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Meat Quality - Science topic

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Discuss how preslaughter handling affects meat quality
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Are these any New topics in this field, which has been discussed in many books and review for decades already?
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Hi i am looking about references of posible asociation of CAPN13 gene and meat quality in cattle if you have information i be grateful
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You can explore this gene from NCBI database. If you lucky, you will find this gene sequence from Bos indicus, Bos taurus dan ther crossing. Please select "gene" in the menu and click Bis taurus CAPN13. If you get many varians of bovine CAPN13 gene sequences, you can copy it one by one and use them for alignment with BioEdit software. If you find any mutation sites among bovine CAPN13 gene, you can designing a primer pairs to detect those mutation sites. You can try it and dont hessitate to contact me if you find any problem during analyse it. Thanks
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Any expected metabolic changes or protein differences exist in properly bled and blood-retained animals. Since blood is retained in improperly slaughtered animals, can heme-iron or any other component of blood accelerate muscle tissue catabolism? do you know anyone worked in this area, or paper published on this problem...
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Research from the Max-Rubner-Institute showed, that improper bleeding of pigs resulted in a higher pH-Value of the meat. (Published in German).
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Respected concerned,
If we don't have carcass grading expert at slaughterhouse then what are the different indexes by which we can judge DCB carcasses. One is the ultimate pH at 24 h PM. Can we use Minolta colorimeter? if yes; then what are the threshold values at 24 h PM. Or is there any other way?
Secondly, can we declare a carcass that its 100 % DCB?
Thanks.
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A few more to guide your thinking. Also pH is the trait that largely drives DC so measure this, in beef this is routinely measured in Aus. The threshold depends on the country, where you are in China it is high and there is still a large incidence. The other thing to remember it is muscle specific.
Holman, B.W.B., Kerr, M.J., Morris, S., and Hopkins, D.L. (2019). The identification of dark cutting beef carcasses using Nix Color Sensor Pro™ colour measures, and their relationship to bolar blade, striploin and topside quality traits. Meat Science, 148, 50-54.
Holman, B.W.B., van de Ven, R.J., Mao, Y., Coombs, C.E.O., and Hopkins, D.L. (2017). Using instrumental (CIE and reflectance) measures to predict consumers’ acceptance of beef colour. Meat Science, 127, 57-62.
Holman, B.W.B., and Hopkins, D.L. (2019). Contrasting the quality traits of aged bolar blade, topside and striploin cuts sourced from dark cutting and control beef carcasses. Meat Science, 149, 24-30.
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Looking for a collaborator for a goat meat quality manipulation study through triple crossing
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You can certainly do so if you are aware of the hereditary traits to be selected and their inheriting ability. But an ethical question is, do we need to do that? Nature is the best selector of genes as per the needs of animals. Here, we want the genes of our choice to be incorporated. Naturally it may disturb the entire physiology of these animals as we want them to produce the meat quality of our choice but not that of the animal's choice. So such animals may face the challenges of changing environments with great difficulty which is going to compromise with animal welfare while interfering with their adaptability as well.
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Do dietary fibre affects meat or pork quality?
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He tratado de encontrar una clasificación de canales de corderos de leche y no he podido encontrar nada, quizás por su bajo consumo. Trabajo actualmente con suplementación de ovejas Pelibuey en etapa de lactancia y voy a evaluar la calidad de la carne de sus corderos y me encontré con su trabajo evaluación de corderos en pie y en canal y me surgió esa pregunta.
Saludos
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Presentaron una en la XVLI AMPA, espero la haya ubicado. Puede serte útil.
Saludos
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I am working on meat quality traits (e.g. marbling score). I would like to know the reason why most researchers exclude SNPs on the sex chromosomes from genome-wide association study and they consider only the autosomal chromosomes.
Thanks.
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Thanks Dr. Suzanne Hubbard
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I'm doing a project about pig slaughtering and i would like to ask after splitting half the carcass, do we put it in a chilling to reduce carcass temp to 2-4°C or we do after cutting primal cuts.
And i read a lot of article and they always chilled for 24 hours but not telling why. I wonder why they always use 24 hours but not 16 or 18 or else?
Please help. Thanks you
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Basically we halve the carcass and go for chilling, so that the Rigor passes off (12 - 24hrs) without bacterial contamination (in chilling).
We have to take care about chilling of pre-rigor meat...... as it , may lead to COLD SHORTENING
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Due to the abundance of imported meat in all countries ... you could use modern techniques in detecting meat quality ... like PCR and real time PCR? By designing special primers for each type of meat
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Thanks for all answer .......
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I am currently work on the relationship between rumen morphology and meat quality. Are there any related articles can be shared
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Kay RN. Rumen function and physiology. Vet Rec. 1983;113(1):6–9.
Graham C, Simmons NL. Functional organization of the bovine rumen epithelium. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288(1):R173–81.
Albrecht E, Teuscher F, Ender K, Wegner J (2006) Growth-and breed-related changes of marbling characteristics in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1067–1075.
Chaves AV, Stanford K, Gibson LL, McAllister TA, Benchaar C (2008) Effects of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on intake, rumen fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 145, 396–408.
Krueger W, Gutierrez-Banuelos H, Carstens G, Min B, Pinchak W, Gomez R, et al. Effects of dietary tannin source on performance, feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and carcass and non-carcass traits in steers fed a high-grain diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2010;159(1):1–9.
S.K. Duckett, J.P.S. Neel, R.M. Lewis, J.P. Fontenot, W.M.Clapham. Effects of forage species or concentrate finishing on animal performance, carcass and meat quality. Journal of Animal Science, 91 (3) (2013), pp. 1454-1467
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In the catalog of HI99161 pH meter, in one sentence is written that it can be used for pH measurement of meats and cheese. However, few rows below, it is written that the electrode is specialized for pH measurement of only dairy products.
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Yes, you can use any kind of pH-meter to measure the pH. The electrode must be compatible with the sample. Hanna Instruments could provide specific pH electrode for meat, dairy, dough, etc... The electrode specific for meat has a blade to cut the tissue and is design for colloidal medium and is adapted to the presence of fat.
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I need this information for my thesis.
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frozen beef meat
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Firstly, confirm your suspicion for the presence of added carbohydrates by the simple iodine test, before attempting to quantify it. This is a potential minefield.
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I´m having some problems using smartrac for fat quantification.
The main problem is with low fat meats, the results comparing the traditional method and the smartrac are quite differents, however the QC results (around 14% of fat) seem perfectly fine. Any reason? Have somebody found the same problem? 
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You should check the calibration range of the NMR in the Smart Trac, maybe it is not calibrated for really low fat content. You can also check the paper from the AOAC using smart trac and comparing it with the "normal" procedure, but they don't go below 3.7% fat.
Are you having problems determining the fat with smartrac in low fat meats? - ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Are_you_having_problems_determining_the_fat_with_smartrac_in_low_fat_meats [accessed Mar 23, 2017].
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Recently we have purchased microwave extractor "Ethos One" and I'm trying to use it in my research (meat technology). As I understand, the device has a lot of possibilities. Does someone already work on this or similar device? Are there any instructions with detailed procedures of analysis for different types of samples?
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soxlet appartus used for this
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Dear Researchers
what we can interpret by accessing the blood albumin globulin, total protein and A/G ratio? the blood protein and it fraction can indicate the health status of an animal. but how? what are the related parameters that can be concluded by seeing these indices?
Regards
Partha
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Hi,
As you correctly stated, various health aspects can be delineated, like hemolysis, malnutrition, agammaglobulinemia etc.
Have a look at e.g.
Best wishes
Ernst 
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Determination of chloramines in meat tissue after contact with chlorinated water.
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Can you give a title of a paper by Rajski. I cannot find him/her. There is another Scott R. Rajski on RG.
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In chickens muscle.
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You can make a solution of muscles then determine the metal you want  by atomic absorption 
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I have carried out pigment oxidation assay. In some cases I encountered the strange phenomenon in oxymyoglobin oxidation. The Abs was positive although when it was substituted in equation, the negative answer was obtained.
I would be pleased to recive your help.
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 Lauren van Rooyen here in Researchgate, may probably help you with it. Contact her.
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I want to do it by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
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Levels of heavy metals in poultry meat are generally low. Levels in organs will be higher. See this paper.
The second paper gives a short description of the AAS method used to determine Cd.
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Dear Alfredo,
this question is not being answered with one sentence. First of all: What trait do you have in mind? What is the expected mean and standard deviation of the trait(s)? What do you consider a significant difference? What should be the power of your analysis (0,8 or 0,99)? How many groups do you want to compare? What should be the error for alpha and beta (0,05 and 0,2 for example?). I always use the free software GPower (http://www.gpower.hhu.de/) in order to calculate the sample size required for my  (simple) studies.
I hope this answer can help a little...
Armin Scholz
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meat quality
antibodies for myosin heavy chain isoforms in bovine skeletal muscle
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My lab has developed Mabs against 2B and 2B MyHCs (Lucas CA, Kang LH, and Hoh JF. Monospecific antibodies against the three mammalian fast limb myosin heavy chains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 272: 303-308, 2000). They work even in marsupials (Zhong WW, Lucas CA, Kang LH, and Hoh JF. Electrophoretic and immunochemical evidence showing that marsupial limb muscles express the same fast and slow myosin heavy chains as eutherians. Electrophoresis 22: 1016-1020, 2001), and should work in bovine tissues. They are MAbs 6H1 and 10F5 (available from Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank; University of Iowa, IA), specific to 2X and 2B MyHCs, respectively. They work in Westerns. Good luck with your work, Cruz.
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I know a texture analyzer: "Stable Micro System" as model TA.XT EXPRESS ENHANCED
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We used the system as described by Froning&Uijtenboogaart 1988
Froning, G. W., and T. G. Uijttenboogaart. 1988. Effect of post
mortem electrical stimulation on color, texture, ph and cooking
losses of hot and cold boned breast meat. Poult. Sci.
67:1536–1544.
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Due to the relatively high price, the wide use of pure amino acids in livestock industry seems not easy. Anyone who can tell me that could the low-dose amino acids still exert their biological function to improve meat quality by decreasing the serum cortisol concentration and drip loss, and increasing tenderness in pigs? Such as less than 100 ppm L-argnine and trypothan in the forage.
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to improve meat quality in livestock , add trace amount in sulfur amino acids as soybean peels, also if you need to improve meat quality add herbs residue as chamomile residue
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Chemical name, trade name, availability
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Please find the link below
Carcass marking crayon -Blue, registered for use in USDA inspection plants is preferred.
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We are informed that MIT used a modified single-walled carbon nanotube to detect chemical produced by spoiled meat. However, the detection of chemical is through vapor/gas. We are trying to use this concept in different sample which is for solid matter like spoiled meat. 
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Please read the PATENT:
Microsystems that integrate three-dimensional microarray and multi-layer microfluidics for combinatorial detection of bioagent at single molecule level    
US20070116607 A1
US 11/287,049
24 Mai 2007
William Wang, Jun Yi, Sheng Ke, Maria Halmela, Pertti Lahteenmaki, Kazuma Kihara
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good day i am currently looking for articles written in this decade that outline the impact of intensive and extensive farming systems and their impact on the quality of goat meat. 
thank you for taking the time to help me
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We have done on intensive feeding system of goats but not on extensive and as you asked on comparison of both and their effect on meat quality 
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Hi everybody!
We are currentely running an experiment concerning the quality of lamb meat. In addition to "standard" analyses we also have GPS data (position, air temperature ecc. ) of the flock (transhumant system). Do you have any suggestions regarding how GPS data can be analysed?  (Statistical analysis, other...)
Thank you! 
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Matteo, In your case you can't use GPS coordinates as treatment. You need several ecosystems coordinates with same breed to evaluate its effect. Best wishes.
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I need the composition of the meat extract, to replace it in a growth medium for more defined components.
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El extracto de carne es el producto conservado por concentración del caldo de carne hasta consistencia pastosa. Dicho caldo de carne proviene del sector cocido de la elaboración de conservas tipo corned beef y del de carnes cocidas congeladas , de aquí que se lo considere un subproducto de la industria cárnica. Su principal característica es su solubilidad en agua lo que permite su uso en cubos de caldo, sopas, salsas, en fin, como ingredientes de una amplia gama de productos en los que potencian el sabor a carne.
     El caldo, tal cual como escurre de las carnes procedentes de la cocina de las plantas conserveras, no es estable. Por ello se lo procesa para obtener este producto, el extracto de carne, de alto valor comercial, que se conserva a temperatura ambiente en virtud de su bajo contenido en agua y su concentración de cloruro de sodio.
Materias primas
El caldo, materia  prima para la elaboración del extracto, constituye una solución muy diluída que contiene:
substancias orgánicas y sales minerales solubles* 2,5 -  3,5 %
grasa  4,0   -  8,0 %
fibras, coágulos de sangre y jugos cárnicos desnaturalizados  1,8 -  2,5 %
agua 90,7- 86,0 %
 *proteínas simples (proeasas y peptonas), aminoácidos libres (alanina, ácido glutámico, leucina, ácido aspártico), sustancias nitrogenadas no proteicas (creatina y creatinina, hipoxantina, carosina, anserina), sulfhídrico e isovaleraldehído; ácido fosfórico y sus sales de sodio y potasio, cloruros de sodio, bicarbonatos de sodio y de calcio (las sales minerales proceden de la misma carne como del agua utilizada en la cocción).
Se define como rendimiento del extracto a la relación entre los kilogramos de extracto producido y los kilogramos de carne cruda total cocinada.
El rendimiento del extracto varía entre 1,6 y 2,6% y depende de numerosos factores. Entre éstos, de la relación agua/carne en el proceso de cocción, del tamaño de los trozos (a mayor reducción de tamaño, mayor rendimiento porque más cantidad de productos solubles pasan al caldo), contenido graso (a menor contenido graso de la carne, mayor el rendimiento),  tiempo de cocción, temperatura de cocción y tipo de tejido (los músculos rojos tienen mayor cantidad de sustancias orgánicas solubles).
Estos dos últimos factores son de suma importancia en la calidad del extracto. La temperatura de cocción afecta directamente la concentración de creatina y creatinina presentes en el extracto. Estas sustancias son consideradas como patrón de calidad del mismo.
A medida que se incrementa la temperatura de cocción, se hidrolizan en forma escalonada una serie de proteínas del tejido conectivo. Así se produce un incremento del rendimiento de extracción. Pero el tejido conectivo no contiene creatina en su constitución: entonces disminuye su concentración porcentual en el producto final y por ende la calidad del producto.
Además el empleo de tejidos con mayor proporción de huesos, cartílagos y productos gelatinosos disminuye la proporción de creatina en el producto, disminuyendo también su calidad.
Entre las exigencias para este producto se establece una concentración porcentual de creatinina mínima del 7%, (método de referencia: método HADORN). Otras legislaciones establecen un tenor de creatina y creatinina no inferior al 7% para un extracto de primera calidad, y para un extracto de segunda calidad, un tenor no inferior al 5%.
Otras exigencias son:
 Insolubles en agua    1,5%  (máx.)
Humedad 20,0% - 16,0 % (máx.)
Cloruro de sodio   4,5%  -  5,0 % (máx.)
Materia orgánica soluble 43,0% (mín.)
Cenizas 23,0% (máx.)
En cuanto a los componentes nutritivos, contiene tiamina (10mg/g), riboflavina (35mg/g),  niacina (1200mg/g),  piridina (5,0mg/g),  ácido pantoténico (25,0mg/g). En aminoácidos (total, 2,20% en base seca): isoleucina (0,08% en base seca), leucina (0,08% en base seca), metionina (0,01% en base seca), histidina (0,03% en base seca), alfaalanina (1,32% en base seca).En péptidos: carnosina (3,70% en base seca), anserina (0,75% en base seca). Contiene inosina y ácido inosínico, compuestos potenciadores del sabor, que contribuyen a su aroma y sabor.
Extraido de: “Elaboración de Extracto de Carne”. Bonato, P. En Industrialización de productos de origen animal. Editores: J. A. Pérez, J. Fernández, E. Sayas. Editorial UMH, Elche (España), 3ra. edición, Vol I,  Pg.: 119-141; 143-151. (2007).
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i need to know how to calculate Water holding capacity percent according to this equation :
meat sample weight 0.05 gm placed between two plexiglas sheets and pressed for 20 min by a 1 kg weight.
%free water=  (Total surface area - meat film area)  (mm2) (6:11) / Total moisture (mg) in meat sample  x 100
%WHC = 100 - Free water
while:
Total surface area cm2   = 3.2
meat film area cm2         = 1.7
net area   cm2                = 1.5
Total moisture  in meat sample  68%
reference:
T. Dzudie et al (2004) . Lipid sources and essential oils effects on quality and stability of beef patties. Journal of Food Engineering 65 (2004) 67–72
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Maybe you can also use The Hamm press technique measurement for WHC:
Meat sample (0.3 g (maybe you can modify the weight)) was placed on filter paper (Whatman No. 1) which was placed with two plexiglas sheets and pressed for 20 minutes by 1 kg. weight. The areas were measured with a compensating polar planimeter and the WHC was calculated by the following equation:
WHC=1-total area-meat film area/meat film area.
(Hamm, Advances in Food Research, Vol. 10, p. 363, Academic Press, N.Y.).
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I was looking for impact and seriousness of CO treatment on meat so that I can give justice on creating a device that can detect MbCO. however, carboxymyoglobin, based from my research, does color retention only. 
do you have any idea on relatedness of scombroid food poisoning or e. coli growth due to carboxymyoglobin or CO treated tuna? 
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I mostly agree with Pavel. The only problem is that consumers usually do not smell the meat until they are home and open the package. Nevertheless, this should not be a problem, because the companies are not willing to have complaints about that, and they would always label with the adequate shelf life.  
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Nowadays dietary bacteriophage has widely used in poultry. It may create negative health impact on Human health. 
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It is important to remember that we ingest thousand of bacteriophages every day with no harm to human health.  In fact, there is interesting evidence of symbiosis between animal and bacteriophages, ( http://www.nature.com/news/viruses-in-the-gut-protect-from-infection-1.13023) which makes sense if we consider we (humans) have evolve with the daily presence of bacteriophages.   
Bacteriophages are the most abundant organism in the biosphere, and FDA granted the GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status to those commercialized for use in food production
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Is there any related papers that you can recommend?
I need answers to my query because I have an on-going research on biochemicals in decaying tissues of an animal meat. Thank you
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You should refine more your question as decay can be observed in many biological systems. Proteins denature and get proteolyzed, lipids get oxidized, DNA gets fragmented, you get bacterial growth, etc. It would depend on what is your goal.
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As above, can you reduce undenatured metmyoglobin back to the oxygenated ferrous state, oxymyglobin?
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I think this is covered well in the following reference, a great starting place anyway:
Hunt, M. C., & King, A. (2012). Meat Color Measurement Guidelines. See section II. Retrieved from www.meatscience.org website
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Does anyone understand the processes that occur during slaughter, dressing and storage and how they are related to meat quality, hygiene and its impact on the quality of the product as well as the health of the consumer. Critical knowledge about production systems and areas are usually problematic. Relating also to poultry production of to the environment.
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The energy required for muscle activity in the live animal is obtained from sugars (glycogen) in the muscle. In the healthy and well-rested animal, the glycogen content of the muscle is high. After the animal has been slaughtered, the glycogen in the muscle is converted into lactic acid, and the muscle and carcass becomes firm (rigor mortis). This lactic acid is necessary to produce meat, which is tasteful and tender, of good keeping quality and good colour. If the animal is stressed before and during slaughter, the glycogen is used up, and the lactic acid level that develops in the meat after slaughter is reduced. This will have serious adverse effects on meat quality.
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What are the terminal points in texture (hardness) and sensory (color) examination that show the meat product (chicken burger) is unacceptable? And how can I predict temperatures and time of the ASLT?
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Thank you for your answer.
Unfortunately the PDF file of this book is unreadable.I would appreciate it if you would send another link to download it Successfully.
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Our lab is planning to purchase a handheld homogenizer to use on chicken breast muscle tissue. Each sample will be relatively small in volume (3 to 5 mL) and will be subsequently utilized in a spectrophotometric assay for glucose (Sigma). We intend to run about 1200 samples in duplicate. Does anyone here have any recommendations for a specific type or model of handheld homogenizer for this purpose? Or would we be better off investing in a multiple-sample homogenizer? Thank you.
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1200 x 2 samples is a massive amount to do by hand.  I'd look into more high-throughput solutions if you have the budget for it.  The reproducibility would be far higher as well.
The highest-throughput homogenizer I know of capable of handling those volumes would be the DPS-20 from PRO Scientific: http://homogenizers.net/products/dps-20-homogenizing-system
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I have been analysing Raman Spectroscopy data as a predictor of meat quality and in my latest data I have been getting R^2cv values which are significantly and consistently higher than the R^2cal values. For example I've gotten an R^2 Cal: 0.00102829 and
R^2 CV: 0.288515. I have been using MatLab Software with the PLS toolbox, leave one out cross validation and 20 maximum latent variables.
Any ideas as to why it's happening would be appreciated.
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I totally agree with Raffaele. It seems that you are talking about RMSEC and RMSECV. If you are talking about RMSE instead of R2, several comments:
- Not only in Raman, but in general, the RMSECV will be, by definition, higher than RMSEC. BUT they should be comparable in magnitude. In your case they are VERY different! :-)
- Having very low RMSEC and very high RMSECV indicates that your model may be overfitted. The main reason could be that you are chosing too many latent variables in calibration. Other reason could be a wrong CV method or pre-processing of Raman spectra (Maybe you have a strong influence of fluorescence signal that is totally arbitrary from sample to sample and this affects your model)...
And, as someone said: One model is not the one that better calibrates, but the one that better predicts!
Cheers
Jose
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I am doing research on meat quality assurance and I need to evaluate the criteria used in carcass classification for fatness. Hence I would like to know how fatty acid composition and cholesterol levels are measured in beef and pork.
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I have used gas chromatography for fatty acid composition, but for colesterol quantification I have used the HPLC technique, because I also made the Vitamin E and b-carothene quantification.
FA were directly extracted and methylated by a one-step procedure (adapted from Christie, Sébédio, & Juanéda, 2001). 2001). FA were converted
to their methyl esters (FAME) by a combined transesterification
procedure with NaOH in anhydrous methanol (0.5 M)
followed by HCl/methanol (1/1 v/v) (Raes, De Smet, & Demeyer, 2001).
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I have gathered data on the free water content in beef (with the same protocol) in more than 400 samples from different breeds and breeding methods. Data are about thawing loss, drip loss, cooking loss, cooling loss, whc and whc trend, water content at consumption. I also have other qualitative data such as meat cooking shrinkage, tenderness, etc. I have the opportunity of a grant of 3 months in Germany and I would love to be able to analyze this data with a German colleague expert on the subject. Objective is to produce a paper that describes the behavior of free water at the different moments of the beef supply chain. For processing data I'm using SAS for over 20 years.
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Because I have the opportunity of a grant of 3 months in Germany. To move there it's not expensive to me.
I need someone with knowledge on free water in beef.
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As we all know, high dietary cholesterol level could be harmful for human health. There are a couple of studies on strategy of reducing egg cholesterol content but studies on broilers are limited. Some persons think that's because of lower cholesterol content of meat. Do you think that it's necessary to reduce blood or meat cholesterol in broilers?
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You are right, of course, Yago. There is no way to lower cholesterol already incorporated in cell membranes, brain, etc. And also right that we are getting away from the original question.
That question is, what is the *importance* of reducing cholesterol. The answer to that is: It is not important - except, perhaps for the poor bird.