would need to use frequencies of 10 to 30 kHz,

See the attached technical report.

You will find literature related to health communication, media intervention, cancer at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc4248563

Newspapers is considered a point of reference/scientific information in academia as its published and therefore, the information is authentic in its form and can be cited.Please check out the link for more information.

I just know a publication in German about legitimacy discourses on international and supranational organisations (e. g. the EU). see: http://www.campus.de/buecher-campus-verlag/wissenschaft/politikwissenschaft/prekaere_legitimitaeten-3757.html

Maybe, the authors published their findings also in English?!

Additionally and as far as I know, the visibility of EU topics is relatively low in US media and therefore, it is hard to deal with strongly different media representation, media systems, etc. 9(if you try to compare the representation of the EU in different countries, for instance)

However, in a more quantitative, longitudinal design, you could address a really interesting topic by studying the EU representation in the US media...

Maybe this one will help too

You may want to check the following book -

Patriarche, G., Bilandzic, H., Jensen, J. L., & Jurišić, J. (2013). Audience research methodologies: between innovation and consolidation (Vol. 2). Routledge.

The definition of community radio itself says that it is for the people, by the people and to the people.  In true sense the members of the community who own the community radio devote their own time for the betterment through programmes broadcast.  Nothing will be paid to volunteers.  

In chapter 5 of „Culture and Consumption“ McCracken explains the movement of meaning from the culturally constituted world to consumer goods to individual consumers. „The meaning that advertising transfers to goods is the meaning of the collectivity“ (McCracken 1990:86) The anthropological theory to back-up these explanations may be found in the work of Mary Douglas. The particular experience of the individual consumer builds on the meaning of the relevant collectivities, which are part of the social world. An entire consumer system offers meaning on which individuals may draw upon in the course of identity construction.

Here are some cites:

Kim, S. H., Han, M., Shanahan, J., & Berdayes, V. (2004). Talking on ‘Sunshine in North Korea’: A test of the spiral of silence as a theory of powerful mass media. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 16(1), 39-62.

Lim, J. (2006). A cross-lagged analysis of agenda setting among online news media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(2), 298-312.

Lim, J., & Seo, H. (2009). Frame flow between government and the news media and its effects on the public: Framing of North Korea. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 21(2), 204-223.

Seo, H. (2009). International media coverage of North Korea: study of journalists and news reports on the six-party nuclear talks. Asian Journal of Communication, 19(1), 1-17.

Hi Dawid,

Check this one, which maybe useful

Regards

Ahmed

To answer this, we must go back to the original definition of a social network, which goes back hundreds of years.  It is a social structure made up of "nodes” (people or organizations) connected by one or more specific types of interdependency, including friendship, kinship, common interest or dislike, financial exchange, sexual relationships, relationships of beliefs, and knowledge or prestige.

Of course, it is possible for a blog to have NO interaction and be only an online diary.  However active, vital blogs have extensive replies, feedback, comments, and interaction.  Modern blog platforms, like those in Tumblr, feature extensive re-blogging of the posts of others.

This interactive nature based on the common interests in the subject matter of the blogs certainly makes blogging qualify as social media...depending on HOW the blog is used and followed by others.

Too many journalists, especially broadcast journalists, try to second guess what their audiences "want." Good journalism via any medium needs to center on the watchdog function; How do leaders and their agencies operate to further the interests of the public in a democracy? Then it is usually fairly easy to connect with a news audience in terms of their interests.

If a local business is receiving a large amount of money from state or municipal grants, that is always more newsworthy than details of a factory fire. Until very recently, ascertaining what listeners/viewers feel are the major issues in their community was a factor in renewing their licenses to operate. Those were the "good old days"

Michael,

Thank you for your response. My assertion is that Unofficial Social Media Communications is a breeding ground for conspiracy. Meaning, the public may have a sense of distrust of Official Social Media Communications. It would appear that some feel as though governmental lies and misinformation is all one needs to question the official version. If this is the case, then Emergency Management is going to have it's hands full trying to knock down unofficial stories and responses to the official communication. I am just looking for hard evidence to this effect. It is astounding the number of people who believe in certain conspiracy theories. As example, a public policy poll from 2013 showed 51% of Americans believe there is a governmental cover up of the JFK assassination. 

Since you used Likert scoring, I think you should consider creating scales by combining the items in each set, which will allow you to treat the data as interval and avoid using non-parametric tests.

This topic has come up so often on ResearchGate that I have collected a set of resources to address it:

A wise advertiser must have a reasonable knowledge of the his target market and therefore be wise enough to balance all the required elements proportionately. His aim is to catch thier attention and propel them to buy the product or idea he is elling

Yes! One of my tutors, and a friend who is doing a PhD both work in this field. Hope this is useful: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/498/ Article is titled: A corpus-based stylistic study of newspaper English. 

Hello, thanks for posing this question. It has been very educational to read through the answers and identify some quantitative pattern based methods to judge credibility. I would like to suggest a different approach as well - I have taught a course on news and journalism from the perspective of anthropology and media/cultural studies and it brings a more qualitative and critical perspective to the discussion. The question "How do we evaluate credibility?" was one of the guiding themes of my seminar. I had my students read a variety of texts that focused on language use in news production, the political economy of news organizations, and the social impact of news from the perspectives of readership, professionalization, and the affects of news on local situations - ranging from local politics to collective violence. I am sharing some insights and texts from that class here.

I found that getting students to focus on what kinds of words are used to tell stories help them to unpack biases and prejudices that we might otherwise be blind to - so John Hartley's Understand News is a great text for learning how to be critical of news discourse. Credibility and telling the 'whole story' relies a great deal on the creation of 'us' and 'them' binaries - which shift depending on whose perspective you are analyzing the situation from. For this, Amahl Bishara's book on Palestinian stringers who work anonymously and without credit for major US and international news agencies like the NYTimes is a fascinating read. Zeynep Gursel's work on the images in news is also great for this line of thinking. Pierre Bourdieu's essay on the notion of the field and specifically on the journalistic field and whether or not it is, or can ever be, an independent and autonomous entity free from politics or social bias is also a useful way to introduce students to the idea of how vested interests affect what goes into our news and how we read, watch, or listen to it. An oldie but a goodie is Gaye Tuchman's work on Making News - which is a sociological study of the news room and how 'facts' are created - not out of thin air, but how they are established as facts. Philip Schlesinger is another person whose work on the BBC, also from the 1970s if I am recalling correctly, takes on this line of investigation.

For my own reading, I tend to find more credible or convincing those pieces that try to cover multiple perspectives in a story, leaving us with more questions rather than a sense of closure. Stories that align themselves with a subaltern position, or are more likely to tell the less told side of the story are more likely to catch my attention, but even there, I pay attention to the words and imagery that a story conjures up, and for it to be credible it would have to be as fair as possible to multiple perspective, which is not the same as appealing to objectivity (Michael Schudson on the cult of objectivity and how it developed in US journalism is a great book), which often disguises deep-seated injustices and inequalities. This, of course, displays my political commitments, which is to be constantly critical of mainstream media, no matter what the credibility of particular organizations. 

Your question has really got me thinking more about how such a simple question can open up so many pedagogic and intellectual possibilities - so thank you again! I hope some of my thoughts on the question are helpful.

Thank you.

Many-non-profit--universities view service to their communities and stakeholders as one of their core missions alongside with research and teaching. As a communications scholar, I am biased, but mass media provide the means to reach out to broad audiences, disseminate results of research, and engage in a dialog. And internally, today's students are tomorrow's alumni, and mass media, again, are a way to stay connected.

So, yes, there is definitely a role for mass media in university.

     

The western media have continued to relentlessly cover news and events in the Middle East including all the 22 Arab League member states. Some states and the concerned observers have accused the western press or media of bias coverage of news and events. They have carried lively round-the-clock news stories including Breaking News, running stories, follow ups, exclusives,  and special interviews.

      My own understanding of the media coverage of the western press is that they are guided by the principles of press freedom, good journalism, professional ethics and code of conduct, and social responsibility; which are also enshrined in the western values of democracy, constitutionalism, and human rights.

    In addition, the western media reporting of Middle East issues are also guided by their journalistic considerations of news values or news worthiness of events in the Middle East.

      Therefore the Western media such as BBC, CNN, VOA, and RFI among others operate 24-hour round the clock coverage of Middle East news. They have their ME offices or bureaus which are run by well trained editors, journalists (correspondents/reporters), and technical staff who sustain their daily operations there. Many of these media practitioners are specialists because news reporting involves many different aspects or disciplines.

      For example: social, economic, environmental, science and technology, political, and legal issues. The journalists who cover Middle East are drawn from western and non-western countries. Many Middle East offices or journalists are staffed with Middle East citizens who work for western media outlets like the CNN, BBC, VOA, and RFI as stated above. Cultural differences have been minimized.

      There have been contentions from the Middle East regarding their reporting (misreporting) of the Middle East affairs. These multiple allegations include: bias coverage, misreporting, falsification of news, ignoring Arab views, faking pictures or images, racialism, lack of verification, using wrong sources, lack of respect for Arab culture, and cultural illiteracy of the Arab culture. Others include: intrusions, misconceptions of ME history, or its disrespect.

     Part of the western arguments has been attributed to democratic deficiency in the ME states, where freedom of the press is not respected. Therefore, access to information becomes a big barrier to the western press. It also helps to enhance evidence or facts of news stories.

     Without freedom of access information, it is not possible to verify sources of information. Verification is very crucial in journalism and any obstacle to it does not help to advance the principle of objectivity, fairness, accuracy, and truth as required of a balanced news story.

      The western press have continued to present a deluge of lively and often dramatic news stories from the Middle East. The Middle East coverage has been dominated by wars or conflicts, politics, and economics. All other Middle East issues are covered by the western press. These include social issues such as: culture, family, literature, education, tourism, games and sports, food, water, transport and travels, information and communication.

      There are also legal and terminology issues which the western media and the ME have often locked horns over. For example, in Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the words occupied or freedom fighters (as used by Palestinians) and disputed or terrorists (as used by western media) territories. In the past (and even now), the western media were prevented from reporting from Arab states. This is still happening and some cases they have restricted access.

     On the other hand, Israel, which operates the western model of democracy have been quite accessible to western media. This would always be a natural advantage to Israel to put its case to the world. This situation has changed with more Arab states embracing the letter and spirit of democracy. Middle East has continued to be the hub of a variety of news stories.

     The western press have also been helped by the advent of the new media especially the social media in the Middle Eastern countries. The increasing accesses to the internet by the citizens of the Arab or Middle Eastern states have further boosted the region’s news coverage.

     In conclusion, the practice good journalism and unfettered press freedom which the western media promote, depends on the enabling political environment where media or pluralism thrive in a democratic system. The effect of globalization and more exposure to international education have worked in favour of better coverage of the Middle  East by the western media.

You may be interested in an article from my own Phd research http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2012/00000040/00000003/art00007

Deep media? You found something here http://www.convergenceculture.org/weblog/2009/12/the_revenge_of_the_origami_uni.php

Can you explain  what you mean by 'the Western conflict' ?

Hi, Simon: The  "multimodal analysis"  or "multimodal discourse"  uses atomatic image analysis (and others types of qualitative image analysis) . May be, some works of  Theo van Leeuwen or Kay O´Halloran can help you.

Sir, I think you should go for Reception Theory. 

There are basically two types of statistics: descriptive statistics such as percentages and distributions, and inferential statistics where you test hypotheses with probabilities.

Do you have any hypotheses other than the most general one that there will be some difference between the two sources?

It is a given that foreign media and their foreign language would naturally influence the culture and language of their  host nations. However, this influence is predicated on prolonged exposure and assimilation.

The two countries have pretty good relations right now, as both are affiliated with ALBA (Ecuador as a core member, and Haiti as an observer state).  Much of the bilateral relation concerns immigration policy, as Haitian immigration to Ecuador has increased dramatically.  There is an IOM report on Haitian immigration to Brazil that discusses the role of Ecuador that might be useful: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=1422

Ecuador has also contributed to development and stabilization projects in Haiti.  I don't know right off of published scholarly work, but you can check out http://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/ecuador-and-haiti-a-relationship-built-on-cooperation-between-two-brotherly-countries/?lang=en for a statement from the Ecuadorian government about the relations between the countries.  It might be worth contacting Yves-Renée Jennings, a George Mason Ph.D and scholar/practitioner who has worked extensively in/on both Haiti and Ecuador, if you want deeper analysis, especially on issues related to peace and conflict. 

Hi Carolina

You could try some of these; 

Gill, R. (2011) ‘Bend it Like Beckham? The Challenges of Reading Gender and Visual Culture’ in P. Reavey (ed) Visual Methods in Psychology: Using and Interpreting Images in Qualitative Research, pp. 29-42. London: Routledge.

Goffman, I. (1979) Gender Advertisements. New York: Macmillan.

Morant, N. (1998) ‘Social Representations of Gender in the Media’, in: Miell, D. and Wetherell, M. (eds) Doing Social Psychology, pp. 234-283. London: Sage.

Moscovici, S. (1998) ‘Social Consciousness and its History’, Culture & Psychology 4(3), 411-429.

Mulvey, L. (1975) ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’, Screen 16 (3): 6-18.

Zarzycka, M. (2012) ‘Madonna’s of Warfare, Angels of Poverty: Cutting through Press Photographs Photographies 5 (1): 71-85.

I have recently finished a study on intergenerational breastfeeding, where participants brought artefacts to interviews, and I am going to do some SR stuff around motherhood but not written up yet. Also, I have a small section in a chapter I am drafting up for a forthcoming book that looks briefly at SR and visual images, get in touch if you would me to send this

best wishes

Dawn

I wouldn't call it observation, because you have a static set of text-based data that will not change. So it is the same as analysing historical documents, sets of emails, websites, books or letters. I'd call it document analysis. This is a separate question to what sort of analysis you might choose to use with this data, although you would obviously want to choose a methodology that is suitable for text-based data and related to your research question, such as discourse analysis, content analysis, or narrative analysis.

My first opinion on the participation of volunteers in community media is that this highly recommended. In addition, the involvement of volunteers in community media is vital for the success and sustainability of an effective community media.   

To begin with, community media is an umbrella word for all categories of communication channels and systems (both software and hardware accessories) commonly used for information communication (sending and receiving messages).

To explain further, community media include electronic media, print media, and popular media. For example, electronic media cover: radio, television, telephones, telefaxes, internet, videos, computers, CDs, DVDs, films, cameras, photocopiers, scanners, or printers. Similarly, print media (hard copy print outs) include a variety of formats such as: newspapers, magazines, newsletters, posters, circulars, books, or brochures.

The third category refers to popular media are direct human interactions or events which include: meetings, cultural activities, debates, religious functions, parties, story-telling, festivals, music, dance, drama, work places, campaigns, sports, or games. All these social, economic, environmental, and political activities must be driven and guided by gender equality at all levels of each activity cycle or process.

Let me single out community radio as a typical community medium. I use community radio (CR) because it can be programmed to cover and all the above issues which I have just mentioned. By definition, a community radio is a radio of the people, by the people, and for the people.

This means its planning, management; programming, operation, and financing are participatory in one way or another. Accordingly, volunteering is therefore the focus of a true community media. Volunteers are usually or largely members of the same community. They should work according to guidelines or policies which are developed and approved by the same community.

Community media such as radio, internet, television, videos, and other media may be guided by the national policy or regulations approved by the parliament and the government through the relevant ministry or national commission. There is a massive work to be done for the success and sustainability let prosperity of a community media project such community radio.

This presupposes division of labour or work based on a volunteer’s ability, skills, availability, convenience, physical condition, status, or attitude. Volunteers should be trained, facilitated, guided, and encouraged to maximize their capacity to participate in community media work.

Every aspect of a community media project must have a volunteer attached to it. Let be known that for example in a community radio, a volunteer is equally a prospective full-time staff. At the same time, volunteering is part and parcel of a normal community media management function.

Any member of a given community (retirees, students, working class, business men or women, professionals, unemployed, or uneducated person) is a potential community media volunteer. A community project should take these into account right from the project proposal stage.

Such a project should aim at turning volunteers into citizen journalists (community media citizen journalists). It is critical for community media to respect all kinds of intercultural differences such minority dialects, values, or beliefs. These are usually catered for during participation, programme design, development, and evaluation.

Volunteering is not done in a vacuum. It is guided by a very comprehensive manual or policy strategy as well as a strategic plan.   Thank you very much for raising this very crucial social, economic, environmental, and political development issue.

NVivo retrieves data from any website and requires no coding skills. It is also broadly used for nethnography. It must be useful for your research. 

Hi Anelia,

at our University (Regensburg, Germany) there is a large archive of digitized, historic radio ads. Maybe you can find some relevant information on their website:

My response to the question if the media mirrors or constructs reality is that they (the media) do both in different contexts. The concept of reality is personall to the individuals concerned. For example, my reality is not the same as your reality.One of the main reasons is that reality is a social social construct as opposed to truth or facts in some cases.

The media have a different approach to death based usually on a value system relating to the person's life. Some individuals are considered more worthy of life than others so the portrayal of their death is liked to this. Like all other stories in the media it has to fit certain news frameworks and in a large part of the media submit to populist views.

This results in some deaths being treated with mawkish sentimentality and faux grief while other are virtually celebrated as deserved. The first variant was most obviously seen in the hideously exaggerated press coverage of the accidental death of the late Princess of Wales. The latter being the triumphalism that accompanied the death of Osama Bin Laden at the hands of US Special Forces.

In Britain we have a special category reserved for those who have died of cancer. We use military analogies and war metaphors to describe their 'brave fight' against the disease and refer to them as having 'lost their battle' against cancer.

@Jt Velovski Clearly marketing is about influencing or persuading people's behavior and desires by putting it in golden light, or inducing people into believing that is the natural world order that the party is in charge / you cannot live without a smartphone. The methods are pretty much the same too: endless repetition, connection to images of happy smiling beautiful people (especially pretty young women and children that do well with both men and women), suggesting that you are left behind if you don't follow along and that most people/ sensible people/ or experts are already believers, outright fear mongering, trying to drown out and control damaging messages (this is actually a very active area in social media marketing) etc. Sure, our advertising bombardment is not quite the same as the North Korean Kim worship, not to mention that complaining that Iphone's are overhyped does not land you and your family in a concentration camp, but a) North Korea an extreme example, b) there is more competition in advertising, and c) we are just used to it and take it for granted.

@Hector Mothudi I agree that propaganda is a controversial word that heats emotions. However, misleading information is much more restrictive than propaganda, if only because it focusses on the rational level. Both marketing and propaganda target the emotional as much if not much more than the rational. IIRC Orwell's famous book 1984 coins the newspeak word bellyfeel or bellythink and IMO that phrases it quite well. Therefore, while I think that it is actually a good academic tradition to use neutral terminology, I also think it is good to try to see connections where they exist, and in this case, insisting they are two totally different things is by itself a political and emotional statement.

Media sociology is the economic and social value model of its contributors and it includes the owners, policy makers, producers, and the workers. The whole model of media sociology is dependent on each other and many factors can be predicted if we know the economic model of the organization.

Technically speaking the role of media could be limited by availability of power-supply. And especially in the cases of natural disasters on large scale the power-supply is usually the first thing which either stops to work or is switched off because of safety reasons. Technical means for information transfer are usually built with some resistance and power-supply back-up, but end-user equipment might be not or not long enough.

Risk communication might be just announcement of possible danger without any other consequences and/or priority. Or it might be early warning provided by crisis management committee(s) mentioned below.

Apart of crisis communication, we dont have risk communication explicitly defined in our national law.

Crisis communication usually starts with declaration of "crisis status" and it might be anything up to mobilizing of all available human and material resources and limitation of guaranteed freedoms (f.inst. forced evacuation). It is usually handled by crisis management committees in accordance with predefined crisis management plans.

Crisis communication means to ensure reliable communication with highest priority along the whole predefined chain of command from relevant governmental level(s) down to involved local authorities. Or it might also cover official request for international help.

Thankyou for your guidance it is really helpful...

Hi, When looking at media coverage during a crisis, it may be useful to track how that crisis is being framed/socially represented, by whom and to what agenda-setting purpose. Generic frames most often used (research Semetko et al) seem to be: Conflict, Responsibility, Economic Consequences, Human Interest and Morality frames. Depending on who frames how, you'll get a better grip on whether a crisis will become one of those wild cards (from Horizon Scanning/Futures/Foresight research) that will set the political, media or public agenda on other issues. Hope this helps,

Best regards,

Johan

Yes Henna, there are some obvious differences between the different developing countries. IN some countries like Pakistan and India the media has a fair degree of freedom while in other countries like Iran and Bangladesh, this is not the case.

As Attias has already explained, these two terms have been introduced by F. Tönnies at the end of the 19th century and they correspond - as Amir has pointed it out - to what Durkheim has called "organic society" (for "Gemeinschaft") and "mecanic society" (for Gesellschaft).

More concretely speaking, "Gemeinschaften" are grounded (following Tönnies but also other classical sociologists such as especially M. Weber) in the "subjective feeling" of an individual to belong to a group or a kind of transcending collective entity. The three classical examples are kinship, (immediate) socio-spatial vicinity and friendship. Other frequently quoted examples are religious communities, communities referring to a common origin (ethnies, clans, ...), communities of knowledge and believes or finally, to-day, so-called post-modern (brand, consumer, behavioral, ...) communities.

Gesellschaften ("societes" in the modern sense) are considered as the concertation (cooperation and coercition) of actors pursuing common goals which are of interest for the individual. The most typical examples are bureaucracy (cf. M. Weber) and modern institutions: the company (the "firm"), the public administration, the (local, national, ...) government, the army, the police, the educational system, etc. etc.

Well, i agreed with all. In field we face the real situations/problems whereas in lab experiments we can only know the dose response effects.

There is a classic work by Ben Bagdikian, The new media monopoly (2003), where questions on influence on audience are developed at detail. Certainly you know McCombs & Shaw work on agenda setting, and it would be a very good starting point.

Traditional models are the basis for the deepening and development of architecture and design communication. Historically, models have been a growing complexity, from simple Aristotelian proposed sender-message-receiver until Recent classic and include functions (Lazarfeld), processes (Schramm), evaluation (Berelson), purpose (Berlo), planes ( Moles), semantics (Eco-Barthes), power (Wulf, Pasquale, Ezensberger), alienation, fetishism (Morin, Mattelard), a process correlated with the progress of scientific and technological productive forces. As the way people work and function is altered when new tools are used, communication models have been adapted to the new instruments, one of which is today's Web 2.0, tool that teaches us that it is not possible personally experience and acquire the information we need to act, reason that store knowledge in networks present or mediated. This form, forces us to navigate and recognize patterns hidden in the network, experiencing the idea of ​​chaos, which, as a science, recognizes the connection of everything with everything. The ability to communicate between sources of information, to create useful information patterns is essential in the knowledge society. A modern communications model should consider networks, defined as connections between entities (computers, electrical power grids or people), work on the principle that individuals, groups, systems, nodes can be connected to create an integrated whole, and that an alteration in the network has a ripple effect on the whole. Albert-László Barabási states that "nodes always compete for connections because links represent survival in an interconnected world" (2002, p.106). The nodes that become more presence are more successful in acquiring additional connections. The nodes (be fields, ideas, communities) that specialize and gain recognition for their expertise are more opportunities for recognition and effective communication. I recommend you see the paper of George Siemens, Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age and draw conclusions for an answer to your question.

I have a paper studying the adoption of social media among environmental groups. Hope it provides some information that you need. :)

citation:

Huang, K. & Davenport, L. (2011, March). The Adoption of Social Network Sites among Public Relations Practitioners at Non-Profit Environmental Organizations. Paper presented at the AEJMC Midwinter conference, Norman, U.S.A.

We could not also obviate the role of media as some kind of "contender" within the conflict. It is not only a matter of language and information, but a powerful source and resource.

As Biologist I think that also the pornography must have biological basis. Every aspect of our culture have biological basis (far away or near). The religion, the art, the music, but also the economy, the social organization, all of these aspects have a biological basis. The "antropological distorting lens" makes us think that all these behaviors are purely "cultural".

In the specific I think that the pornography could represent also positive aspects for our society for several reasons: consists in a safety valve to relieve pressure in some personalities who would otherwise may need to strong emotions in real life, and through pornography are able to keep under control their instincts.

In addition, from a philosophical point of view, the pornography itself has an element of rebellion, due to the fact of peek into the forbidden, which offers man the opportunity to surpass the prohibition around the sex, to drop the veil "cultural" about the nudity (as one symbol of the forbidden). And then the transgression becomes "on overcoming" of the psychological barriers.

In fact, the pornography is mainly a "scam" that the human animal uses to bring down the tensions that a society always more rigid imposes. And the man is, of course, an animal, and as such has also flesh pulse, physical and emotional beats, that a corset too tight can leave breathless.

Maybe the real problem about the pornography are the collateral effects: exploitation of children, prostitution, abuse, etc. And the money that the affair could generate: where there is money, there's trouble!

Honestly, third world country is not a proper term. We, who live in developing countries, are living the rebound effect of a "first world" society that keeps blind of its ways of waste and consuption (in a 80/20% basis). though we still copy the ways of producing media. To answer the question I would risk: education as a first sight basis frs sustainable consuption of goods, culture, etc.